Police Psychology

Research on cyber security related to social engineering has expanded from its purely technological orientation into explaining the role of human behaviour in detecting deception . In the broadest definition, social engineering, in the context of information security, is the manipulation of individuals to perform actions that cause harm or increase the probability of causing future harm. Human personality traits significantly contribute to the probability that an individual is susceptible to manipulation related to social engineering deception attacks and exploits . The outcome of the attacks and objective is the alteration of normal and rational decision making as described in behaviour decision theory . This quantitative and non-experimental study determined what makes an individual based on personality traits predisposed to social engineering treats in the context of susceptibility to deception manipulation and exploitation.

The Police Officer Wellness Evaluation Response™ Survey was designed to take a broader look at police officer wellness from an officer standpoint. The survey collected data and measured individual “holistic wellness” of 1,000 commissioned/sworn law enforcement officers nationwide. This confidential, multi-dimensional survey instrument was designed to address four specific areas of wellness: physical, emotional, psychological, and spiritual and to report broad data concerning basic officer demographics. No names, departments, or other personally identifying information was collected, used, or distributed. The survey sample was not significant enough to make generalizations regarding a larger police officer population or police officer wellness on a larger scale. However, it is the hope of the survey developer that the information collected provide insight into areas that police officers believe should be more readily addressed in first responder wellness training (i.e., academy, post...

Officers are tasked with upholding ethics and justice, face significant emotional challenges that complicate ethical behaviour. These challenges, rooted in psychological stress, societal pressures, may impact integrity. This also has effects on the mental health of the officers impacting their family lives. This paper explores kinds of emotional challenges and their effect on officer's ethical behaviour.

Science has changed all the ways of life at most. But in some aspects, we still have the same antique view. Rape is one of aspects where we have hardly changed. Modernity is in awkward situation. Rape is increasing with the pace of its beastly aptitude. We are merely curious as to how an incident of rape can be proven in a court of law. After a little research, We have learnt that background check, history, medical investigations and psychological evaluations are some of the methods used to prove/disprove the claim of rape. But unfortunately, the existing laws have failed to give actual justice to the rape victims in most cases. The procedures of proving an occurrence of rape is against the victims. It is high time we tried to have some practical solution to this curse. So, here we have tried to show the existing rape laws with their flaws and some of the recommendations by which a rape victim can get the justice without further hurdles.

" İletişim, onu yayan ve alan insanlara anlamlı gelen herşeyin değişimi
ve paylaşımı olup, aynı zamanda toplumun temelini oluşturan bir sistem "
olarak tanımlanabilir.
İnsanların birlikte yaşamaları ve bazı etkinlikleri gerçekleştirmeleri,
onların iletişimlerinin başarısına bağlıdır. Bu sebeple, iletişim toplumsal
hayatın herhangi bir biçimi için önemli ve bununla birlikte, toplumu birbirine
bağlamak için de bir gerekliliktir.
İletişim süreçleri, "kişi-içi iletişim, kişilerarası iletişim, örgütsel
iletişim ve kitle iletişimi" olarak sınıflandırılabilir. "Örgütsel iletişim" bu
iletişim süreçlerinin en karmaşık olanıdır. Çünkü, yukarıda sıralanmış olan
iletişim süreçlerinin hepsi, örgütsel iletişim sürecinde yer alır.
Toplumsal hayatın bir biçimi olan örgütsel hayatta insanlar için bir
gerekliliktir. Hiç kimse tek başına istemlerinin çoğunu gerçekleştiremez.
Böylece, insanlar tarafından örgütler kurulur ve onlar hem kendi hem de
örgütün amaçlarını gerçekleştirmeye çalışırlar. Örgütlerde üyeler arasındaki
etkileşim, iletişim süreçleri aracılığıyla sağlanır. Bir örgütün başarısı, o
örgütte meydana gelen iletişimin başarısına bağlıdır. Çünkü iletişim, insanların etkin olarak birlikte nasıl çalışacaklarını belirlemede ve onların amaçlarına ulaşmalarını düzenlemede etkin bir rol oynar. Bu sebeple, örgütlerde verimlilik ve iletişim arasında doğrudan bir ilişki vardır.
Örgütlerde zaman zaman üyeler ve bölümler arasında iletişim
süreçlerinde bazı iletişim sorunları görülür. Örgütlerdeki bu iletişim sorunları iki bölümde ele alınarak incelenebilir: Bunlar, örgütün yapısından ve örgüt üyelerinden kaynaklanan engel ve bozukluklardır.
Bu araştırmada, Anadolu Üniversitesi İletişim Bilimleri Fakültesi
öğrencilerinden kaynaklanan iletişim engel ve bozukluklar incelenmiş ve
var olan örgütsel iletişim durumu ortaya konmuştur.

One of the main focuses of police psychology is the psychological assessment of
potential officers. The main purpose of the study is to evaluate how useful the NEOPI inventory and its variants are in the recruitment of police officers.
A systematic review of the literature using Google Scholar, PsycNet and
ScienceDirect databases was conducted. Key phrases such as “Big Five” and “police
officer” or “NEO-PI” and “public safety officer” were identified and analyzed to filter
the material.
Based on the studies using the application of the NEO-PI test in the recruitment of
police officers, they provide significant data for psychological well-being, adaptability
to work, and professional integrity.
MEDICUS No. 9, ISSUE 1/ 2025 31
The use of the NEO-PI in the selection process of police candidates provides
meaningful data to police structures and other law enforcement agencies about
mental health, skills, work performance, and professional ethics. Based on applied
studies and international practices, the use of personality tests such as NEO-PI in
our country would be effective for candidates, the police organization, the Security
Academy, and for research purposes.
Keywords: Public safety officer, police officer, test, Big Five, NEO-PI.

With the commencement of lockdown in India due to Covid-19, several incidences of police
highhandedness against the violators of the lockdown, curfew and section 144 of the Indian Penal
Code (IPC) have surfaced on social media and news channels. Such kind of police misconduct
derives its root from ‘power-over’ model of policing. Though, the lockdown has also brought about
a paradigm shift in policing while putting a human face on the law enforcing mechanism by
bringing relief to people amid the pandemic as inspiration from ‘power-with’ model of policing.
This article has examined several aspects of ‘power over’ model of policing by conducting an
inductive research in order to find out its root causes and the reasons for continuity in India. The
second part of the article has dealt with the finding and suggestions for replacement of ‘powerover’ model with ‘power-with’ model of policing in India.

Hostage/crisis negotiation has been described as a complex verbal dance between the negotiator and the subject. While one of law enforcement\u27s most effective tools and most significant developments in law enforcement and police psychology over the past several decades, the acceptance of mental health professionals (MHP) on a hostage/crisis negotiation team is ambiguous. This study examined how mental health professionals working with hostage/crisis negotiation teams are perceived, if there is positive small group socialization within teams, whether the outcome of incidents is affected by designation of the MHP as a team member versus a consultant, and whether prior law enforcement experience influences team members\u27 perception of the MHP. A comparative research design was utilized and data were collected from 362 hostage/crisis negotiators using the Hostage/Crisis Negotiation and Mental Health Professional Questionnaire. Independent sample t tests indicated that MHPs designate...

This paper critically examines the gap between behavioral science and current law enforcement screening protocols in Florida, particularly as they pertain to the identification of manipulative and coercive psychological profiles, including DARVO (Deny, Attack, Reverse Victim and Offender). Through the analysis of documented officer misconduct, psychological screening methods, and available statistical data, the paper provides an estimated prevalence of officers with high-risk behavioral patterns in departments such as those in Broward County. The findings reveal systemic failure to screen for behaviors that undermine accountability and contribute to coercive abuse within the justice system.

Custodial violence is the term given to the inhuman treatment of individuals in custody by the police. Usually, custodial violence results in the death of the victim or trauma to the victim. This research paper aims at discussing in detail about custodial violence and it's different aspects. We learn about the different types of custodial violence and what are the suspected causes which lead to it. Seeing it from the legal perspective, we understand the role played by the different acts in the protection of the people kept in custody and the procedure to be followed by the officials during the whole process. Role of NHRC in prevention of custodial violence is also discussed in this paper. Furthermore, we see the recent cases related to custodial violence and the landmark judgements made regarding the same.

We use a laboratory experiment to study the impact of transparency on reducing corruption in contexts where embezzlement and bribery can co-occur. These contexts are closely related to grand corruption settings, where different types of corruption occur and allow people in power to take advantage of their position. Transparency is expected to have a positive effect on reducing corruption. However, our results show that transparency decreases embezzlement by roughly ten percentage points, while it has no significant effect on bribery. The observed differential impact of transparency could be attributed to strategic lying by the resource manager, who acts as if low public investment rates were a consequence of bad luck (low budget) instead of misappropriation. This suggests that the impact of transparency cannot be generalized to all types of corruption when different types co-exist.

In today’s digital age, text messaging has become a primary means of communication, enabling individuals to share information quickly and efficiently. However, the widespread use of digital communication, particularly through mobile phones, has also opened the door to a new kind of deception—fake text messages. The ability to alter text messages, including changing the sender’s identity (e.g., the name and phone number), can have profound psychological and emotional consequences. This can affect not only personal relationships but also the legal and law enforcement systems. In this article, we will                      explore how police officers, judges, and other legal professionals can be impacted by                      fake text messages and provide strategies for recognizing and addressing these                        influences.

Scare tactics are often used in road safety campaigns even though years of research into fear appeals have yielded inconsistent results. In Ghana, where all efforts are being made to reduce traffic accidents, the use of fear appeals and threat of enforcement has not been spared. In an experimental study, the researchers investigated the effectiveness of this message on risky driving attitude and also explored the effect of an alternative strategy, fear of prosecution. Findings from this study suggest that fear appeals, fear of prosecution and combination of these two strategies do not have an effect on risky driving attitudes. These findings are used to make conclusions about the design of road safety campaigns incorporating such scare tactics.

El artículo analiza los problemas del diseño de las estrategias de gobierno del crimen basadas en evidencia. El artículo ofrece una aproximación crítica al uso de la evidencia a partir de un cuestionamiento de su objetividad, de sus limitaciones para ofrecer respuestas a la prevención del crimen, y de los problemas de legitimidad política y jurídica del uso de evidencia para diseñar estrategias de gobierno del crimen. Desde allí se propone que, para mantener que el uso de información empírica como fundamento de las estrategias del control del crimen, debe acompañarse de un reconocimiento de la incapacidad de la evidencia para dar respuestas absolutas y de una crítica permanente de los estudios sobre la materia; así como de una discusión sobre las relaciones entre democracia, constitucionalismo, derechos fundamentales y control de la criminalidad.

Este artigo examina a importância da formação em direção defensiva para os policiais militares do Paraná. Analisa os benefícios em termos de redução de acidentes, preservação da vida, eficiência nas operações, economia de recursos, conformidade com a legislação, aprimoramento profissional e bem-estar psicológico. Os resultados indicam que a capacitação em direção defensiva é fundamental para a segurança e eficácia das atividades policiais, além de contribuir para a melhoria da segurança pública e redução de custos operacionais.

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O presente estudo objetiva abordar o tema negociação policial e suas características quando o causador do evento crítico se qualifica tipologicamente como mentalmente perturbado e, de forma específica, portador de esquizofrenia. No estado do Paraná, observa-se que nos últimos anos a maioria das ocorrências críticas envolvem mentalmente perturbados, e destas situações grande parcela com indivíduos portadores de esquizofrenia e/ou que apresentam sintomas típicos da doença, como delírios, alucinações e alterações comportamentais e de linguagem. Visando expor essa constatação, este artigo procurou explanar sobre a esquizofrenia, seus sintomas, subtipos, principais causas e fatores de risco. De igual forma, o presente trabalho discorreu sobre a negociação policial, seus objetivos e diferentes forma de emprego (negociação técnica e negociação tática). Para posteriormente discorrer acerca das especificidades da negociação com causadores mentalmente perturbados portadores de esquizofrenia. ...

rom 1994 to 2010, the overall rate of intimate partner violence in the United States declined by 64%, from 9.8 victimizations per 1,000 persons age 12 or older to 3.6 per 1,000 (figure 1; table 1). The number of intimate partner victimizations also declined, from approximately 2.1 million victimizations in 1994 to around 907,000 in 2010-a decline of about 1.2 million victimizations over the 18-year data collection period. From 1994 to 2000, similar declines were observed for overall violent crime (down 47%) and intimate partner violence (down 48%). However, during the more recent 10-year period from 2001 to 2010, the decline in the overall intimate partner violence rate slowed and stabilized while the overall violent crime rate continued to decline. The data in this report were developed from the Bureau of Justice Statistics' (BJS) National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), which annually collects information on nonfatal victimizations reported and not reported to the police against persons age 12 or older from a nationally representative sample of U.S. households. This special report examines trends in nonfatal intimate partner violence which includes rape, sexual assault, robbery, aggravated assault, and simple assault committed by an offender who was the victim's current or former spouse, boyfriend, or girlfriend.

It is normal to feel anxious, terrified, and agitated after being involved in a potentially dangerous or traumatic incident. Most emotions disappear after a few weeks have passed. Some people continue to have these emotions for many months or even years following the traumatic event. This article looks at how post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) might manifest differently in men and women. It was discussed how PTSD develops, what causes it, how it affects women, and what treatments are available. PTSD is far more common in women than in males. PTSD can result in feelings of guilt and worry, as well as shame, hopelessness, depression, and frustration. When someone suffering from PTSD is treated with empathy, compassion, understanding, and acceptance, she feels safe and secure, which has been linked to the development and improvement of PTSD symptoms. With the aid of loved ones, it is possible to overcome feelings of helplessness, grief, and hopelessness. Patients suffering from PTSD may benefit from the encouragement and support of their friends and family. With the help of their loved ones, women may enhance their health and well-being.

This paper offers a summary of a discussion on the definition of a
vulnerable witness, a subject extensively explored by the author in her book
‘The Vulnerable Witness in the Practice of International and Hybrid Courts.’
While the paper specifically addresses trauma as a factor in determining witness vulnerability, the book encompasses a wider examination of various factors that contribute to the classification of a witness as vulnerable. Despite the frequent use of the term ‘vulnerable witness’, a clear and comprehensive understanding of its scope remains elusive. The discretion exercised by legal practitioners, especially judges, prosecutors, and investigators, in deciding whether to classify a witness as vulnerable, elicits concerns regarding the justice system’s capacity to meet the genuine needs of these individuals. There is a risk that the incorrect use of mechanisms intended for this group may compromise their welfare. Very often, it is precisely these witnesses who are pivotal in ascertaining the truth, owing to their direct knowledge of the facts concerning the events being investigated. Given the international community’s recognition of the threat to vulnerable witnesses and the need for special protection, this paper contributes
to the discourse by examining key elements critical to the effective treatment of vulnerable witnesses in the context of criminal proceedings involving violations of international humanitarian law.

O presente estudo objetiva abordar o tema negociação policial e suas características quando o causador do evento crítico se qualifica tipologicamente como mentalmente perturbado e, de forma específica, portador de esquizofrenia. No estado do Paraná, observa-se que nos últimos anos a maioria das ocorrências críticas envolvem
mentalmente perturbados, e destas situações grande parcela com indivíduos portadores de esquizofrenia e/ou que apresentam sintomas típicos da doença, como delírios, alucinações e alterações comportamentais e de linguagem. Visando expor essa
constatação, este artigo procurou explanar sobre a esquizofrenia, seus sintomas, subtipos, principais causas e fatores de risco. De igual forma, o presente trabalho discorreu sobre a negociação policial, seus objetivos e diferentes forma de emprego (negociação técnica e
negociação tática). Para posteriormente discorrer acerca das especificidades da negociação com causadores mentalmente perturbados portadores de esquizofrenia. Como resultado, a pesquisa demonstra todas as dificuldades encontradas na comunicação com
essas pessoas quando inseridas em uma crise policial, salientando que o tratamento acolhedor, respeitoso e humanizado deve ser priorizado pelas instituições policiais que trabalham diretamente com o gerenciamento de eventos críticos, em que a preservação de vidas humanas deve ser o principal propósito.

Working with a sample of individuals from 43 countries, including some of the most and least corrupt in the world, we run an experiment in which: 'private citizens' have to decide whether and how much to offer 'public servants' in exchange for corrupt services; 'public servants' have to decide whether and how much to accept; and offered and accepted bribes do harm to other members of society. We can predict who, among the younger members of our sample, will offer bribes with reference to the level of corruption prevailing in their home countries. And, by comparing behaviour across treatments, we can identify the effect on behaviour of an internalized social norm or preference for not engaging in bribery because it is harmful to society. We conclude that corruption is, in part, a cultural phenomenon.

In recent years, a growing emphasis has been placed on the use of zonal banning to address violence and antisocial behaviour associated with alcohol consumption. While we recognise the longer historical links between territory and crime, this article focuses on recent efforts to govern territory through new zonal regulations. Recent processes in Australia involve the conflation criminal law principles with processes of managing order in and around private spaces through new administrative approaches to alcohol-related law enforcement. The article outlines the nature of sub-sovereign 'police laws' and the extent to which they have been used based on Victorian data. We conclude by suggesting these developments need ongoing critical scrutiny given evidence of the ongoing expansion of proprietary-based principles in the management of urban disorder, and the potential for these developments to promote the increased use of surveillance technologies to exclude undesirable populations from the nighttime economies of Australian cities.

BASEL INSTITUTE ON GOVERNANCE 5 and Behavioural Anti-Corruption Interventions in Developing Countries (Stahl et al., forthcoming), commissioned by DFID's East Africa Research Fund commissioned and conducted by the Basel Institute on Governance in the course of 2016. The long version provides more detail and depth about research-relevant insights and crucial aspects of the research designs, including study characteristics, methodological choices and research methods. This review is not a fully systematic but adheres to systematic principles of rigour, transparency and replicability (Hagen-Zanker and Mallett, 2013)-having followed a systematic search strategy, having compiled a search log and having made use of two established review methods:

Rape is a form of violence which exists from the ancient times in history. But it has been used to express power over women by men. Although we believe in Islam, which give us a charter of human rights long before it was recognized by the world, it has been interpreted to support some ideas which are misquoted or not explained with their contexts. Similar condition is in the case of marital rape which is an issue not acknowledged in Pakistan. This issue was initially raised by women rights activists. The issue is hushed up because it is considered that once married women give up her right on her body. Since forced sexual relations between a husband and wife are not legally considered cases of “rape” the question arises whether or not a wife herself views the incident as a “rape”. There are two important issues, which must be researched in the case of marital rape. The first area is victim offender relations and the second considers the element of power.

In this paper we endeavour to isolate the top ten innovations and developments that have occurred in policing in the last thirty years. We consider that each of them brought about a new mindset, pattern or trend into contemporary police practice. We have focused our attention on the last thirty years because it is during this time that we have both maintained a keen academic interest in the field. While we have focused our attention on the way in which each has affected Australian policing, we are cognisant of the fact that many of them had their roots in other settings long before Australian policy-makers adopted or adapted them.

Procedures around interviewing a police officer after a shooting have recently come under increased scrutiny. Some argue the officers should be allowed to view available video footage from body cameras and wait two to three days to de-stress before being interviewed. While viewing the video first may increase accuracy for details present in the footage, it may also cause forgetting or distortion for other parts of the situation not captured on camera, including the officer's perception and construal of the situation. Additionally, memory is likely to decay over any delay from a waiting period, with little support for the claim that a long de-stressing period will improve accuracy compared to an immediate report. Though this is a complex policy matter with many considerations, these procedures may do more harm than good when it comes to preserving the most accurate and helpful memory from the police officer.

Background: During the COVID-19 pandemic, police officers gave an essential contribution to
ensuring public order and preventing the spread of the virus.The COVID-19 pandemic affected
the mental health of the population worldwide, especially medical and police personnel.
Psychological concerns were manifested through the appearance of symptoms of stress, anxiety,
depression and sleep disorders among police officers and, consequently, in the deterioration of
mental health.
Objectives: The aim of the study is to reflect the psychological effects of the COVID-19
pandemic on police officers.
Methods: The search was based on a systematic review of the literature, using the ScienceDirect
and PubMed databases. Keywords used in the search include: mental health or law enforcement,
SARS CoV 2 or police, stress or policing.
Results: All types of articles published from January 2020 to October 2021 were identified,
based on the object of the study. After the selection and detailed analysis of specific issues, two
main psychological factors were identified: operational factors and organizational factors.
Adding tasks and changing new roles frequently, fear of infection, lack of training about
emergency situations, future uncertainty about the disease, lack of professional information
about the virus, changing work protocols, lack of logistical tools, were the main factors that
affected the mental health of police officers.
Conclusions: Based on the studies used, the results show that the crisis caused by the COVID-19
pandemic has affected the psychological well-being of police officers, the structure and scope of
duties, the organizational changes in the police force, the increase in responsibilities and fear of
infection.
Keywords: Mental health, Police, Pandemic COVID-19, stress.

Most police stress programs are reactive. The most commonly known of these types of programs are Employee Assistance Programs and Critical Incident Stress Debriefings. Critical Incident Stress Debriefing programs are not effective in eliminating the long-term effects of police stress (McNally, 2004), and some studies have shown that these programs may actually do more harm than good Rose, et al., 2001). Employee assistance programs (EAP) are often underused by police officers for a variety of reasons

In an experimental study, the researchers investigated whether years of driving experience plays a role in the effectiveness of fear arousing messages and fear of prosecution on risky driving behaviour. The findings indicate that driving experience has an interactive effect with fear arousing messages with drivers with long years of driving experience reducing their risky driving behaviour after being exposed to fear arousing messages. Drivers with short years of driving experience only reduced their risky driving after being exposed to fear of prosecution. When they were exposed to combinations of fear arousing messages and fear of prosecution their risky driving behaviour remained unchanged. These findings are used to make conclusions about the design of road safety campaigns incorporating fear arousing messages and fear of prosecution.

The way in which interviewers balance human rights concerns in Australian investigative and intelligence interviews was examined by documenting common practices and beliefs among 139 seasoned practitioners (M = 16 years) employed in Australian police, military and intelligence organisations. An online survey gathered information about their use of recording practices, the duration of interviews and the number of times persons were interviewed for each matter. The majority of the participants (73 ...

This paper aims to examine the dynamics of social inclusivity of the local people in the civil security governance of Bangladesh with a particular reference to the functions of community policing in the urban areas of the state. The broader framework of the sdg 16 informs the conceptual analysis of this paper-promoting peaceful and inclusive societies in establishing local ownership and an inclusive and improved security situation through community policing in Bangladesh. The empirical discussions in this paper include the findings of in-depth interviews with the civilian members of the community policing forums and members of the local police stations. The discussion aims to highlight-how and in what ways the community policing system, both forums and officers in police stations, has adopted an inclusive framework to ensure the participation of local community citizens. Furthermore, the discussion also highlights the challenges of including locals and civil society organisations in the security governance of the state. Finally, this paper argues that political patronage is a critical factor obstructing social inclusivity in the community policing system.

In this paper we endeavour to isolate the top ten innovations and developments that have occurred in policing in the last thirty years. We consider that each of them brought about a new mindset, pattern or trend into contemporary police practice. We have focused our attention on the last thirty years because it is during this time that we have both maintained a keen academic interest in the field. While we have focused our attention on the way in which each has affected Australian policing, we are cognisant of the fact that many of them had their roots in other settings long before Australian policy-makers adopted or adapted them.

institucional. DXC Technology. Licenciado en Negocios Internacionales por la Universidad Panamericana. Ha participado en la gestión para el desarrollo de proyectos para el aprovechamiento de valores minerales en el noroeste de México. Diseña y construye portafolios de inversión privados en México. Profesor investigador en la Universidad Panamericana, en materias del área de Finanzas.

Multiple influences prevent recovery from pain. Our viewpoint is that non-conscious emotional memory images (EMIs) triggers outdated stress responses contributing to the intractability of pain. In this perspectives article we explore the concept that EMIs contribute to the persistence of pain. We contend that psychophysiological "stress" responses, resulting from first-time, novel and unprecedented pernicious or adverse events form EMIs within very short time frames (split-second learning). Subsequently, these EMIs are re-triggered in daily living, "re-playing" stress responses. We postulate that EMIs continually "raise the alarm" to socio-ecological stimuli by re-triggering the HPA-axis and amplifying neural input associated with threat, fear, anxiety, and pain, creating a debilitating state of psychophysiological disease. We position the EMI within a philosophical debate on the nature and locus of memory and explain how the EMI, irrespective of whether it is a "thing" or a metaphor, can create a basis of understanding for the client to grasp. We describe a therapeutic approach (Split-Second Unlearning) to "clear" EMIs and the "stickiness" of pain and help people embark on a healing journey. This involves surveillance of clients for micro-expression(s) signifying an in-the-moment stress response, representative of the presence of an EMI, and encouraging the client to become a curious observer within/of their own experience. This helps the client detach their EMI from its stress response. We contend that this occurs rapidly without the need to get bogged down in a whole-life narrative. We advocate further exploration of our EMI model of disease in the context of intractable pain.

Diseases of the soul are more dangerous and more numerous than those of the body. ~Cicero The National Institute of Mental Health (2009) estimated at any given time, one-quarter of American adults (over 18) experienced at least one psychological disorder. In fact, research suggests the United States is on the verge of becoming the global leader of mental disorders (Weiss, 2005). One of the most common and concerning mental disorders in the U.S. is depression. Depression is "a medical illness that involves the mind and body… it affects how you feel, think, and behave" (Mayo Clinic, 2011, p. 1). Described by bouts of sadness, numbness, sleep disturbances, weight loss or gain, altered moods, feelings of emptiness, irritability, fatigue, worthlessness, anxiety, hopelessness, helplessness, and an overall loss of interest in once pleasurable activities; this often debilitating illness is categorized by levels of severity ranging from mild to severe. Nearly 35 million Americans will suffer from some type of depression in their lifetime (Kessler, Chiu, Demler, & Walters, 2005), with depression as the leading cause of disability and suicide worldwide (World Health Organization [WHO], 2011). Nationwide, 60-90% of individuals completing suicide are diagnosed with depression ("Treating depression", 2009, p. 580). Based on the World Health Organization's "Disability Adjusted Life Year" [DALY] scale, projections indicate by 2020, depression will be the second leading cause of death for all ages and sexes worldwide (2011). The DALY scale equates "life lost to premature mortality" and "years of productive life lost due to disability" (WHO, 2011). DePaulo & Horvitz (2002) suggested: One of the most disabling aspects of depression is that often you don't know that you have it at all. That doesn't happen with most other painful diseases that are usually quick to announce their presence and location. But depression can sneak up so insidiously that you literally don't know what it is, sometimes until years later.

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Despite the wealth of literature focusing on police culture, there is little sense of an 'established' position on how this concept relates to the issue of police leadership-either in the traditional sense of qualities associated with the senior ranks or of qualities associated with all ranks. In respect of the former, this is because, as Reiner (1992) noted, the growth in research surrounding policing mainly concentrated on explaining the values and behaviours of the lower ranks of the organisation. Indeed, whilst some literature touches upon the nature of this relationship between police culture and leadership (see, for example, Marks, 2007 on the relationship between police culture, leadership and unionism), or explores a particular aspect of it (see, for example, Cockcroft, 2014, on the relationship between police culture and transformational leadership), the relationship has not been more fully articulated. To date, therefore, there has been insufficient attention paid to the identification of a broad explanatory context to facilitate our understanding of this area.

A range of studies have examined what should be said and done in crisis negotiations. Yet, no study to date has considered what happens when an error is made, how to respond to an error, and what the consequences of errors and responses might be on the negotiation process itself. To develop our understanding of errors, we conducted 11 semi-structured interviews with police crisis negotiators in the Netherlands. Negotiators reported making errors of three types: factual, judgment, or contextual. They also reported making use of four types of response strategy: accept, apologize, attribute, and contradict. Critically, the negotiators did not perceive errors as solely detrimental, but as an opportunity for feedback. They advocated for an error management approach, which focused on what could be learned from another person's errors when looking back at them. Suggestions for improvement of the communication error management experience in crisis negotiations are discussed.

The relationship between corruption and economic growth is complex and has been extensively studied. Till recent days it is still one of the most genuine political challenges that all countries face. Even though anti-corruption measures have improved, they still lack consistency and clarity. Accordingly, this paper reviews the extant literature on this issue, by examining 66 research papers on the impact of corruption on economic growth. The study was aided by analysis of the theme Corruption and economic growth identified in the present literature. Impact of Corruption on economic growth has been tested in multiple studies utilizing time series, panel, and cross-sectional data for various time periods and locations. Although most empirical research has supported the idea that corruption has a considerable impact on economic growth, others have demonstrated that corruption has no significant impact on economic growth. The study draws its conclusions from a variety of investigations. The literature identified that depending on the circumstances, corruption can have both good and bad consequences on economic growth. Besides, the impact of corruption on economic growth varies per country, and time period under consideration based on a variety of characteristics such as economic development, political system, and legal system.

Working with a sample of individuals from 43 countries, including some of the most and least corrupt in the world, we run an experiment in which: 'private citizens' have to decide whether and how much to offer 'public servants' in exchange for corrupt services; 'public servants' have to decide whether and how much to accept; and offered and accepted bribes do harm to other members of society. We can predict who, among the younger members of our sample, will offer bribes with reference to the level of corruption prevailing in their home countries. And, by comparing behaviour across treatments, we can identify the effect on behaviour of an internalized social norm or preference for not engaging in bribery because it is harmful to society. We conclude that corruption is, in part, a cultural phenomenon.

I defend the view that a significant ethical distinction can be made between justified killing in self-defense and police use of lethal force. I start by opposing the belief that police use of lethal force is morally justified on the basis of self-defense. Then I demonstrate that the state's monopoly on the use of force within a given jurisdiction invests police officers with responsibilities that go beyond what morality requires of the average person. I argue that the police should primarily be concerned with preserving public safety. As a consequence, police have additional moral permissions to use lethal force. But this also means that the principle of restraint is inherent to the policing function and therefore police are obliged to go to greater lengths to avoid killing. I concede that the just use of police force can be made difficult in extreme situations such as a mass riot. In such cases, police should take proportionate actions necessary to protect the lives of inhabitants by restoring order, which might include calling on military support. I conclude with a cautionary note opposing militarization of the policing role.

Travmatik beyin hasarı (TBH) ve Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu (TSSB) komorbiditesinin tedavi sürecini daha karmaşık hale getirdiği bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle, Göz Hareketleriyle Duyarsızlaştırma ve Yeniden İşleme (EMDR) terapisi gibi daha travma odaklı terapi yöntemlerinin uygulanması sağlamak faydalı ve pratik olabilir. Bu olgu sunumu, TBİ'si ve TSSB'si olan 25 yaşındaki bir kadın hastada, tedavi sıklığı haftada birden fazla seanslar halinde olacak şekilde, konsantre EMDR uygulamasının olumlu sonuçlarını gösteren bir klinik vakayı göstermektedir. EMDR tedavisi her seans 90 dakika olmak üzere toplamda 10 gün ve 7 seans uygulanmıştır. Tedavinin sonuçları CAPS, SUD and VoC puanları ile ölçülmüştür. Sonuçlar, 16 ay sonra yapılan takip çalışması sonuçları da dahil olmak üzere, konsantre EMDR'nin etkinliğini göstermektedir.

Travmatik beyin hasarı (TBH) ve Travma Sonrası Stres Bozukluğu (TSSB) komorbiditesinin tedavi sürecini daha karmaşık hale getirdiği bilinmektedir. Bu nedenle, Göz Hareketleriyle Duyarsızlaştırma ve Yeniden İşleme (EMDR) terapisi gibi daha travma odaklı terapi yöntemlerinin uygulanması sağlamak faydalı ve pratik olabilir. Bu olgu sunumu, TBİ'si ve TSSB'si olan 25 yaşındaki bir kadın hastada, tedavi sıklığı haftada birden fazla seanslar halinde olacak şekilde, konsantre EMDR uygulamasının olumlu sonuçlarını gösteren bir klinik vakayı göstermektedir. EMDR tedavisi her seans 90 dakika olmak üzere toplamda 10 gün ve 7 seans uygulanmıştır. Tedavinin sonuçları CAPS, SUD and VoC puanları ile ölçülmüştür. Sonuçlar, 16 ay sonra yapılan takip çalışması sonuçları da dahil olmak üzere, konsantre EMDR'nin etkinliğini göstermektedir.

Over the past 20 years, there has been an increasing amount of research examining the impact of stress and trauma on law enforcement personnel. [1] Police administrators and psychologists alike have come to acknowledge the importance of early intervention as a way to reduce the negative responses and symptoms that may accompany exposure to critical incidents such as officer-involved shootings and other life-threatening confrontations. Development of a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) can be a costly outcome in terms of both human suffering and the organizational loss of a valued and productive employee. Critical-incident debriefings have become an accepted and necessary tool for assisting emergency personnel in reducing the longterm effects of these traumatic events. The simple act of expressing, venting and discussing traumatic events can greatly reduce negative effects. [2] With mandated debriefings for officer-involved shootings, personnel can receive the benefits of psychological assistance without the stigma often associated with seeing a mental health professional. In 1986 Solomon and Horn [3] provided a springboard in their pilot study that identified the most salient issues faced by officers involved in critical incidents (i.e., perceptual distortions, heightened sense of danger, flashbacks, depression, etc.). Their study, as well as subsequent research, typically relied upon either officers currently involved in treatment or those attending trainings on topics such as "Reactions to Officer-Involved Shootings" as their subject pool, likely skewing findings. In addition, the time lapse between responding to the study questionnaire and the incident in question typically ranged from several weeks to over a decade. The present study was designed to update our knowledge of officer-involved shooting reactions while controlling for the possible effects of self-selection, time delay and/or memory distortion. Additionally, focus was on more fully evaluating the types of reactions encountered, the extent of impact on officer functioning and the actual prevalence of acute stress disorders among officers involved in shootings. Methods An anonymous five-page survey was administered to 348 officers involved in shootings or other lifethreatening events between June 1995 and April 1998. The vast majority of the data was obtained within three to five days of the incident, just prior to the officer's participating in a mandatory debriefing.

Several approaches can be employed for information gathering from human sources, differing in their theoretical basis, goals, realisation, and ethical acceptability. The paper critically presents and compares two prevalent approaches to suspect interrogation used by the police. The older, prevalent interrogation approach focuses on obtaining suspects' incriminating statements and admissions, which severely elevates the risk of false confessions. Consequently, this interrogation approach is termed accusatorial or coercive since suspects are forced to admit to a crime. The newer interrogation approach is the information-gathering approach, also known as the investigative interview. It focuses on gathering accurate information in order to exclude or accuse a suspect in a criminal investigation. In comparison with coercive interrogation models, the information-gathering approach has a lower probability of false confessions since suspects are exposed to significantly lower levels of psychological pressure. Moreover, it is ethically more acceptable, has scientific grounds, enables the gathering of more accurate information, and has been found to be at least as effective as the coercive approach in criminal investigations. The investigative interview relies mainly on findings from social psychology. An analysis of coercive interrogation models reveals that they have no scientific basis and as such rely mainly on uncorroborated common-sense assumptions from authorities. In developed countries, coercive interrogation models are increasingly being replaced by the information-gathering approach, a trend connected with the enforcement of high human rights standards and a higher awareness of risks associated with coercive interrogation methods by the general public, academia, and professionals alike.

Interrogation techniques are well explored, but in Slovenia it has remained unknown what interrogation techniques are used and what the basic characteristics of suspect interrogations are. The Slovenian interrogation manual proposes some coercive interrogation techniques and neglects their weaknesses. The aim of the current study was to examine Slovenian police officers' beliefs as to the basic characteristics of their interrogations and whether techniques proposed by the manual are used in practice to begin to provide some insight into what actually happens in such interrogations. A survey instrument was used to obtain selfreport data from a sample of criminal investigators. From 86 completed questionnaires it was found that a typical interrogation of a suspect lasts around 90 minutes and is not recorded. Interviewers typically use three interrogation techniques namely (i) conducting interrogations in isolation; (ii) identifying contradictions in the suspect's story; and (iii) confronting the suspect with evidence. Findings suggest that some coercive interrogation techniques are used in practice (e.g. offering moral justifications, alluding to have evidence of guilt, good cop/bad cop routine, and minimization). The study is the first insight into the practices of Slovenian investigators when questioning suspects. Differences among general, white-collar and organized crime investigators are also discussed.