Multidimensional Poverty

Based on the failure to cut down poverty rate to 7% by 2019, I argue that the Indonesian Government needs not only planning and identifying targets, but also look for ways to realise its objectives. The State Budget spent through social spending only have a minuscule impact on poverty reduction, which I strongly suspect to eventuate because the poor lacks the capability to decide on which aspects they should utilise the funds.

I then explained two underlying aspects of blockchain technology: smart contracts and digital identity, and how these two could help the Government achieve its development objectives.

The Government must be both a planner and a searcher. Identify what needs to be resolved and search for ways to resolve it.

En el presente trabajo estimamos la pobreza multidimensional en Nicaragua entre los años 2001
y 2009, con los datos de las últimas tres encuestas disponibles de medición del nivel de vida
(2001, 2005 y 2009) y siguiendo, principalmente, la metodología propuesta por Alkire y Foster
(2007, 2011). Para ello, utilizamos diez dimensiones y tres sistemas de ponderaciones: además del
sistema de ponderaciones iguales, dos sistemas de ponderaciones desde los propios datos, uno a
partir de las puntuaciones de la primera componente principal, y el otro a partir de las frecuencias
relativas de las privaciones dimensionales, ambos novedosos para el caso de Nicaragua. En
general, los resultados sugieren que la incidencia, intensidad y severidad de la pobreza
multidimensional en Nicaragua se redujeron entre los años 2001 y 2009, con mayor importancia
entre 2001 y 2005.

c e p a l r e v i e w 1 0 8 • d e c e m b e r 2 0 1 2 49 Ecuador: defining and measuring multidimensional poverty, 2006-2010 Andrés Mideros M. ABSTRACT This paper provides new insights into the scope, measurement and analysis of multidimensional poverty in Ecuador and generates empirical evidence for the period 2006-2010. Multidimensional poverty is defined using a rights-based approach, on the basis of the provisions of the 2008 Constitution, but the analysis is limited to information gleaned from the Survey of Employment, Unemployment and Underemployment (ENEMDU) The findings show that multidimensional poverty decreased between 2006 and 2010; however, the level of inequality remained unchanged, with higher levels of poverty for rural inhabitants and women and among indigenous and Afro-Ecuadorian populations. Enhanced social protection and the promotion of better working conditions and public services are the priorities for abolishing poverty in Ecuador, but this requires political will and social commitment.

Le persone in difficoltà, che si rivolgono ai Centri di Ascolto Caritas, hanno caratteristiche, bisogni e necessità molteplici e diversificate. Si incontrano individui senza dimora, ma spesso dal grado di istruzione elevato, insieme a persone povere di relazioni, sradicate dalla famiglia, o che hanno ceduto difronte a una società esclusiva.  Comprendere, classificare e studiare le necessità di queste persone può aiutare gli operatori e i responsabili dei centri di assistenza a pianificare le loro azioni, e a gestire meglio il loro lavoro.

Like many countries in Africa, Lesotho faces significant challenges related to persistent poverty and hindered development. Indeed, 57 per cent of all households live below the national poverty line (Government of the Kingdom of Lesotho, 2014) and there are reasons to believe that children are disproportionally affected by deprivations such as malnutrition, HIV/AIDS, school dropout, under-five mortality and orphanhood (MOH and ICF International, 2016). There is an acute need to assess the current situation of children in order to establish the empirical threshold for measuring and monitoring progress towards achieving Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Target 1.2, 1 and to prepare policy recommendations that aim at achieving this target by 2030. Lesotho has a relatively young population with nearly half of all inhabitants under the age of 18 (MOH and ICF International, 2016). This study builds on the indication that understanding the complexity of child poverty and children’s deprivation is essential to addressing the needs of children through suitable programmes and policies. Therefore, this study aims to analyse the extent and characteristics of child deprivations and the profiles of children suffering from deprivation in Lesotho, and to inform equity-based policy responses to meet SDG Target 1.2.

En el presente trabajo se estima la pobreza multidimensional en Nicaragua entre 2001 y 2009 con los datos de las últimas tres encuestas disponibles de medición del nivel de vida (2001, 2005 y 2009) y siguiendo, principalmente, la metodología propuesta por Alkire y Foster (2007 y 2011). Para ello, se utilizan diez dimensiones y tres sistemas de ponderaciones: el sistema de ponderaciones iguales y dos sistemas de ponderaciones desde los propios datos, uno a partir de las puntuaciones del primer componente principal y otro a partir de las frecuencias relativas de las privaciones dimensionales (ambos sistemas resultan novedosos para el caso de Nicaragua). En general, los resultados revelan que la incidencia, intensidad y severidad de la pobreza multidimensional en Nicaragua se redujeron entre 2001 y 2009, con un mayor descenso entre 2001 y 2005. Pobreza, nivel de vida, medición, encuestas de hogares, metodología estadística, Nicaragua Clasificación JEL D31, I32, O15

Este  trabajo expone  una  serie  de  hallazgosrelacionados  con laidentificaciónycaracterización  de  la  pobreza  en  Centroamérica, en  el  marco  de elaboración  del  Quinto Informe  Estado  de  la  Región.El  motivo  principal  de  este documento  fue brindar  un  estudio actualizado que actuaracomo  mecanismo  de calibración  del  nivel  de  bienestarde  la  regiónvisto  desde  distintas  ópticas, contrastando  además,con  las  estimaciones  realizadas  a  inicios  de  la  décadaen este  tema

This paper assesses multidimensional poverty in Sudan and South Sudan. We use the National Baseline
Household Surveys (NBHS) of 2009 to measure poverty incidence in education, consumption, access to
public assets and possession of private assets across these two countries. We differentiate between
children/teenagers aged six to fourteen years and adults aged fifteen years or older. We apply a counting
method for measuring multidimensional poverty at the individual level and perform dominance tests to
check for the robustness of the poverty comparisons. Our findings show regional and sub-population
differences in the unidimensional and multidimensional poverty status of people in Sudan and South
Sudan. Poverty in Sudan is generally less severe than in South Sudan, with a pattern showing (i) lesser
unidimensional incidence of poverty; (ii) lower multidimensional poverty indices and prevalence, but
similar breadth, in Sudan than in South Sudan, both for adults and children. This pattern also points
towards Khartoum and Western Equatoria as the states with the least poverty, and Northern Darfur,
and Warap as the states with the greatest poverty, both for adults and children, in Sudan and South
Sudan, respectively. Policy intended at reducing poverty in each of the two countries should recognize
the poverty profile differences across age groups, geographical areas and dimensions.

Disability and poverty are strongly associated with each other, especially in the developing economies where 80 per cent of the total
disabled persons of the world live. Most of the studies agree that poverty is a cause as well as consequence of disability. Since
poverty is a complex phenomenon and includes many deprivations, therefore, this study aims to explore the poverty rates among the
persons with disability through uni-dimensional as well as multi-dimensional approach. For this purpose, the methodology
suggested by Alkire and Foster (2008) has been used on the data provided by National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) of India
on 'Employment and Unemployment Situation' (three rounds 2004-05, 2009-10and 2011-12). The results of the study showed that
the proportion of the persons with temporary or lower degree of disability increased from 51.35 per cent in 2004-05 to 58.76 per
cent in 2011-12, while that of the persons with severe degree of disability came down from about 47 to 40 per cent during this period.
The results revealed that in absence of the supportive infrastructure, persons with disabilities experience lower educational
attainments, lower employment, worse living conditions, and higher poverty rates.

This report analyzes the human development situation during the period 2001 to 2009 in Syria, based
on people-centered development concept, to identify the main improvements and challenges of
development strategy in terms of enhancing people capabilities and functionings. In this regard, the
report constructed Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI).
The report aims to measure incidence (H) and intensity (A) of poverty across dimensions, time, and regions; by using participatory approach and depending on the Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) methodology prepared by OPH

Despite the fact that there were studies that show that improving energy access contributes to poverty alleviation, there have only been a few studies here in the Philippines that look at the status of energy poverty. To this, we aim to introduce energy poverty in a multidimensional approach. Through this approach, a more in-depth and targeted way can be made in order to assess the situation and solve the problem at hand. We used the Household Energy Consumption Survey (HECS) of 2004 and 2011 which has sufficient sample households to represent the Philippines. Data from HECS include levels and patterns of energy consumption such as electricity access, usage of modern energy sources, and ownership of recreational appliances. We adapted the Alkire- Foster methodology in construction of the Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index (MEPI), which captures both the incidence and intensity of energy poverty, to assess the extent of energy poverty in the Philippines. Using this method, the results show that MEPI exhibits a significant reduction from 0.611 to 0.552 in 2004 to 2011 as fueled by a large decrease both in the headcount and intensity ratio. Moreover, the population of the MEPI-poor is heavily concentrated in the rural areas and the Mindanao region particularly in ARMM, Zamboanga Peninsula, and SOCCSKSARGEN where the use of traditional fuels for cooking is prevalent.

Helpdesk Question:
What does the literature indicate are the barriers and opportunities for eradicating poverty in Iraq?

Summary:
Despite being an oil-rich, lower-middle income country, poverty remains prevalent in Iraq. This rapid review looks at the recent literature on poverty in Iraq and identifies the barriers to, and opportunities for, poverty reduction and eradication.

The literature indicates that:
◾3.9 per cent of people in Iraq are living in extreme poverty (2012). 18.9 per cent live below the national poverty line (2012), with greater rural poverty than urban poverty. 11.6 per cent of people in Iraq are multi-dimensionally poor (2011).
◾Poverty is significantly higher among larger households, those with less educated heads, women and the young.
◾There are high poverty headcount rates in remote, rural, and sparsely populated areas, although urban and semi-urban areas are often host to more poor people than the poorest parts because of the population size.
◾There are large spatial differences in poverty across, and within, the governorates of Iraq.
◾Poverty reduction has been spatially uneven, falling more in rural than in urban areas in 2007-2012.
◾The wider impact of the current crises is unknown but in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq they have increased poverty in from 3.5 per cent in 2012 up to 8.1 per cent in 2014.

Barriers to poverty eradication include the current financial, security and humanitarian crises, legacies of violence and insecurity, corruption, the brain drain, trade barriers restricting levels of trade and investment, high unemployment and lack of education.

Opportunities for poverty eradication include the use of accurate data to inform poverty policies, ending conflict/peacebuilding, diversifying the economy and strengthening the links between growth, employment and earnings, better targeted social safety nets, improving labour income, shari’ah-compliant and accessible microfinance and growth in the agriculture sector.

Social protection comprises a set of public policy instruments aiming to reduce people’s exposure to risks, assist them in dealing with their consequences and enhance their attitudes, knowledge, skills and material resources so that they can actively contribute to the reduction of risk exposure and better deal with the consequences of bad luck and adverse shocks. This article explores how recent insights stemming from multidimensional child poverty research led to specific arguments in favour of child-sensitive social protection and a further elaboration of its focus.

Although a broad body of evidence supports the potential of planting fruit trees to alleviate rural poverty the impact on multidimensional poverty is not well researched yet as most studies focus on monetary poverty or other single aspects. Also, the topic is not widely recognized in international social work. The present study therefore aims to investigate the potential of fruit trees for poverty alleviation by examining whether trees have a positive impact on multidimensional poverty in two Moroccan villages in the High Atlas Mountains. The Multidimensional Poverty Index (MPI) was adapted for a household survey including 48 participants. To analyze whether the village that planted significantly more trees also has a significantly lower poverty level the MPI values of both villages were compared for several versions of the index with different indicators.

The results clearly show that the village with more trees has lower MPI values as well as mean household deprivation scores according to all computed versions. Deprivation scores were found to correlate moderately to strongly negative with owned trees and moderately to strongly positive with household illiteracy rates. Correlations, linear regression, as well as a one-way ANOVA suggest that trees are important in explaining multidimensional poverty levels. However, it was observed that complementary strategies are needed to equally benefit all. Information from expert interviews as well as MPI decomposition were synthesized to obtain recommendations for action. Due to the small sample size the study primarily acts as a case example. However, methods and recommendations are applicable in a broader context as well.

Thanks to sustained economic growth and key investments in military capabilities, India will face growing demands from within and the international community to seek and play a greater role in global security affairs. The values and interests likely to guide India’s future behavior will be a mixture of old and new, eastern and western. India’s international aspirations have an important pre-history, covered in this chapter’s first section where non-alignment, as idea and practice, is explored for its enduring significance. India’s relevance as a security actor is assessed in terms of its activities and capacity to influence developments within two security zones of major contemporary importance: Afghanistan and the Indian Ocean. Finally, a section on the constraints and challenges examines India’s ability to navigate a multi-polar world, the fallout and gains of nuclearization, the 2008 Indo-US nuclear deal, as well as ‘the weaknesses from within’ in terms of human security.

After a measurement methodology has been chosen, the design of poverty measures—whether unidimensional or multidimensional—require a series of normative choices. These choices relate to the space of the measure, its purpose, unit of identification and analysis, dimensions, indicators, deprivation cutoffs, weights, and poverty line. The normative contribution is not simply philosophical; it has a practical aim: to motivate action. This entails reasoned assessment of multiple considerations including feasibility, technical and statistical strength, ease of communication, and legitimacy. This chapter describes each of these normative choices in the context of multidimensional poverty measurement design. It clarifies the implications of each choice, illustrates interconnections between them, and outlines alternative ways that these choices might be understood, made, and justified.

Citation: Alkire, S., Foster, J. E., Seth, S., Santos, M. E., Roche, J. M., and Ballon, P. (2015). Multidimensional Poverty Measurement and Analysis, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ch. 6.

Flooding and poverty are the two social problems that have coexisted within the rural communities of Tsholotsho district. As a result, both problems have negatively affected and disrupted the everyday pattern of lives of people living in the district. This study sought to highlight how the two problems combine to impact human societies. The objectives that the study sought to fulfil were to establish the impact of flooding on the development of rural communities, to analyse how poverty manifests itself in rural communities, to analyse the relationship that exists between flooding and poverty and to suggest ways for dealing with the two problems. A qualitative research approach, using interviews and observations, was used to gather data from the research participants. The study findings were that flooding impeded development through shifting of human populations, destruction of crops, shelter and livestock. Floods also affected human capital through causing injuries to members of the community. Poverty manifested itself in three ways – as a development barrier, a vulnerability
amplifier and a non-discriminatory agent. The study further found that a strong relationship exists between flooding and poverty because of the fact that flooding causes or worsens poverty, whereas poverty increases flood vulnerability. The study concluded that the poor
need government assistance to reconstruct shelter destroyed by floods. Furthermore, programs aimed at improving livelihoods of the poor are an indispensable imperative. This study informs policymakers and offers a methodological significance to development and disaster
practitioners. It also adds to the body of literature on flooding and poverty.

This paper examines the multi-dimensional nature of urban poverty with special emphasis on ill-health led deprivation. As a driver of poverty, ill-health reduces the income earning potential and increases expenditure on medication, thereby causing asset depletion, increasing debt and worsening poverty. The bulk of ill-health related expenditure in India is borne by households themselves and almost all of this is in
the form of out-of-pocket spending. Hence this paper attempts to explore the links between urban poverty and ill-health through a case study based on evidence from150 households with a history of ailment, located in two slum clusters of Delhi. The paper explores the patterns of morbidity, health care tilisation and treatment cost within these households. It further estimates the economic burden of ill-health as measured by illness induced impoverishment, and also brings out its variation across select socio-economic and disease characteristics within the sample households. Using this evidence, it argues for explicitly raising existing poverty lines based on “norm based” expenditure required for meeting the direct and indirect costs of health shocks and their aftermath and for priority provisioning of substantial government resources for the health sector.

This working paper presents the normative, empirical, and policy motivations for focusing on multidimensional poverty measurement and analysis in general, and one measurement approach in particular. The fundamental normative motivation is to create effective measures that better reflect poor people’s experience, so that policies using such measures reduce poverty. Such measures are needed because, empirically, income-poor households are (surprisingly) not well-matched to households carrying other basic deprivations like malnutrition; also the trends of income and non-income deprivations are not matched, and nor does growth ensure the reduction of social deprivations. And, a dashboard overlooks the interconnection between deprivations, which people experience and policies seek to address. Turning to policy, we close by discussing how the Alkire-Foster methodology we present in Working Paper 86 (“Multidimensional Poverty Measurement and Analysis: Chapter 5 – The Alkire-Foster Counting Methology”) may be used.

Citation: Alkire, S., Foster, J. E., Seth, S., Santos, M. E., Roche, J. M., and Ballon, P. (2015). Multidimensional Poverty Measurement and Analysis, Oxford: Oxford University Press, ch. 1.

Poverty has serious consequences for children's well-being as well as for their achievements in adult life. The Multiple Overlapping Deprivation Analysis for the European Union (EU-MODA) compares the living conditions of children across the EU member states. Rooted in the established multidimensional poverty measurement tradition, EU-MODA contributes to it by using the international framework of child rights to inform the construction of indicators and dimensions essential to children's material wellbeing, taking into account the needs of children at various stages of their life cycle. The study adds to the literature on monetary child poverty and material deprivation in the EU by analysing several age-specific and rights-based dimensions of child deprivation individually and simultaneously, constructing multidimensional deprivation indices, and studying the overlaps between monetary poverty and multidimensional deprivation. The paper demonstrates the application of the EU-MODA methodology to three diverse countries: Finland, Romania and the United Kingdom. The analysis uses data from the ad hoc material deprivation module of the EU-SILC 2009 because it provides comparable micro-data for EU member states and contains child-specific deprivation indicators.

The charcoal industry is among the most important semiformal economic sectors in Sub-Saharan Africa and a key cash income source for local households who produce it. This has intensified the debate as to the role of income from charcoal production in the alleviation of rural poverty. While in a number of cases charcoal production has been identified as a potential alleviator of monetary poverty, this paper takes as its departure point a lack of analysis on the effect of charcoal income on acute multidimensional poverty (AMP). This is understood as the inability of household members to meet minimum national and international standards and core functionings. This study used primary data from an important charcoal supplying region in southern Mozambique (N = 312). The Alkire-Foster method was used to aggregate AMP in nine composite indicators. Generalised linear models were used to assess the marginal effect of charcoal income on AMP, controlling for other determinants. Our findings show a high intensity (67.7%) and prevalence of AMP (0.429) in the study area (n = 261). 59% of the identified non-monetary poor from charcoal making are identified as acute multidimensionally poor. Charcoal income is found to be positively correlated with valuable household assets, and charcoal production increases the resistance to impoverishment in certain circumstances. However, charcoal income was not found to be a statistically significant determinant of AMP, even for the most productive charcoal makers. This highlights the enormous barriers both producers and non-producers of charcoal alike face in this region in order to overcome AMP. Our findings thus challenge the perception that charcoal income can sufficiently alleviate poverty, particularly when a multidimensional perspective is adopted. Reductions and eventual eliminations of AMP require a concentrated cross-sectional whole-of-government approach to tackle poverty in its multidimensional breadth and complexity, while attempts at making the charcoal industry more inclusive and equitable should be accelerated .

Poverty is complex and multidimensional. People living in mountainous regions are vulnerable and more likely to experience multiple deprivation. However, few studies have addressed multidimensional poverty in mountainous regions. Using data from 4290 households of poverty and vulnerability assessment survey and the Alkire–Foster methodology, this paper estimate and decompose multidimensional poverty in the states of Shan and Chin in Myanmar. The multidimensional poverty is measured in five dimensions and a set of twelve indicators. Nearly half of the population in Shan and three-quarters in Chin were multidimensionally poor. The average intensity of poverty was 44% in Chin and 38% in Shan. The multidimensional poverty index was 0.33 in Chin and one-third of the multidimensional poverty in Shan; while deprivation in health accounts for one-third of the multidimensional poverty in Chin. A higher proportion of multidimen-sionally poor had experienced shocks such as the death of a household member, agricultural loss, or death of livestock compared to the multidimensional non-poor. Multidimensional poverty was significantly higher for rural household, households with lower educational attainment, consumption poor and among those who lived in Chin. Poverty reduction programs require a holistic understanding of poverty and its different dimensions as well as the main contributing factors for effective planning and program implementation. Geographical targeting of poverty reduction program and larger investment in food, health, water, energy and education can reduce the extent of multidimen-sional poverty in Shan and Chin.

En este artículo sistematizamos de una manera sencilla los principales problemas que debemos enfrentar cuando adoptamos un enfoque multidimensional para la medición de la pobreza y las principales soluciones que han aparecido en la literatura. Iniciamos nuestra discusión con un breve resumen sobre la medición unidimensional de la pobreza, punto de partida lógico del enfoque multidimensional. Posteriormente, abordamos las diferentes cuestiones que implica el adoptar una aproximación multidimensional: la selección de dimensiones y variables; el establecimiento de un sistema de ponderaciones; el problema de la identificación de los pobres multidimensionales; el problema de la agregación; y la derivación de los respectivos índices.

The paper deals with the effects of foreign aid on the changes in the Multidimensional Poverty Index over time. The goal is to group data on foreign aid (considered under a variety of measures and instruments), the MPI and changes on their headcount and their intensity components, and public expenditure on education and health, for a sample of 60 observations (50 countries) and the period 1999-2014. As information is only available as a crosscountry section, the methodology used is a three steps cluster and discriminant analysis. In the first step, the cluster was carried out with six different sectorial foreign aid, closely linked to the ten MPI indicators. In a second step, the clusters were performed among the changes in the ten MPI indicators. In the third step, aid, MPI indicators and public expenditures on education and health were considered. The main results are three groups of countries in each step. Only few countries remain always in the same group. Although there is a remarkable heterogeneity across countries and groups among the aid types allocated on them, all countries belonging to the second group received a significant amount of aid.

In this paper, considering the overarching concern of the 2030 sustainable development agenda, leaving no one behind, and the targets 1.2 and 10.1 of the SDGs, we point out that the mainstream approach to the multi-dimensional poverty measurement in developing countries is deficient to properly monitor progress in multi-dimensional poverty reduction mainly because it uses the household as the unit of analysis, ignoring thus intra-household inequalities, and is totally insensitive to inequality among the multi-dimensionally poor individuals, a serious defect of any poverty measure. Consequently, we propose to depart somewhat from the mainstream approach and to adopt a person-focused and inequality-sensitive framework, which is applied to the case of Nicaragua. Overall, we find that in this country, multi-dimensional poverty decreased by at least 17% between 2001 and 2014, but inequality among the multi-dimensionally poor individuals, an issue that is ignored by the mainstream approach, increased by at least 24% during that period, which suggests that progress in multi-dimensional poverty reduction in Nicaragua seems to be leaving behind the poorest of the poor.

Most existing empirical papers concerned about multidimensional poverty use the household as the unit of analysis, meaning that multidimensional poverty status of the household is equated with the multidimensional poverty status of all individuals in the household. This assumption, nonetheless, overlooks important within-household features and ignores the intra-household inequalities. Besides, by definition, households containing both a female and a male cannot contribute to a gender gap, so gender differentials cannot be estimated. But, the Sustainable Development Goals have put special emphasis on gender equality along their targets; therefore, new measures able to capture the gender differences are needed. Consequently, in this paper, we propose an individual-based multidimensional poverty measure in order to estimate the three Is of multidimensional poverty (incidence, intensity, and inequality) in Nicaragua as well as the gender differentials. We also estimate logit regressions to better understanding the determinants of multidimensional poverty in this country. Overall, we find that there are statistically significant gender differences in multidimensional poverty in Nicaragua; but, they are estimated to be small and lower than 5%. However, the gender differential in inequality is larger than 10%, and it suggests that multidimensional poor women are living in very intense poverty when compared with multidimensional poor men. We also find that the elderly and children are the most vulnerable people in terms of multidimensional poverty in this country; furthermore, when information on employment, domestic work, and social protection is considered in the analysis, the gender gaps become more substantial, and women are more likely to be poor than men.

Nigeria currently has the highest number of people living on less than USD1.90 a day, becoming what some analysts labeled "the poverty capital of the world." This article explores the multiple dimensions and predictors of household poverty in Nigeria using the 2018 Demographic and Health Survey data (n=40,427). Results from the Chi-square analysis indicate significant regional disparities in multidimensional poverty, which is endemic in the Northwest and Northeast regions that constitute 75.3% of Nigeria's poorest households, 62.3% of household heads without formal education, and about half (49.7%) of households lacking access to electricity. Logistic regression results show that access to electricity is the most significant predictor of poverty in Nigeria, with an odds ratio (OR) of 10.46, followed by education (OR=1.99), place of residence (OR=0.37), land ownership (OR=0.58), livestock ownership (0.57), number of bedrooms (1.32), and gender (0.73). Other significant predictors are drinking water sources, sanitation facilities, cooking fuel, and housing conditions. Reducing multidimensional poverty requires improving electricity supply and human development interventions in education, water, sanitation, and healthcare, targeting deprived households. These are essential for achieving sustainable development.

La medición de la pobreza es un tema controversial y esencial para el di-seño de políticas públicas eficaces. El método tradicional basado en la línea de pobreza monetaria es fuertemente cuestionado por el paradigma multidimensional. Investigaciones recientes en Argentina recurren al análisis factorial robusto para la identificación y medición de las dimen-siones. Sin embargo, no prestan debida atención a la fiabilidad y validez de los constructos. Uno de los principales problemas es que no verifican la invarianza longitudinal. El cumplimiento de esta propiedad asegura que la forma de identificar y medir las dimensiones latentes sea estable en el tiempo. Si esto no sucede, entonces los cambios observados a lo largo del tiempo pueden ser reflejo de alteraciones en la estructura dimensional de la pobreza, en lugar de modificaciones en el nivel de las dimensiones.
El objetivo principal de este trabajo es examinar la estabilidad dinámica de la pobreza multidimensional en Argentina a través de un análisis de invarianza longitudinal aplicado sobre modelos robustos de análisis fac-torial. Se utilizan micro-datos de la Encuesta Permanente de Hogares (EPH) de los años 2003-2006 y 2016-2019, representativos de fases diferen-tes del ciclo económico: recuperación y recesión.
Los resultados indican que tres dimensiones subyacerían a la pobreza en Argentina: capacidad económica, infraestructura de la vivienda y entorno del hogar. El nivel máximo de invarianza alcanzado para años consecuti-vos es el débil, indicando que las cargas factoriales son constantes en el tiempo para coyunturas similares. Por su parte, la evaluación entre gran-des períodos alcanzó como máximo nivel la invarianza configuracional, asegurándose únicamente la igualdad en la estructura factorial.

This paper proposes a model-based index for quantifying capability deprivation using multiple indicators for multiple dimensions. The proposed index, derived from a structural latent variable model, is a 'two-level' index which can be interpreted as a measure of the lack of freedom to achieve a minimal set of functionings. Applying our methodology to data on the two dimensions of knowledge and living conditions for Bolivian children, we find that deprivation is more intense among girls than boys and in rural areas, and the gender gap is slightly higher in the knowledge domain. Due to its model-based nature, our index enables us to identify the key explanatory factors of deprivation: in particular, parental education in the case of knowledge, and income level and economic diversification for living conditions. Comparison with traditional functionings-based measures confirm that outcome deprivation is different from choice-deprivation.

1. Introduction 2. An Overview Of Understanding Poverty From Diverse Perspectives 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Looking Poverty Though Multiple Lenses 3. Problems Of Dollarising Poverty 3.1. Introduction 3.2. International Poverty Line And Measuring Global Poverty 3.3. Dollarisation Of Poverty 4. Poverty Reduction As A Development Agenda - Looking Beyond 2015 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Donorising Poverty Reduction Through Sanitising Mdgs 4.3. Hoorah! Global Poverty Is Halved, But What Does It Actually Mean? 4.4. What ' 's Next For Poverty Reduction After 2015? 5. Conclusion

In this paper, we propose to use the so-called Sen-Shorrocks poverty index (Shorrocks, 1995) to measure multidimensional deprivation when only dichotomous variables are available to assess deprivation in the various deprivation domains, the most common case in the literature, and introduce a rank-dependent multidimensional poverty index for multiple binary indicators using a counting approach. The resulting multidimensional deprivation index, or MDI for short, also has a nice graphical representation that is derived from the TIP curve of Jenkins and Lambert (1997). The great advantage of measuring multidimensional deprivation using the MDI is that this index is sensitive to inequality and can be fully broken down by deprivation domain, as well as by population subgroups, two features that have far-reaching policy implications and have proven to be important for poverty analysis. An empirical illustration based on deprivation data from four Central American countries (Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, and Nicaragua) shows the usefulness of the MDI, as it allows us to conclude, for example, that in each country, education contributes the most (about 30%) to multidimensional poverty.

Using the data from surveys conducted by UNDP, the World Bank and the European Commission, the paper presents the basic concepts and approaches to the definition of poverty and applies them to the Roma. The standard monetary poverty measures however do not reflect adequately the specifics and the magnitude of Roma deprivation. Thus the authors propose a multidimensional measure that better reflects the multidimensional challenges Roma are facing.

Objectives: To study the multidimensional disparity in elementary schools of the East and South Indian states in terms of gender gap ratio, literacy, enrolment and dropout rates. Besides, the study has also tried to explore the multidimensional disparity in educational attainment caused by scarcity of basic educational infrastructure and low educational expenditure therein.

The report aims to measure and analyze the multidimensional child deprivation index in Syria that includes health, education, and standard of living dimensions, between 2001 and 2009. The analysis aims to diagnose the dynamics of child deprivation and to identify main challenges that face enhancement of children capabilities, potentials, well-being, and living conditions. This methodology could be used as a framework to assess the impact of the Syrian crisis on child deprivation.

This study assessed multidimensional poverty in rural parts of Adamawa state, Nigeria. Specifically, the study objectives were to: describe the respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics, determine their multidimensional poverty status, and identify the determinants of multidimensional poverty in the sampled communities. Multi-stage cluster sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 480 household heads selected from 16 villages across the study area. Data collected were analysed using descriptive statistics, Multidimensional Poverty Analytical Tool (MPAT), and Binary Logistic regression model. The respondents’ socio-demographic characteristics described in the study showed that the mean age was 46.3 years, while the average household size was 7 persons. The study indicated that most (86.7%) of the respondents were male, who are mostly married (91.7%), and that majority (74%) are educated. The distribution of the respondents’ multidimensional poverty status revealed...

Charcoal is an important source of energy and income for millions of people in Africa. Its production often drives forest degradation and deforestation which have impacts on the local people that remain poorly understood. We present a novel methodology for analysing the contribution of woodland ecosystem services (ES) to rural well-being and poverty alleviation, which takes into account access mechanisms to ES, trade-offs between ES, and human response options. Using a participatory approach, a set of land use change scenarios were translated into a probabilistic model that integrates biophysical and social data. Our findings suggest that in highly forested areas woodland degradation does not have a critical impact on the local use of the three ES studied: charcoal, firewood and grass. Social factors show the largest impact on the quantity of charcoal produced, e.g. female-headed households experience the greatest barriers to access charcoal production. Participating in forest associations and diversifying income activities lead to greater charcoal production. Results show that charcoal production increases some aspects of well-being (e.g. household assets), but does not decrease acute multi-dimensional poverty. Great efforts are required to reach a charcoal production system that alleviates poverty, improves environmental sustainability, and provides a reliable charcoal supply.

In the absence of a vaccine for combating the novel coronavirus (COVID-19), countries globally are going in for a national lockdown and are mandating all people to stay indoors, and, if out in the public domain, to maintain 2-m distance, wear masks and wash hands with soap to mitigate the spread of the virus and its community transmission. The significance of the much neglected public health measures to deal with communicable diseases has come back to haunt several countries with a large proportion of people who are poor and who live in dense settlements with low levels of public provisioning of basic amenities. This article attempts to examine the feasibility of the recommended physical distancing using data from a national level sample from India. With the aid of data on parameters such as access to water, toilet, electricity, mobile phone and secure employment from the 75th and 76th National Sample Survey Rounds of 2017-2018, a Physical Distancing Readiness Index has been constructed. The performance of 27 states and 2 union territories of India is examined using the Index. This study examines the statistical correlation of a Physical Distancing Readiness Index to the incidence rate and case fatality ratio of COVID-19. Our results show that the poorer households are unequally endowed for observing physical distancing and ensuring the effective implementation of lockdown, which leads to disproportionate increase in the incidence rate and case fatality ratio, keeping other factors constant.

This study assessed multidimensional poverty in rural parts of Adamawa State, Nigeria. Specifically, the study objectives were to: describe the respondents' socio-demographic characteristics, determine their multidimensional poverty status, and identify the determinants of multidimensional poverty in the communities sampled. A multi-stage cluster sampling technique was used to collect primary data from 480 household heads selected from 16 villages across the study area. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Multidimensional Poverty Analytical Tool (MPAT) and a binary logistic regression model. The respondents' socio-demographic characteristics described in the study showed that their mean age was 46.3 years while the average household size was 7 persons. The study indicated that the majority (86.7%) of respondents were male, mostly married (91.7%) and educated (74%). The distribution of the respondents' mul-tidimensional poverty status revealed that majority (61.7%) of the households were poor. The study revealed that multidi-mensional poverty in the study area is influenced negatively by age, marital status and household size. Similarly, gender, educational level, livelihood activities, farm size, livestock ownership, remittance, membership of group, and access to credit have a positive effect on multidimensional poverty. Key among the recommendations of this study is the provision of adequate basic infrastructure in the area.

We all know the story. Government made a forecast of its expenditures
and revenues in every fiscal year; Government disbursed the funds, poverty rate decreased, income inequality stayed volatile. Everything was in balance until the UN announces SDGs (Sustainable Development Goals, a joint agreement to make the world in its best possible form by 2030, without a single person living in less than 1.90 US Dollar a day. Now policymakers have been craving for a solution to realise this demanding
goal. Blockchain quickly intrudes into the life of many, including those sitting at the highest level of leadership. Sadly, many would think of it as a trivial revolution. Will time change our mind?

La forma analítica y agregativa en que está siendo investigada actualmente la pobreza multidimensional, podría ser fructíferamente complementada con un enfoque de observación relacional-reticular, que estudie la estructura de vínculos entre los distintos tipos de privaciones e identifique las propiedades emergentes de la pobreza. En este artículo se definen los pasos metodológicos de un enfoque de este tipo y se aclara su potencial descriptivo con una exploración de la pobreza multidimensional en Chile basada en los datos de la encuesta CASEN 2015. Las principales conclusiones de este ejercicio son: 1) la pobreza multidimensional es un fenómeno con propiedades emergentes que surgen de la relación entre privaciones; 2) las carencias incluidas en el indicador de pobreza no tienen el mismo peso en términos estructurales, a pesar de que se suponga teóricamente su igual importancia; 3) en Chile tienen mayor centralidad o peso estructural las dimensiones de “vivienda y entorno” y de “educación”, que además son las mayormente vinculadas entre sí; 4) la dimensión recientemente incorporada a la metodología chilena –“redes y cohesión social”– tiene suficiente centralidad estructural en la pobreza como para cuestionar la decisión metodológica de que sea ponderada con menor peso que las otras dimensiones; 5) la centralidad estructural de algunas variables podría servir como criterio para focalizar recursos en las políticas públicas, pero debe ser complementado con criterios de otra índole.

This book contributes to the debates on the production and eradication of poverty in the global South. It collects a set of innovative articles concentrating on the way in which poverty, as a social process, has been addressed by popular movements and the governments of various states across the globe. Providing new insights into the limitations of traditional strategies to confront poverty, it highlights how social organizations are working to transform the livelihoods of people through bottom-up struggle and more participatory approaches rather than passively waiting for top-down solutions.