Police Psychology

This chapter addresses the interaction of law enforcement officers and people who are psychologically impaired as a result of mental illness, emotional disturbance, or severe intoxication.  The chapter conists of three major sections.  Part One provides an overview of the larger legal and social factors that increasingly require law enforcement to develop specialized programmatic responses for responding to a Person-in-Crisis (PIC).  Part Wo provides an overview of different types of programmatic attempts to address the problems associated with these at-risk populations.  Part Three offers recommendation to police psychologist on how to develop programmatic solutions to the challenges faced by law enforcement when dealing with PICs.

The current work examined police officers' decisions to shoot Black and White criminal suspects in a computer simulation. Responses to the simulation revealed that upon initial exposure to the program, the officers were more likely to mistakenly shoot unarmed Black compared with unarmed White suspects. However, after extensive training with the program, in which the race of the suspect was unrelated to the presence of a weapon, the officers were able to eliminate this bias. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the elimination of racial biases and the training of police officers.

The current work examined police officers decisions to shoot Black and White criminal suspects in a computer simulation. Responses to the simulation revealed that upon initial exposure to the program, the officers were more likely to mistakenly shoot unarmed Black compared with unarmed White suspects. However, after extensive training with the program, in which the race of the suspect was unrelated to the presence of a weapon, the officers were able to eliminate this bias. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for the elimination of racial biases and the training of police officers.

In addition to the physical and emotional challenges faced by law enforcement professionals, the job confronts officers with numerous moral risks. The moral risks include moral distress, moral injury, ethical exhaustion, compassion fatigue, and practices that lead to lapses in ethical decision-making. The paper focuses on what police agencies can do to better address the moral risks of policing. These moral risks are central to officer wellness and, thus, a crucial component of officers' operational readiness. Strategies are presented that will improve prevention efforts, including recruiting and hiring, training, supervision, and promotional practices. Additionally, the paper offers recommendations for effective approaches to intervention with officers who have displayed the effects of these moral risks. Finally, the paper highlights the kind of law enforcement leaders who are best able to implement strategies designed to prevent negative outcomes associated with the moral risks of policing.

This writing, "Creative Community Policing Initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina," appears as Chapter 4 in Dennis Stevens' edited book, Policing and Community Partnerships.  To meet the public safety needs of increasingly diverse neighborhoods in cities across the nation, creative and innovative community policing initiatives seem to be required to curb and to prevent crimes and related problems and to bridge the gap between the police and citizens through community involvement in policing activities. Community policing is guided by the values of building partnerships, people helping people, and community organizing. In this light, community policing initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina, are characterized by the concept of "shared responsibility." In this chapter, therefore, the creative and innovative community policing initiatives in Columbia, South Carolina, are examined. This discussion thus focuses on questions as they relate to the community initiatives of the Columbia Police Department and the City of Columbia, South Carolina.

Cybercrime represents a significant threat for the 21st century, a threat that traditional methods of policing cannot adequately manage. Consequently, new ways of policing utilising specialised teams have been implemented to address cybercrime proactively. One method of policing that has been relatively unexplored within academic literature is covert online investigations, wherein law enforcement creates false identities to interact with offenders from. Existing research has not comprehensively explored what tactics, techniques, and procedures law enforcement use when conducting these investigations. Accordingly, selection and training of employees presents unique challenges. Therefore, this study aims to provide a detailed evaluation of what skills are needed by law enforcement. This information can then inform future training and selection. This study examines in-depth semi-structured interviews with eight New Zealand Police investigators using Applied Cognitive Task Analysis. Dat...

This study uses a structured literature review method to examine the concept of ‘canteen culture’ which has been identified as a feature of police forces around the world. Theories from the fields of sociology, organisation/management studies and gender/diversity studies are used to define the origins and nature of police canteen culture and gain an understanding of why it arises, how it influences the effectiveness of police forces, and which factors might be relevant in promoting or suppressing it.
The historical origins of police culture and authority are examined and a number of key policy changes affecting the police over the last century are traced, with particular reference to evolving views about the direction in which policing culture should be heading.
Chapter five examines a range of empirical studies on police culture under the thematic headings of a) use of force; b) stress and coping mechanisms, c) diversity and resistance to diversity and d) peer group networks. This empirical review shows that police canteen culture in the UK and in other contemporary police forces is an enduring phenomenon which is fuelled by the nature of the job itself and the underlying values and beliefs which motivate people to take up a career in the first place. These underlying values and beliefs are modified through the experiences that younger officers have in their first operational shifts, highlighting a built-in dynamic of limited resistance to senior management and visible loyalty to fellow members of the immediate working unit.
Referring back to the theoretical part of this study, it is found that these behaviours are amply explained by organisational and leadership theories about culture and change management. There is a particularly acute problem in contemporary police culture, however, due to the proliferation of major policy changes in recent years, and the addition of multiple layers of governance including now an elected Commissioner role which brings added political pressure to bear on an organisation which is under-resourced in terms of its remit to combat crime on a fair and equal basis.  Moreover the empirical studies appear to show that many attempts to combat the negative aspects of police canteen culture may in fact reinforce it by increasing the pressure on serving police officers to relinquish features which many of them regard as non-negotiable of elements of both individual and corporate police identity.
This dissertation concludes that police canteen culture is gradually being changed over time, but that because of the fragmented and often contradictory nature of policy development, this change will contain good and bad elements and it will include planned changes as well as some unplanned changes for the better and for the worse. If any recommendations can be made in this area, they should be in the direction of encouraging individual value formation, questioning and openness in daily interactions between all grades of staff. Canteen culture is here to stay and the best that can be achieved is greater diversity within this canteen, and greater consistency in the messages that are being heaped upon rank and file officers from above.

Özet
Son yıllarda dünyada iletişim araçlarında yaşanan değişim ve gelişmeler, iletişim kavramın gerek örgütler gerekse bireyler açısından bir kere daha düşünülmesini zorunlu hale getirmiştir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, örgütsel iletişimin temellerinden birini oluşturan ast üst ilişkilerine yönelik mevcut yaklaşımların yanı sıra yeni yaklaşımlar ortaya koymaktır. Bu çalışma iki ana bölümden oluşmaktadır. Birinci bölümde; örgüt ve iletişim ile ilgili kavramsal bir takım açıklamalar yapıldıktan sonra iç güvenlik örgütlerinden biri olan emniyet teşkilatının örgütsel yapısı, personel durumu ve hiyerarşik yapısı incelenmektedir. İkinci bölüm ise emniyet örgütünde kullanılan örgütsel iletişim araçları, hiyerarşik yapının gerekliliği, ast üst ilişkilerinde iletişimin önemi ve yaşanan sorunların belirlenmesi ve bu sorunların ortadan kaldırılabilmesi için sunulan bir takım empati, etkili dinleme, etkili konuşma gibi temel iletişim becerilerine yönelik önerilerden oluşmaktadır. Sonuç olarak polis örgütündeki ast-üst ilişkileri özelinde, etkili bir örgütsel iletişime sahip örgütlerin, personel üzerinde daha fazla motivasyon sağlayabileceği, örgütsel hedeflere ulaşmada ve verimliliğin arttırılmasını personel memnuniyetini koruyarak gerçekleştirebileceği ve bu amaçla alınması gereken önlemler ortaya koyulmaya çalışılmıştır.



* Dr., 3. Snf. Emn Md., Yalova Emniyet Müdürlüğü, muratgulver@yahoo.com


ALINTILAMA ÖNERİSİ:
Gülver, M.(2014), Örgütsel İletişim ve Ast Üst İlişkileri, Harmancı, F. M.; Gözübenli, M. ve Alaç, A.E. (Ed.), "Güvenlik Sektöründe İnsan İlişkileri," içinde (s. 25-44). Nobel Yayınevi, ISBN:978-605-133-959-7


BİR BÖLÜMÜ BURADA YER ALAN KİTABIN TAMAMINA AŞAĞIDAKİ LİNKLERDEN ULAŞABİLİRSİNİZ.
https://www.academia.edu/14613671/G%C3%BCvenlik_Sekt%C3%B6r%C3%BCnde_%C4%B0nsan_%C4%B0li%C5%9Fkileri_tam_metin_
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/343587742_Guvenlik_Sektorunde_Insan_Iliskileri

Law Enforcement Use of Force is one of 10 major topics that impacts the  forensic sciences as it pertains to the intersection of crime, psychology, and law, that has been at the forefront of why I am a PhD student in Walden University’s “FPSY” program. The use statistical methods in profession of forensic psychology, but as a consumer, citizen, and scholar-practitioner, it will be important for researchers or practitioners to convert a critical consumer of research with the empowerment to read, interpret, and evaluate the strength of claims made in scholarly material or daily news. Thirteen sources that were chosen in this order, to represent the design of the literature review as they pertain to the main topic law enforcement use of force and correlate to current dilemmas or trends impacted by police departments across the U.S. and each source has a corresponding theme that precedes the article title, then the author(s) in parentheses, and the conclusion will focus on possible alternatives from case studies reflecting what is recommended concerning alternatives in reduction of unnecessary police use of force: Theme 1: New Mexico Case Law: Mental Illness, City of Albuquerque & Feds Reach a Deal (Sandlin, 2005; Santos, 2014; Johnson, 2014). Theme 2: Police Academy Students, Supervisor-officer Vs. Sergeant-officer, Electronic Control Devices with the Use of Force (Fekjaer, 2014; Ingram, 2013; Lin and Jones, 2010). Theme 3: Police Encountering the Mentally Ill Population, Stigma of Mental Illness, Police Corruptive Behavior (Scantlebury, Fairhurst, Booth, McDaid, Moran, Parker, Payne, Scott, Torgerson, Webber, and Hewitt, 2017; West, Yanos, and Mulay, 2014; Carr, 2017). Theme 4: Self-Care for Police Mental Well-being, Case Law on Police Rights and Violence, Qualified Immunity Vs. Excessive Force (Bullock and Garland, 2018; Greene, 2015; Davis and Davis, 2017). For the conclusion, the discussion will center on: Use of force reduction or alternatives (Prenzler, Porter, and Alpert, 2013); The impact of the mental health effect and economic impression affecting city government: law enforcement and public health as an emerging field (van Dijk and Crofts, 2017); Helping persons with mental illness, with partnerships between police and mobile crisis units (Lord and Bjerregaard, 2014).

Even though one of the most revealing discoveries researchers in Complex PTSD have found is that emotional neglect can be as damaging as domestic violence, our advanced society should equip itself with the necessary knowledge in distinguishing PTSD and CPTSD in order to anticipate to the, still unknown to modern psychology, behaviours these invisible injuries create.

Several approaches can be employed for information gathering from human sources, differing in their theoretical basis, goals, realisation, and ethical acceptability. The paper critically presents and compares two prevalent approaches to suspect interrogation used by the police. The older, prevalent interrogation approach focuses on obtaining suspects' incriminating statements and admissions, which severely elevates the risk of false confessions. Consequently, this interrogation approach is termed accusatorial or coercive since suspects are forced to admit to a crime. The newer interrogation approach is the information-gathering approach, also known as the investigative interview. It focuses on gathering accurate information in order to exclude or accuse a suspect in a criminal investigation. In comparison with coercive interrogation models, the information-gathering approach has a lower probability of false confessions since suspects are exposed to significantly lower levels of psychological pressure. Moreover, it is ethically more acceptable, has scientific grounds, enables the gathering of more accurate information, and has been found to be at least as effective as the coercive approach in criminal investigations. The investigative interview relies mainly on findings from social psychology. An analysis of coercive interrogation models reveals that they have no scientific basis and as such rely mainly on uncorroborated common-sense assumptions from authorities. In developed countries, coercive interrogation models are increasingly being replaced by the information-gathering approach, a trend connected with the enforcement of high human rights standards and a higher awareness of risks associated with coercive interrogation methods by the general public, academia, and professionals alike.

Primjena motoričkih i psiholoških testova kao instrumenta u cilju selekcije ljudskih resursa i potencijala za potrebe policije, omogućuje nam utvrđivanje stepena potrebnih vje-ština i sposobnosti pri odabiru ljudskih potencijala i resur-sa. Isto tako instrumenti koji se koriste za procjenu nivoa motoričkih sposobnosti i psiholoških karakteristika mogu biti polazna osnova za kreiranje postupaka unapređenja postojećih ljudskih potencijala i resursa. Sa obzirom da kompleksnih istraživanja za procjenu motoričkih sposob-nosti pri selekciji ljudskih potencijala i resursa za potrebe policije još uvijek nema, koristi se hipotetski model sastav-ljen od motoričkih sposobnosti snage, brzine, koordinacije, fleksibilnosti, ravnoteže, preciznosti i izdržljivosti. Kada je u pitanju procjena psiholoških karakteristika pri selekciji policijskih službenika, raznovrsnost metoda psihološke pro-cjene otvara mogućnost ispitivanja širokog spektra psiho-loških karakteristika, a time i identificiranja pojedinaca sa nepoželjnim i poželjnim karakteristikama, te prepoznava-nje onih koji su najpodobniji za policijski posao. S obzirom da svaka od mjera procjene ili mjeri druge karakteristike ili ima određene metodološke prednosti i nedostatke u poređe-nju sa drugom, sličnom mjerom, za što potpunije rezultate neophodna je primjena što više različitih vidova psihološke procjene, zbog čega najveću prepreku što potpunijoj psiho-loškoj procjeni pri selekciji policajaca predstavljaju finansij-ska i vremenska ograničenja.

Ključne riječi: Motoričke sposobnosti, psihološke karakteristike, selekcija, policija

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The use of physical and psychological tests as an instrument to determine human potentials and resources in the police, enables us to define the level of the necessary skills and abilities. Some other methods that are used to determine the level of the necessary physical and psychological characteristics can be the basis for the improvement of already existing human potentials and resources. Since there is no exact research to evaluate physical and psychological abilities in order to  select human potentials and resources, hypothetical model is being used. It consists of physical abilities related to strength, speed, coordination, balance, precision and endurance. When it comes to psychological assessments in police officer selection, the diversity of assessment methods allows for an examination of a variety of psychological characteristics, and consequently the identification of candidates with undesirable and those with desirable characteristics, but also those who are most suitable for the police job. Since each of the psychological measures either measures different characteristics or has certain methodological advantages and disadvantages compared to another, similar measure, a more complete assessment in police officer selection would require an application of a wide variety of different types of assessment, which is why its chief constraints are related to time and funding.

Key words : Physical abilities, psychological characteristics, selection, police.

We review the concepts of legitimacy, trust, and legal cynicism in the context of the debate about police legitimacy, discuss the extent to which these concepts relate to each other, and offer some early, speculative thoughts on how a relational model of legitimacy can extend beyond procedural justice concerns. Relying upon procedural justice theory, we emphasise the distinction between police legitimacy and legitimation: popular legitimacy is defined as public beliefs that legal authority has the right to rule (people acknowledge the moral appropriateness of legal authority) and the authority to govern (people recognise legal authority as the rightful authority), whereas legitimation is related to the criteria people use to judge the normative appropriateness of legal agents’ exercise of power (e.g., the extent to which police officers are trustworthy to behave in accordance with people’s normative expectations). Building on studies on legal cynicism and legal socialisation, we consider how other aspects of police conduct can send negative relational messages about people’s value within society and undermine their judgements about the legitimacy of legal authority – messages of oppression, marginalisation, and neglect over the life course. We conclude suggesting avenues for future research on public-police relations.

Psychologists who work with law enforcement agencies may be called upon to respond to an officer-involved shooting (OIS). These need not be the most traumatic critical incidents in policing, but when they are, the reasons usually involve a mix of incident characteristics, officer response styles, and departmental handling. This article describes some of the psychological reactions experienced by officers during and following an OIS and provides a model of administrative, legal, mental health, and peer support services for officers in need. Finally, the article discusses several key roles that the police psychologist can play in the process of managing an OIS.

This article concerns the extent to which corrupt behavior is dependent on the organizational power structure and the resources available for illegal exchange. This qualitative study is based on 42 in-depth interviews with organizational actors in different organizations in Hungary. Four core themes emerged from the analysis of the interviews: (a) isolated corruption at the bottom, (b) the middle level’s own corruption, (c) “technicization” when middle-level professionals and expert groups are used to legalize the corruption of the dominant coalition, and (d) “turning-off controls” when organizational elites intentionally deactivate internal and external controls to avoid detection.

The Israel Police Oral History Project aims to record the memories of veteran police officers in order to create a basis for research on law enforcement and internal security history in Israel, and to document the significant current activities of the Israel Police. This article presents the project's goals and methodology, as well as the special challenges which are inherent to documenting the memories of Israel's law enforcers.

Police officers are often mandated to respond to extremely stressful and potentially traumatic situations over the course of their careers . Research has shown that occupational stress and trauma exposure has a negative impact on police officers' health and wellness (Violanti et al., 2005). Police officers are expected to respond to critical incidents and resolve challenging situations effectively despite routine exposure to severe stress. Even though local and national governments invest a vast amount of money in police tactical training and equipment, resilience building has not been a major component of police training. This paper aims to open a dialogue about the importance of mental preparedness training as a means of enhancing police resilience in the line of duty. The authors discuss the pioneering work of scholars (e.g., who developed research initiatives to facilitate mental preparedness among police officers. Clinical and police training applications of the aforementioned research work, as well as future directions of such outcomes are discussed.

The anniversaries of the Bataclan atrocity in France and the San Bernardino attack in California are a good moment to consider, and re-evaluate, the best ways to fight the so-called Islamic State and prevent similar future attacks.

Case in point: We still don’t know what was recovered from the San Bernardino attacker’s iPhone after it was unlocked by a third party for the FBI and whether the attacker had communicated with other terrorists prior to the mass shooting.

And Salah Abdeslam, the sole survivor of the attackers in Paris, joined ISIS simply because he was very close friends with other members of the ISIS Belgian cell; not because he was ideologically tied to the terrorist organization.


You might think that these and the many so-called lone wolf terrorists we have seen since then who have blown up children at a concert in Manchester, or driven through crowds in Nice, in Berlin, on London’s bridges, and in Lower Manhattan, get radicalized by lurid jihadist snuff films and radical Islamist propaganda on social media sites. But you would be wrong.

https://www.thedailybeast.com/pulling-the-plug-on-the-isis-virtual-caliphate?via=ios

Ευρισκόμενοι αυτό το διάστημα οι περισσότεροι τελειόφοιτοι σπουδαστές που φοιτούν στο τέταρτο έτος της Σχολής Αξιωματικών της Ελληνικής Αστυνομίας, στην διαδικασία συγγραφής της ατομικής πτυχιακής τους εργασίας, στα πλαίσια του προγράμματος σπουδών της Σχολής, πήρα αφορμή προκειμένου να αποτυπώσω ορισμένες σκέψεις για την σπουδαιότητα της διαδικασίας αυτής και πως μπορεί «μόνο» να ωφελήσει τον μελλοντικό αξιωματικό της Ελληνικής Αστυνομίας που προετοιμάζεται να αποφοιτήσει και να σταδιοδρομήσει στο Σώμα της Ελληνικής Αστυνομίας. Η σύνταξη της ατομικής πτυχιακής εργασίας, έχει ως σκοπό την απελευθέρωση του σπουδαστή από την εξάρτηση των διδακτικών βιβλίων μέσα από την αναζήτηση γνώσης μέσα από άλλες πηγές δεδομένων όπως επιστημονικά περιοδικά, το διαδίκτυο, επιστημονικά συγγράμματα και άλλα. Με την σύνταξη της ατομικής πτυχιακής εργασίας αποσκοπείται η καλλιέργεια της αυτόνομης σκέψης και η απόκτηση εμπειρίας στην ταξινόμηση του ερευνητικού υλικού που έχει συγκεντρωθεί στα πλαίσια της συγγραφής της. Μέσα από την έρευνα των πηγών που έχει γίνει, επιδιώκεται η ανάπλαση της πνευματικής προσωπικότητας του συγγραφέα-σπουδαστή και η βελτίωση της προσωπικής του ικανότητας και επιδεξιότητας στο χειρισμό του γραπτού λόγου. Ο σπουδαστής καλείται να χρησιμοποιήσει εκτενή βιβλιογραφία, να διεξάγει έρευνα μεγάλης κλίμακας ώστε να συντάξει τη πτυχιακή εργασία του και την οποία θα παρουσιάσει σε επιστημονική επιτροπή για να αξιολογηθεί. Μέσα από όλη αυτή τη διαδικασία ο σπουδαστής-συγγραφέας, καθίσταται ικανός ως μελλοντικός αξιωματικός της Ελληνικής Αστυνομίας να είναι σε θέση να μπορεί να διαχειρίζεται πηγές δεδομένων, να τις συγκρίνει και να μπορεί να συνθέσει ένα επιστημονικά τεκμηριωμένο κείμενο για οποιοδήποτε θέμα συναφές το επαγγελματικό και ακαδημαϊκό του ενδιαφέρον κληθεί να αντιμετωπίσει στη μετέπειτα πορεία και καριέρα του.

Abstract: The Reina nightclub attack in Istanbul on New Year’s Eve made clear the immense scale of the Islamic State threat to Turkey. Investigations have shed new light on the group’s command and control over sleeper operatives in Turkey and the large network of clandestine cells and logistical and financial support elements it has set up to sustain terrorist activity. Turkish government complacency has allowed the threat to grow, as have purges of experienced counterterrorism professionals, including those after last year’s failed coup. As the Islamic State shows signs of crumbling in Syria and Iraq, Turkey now faces a nightmare scenario of a mass influx of Islamic State fighters into its territory.

https://www.ctc.usma.edu/posts/the-reina-nightclub-attack-and-the-islamic-state-threat-to-turkey

Police attitudes towards partner violence against women (PVAW) can play an important role in their evaluation and responses to this type of violence. The present study aims to examine ambivalent sexism and empathy as determinants of male police officers' law enforcement attitudes towards PVAW. The study sample was composed by 404 male police officers. Results suggested that male police officers scoring low in benevolent sexism expressed a general preference for unconditional law enforcement (i.e. regardless of the victim's willingness to press charges against the offender), whereas those scoring high in benevolent sexism expressed a preference for conditional law enforcement (i.e. depending on the willingness of the victim to press charges against the offender). Results also showed that police officers scoring high in empathy and low in hostile sexism were those who expressed a general preference for unconditional law enforcement. The presence of sexist attitudes and low levels of empathy among some police officers, and their influence on law enforcement attitudes, highlights not only the importance of specific training, but also the need to pay attention to the selection process of police officers dealing with PVAW.

يواجه أوائل المتدخلين وضعيات صادمة يوميا من خلال تنقلاتهم المستمرة لمسارح الجريمة أو الحوادث التي تعكس معاناة نفسية هامة يكون ضحاياها أشخاصا قد تعرضوا لمواجهة مباشرة مع الموت، ما يؤثر على هؤلاء المتدخلين ويجعلهم يقعون بدورهم عرضة للعصاب الصدمي، وقد يتجلى هذا التوظيف النفسي في الاختبارات النفسية الإسقاطية ونخص بالذكر هنا الرورشاخ الذي يسمح بالتعبير عن مختلف السير اللاشعورية، لذا تطرقنا في دراستنا هذه لخصوصيات الصدمة النفسية عند رجال التدخل  من خلال هذا الاختبار محاولين بذلك  إبراز مؤشرات الصدمة المباشرة وغير المباشرة في الإنتاج الإسقاطي لمجموعة من الأفراد متكونة من ستة حالات لمتدخلين عايشوا عصابا صدميا.

APA Reference: Faulkner, B., Fuss, S., & Couperthwaite, L.M.Z. (2020). PTSD and Other Operational Stress
Injuries Among Police Officers: Empirical Findings ad Reflections from Clinical Practice. In K. Papazoglou & D. M.
Blumberg (Eds.), POWER: Police officer wellness, ethics and resilience (pp. 129-168). Cambridge, MA: Elsevier

In the end, the plot failed. But it leaves plenty of questions—and shows where to tighten security.

By Ahmet S. Yayla
Aug. 9, 2017 7:14 p.m. ET
4 COMMENTS
Islamic State’s plan to blow up a commercial jet out of Sydney last month was “one of the most sophisticated plots that has ever been attempted on Australian soil,” police said last week. For reasons that aren’t yet clear, the terrorists aborted the attack, and police are confident the bomb would not have made it through airport security. Still, terrorists managed to acquire plastic explosives and the components needed to set it off—all shipped by airmail from Turkey. The Australian authorities discovered the plan only when, nearly two weeks later, they received a tip from a foreign intelligence service.

Make no mistake: Islamic State jihadists will continue trying to carry out spectacular terrorist attacks in the West. ISIS has lost control of Mosul, Iraq, where an estimated 30,000 of its fighters were killed. Now it is being pushed out of its putative capital, Raqqa, Syria. As it begins to look less like a traditional state and more like an insurgency, ISIS fighters will try to mobilize sympathizers around the world.

Last month, for instance, ISIS affiliates in Turkey released the “Lone Wolf’s Handbook,” a manual of 60-some pages, with dozens of illustrations, that explains the most efficient way to make a bomb or drive a truck into pedestrians. Such attacks are meant to prove that ISIS still exists and reinforce its bragging rights as the meanest, most fearsome warriors for Islamism. They’re also meant to dominate the news, particularly in the West, to help recruit future jihadists.

https://www.wsj.com/articles/isis-airmail-the-bomb-shipped-from-turkey-to-australia-1502320475

Internal security in India has been marred by feelings of all pervasive deep 'Insecurity' amongst the citizens. An overview of the internal security in India reveals many challenges before the Nation, which include terrorism across the country and in J&K and North-East in particular; Naxalism with its growing spatial spread and consolidation; communal violence; casteism; dilatory and ineffective criminal justice system; politicization of the police; politico-criminal nexus; white collar crimes; crimes against women to name a few. Crisis of governance marked by growing corruption and poor Centre- State coordination has further compounded the problems. The policy responses to these challenges have failed to instill sense of security amongst the citizens. In the light of emerging challenges facing internal security of India, this paper attempts to study the gravity of task at hand, the responses being tried and puts forth possible responses to dispel the feeling of entrenched insecurity amongst Indian citizens.

The present study was conducted with the objective of investigating the motivation
to lead among male and female police constables. The study was conducted on a
sample of 59 male and 59 female police constables working in the state of Uttar
Pradesh. The survey was conducted by administering questionnaires to the police
personnel and their responses were obtained on five-point scales. Statistical analysis
of the data through t-test showed significant differences between these two groups.
Results of the mean showed that male police reported stronger motivation to lead
and female police have some uncertainty about their motivation to lead. Findings
have important implications for team-based assignments which require leaders’
ability to lead under highly stressful conditions.

Police is not just a force it is the faith of society without which the wellbeing of society is not
possible. Police force is the first line defenders of society in all the situation and will face all the
hardship for the society and service of police during the pandemic emergency of COVID-19 is also
one such situation. The police were fully exposed to the pandemic because of which thousands of
police officers have died on duty. Because of all this factors the anxiety among the police will be
increased and the present study is one such attempt to scale the level of anxiety and its impact on
police officers. The study was conducted in Mysuru city of Karnataka State and the results have
very clearly stated that the samples are highly influenced by anxiety due to the duties performed
by them during pandemic situation. As a conclusive remark the need of intervention is highly
recommendable to overcome the anxiety among police personnel’s.

Dalam kehidupan nyata, faktor lingkungan berperan dan turut melakukan pengawasan. Lain halnya dengan dunia cyber, semua bersifat individualis dengan anonimitas yang sangat tinggi, komunikasi yang terjadi bahkan dapat dilakukan tanpa mengetahui siapa lawan bicara yang sebenarnya.
Dalam memanfaatkan jaringan internet sebagai sarana kejahatan seksual terhadap anak, baik pedofilia maupun sexual misconduct, dapat teridentifikasi 6 tahapan yang meliputi munculnya calon pelaku, observasi (pencarian), perkenalan (contact), komunikasi (involvement), keintiman (intimacy), dan pertemuan langsung (execution).

In an experimental study, the researchers investigated whether years of driving experience plays a role in the effectiveness of fear arousing messages and fear of prosecution on risky driving behaviour. The findings indicate that driving experience has an interactive effect with fear arousing messages with drivers with long years of driving experience reducing their risky driving behaviour after being exposed to fear arousing messages. Drivers with short years of driving experience only reduced their risky driving after being exposed to fear of prosecution. When they were exposed to combinations of fear arousing messages and fear of prosecution their risky driving behaviour remained unchanged. These findings are used to make conclusions about the design of road safety campaigns incorporating fear arousing messages and fear of prosecution.

In this chapter I consider two ways by which the legitimacy of legal authorities might motivate people to abide by the law. Following recent criminological research I define legitimacy along two different dimensions: the first is the public recognition of the rightful authority of an institution, and the second is a sense among citizens that the institution is just, moral and appropriate. Data from a randomized controlled trial of procedurally just policing provide further support for the idea that justice systems can secure compliance by (a) instilling in citizens a sense of deference and obligation, and (b) showing to citizens that they represent a requisite sense of moral appropriateness. While prior work has tended to focus on the idea that legitimacy shape compliance through felt obligation, the current analysis shows that compliance is predicted by both duty to obey and moral endorsement. Consistent with a good deal of existing evidence, the findings also indicate the importance of procedural justice and group identification in the production of institutional legitimacy. I conclude with the idea that legitimacy may be able to shape compliance through shape content-free obligation and shared moral appropriateness.

Bangladesh police is the prime organization for maintaining social security and peace. But due to limitations, they face difficulties in addressing social security problems without cooperation from the community people. Community policing, in this regard, is a potentially efficient mechanism for ensuring social security. It is a participative model of policing in which common people work jointly with police to prevent crime and improve security. Realizing its importance, Bangladesh police have introduced this participative model of policing. On this backdrop, this study aims to review the concept of community policing, to explore the state of community policing in Bangladesh and to assess the significance of community policing in bridging police and community people. It is a descriptive type of qualitative research which is mainly based on secondary information collected from secondary sources. This study concludes with the assumption that, as a partnership for change, community policing has a great significance in establishing social security peace and stability, building mutual trust between police and people as well as in combating extremism and militancy.

The authors analyzed authentic, videotaped police interviews (N = 27) to examine how the use of different influencing behaviors by police officers affects the provision of information by suspects. The analysis focused on variations in cue-response patterns across suspects from cultures that tend to use more direct and content-oriented communication (i.e., low-context cultures) and cultures in which communication is typically more indirect and context orientated (i.e., high-context cultures). As expected, rational arguments were more effective in eliciting case-related personal information from low-context suspects than from high-context suspects. Contrary to the authors’ expectations, high-context rather than low-context suspects seemed to respond negatively in terms of explicitly refusing to give information to police behavior coded as being kind. Additional analyses considered the effects of two types of intimidating behavior (intimidating the individual vs. the context) across the low- and high-context suspects. Results showed that intimidating the individual was more effective at eliciting case-related personal information from low-context suspects, whereas intimidating the context appeared to be more effective in eliciting case-related contextual information for high-context suspects.

This study was aimed at determining the adaptability traits and the perception of forensic science utilization in criminal investigation of the Investigating Police Officers in Nigeria, as well as find out whether there is a relationship between the variables. The study was a sample survey; out of the 3,503 Investigating Police Officers serving in Zone 1, 401 Officers were selected using systematic sampling. Zone 1 is one of the 12 police zonal commands in Nigeria. Adaptability traits and perception scales were the instruments used to collect data. SPSS version 24 was used for the data analysis. The results showed that many of the respondents have a favourable perception of forensic science and have high adaptability traits, that is, extraversion, agreeableness and methodicalness. It was also found that there was a statistically significant relationship between the perception of forensic science and the agreeableness as well as with the methodicalness, but not with the extraversion....