History of European Expansion

Als Friedrich Wilhelm von Brandenburg im jungen Alter von 20 Jahren den Thron seines verstorbenen Vaters erbte, befand sich das diffuse Herrschaftsgebiet der Hohenzollern in einem desolaten Zustand. Jene Ländereien, die der Kurfürst nun regieren musste, waren durch die verwüstende Schneise der Soldateska im Zuge des Dreißigjährigen Krieges geplündert, gebrandschatzt und wirtschaftlich zugrunde gerichtet worden. Der Historiker Hans Prutz vermochte ein ebenso melancholisches Bild des jungen Kurfürsten bei seinem Amtsantritt am 1. Dezember 1640 zu zeichnen: “den Geschäften fremd, ohne Kenntnis und Erfahrung, verbittert und eingeschüchtert, durch schwere Krankheit gebeugt... niedergeschlagen, kleinmütig und ohne Glauben an sich selbst” (Luh, 2020, S. 65). 48 Jahre nach dem Besteigen des brandenburgischen Throns hinterließ Friedrich Wilhelm nach seinem Tod jedoch ein starkes, mächtiges sowie kontinentalpolitisch bedeutsames Brandenburg-Preußen, welches die deutsche sowie europäische Geschichte noch mehrere Jahrhunderte zu prägen vermochte. Entgegen der zu Beginn seiner Herrschaft widrigen Voraussetzungen gilt der “Große Kurfürst” aufgrund seiner Etablierung eines “miles perpetuus”, welches seine Macht sowohl außen- als auch innenpolitisch manifestiere in der modernen Geschichtsschreibung als einer der bedeutendsten frühabsolutistischen Herrscher der europäischen Geschichte. Wie Christopher Clark in seinem Werk "Preußen: Aufstieg und Niedergang" betont, "war das brandenburgische Militär in der Zeit des Großen Kurfürsten eine der modernsten Armeen Europas und bildete die Grundlage für den späteren Aufstieg Preußens zur Großmacht" (Clark, 2007). Demzufolge erscheint die Überprüfung der militaristischen Maßnahmen, welcher der Kurfürst innen- als auch außenpolitisch nutzte als Schwerpunkt dieser Seminararbeit. Um möglichst aussagekräftige Ergebnisse zu erhalten, stützt sich diese wissenschaftliche Arbeit auf die Methode der Quellenanalyse und setzt ihr Hauptaugenmerk auf die Dynamik zwischen dem Kurfürsten und den regionalen Landständen. Dabei gilt es zu klären, in welcher Weise die Herrschaftsmaxime des Hohenzollerns Einfluss auf die zeitgenössische fürstlich-ständische Ordnung ausübten und welche Bedeutung diese für die Herausbildung frühneuzeitlicher Herrschaftsstrukturen besaßen.

Mário de Andrade (1893-1945), além de um dos mais importantes escritores  brasileiros, é reconhecido por suas múltiplas facetas que têm inspirado gerações nos mais  diversos campos de estudo. Neste artigo, exaltamos seu lado colecionador, bem como a  prática de “arquivamento de si”, para então apresentar Carlos Okawati, conhecido pelo seu  trabalho de preservação do legado marioandradino. Ele, que também é colecionador e  bibliófilo, tem se dedicado a construir e manter um acervo de obras produzidas pelo e sobre  o autor. Frente à sua história de vida, buscamos compreender os objetos/documentos – do  arquivo pessoal e da coleção –, como portadores de vida social, de uma biografia, que
conecta sujeitos. A partir da narrativa do colecionador marioandradino, destacamos a trajetória de alguns desses objetos, sobretudo livros, que revelam caminhos de encontro e  aquisição, registrando a memória e informação de um tempo e espaço presente

Magellan opened a new connecting link among Europe, Asia, and America, paving the way for the formation of a global world. But it was also a point of arrival of a long process that went back to antiquity. For many centuries, Europe and Asia had a fragmentary and distorted image of each other. In Europe, confusing notions of “East,” “Asia,” or “India” crossed antiquity and the Middle Ages and mixed fabulous tales with real data about what was beyond the Persian Empire or, later, the Muslim world. The information circulated mainly through land trade routes. In the fifteenth century, Iberian geopolitics determined a new approach: to reach Asia directly by sea. It was the Portuguese who successfully achieved this goal, sailing eastward around Africa and reaching not Marco Polo’s mysterious “Cathay” but the real maritime Asia, putting a wide range of goods, trade routes, peoples, cultures, and civilizations within their range. In 1521, Magellan crossed an unknown ocean and reached Asia by sailing westward. The final dot of a secular process was finally connected. As the Italian Francesco Carletti noticed later, “We never heard of anyone sailing around the world in the ancient times as we do today, thanks to the value and virtue of the two crowns of Castile and Portugal [...]: one, sailing east, allows us to reach China and Japan; through the other, to the west, we reach the Philippine Islands [...] With these two ways, the two Crowns have drawn a circle around the world.”

de datos desde la perspectiva jurídica que bien encajan en estos coloquios y es el hecho que hace que los actuales ordenamientos civiles iberoamericanos se sitúen en el ámbito del derecho común Europeo. En este punto hay una serie de factores que desde el principio del Descubrimiento intervienen de forma determinante y que han sido objeto de rigurosos estudios. Voy a analizar algunos de esos factores desde la perspectiva de la común tradición jurídica europea en Suramérica. La recepción del derecho común europeo en América del Sur es una cuestión que responde a la temática de estos coloquios puesto que el germen, el nacimiento y la evolución de este derecho como lo demuestran los hechos históricos se sitúa en el entorno del marco político institucional de Canarias desde el Descubrimiento hasta nuestros días. Voy, pues, a analizar los prolegómenos de las relaciones IglesiaEstado que propician el segundo tema que voy a exponer: el del Patronato en primer lugar Real de las Indias que contra todo lo establecido por la Iglesia Católica en el Concilio de Trento, Felipe II, el mismo rey que dispuso por la conocida real pragmática 12 de julio de 1564 que las disposiciones tridentinas quedaron incorporadas al Derecho Regio, 1 así pasan a ser los cánones del Concilio de Trento leyes del Reino, unos años más tarde por la Real Cédula de Patronazgo, fechada en Madrid a 4VII1574 instituye el Real Patronato de Indias. Esto que acabo de exponer se explica solo en el contexto propio de una época convulsa desde el orden social y religioso en Europa donde justamente se celebra el Concilio de Trento como una gran reforma espiritual de la Iglesia Católica. El caso hispano es llamativo en la medida en que el monarca Carlos I fue el más eficaz portavoz de la tesis contrareformista, y el rey tenía la principal preocupación de la evangelización espiritual de las Indias y no las podía dejar en manos de cleritos poco formados. Una visión sintética de este hecho nos sitúa en el alcance de este fenómeno jurídico que, a los efectos de trabajo, voy a concretarlos en tres aspectos fácticos. Uno, las redacciones entre IglesiaImperio y reino; otro el Concordato de 1753, y el Archivo de Indias para en un tercer lugar analizar la asunción del Patronato Indiano, no Real, en los ordenamientos jurídicos de las primeras Repúblicas que se forman después de la independencia de la Corona española. Dada la magnitud de estas normas bastará unos ejemplos puntuales. En la práctica colonial americana se produjo una simbiosis entre la acción del poder temporal la Monarquía hispana y el poder espiritual la Iglesia, que se materializó

Following the establishment of the trans-Pacific trading network in the Philippines in 1571, the islands emerged as a vibrant hub for commercial, social, and cultural interactions between the Chinese and Spaniards for over four centuries. This dissertation delves into the Sino-Hispanic cultural interactions in the late sixteenth-century Philippines, utilizing the creation of the Boxer Codex (c. 1590s) as its primary source. As a large-scale Spanish project displaying Asian ethnography, geography, and history, the Boxer Codex is essentially a product of colonial knowledge creation. However, more than half of its content, particularly illustrations, is devoted to China. In addition, Chinese individuals in the Philippines played a significant role in the codex’s production, serving as informants, translators, and illustrators. This dissertation examines the textual and visual details found in the Boxer Codex to illuminate the intellectual backgrounds of the Spanish and Chinese individuals involved in its creation, as well as the interactions between their distinct literary practices, political worldviews, and cultural beliefs.
The dissertation is structured into two parts. The first part situates the Spanish codex within the broader context of sixteenth-century book cultures. Chapter 2 traces the arrival of European prints in the Spanish colony and the influence of European book decoration art on Chinese artisans. Chapter 3 connects Ming reading culture to knowledge production in the Philippines. Chapter 4 investigates how the interactions between European and Chinese book cultures in the Philippines enabled the construction of the “Chinese Bestiary” in the codex. The second part shifts its focus to the tensions. Chapters 5 and 6 delve into the representation of the “Other” and the Sangley couple, respectively. Chapter 7 questions the omission of the patron goddess of Chinese maritime communities in the codex’s chapter on “Chinese Deities.” In all, this dissertation argues that the sixteenth-century book reading and print cultures of both China and Europe, along with local tensions in the Philippines during the 1590s, impacted the decisions and actions of the Spanish and Chinese participants in the creation of the Boxer Codex, consequently shaping the knowledge the Spanish codex presented.

In the 1570s, the Spanish empire expanded across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Although the Spaniards had not reached mainland China, they had seized some islands in Southeast Asia, which became known as the Philippines, and established commerce with Chinese merchants in the colonial capital, Manila. In the 1580s-1590s, the Spaniards in the Philippines drew from the questionnaires of the relaciones geográficas to better understand the new land and its people. However, unlike the relaciones produced in the Americas, commerce with China emerged as a significant concern in the report from Manila. Moreover, the Chinese in the Philippines also played a significant role in the Spanish knowledge acquisition and production for the empire. In 1543, the Philippines Archipelago was named after the crown prince who would later obtain the title of King Philip II of Spain. 1 Following Ferdinand Magellan's global voyage, Spain sent a series of expeditions to Asia to compete with the Portuguese in the spice trade. Since Castile and Portugal had already claimed the most profitable Spice Islands (Moluccas

Fluconazole, a widely used antifungal agent from the triazole class, is effective against both superficial and systemic fungal infections. However, its oral
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development of a topical gel formulation incorporating fluconazole. The gels were prepared using varying concentrations of Carbopol 940 and Sodium
Carboxymethyl Cellulose (NaCMC) as gelling agents, with methanol serving as a penetration enhancer. The prepared formulations were evaluated for key
parameters including appearance, pH, spreadability, homogeneity, and drug content. Results showed that all formulations had acceptable physical characteristics.
Notably, formulations F4 and F5 demonstrated higher drug content, correlating with increased polymer concentration. Formulation F6 yielded the highest output
at 94.19%. A decrease in spreadability was observed with higher polymer concentrations. All formulations maintained a skin-compatible pH, suggesting their
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effects while ensuring effective localized treatment.

1569 Gerardus Mercator // [Nova et aucta orbis terrae descriptio…]
-Atlas 51, Maritime Museum Rotterdam (Rotterdam, NL)
-GE A-1064 (RES), Bibliothèque nationale de France (Paris, FR)
-C.29.c.13, British Library (London, EN)

    This Revision A presentation corrects errors and expands the analysis of Gerardus Mercator’s 1569 World Map.
    Only two full-sized, original versions of this world map survive. The best version of the surviving map resides at the Maritime Museum Rotterdam. This institution (Marcel Kroon assisting) graciously provided the author with high-resolution images of the Greenland and North America sheets. The Bibliothèque nationale de France holds the other surviving full-sized version of the map. The British Library holds two sheets of the original map, one of these sheets illustrating Greenland.
    On his 1569 map, Mercator continued the tradition of illustrating a proxy-placement of the North American Baptistery (Newport Tower) on the northeastern coast of Greenland. For predecessors of this illustrative placement with Greenland illustrated, see Claudius Clavus (1427), Nicolaus Germanus (ante 1467, 1481a, 1481b), Martellus Germanus (1480-1500, c. 1491), and Mercator (1541). Mercator’s 1541 globe grouped ALBA, SOTOS[T]OBA, and MARGASTER at the 72.45° latitude on, or adjacent to, the northeastern coast of Greenland. This was a 72° Elevation placement.
    On his 1569 work, Mercator retained the ALBA and MARGASTER features, but renamed SOTOS[T]OBA to S: THOME CENOBIUM. The toponym shift identified the monastery described by Nicolò Zeno in his 1558 Narrative and illustrated on his 1558 Map and Atlas. On his 1569 map Mercator positioned the monastery at 74.80° latitude, a departure from the 72.45° latitude position seen on his 1541 globe. Mercator attempted to correct the latitude departure on his 1569 work (BnF map only) by including a hand-drawn feature, slightly lower in latitude at 74.00°, on the island of MARGASTER.
    This hand-drawn feature was composite in arrangement. Viewed one way and a rounded hill presents. Rotate the view and one discerns a rectangular tower icon with projecting poles nestled against the hill. Mercator’s tower icon/hill arrangement carries forward the illustrative scheme of the monastery seen on both the 1558 Zeno Map and the Atlas, which positioned the monastery at the top of an multi-tiered elevation.
    Mercator’s latitude adjustment on his 1569 map down to 74° using MARGASTER most certainly did not intersect the 72° latitude. Mercator’s hand-drawn illustration was placed at the very southern end of MARGASTER. For Mercator to have placed the hand-drawn feature at 72° latitude, he would have had to place his illustration in the ocean – something that Mercator did not do.
    It was challenging to determine if Mercator crafted a tower icon illustration on the North American landform that represented the baptistery. Potentially, he traced an icon on the island of CLAUDIA – but the presentation is too weak to make this a decisive determination on this. Mercator placed CLAUDIA to east of the twin-forked RIO GRANDE in the NOROMBEGA region, an arrangement seen on later cartographic works produced by Abraham Ortelius and John Dee.
    Further to the west on the coastline, around the ‘turn of the coast’ and then to the south, one finds a white-pigmented, rectangular form tucked into a bay at 39.39° latitude. This bay was toponym-assigned as BUENA VISTA. This bay was immediately south of MONTAGNES VERDE and RIO DE BUENA MADRE. There are discrete pigment shifts within the rectangular form and on the adjacent shoreline of the bay that strongly suggests that Mercator was using his instrument to purposefully craft miniature features.
    To affirm the tower icon illustration within the BUENA VISTA bay, Mercator fashioned an offset-longitude illustration of the North American Baptistery (Newport Tower) out in the ocean far distant from the North American landform, on his latitude scale. Using white pigment, Mercator crafted a miniature rectangular form that he attached to the upper part of the number “0” in the “40” designation of a latitude parallel. Adjacent to this feature, within the latitude bar itself, Mercator then used white pigment to craft multiple tower icons.
    Gerardus Mercator is rightfully extolled for the origination of the new cartographic projection scheme that bears his name (the Mercator projection). He is wrong vilified by cartographic historians for adopting the illustrative elements related to the 1558 Nicolò Zeno Map and Atlas. This latter criticism is unwarranted and historically incorrect.
    Mercator’s Greenland illustrations, like Zeno’s, were a continuation of cartographic tradition (a proxy-location of the North American Baptistery (Newport Tower)) that had existed, in part, since the 13th century, and explicitly with Greenland being illustrated since the 15th century. Mercator’s Frisland illustration was the adoption of another cartographic tradition, first arising in the 15th century, well prior to Zeno employing it in his Narrative, Map, and Atlas.
    Mercator’s GROCLAND was unique. GROCLAND traces back to the historical account of the Inventio Fortunatæ. The Inventio Fortunatæ encapsulated the 1350s/1360s exploration of the Northern Regions of the Atlantic Ocean. GROCLAND represented North America.
    This presentation contains 125 slides.

Google Drive PowerPoint (282.5 MB): https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1N1rRWKw2f61GXc68xn9zFUDhR_eZSK-5/edit?usp=sharing&ouid=116070484337093837945&rtpof=true&sd=true.

Google Drive PDF (30.9 MB): https://drive.google.com/file/d/10_ZN_9HTPfgr-7g7JeE7u7W6uDKMEv-6/view?usp=sharing

When readers of Bart D. Ehrman’s best-selling Did Jesus Exist? The Historical Argument for Jesus of Nazareth came to his critique of my writings supporting the non-historicity of Jesus of Nazareth, they read things like “Zindler does not marshal any evidence for this view but simply asserts it”; or “One looks in vain for any evidence or clear logic to support this view,”; or even “What evidence does he [Zindler] give for his claim…? There is no evidence. This is made up.” Readers had no way of knowing that those statements were outrageously false and that long before he published his book, I had sent him some of my own books, Jesus Seminar papers, books by René Salm and Robert Price presenting exhaustive evidence for the nonexistence of Nazareth at the turn of the era and lucid summaries of Mythicist arguments and evidence. Still less could those readers know that FOR SEVERAL YEARS I had been sending him evidence for the Mythicist position in the voluminous email correspondence here reprinted with his permission.

As one reads through this correspondence, for nearly every bit of evidence I presented, one should keep in mind the fact that Ehrman did not refute it—or even mention it—in Did Jesus Exist? Either Ehrman didn’t address nearly all of my evidence because he had not read my books, articles, and emails (contrary to his claim), OR, he didn’t address them because he couldn’t refute them without wildly distorting them as in his examination of my arguments pertaining to Nazareth. He attempted to refute only my arguments that had been rendered absurd by misrepresentation or misunderstanding.

This article identifies the first known instance of visual engagement with the iconic anatomical imagery of Andreas Vesalius' De humani corporis fabrica (1543) east of Istanbul. Two skeleton men from the Fabrica provide the design for skeletal sculptures decorating the Dutch cemetery in the colonial port town of Pulicat, in Tamil Nadu, India. We ask what it meant to engage with these iconic images of European anatomy in a seventeenth-century trading port on the Bay of Bengal, both for those who were responsible for their production and for those who passed by the cemetery. This article argues that the visual solutions of the Pulicat sculptures bring into conversation not only medical anatomy and funerary architecture, but also the artistic traditions of Europe and the Deccan, and, most importantly, the somewhat differing early modern European and Indian approaches to visualizing the skeletal structures of human bodies. The Pulicat sculptures can be productively understood as a potential meeting point for the contemplation of the fragile human body from the perspectives of European and Islamicate anatomy, Christian traditions of natural theology and memento mori, as well as South Indian and especially mystic Sufi asceticism.

O expansionismo ibérico no século XVI desencadeou o interesse de outras monarquias pela navegação oceânica, como demonstra a atuação da dinastia dos Valois da França, precursores da doutrina do Mare Liberum, em oposição ao Mare Clausum que desde o Tratado de Tordesilhas em 1494 defendia o monopólio de Portugal e Espanha sobre os mares. Com a frase “O sol brilha para mim como para os outros: gostaria de ver a cláusula da vontade de Adão que me exclui de compartilhar o mundo”, de Francisco I, a livre navegação pelo Atlântico se tornou uma das pautas principais da coroa francesa, tendo em vista a pressão feita por patronos privados que lucravam com o comércio marítimo realizado na costa brasileira desde o início de sua colonização pelos portugueses. Como agentes náuticos colaboradores da empreitada colonizadora francesa na América, cartógrafos normandos apresentavam uma representação da costa brasileira em mapas mundi do século XVI caracterizada pelo uso de símbolos de possessão franceses e etnografia, principalmente relacionados ao indígena como “bom selvagem”. Essa visualidade cartográfica se manteve como modelo francês de contestação de soberanias hegemônicas no Atlântico, tais como as ibéricas e pode ter influenciado o apagamento da representação do Brasil em outros planisférios, como o Universa ac navigabilis…, de 1559, feito pelo português André Homem na Antuérpia, para ser oferecido à corte francesa como vitrine de sua expertise náutica, requerida na navegação no Atlântico. Em detrimento da etnografia e ornamentação nacionalista apresentada nos mapas mundi feitas por franceses, André Homem se baseia em seu saber pragmático para servir à expansão francesa no Brasil, inserindo em seu mapa uma visão “aberta” do Atlântico ao centro e diversos recursos de navegação que indicavam suas habilidades na confecção de cartas náuticas necessárias ao mar. Essa comunicação tem como objetivo discutir a complexidade dos produtos cartográficos da ação de agentes náuticos na construção de representação do Brasil dentro do contexto de disputa pela navegação no Atlântico no século XVI, aprofundando o debate sobre a colonização francesa na América, através da análise do planisfério de André Homem de 1559 e de mapas mundi produzidos por cartógrafos franceses nesse período.

A história geral tinha por princípio os grandes impérios, de longa duração, uma história dos ganhadores e seus sucessos. Já há muito o conhecimento da história como escrita, e não como evento, permite-nos compreender práticas, atores e conflitos que determinaram muito do percurso passado, propondo outras relações e conexões -por exemplo, aquelas intercoloniais e entre estratos subalternos. Escrever essa outra história só é possível retornando a arquivos e fontes, os quais guardam correlações pelas quais a História mal se interessava. Este texto esboça o contorno do padre jesuíta José Pereira (1666-1727), um protagonista da história que interliga Índico e Atlântico. Seu contorno foi sendo desvendado em pesquisas no Arquivo Nacional da Torre do Tombo, no Arquivo

Indischer Ozean und Malaiischer Archipel vom 16. bis zum 20. Jahrhundert I Naturräumliche Grundlagen: Der Indische Ozean als maritimer Verflechtungsraum ‚Indischer Ozean' ist kein transkulturell feststehender Begriff, sondern eine recht junge Bezeichnung europäischer Prägung. Verwendet wurde er, zunächst in der lateinischen Variante Oceanus Orientalis Indicus, seit dem frühen 15. Jahrhundert. Üblicherweise wird er mit der portugiesischen Expansion und der Person Afonso de Albuquerque (1453-1515) in Verbindung gebracht. Ziel dieser Expansionsbestrebungen war der indische Subkontinent. Der namentliche Bezug auf Indien rührt insofern von der Zielsetzung der europäischen Namensgeber her und adressiert zunächst den kommerziellen, religiösen und kulturellen Sehnsuchtsort im Osten; die europäische Erwartungshaltung hielt Einzug in die Bezeichnung des Ozeans. Damit war jedoch allenfalls eine vage Abgrenzung hergestellt. Gesehen wurde in erster Linie der maritime Raum, den es zu durchsegeln galt, um die angestrebten Ziele zu erreichen. Ungeachtet dessen existierten in den Anrainerstaaten des Indischen Ozeans räumliche Begrifflichkeiten, die jedoch keine Entsprechung zur europäischen Bezeichnung aufwiesen. In Indien ist die Bezeichnung Hindsagara zu finden, worauf gelegentlich der europäische "Indische Ozean" zurückgeführt wird. Sie ist auch im arabischsprachigen Raum geläufig und bezeichnete vornehmlich das Arabische Meer und die Bucht von Bengalen, also die an den indischen Subkontinent unmittelbar angrenzenden Gewässer. Die Bewohner des Malaiischen Archipels kumulierten ebenfalls frühes Wissen über den Ozean im Westen der Straße von Malakka. Ein anonymer muslimischer Text aus West-Java (sanghyang siksakanda ng karesian) aus dem frühen 16. Jahrhundert spricht China, Südindien, Persien und Ägypten als entfernteste Destinationen an. Der südliche Indische Ozean spielte aus javanischer Sicht ebenso aus indischer Perspektive keine Rolle. Da hier die Küsten vor allem dadurch charakterisiert werden, dass verschiedene Sprachen gesprochen werden, scheint keine Vorstellung von einem einheitlichen Raum vorgelegen zu haben. 1 Auch in China waren die Ozeane im Süden des Reichs durchaus bekannt, und dies nicht erst seit den Reisen des Admirals Zheng He (1371-1433/35) zwischen 1405 und 1433. Geläufig war eine Unterteilung in einen Östlichen und einen Westlichen Ozean. Je nach Quelle wurden diese unterschiedlich gegliedert und reichten in der Vorstellung bis nach Ostafrika. 2 Die Ozeane des Südens wurden in der politischen

La Historia poco nos habla del fervor religioso del emperador Constantino; pero sí que pone de relieve su pragmatismo político: aunque se mantienen dudas sobre si murió bautizado, está fuera de discusión que promocionó decisivamente lo que, en el llamado Mundo Occidental, habría de ser razón y base del poder político durante no menos de mil años: el reconocimiento de la Iglesia Católica como valor social de primer orden. Constantino había acertado a presentar a su rival, Majencio, como el anacrónico paladín de un viejo mundo carcomido por la abulia y la viciosa esterilidad. Y, puesto que era la Cruz el símbolo y el nimbo de gloria de sus más fieles y disciplinados súbditos, Constantino reflejó en ella todo un raudal de juvenil energía capaz de abrir nuevos horizontes de ilusión a una sociedad en crisis.

O trabalho proposto visa apresentar uma breve discussão sobre o debate antropológico e o problema do universalismo. A análise será feita sob a perspectiva de autores estudados na disciplina "Política, teologia e escravidão africana na América portuguesa: o papado e as estratégias de universalização religiosa", da disciplina "Política, teologia e escravidão africana na América portuguesa: o papado e as estratégias de universalização religiosa", ministrada na Universidade Federal Fluminense, ano de 2025.

O objetivo é comentar e problematizar as abordagens desses autores, situando-as dentro do contexto histórico em que seus textos foram produzidos.

Why was political economy born in seventeenth-century England? And what were the driving factors of its increasing political relevance? The academic debate has long reflected on these issues. Joyce Appleby in particular emphasised the momentous economic and social transformations that characterised the sixteenth-century English economy, from the increasing commercialisation of production to the enclosures; the greater financial interdependence of households and merchants; and, last but not least, the price revolution and the shortage of coin. Emily Erikson's Trade and Nation builds on Appleby's and other scholars' work by asking: why did political economy emerge in England and not elsewhere? Why not, for example, in seventeenth-century Amsterdam, which was the economic superpower of its time? Erikson's thesis is that the creation of trade companies sparked a public debate that divided public opinion between supporters and opponents, and that participants in that debate came to use increasingly sophisticated economic concepts that represented the birth of political economy as a secularised, objective, empirical discourse. Before turning to the core argument of the book, Erikson re-examines the existing literature on the origins of political economy in England in Chapter 1, and presents it as a seventeenth-century break from a moral economy that had shaped the mindset of Englishpersons until then. A new paradigm, she argued, emerged, which was centred on the growth of an economy delimited by political boundaries in the context of international competition. This position, which assumes that the economic reflection on the economy remained essentially stable from the Middle Ages until the sixteenth century, has become increasingly contentious. The historiography

This article primarily aims to explore the career of Mīr Ghiyāṯ-al-Dīn Shīrāzī by examining his identity and contributions to the ‛Ādil Shāhī Sultanate in Medieval Deccan. This study employs a qualitative research methodology that focuses on the identity and agency of individuals as a major factor in shaping their personality and achieving targets, even when faced with a group of opponents from different backgrounds who challenge and fiercely oppose them. This research found Shīrāzī's career very significant as it helps us in understanding the migration of elites and the networks of intellectuals within the medieval Persianate worlds that fostered new political and cultural prospects in the premodern Deccan. It discovered extreme disagreements among nobles having diverse identities that derived them to play identity politics in order to ascertain their interests in the premodern Deccan. The identity politics gave birth to the emergence of factionalism and sectarianism in the imperial court of the ‛Ādil Shāhī Sultanate. Consequently, ‛Ādil Shāhī rulers had to make state policies taking influence of the dominant group into the consideration. Accordingly, nobles used to adjust their loyalty and support in accordance with the rulers' ideology and policies. In this context, the identity politics made the ruler and his noble interdependent. This study revealed that the regional identity was more effective than the politics of religious identity in premodern South Asia.

Türkiye and Poland play strategic roles in maintaining peace and stability in Eastern Europe and are integral to the European security framework as significant NATO member states. This article aims to shed light on the evolution of political, economic, and cultural relations between these two countries in the post-Cold War era. The focus of the article is on key developments in these three spheres that have propelled the emergence of a strategic partnership between Ankara and Warsaw. It is worth noting that the bilateral relations between Türkiye and Poland have continually progressed since the dissolution of the Soviet Union. Poland's staunch support for Türkiye's EU membership process has played a significant role in bringing the two nations closer. Furthermore, the conflict between Russia and Ukraine has also contributed to the strategic rapprochement between Ankara and Warsaw in recent years, as both countries openly endorse Ukraine's territorial integrity.

Resumen El interés, cada vez mayor, sobre la participación de las mujeres en dinámicas históricas ligadas a la ocupación y organización social de territorios fronterizos en la Península Ibérica y sus fronteras atlánticas desde la Plena Edad Media al tránsito entre el Medievo y la Edad Moderna hace preciso realizar un acercamiento a la nutrida producción historiográfica que se ha generado en relación con esta temática desde mediados del pasado siglo hasta la actualidad. En este sentido, el presente estudio propone un estado de la cuestión, atendiendo a los principales estudios y líneas de investigación relativas al papel jugado por las mujeres en los procesos de conquista y colonización del archipiélago canario.
The growing interest in the participation of women in historical dynamics linked to the occupation and social organization of border territories in the Iberian Peninsula and its Atlantic borders from the Middle Ages to the transition between the Middle Ages and the Modern Age makes it necessary to carry out make an approach to the large historiographic production that has been generated in relation to this topic from the middle of the last century to the present. In this sense, the present study proposes a state of the question, considering the main studies and lines of research related to the role played by women in the processes of conquest and colonization of the Canary Islands.

Osmanlı Devleti ile İsveç Krallığı arasındaki diplomatik yazışmalar, 18. yüzyılda Avrupa’daki güç dengelerinin yalnızca savaş meydanlarında değil, diplomatik masalarda da nasıl şekillendiğini göstermektedir. Kalemin ve kılıcın birlikte kullanıldığı bu süreçte, özellikle Demirbaş Şarl (XII. Karl) döneminde yoğunlaşan yazışmalar, iki devlet arasındaki siyasi, ekonomik, askeri ve kültürel ilişkileri ortaya koyar niteliktedir.

Söz konusu belgelerde siyasi alanda; İsveç’in Osmanlı devletinden büyük beklentileri olduğu, gerek Avrupa devletleri gerekse Rusya karşısında Osmanlı’nın desteğine ihtiyaç duyduğu görülür. Bu durum, İsveç Kralı adına yazılan ve Osmanlı Padişahına sunulması istenilen mektuplarda açıkça ifade edilmiş; İsveç’in Rusya ile yapılacak bir barışa mutlaka dahil edilmesi gerektiği vurgulanmış, Sadrazamın tutumu eleştirilmiş ve Osmanlı yönetimi içindeki güç dengeleri sorgulanmıştır. Osmanlı, bu süreçte yalnızca askeri bir güç değil, Avrupa’daki siyasi dengelerin önemli bir aktörü olarak konumlandırılmıştır.

Poltova yenilgisi sonrasında Osmanlı topraklarında bulunan İsveç askerlerinin lojistik ve erzak sıkıntısı çekmesi; özellikle Osmanlı yönetimi içinde bu konuda bir koordinasyon eksikliği olduğu
vurgusunun yapılması, iki devlet arasındaki ekonomik ilişkilerin boyutuna ışık tutmaktadır. İsveçli generallerin Osmanlı Padişahına yazdığı çeşitli mektuplarda, Bender’deki İsveç askerlerine yeterli yiyecek sağlanmadığı dile getirilmiştir. Öte yandan, Osmanlı Devleti’nin İsveç ve Norveç tüccar
gemilerine Boğazlardan geçiş izni vermesi, iki devlet arasındaki ticari ilişkilerin bir başka yönünü ortaya koymaktadır.

Askeri cephede ise İsveç’in Osmanlı’nın askeri gücüne güvenerek onu Rusya karşısında daha aktif olmaya teşvik ettiği görülmektedir. Osmanlı ordusunun Avrupa’daki savaş dengeleri üzerindeki etkisi, İsveç tarafından stratejik bir avantaj olarak değerlendirilmiştir. Ancak, Osmanlı topraklarında kalan İsveç askerleri ilerleyen zamanlarda hem lojistik hem de güvenlik açısından Osmanlı için bir sorun teşkil etmiş, bu durum diplomatik yazışmalara da yansımıştır.

Her iki devlet arasında devam eden siyasi ilişkiler, beraberinde kültürel ilişkileri de getirmiştir. Özellikle 8. Oryantalistik Kongresi sebebiyle İsveç’e davet edilen Ahmet Mithat Efendi ve beraberindeki Osmanlı heyetinin büyük bir memnuniyet içinde geri dönmüş olması bu ilişkilerin en bariz göstergelerinden biridir. Söz konusu kongreye gönderilen ve içerisinde elyazmalarından oluşan
özel bir koleksiyonunda bulunduğu kitaplar, bugün dahi büyüsünü korumaktadır.

İsveç Kralı XII. Karl’ın Osmanlı topraklarına sığınması Osmanlı toplumunda büyük yankı uyandırmış ve İsveçlilerin Osmanlı kültürüyle etkileşimini artırmıştır. Bugün bile İsveç dilinde kullanılan kalabalık ve dolma kelimeleri bu etkileşimin dildeki yansımalarına bir örnektir. Ayrıca Osmanlı
diplomasi geleneği; kullanılan dil ve üslup yönünden İsveç tarafından dikkatle takip edilmiş, Osmanlı belgelerinde görülen süslü, hürmetkâr ve saygılı dil, İsveç yetkilileri tarafından da benimsenmiştir. Talepler doğrudan emir şeklinde değil, dolaylı ve nezaket kuralları çerçevesinde sunulmuştur.

Sonuç olarak, Osmanlı-İsveç arasındaki yazışmalar, dönemin uluslararası diplomasi anlayışını, siyasi ittifakları ve ekonomik ilişkileri anlamamızı sağlayan önemli belgelerdir. Bu yazışmalar, yalnızca resmi belgeler değil, aynı zamanda iki devlet arasındaki stratejik hesaplaşmaların ve güç dengelerinin yazılı kayıtları niteliğindedir. Kalemin ve kılıcın birlikte kullanıldığı bu süreçte, diplomasi, savaş kadar etkili bir araç olarak öne çıkmıştır.

Bu çalışmada; İsveç ve Osmanlı arşivlerinde yer alan çeşitli belgeler, hem içerik hem de kullanılan diplomatik dil ve üslup açısından incelenerek Osmanlı-İsveç ilişkileri siyasi, ekonomik, askeri ve kültürel yönden değerlendirilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Osmanlı-İsveç diplomatik yazışmaları, uluslararası diplomasi, siyasi ilişkiler, ekonomik etkileşim, askeri stratejiler, kültürel ilişkiler, diplomatik dil ve üslup

The Habsburgs resorted to different mechanisms during this period to mask the internal contradictions within the city and to fill up the “hollowness” of the urban enclave of Goa and to prevent the Portuguese and Luso-Indians from moving away from the power centre of Goa to other enclaves  The fabrication and circulation of pride-evoking epithets like “Goa Dourada“ (Golden Goa) and religious metaphorical usages like “Rome of the East”, and the creation of ‘relic-loving’ devotees within the city were some of the mechanisms sought by the Habsburgs not only to camouflage the harsh urban reality of Goa, but also to give a positive, if inflated, imagery of the city to create a supportive social base for the fast-changing power centre of Goa within the Habsburg political project.

Sir William Temple, who introduced the term sharawadgi, the Sino-Japanese principle of naturalist asymmetry which was the catalyst for Romanticism, vis-a-vis the Jesuit 'encyclopaedia of Chinese thought titled "Confucius Sinarum Philosophus"' which by contrast translated 'Tao' in 'the mechanical sense of a straight piece of wood used as a ruler' rather than 'the organic...sense of a path following natural contours through a forest'.

До даного випуску увійшли статті й повідомлення співробітників Чернівецького обласного краєзнавчого музею та інших наукових установ. Опубліковано дослідження з історії, археології та народознавства. Надруковано матеріали, присвячені літературі, мистецтву і музейній справі. Окремими розділами представлені відомі персоналії та природа нашого краю. Видання розраховане на співробітників наукових установ, працівників освітніх закладів, здобувачів освіти та краєзнавців. УДК 069:908(477.85)(084)

Na década de 1750, Pombal instituiu uma nova política metropolitana com relação aos índios, sancionando várias medidas para assimilá-los mais rapidamente ao mundo colonial. Dentre elas, destacam-se os incentivos aos enlaces matrimoniais mistos entre índios e portugueses; a abertura e disponibilização das terras indígenas ao aforamento; a imposição do uso da língua Portuguesa e medidas para intensificar o comércio e as prestações de serviços aos portugueses. o objetivo do artigo é analisar como os índios da capitania do espírito Santo lidaram com os novos desafios impostos pela política assimilacionista de Pombal, especialmente com a questão dos casamentos mistos e dos aforamentos, implementados com vistas a obter o controle sobre suas terras e a reprodução social de suas comunidades. Palavras-chave: índios; casamentos mistos; aforamentos.

The challenge of describing life is that it is a concept with no clear substance. Life describes a process which cannot be seen or apprehended directly, we can only see its effects. All organic life is constantly in a dynamic and chaotic condition of creation and decay: of overpowering and being overpowered. The tree root pulverising the bedrock is an expression of life. As is the expanding ice cracking the cliff and redrawing the shoreline. The expression of life is never still. It is the shifting dynamic of every active relationship.

„La protección de alemanes en Filipinas. El consulado alemán de Manila puesto a prueba (1871-1885),“ in: María Dolores Elizalde and Xavier Huetz de Lemps (eds.), Redes consulares en el Mar de China. Cónsules extranjeros en Filipinas, cónsules españoles en China (Madrid, Polifemo 2024) (ISBN: 9788416335848), pp. 185-218.

『そ⁠っち系のひと』（That Type of Girl）は、志村貴子による漫画『青い花』のキャラクタ⁠ー、プロット、およびテ⁠ーマを徹底的に掘り下げた一冊である。『青い花』は、レズビアンの少女ふみと、その幼馴染であるあきらとの間にゆ⁠っくりと芽生える愛情を描いた、百合漫画の金字塔といえる。本書では、この名作漫画を、現代日本社会および世紀にわたる百合の歴史の中に位置付けて語⁠っている。さらに、各キャラクタ⁠ーの全登場シ⁠ーンまで含めた総合索引、オンラインレビュ⁠ーのまとめ、そしてより深く読み込んでいくための様々な参考文献の提示なども含まれている。

On 13 August 1521, Tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec Empire, fell into the hands of the Spanish. 500 years later, this book tells the early colonial history of America from Constance. It presents sources that we discovered in our research project on the colonial and slavery history of the Lake Constance region in the 16th century: Letters from Cortés, Charles V, Spanish ambassadors and missionaries to the long-distance trading house Ehinger from Constance. Contracts, letters of exchange, inventories and portraits that show the faces and wealth of the early colonial period from 1528 onwards.

In the new linguistic group I have formed and shaped -- named Romantina© by embracing the languages of Spanish, French, Portuguese, and Italian - these total demographic shows some 1.2 billion people sharing many of the Roman/Latin and Greek linugitic roots -- Thisi can be a post war and world powers of the US (on its decline), whereas this can be a substantial third global power in terms by its land mass and the population --- with both India and China and their respective 1.4 billion each -- Furthermore, in this potentially post warring status between the US and China.  The entire region of these four language groups can all participate fully in the existing and non-belligerent era. Still, tourism -- by this cultural renaissance of these first two lusophone nations of Brazil and Portugal -- can revitalize a world with economies that are not based on wars.

Readers will find the following text free of footnotes and diacritics. I detail my sources in the Bibliographical Essay and the Notes. I give non-English words and names in their most common Romanized form and generally omit special characters.

India was one of the leading sources of diamonds known to Europeans in the early modern world, 1 and as such, the country occupied an important position in the networks of trade in the Indian Ocean. 'India was perhaps the first and possibly the only source of diamonds known initially to Europeans'. 2 Indian uncut diamond was the only diamond source known

Martínez d'Alòs-Moner, Andreu, "Las cuentas secretas del proyecto jesuítico en Etiopía: Redes indígenas y comercio transoceánico", en Pedro Omar Svriz Wucherer (ed.), Crucifijos y mercaderías : jesuitas y economía en los imperios ibéricos, siglos XVI-XVIII (Madrid: CSIC, 2024), 79-103.

The Audience of the Emperor is one of nine panels comprising The Story of the Emperor of China, a suite of Beauvais tapestries (first woven ca. 1690) that fancifully portrays a fabled faraway court. A survey of its diverse motifs attests to the resourcefulness of its designers and the fluidity of China as a concept in late-17 th-century France.  Lacking direct knowledge of his subject, Guy-Louis Vernansal, who led the design team, relied on secondary sources and imagination.  In addition to the latest European-made images of China, he took inspiration from prints depicting the more loosely defined region then known as “the Indies;” the pampered elephant at the heart of The Audience of the Emperor, for instance, documents the French fascination with Siam in a period of intense diplomatic exchange.  Vernansal’s typically exoticist process involved gathering fragments of the foreign, remaking them to French taste, and relocating them to a China of the European mind’s eye, rendered in a European manner and medium. While much of the 17th-century production labeled “chinoiserie” was guided by imitative intent, The Audience of the Emperor, an inventive concoction designed to meet French expectations of a legendary land, anticipates the whimsicality that permeates Rococo chinoiseries.

EnglishThis paper focuses on the Portuguese board game Quinto Imperio (2012; second edition, 2013). After a brief and concise description of the game, we analyse its board-map as cartographic device related to what John Agnew has called "geopolitical imagination." In oppositionto those who believe in the derivative character of Portuguese geopolitical discourse, in this work we highlight its originality and, in particular, the importance of the cartographical imaginary in its configuration. Taking into account categories such as scale, projection, and symbolization, our analysis of the board-map refers to another cartographical examples with geopolitical and propaganda aims, emphasizing some key aspects in the configuration of nation and empire-based Portuguese imaginary portuguesEl presente articulo parte de una breve presentacion del juego de mesa portugues Quinto Imperio (publicado en 2012 y reeditado en 2013) para, posteriormente, centrarse en el funcionamiento de su t...

Rasantes Wachstum, provokante kulturelle Avantgarden, die Infragestellung von Geschlechterrollen oder neue Industrien und Vergnügungen prägten bereits das wilhelminische Berlin. Ermöglicht wurden diese Entwicklungen auch durch Konsummöglichkeiten und technische Innovationen, die auf der Verfügbarkeit von Kolonialwaren beruhten. Dafür schuf sich das Kaiserreich seit den 1880er Jahren »eigene« koloniale Räume. Weniger bekannt dagegen sind die früheren materiellen und immateriellen Verflechtungen mit Kolonien anderer europäischer Mächte. Die Beiträger*innen zeigen, wie von dort aus immer mehr Rohstoffe, Heilpflanzen und Genussmittel nach Berlin gelangten – und seitdem koloniale Fantasien und Sehnsüchte viele Dimensionen der Stadt durchdringen.

Un año antes de su muerte, en 1525, Nuño García de Toreno, también conocido como García Torreño, terminaba un planisferio denominado "de Salviati". No sabemos la fecha de nacimiento de este eminente cartógrafo, pero sí dónde, ya que muchos autores afirman que era sevillano. Las primeras noticias que tenemos sobre él era que colaboraba con Américo Vespucio sobre 1508. A lo largo de los años estuvo cooperando con la Casa de Contratación de Sevilla (https:/ www2.ual.es/ideimand/la-casa-decontratacion/), hasta que Juan Rodríguez de Fonseca (1451-1524) le propuso un nuevo cargo en septiembre de 1519:

L a larga etapa de descubrimientos que desde el siglo XIV caracterizó a algunos países europeos, tuvo uno de sus puntos más trascendentes y gloriosos en la primera vuelta al mundo. Pero esta circunnavegación no hubiese sido posible sin la existencia de una cartografía que detallase el territorio conocido y, como legado del oscurantismo medieval, fantasease con la Terra Ignota, concibiendo todo un mundo imaginario compatible con la propia realidad para el placer de los apasionados de la cartografía histórica. Junto a estas representaciones territoriales no podemos olvidar que la tecnología de esta floreciente época propició este periodo de innovaciones, sobretodo lo si comparamos con la etapa anterior que se caracterizaba por un clasicismo social, primacía de los valores religiosos y por un estancamiento cultural, artístico y, sobre todo, científico. Por tanto, desde mediados del siglo XV confluyen varios hechos que se entrelazan para un fin común. Por un lado, el avance en los barcos como la pequeña y ágil carabela redonda con sus características velas cuadradas; la nao que tenía una mayor resistencia y capacidad y, posteriormente, los poderosos y destructivos