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Figure 17 *Note: The education level of the mother could not be disaggregated into three categories (no education or preschool; primary; and secondary or higher education) because of a limited number of mothers with no education. Figure 17: Deprivation headcount ratio (%) by dimension and by education level of the mother, 0-23 months

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The Basotho children represent a vulnerable population that deserves special attention. The characteristics of child deprivation and the complexity of child vulnerability in Lesotho have not been empirically examined in detail. In January 2016, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) came into effect to focus on strategic areas of development and to provide support for policymaking in achieving national development plans and policies. One strategic area of development is the alleviation of child poverty, which is reflected in SDG1, Target 1.2, aimed at reducing at least by half, by 2030, the proportion of children, men, and women living in poverty in all its dimensions according to national definitions. development is the alleviation of child poverty, which is reflected in SDG1, Target 1.2, aimed at

Taciitles, Nealtn, sneiter, eaucation, protection and access to information. For this report, the final choice of dimensions was driven by the availability of measurable indicators in the LDHS. A working group, composed of experts from UNICEF Lesotho country office, Ministry of Education, Ministry of Police, Ministry of Health, Ministry of Social Development, Lesotho Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Labour and Employment, the Economic Policy Research Institute and the Social Policy Research Institute discussed the option of dimensions and indicators during a workshop organized in August 2016. This meeting aimed at contextualizing child poverty in the national realm of Lesotho, with stakeholders having an active role in discussing and advising on age groups and on most relevant dimensions, indicators and thresholds to measure monetary and multidimensional poverty in the country. The final selection of these outputs reflects the common agreement of involved stakeholders in line with data availability. The selected dimensions for each age group are presented in Table 1 below.

Table 1: Dimensions for each age group for the MODA using the LDHS

Source: Authors’ own compilation based on LDHS. Table 2: Selection of dimensions and indicators for each age group

Source: Authors’ own compilation based on LDHS. Table 3: Assets identified as indicators of wealth

This chapter presents the results of the study on multidimensional child poverty in Lesotho using the MODA methodology. The analysis employs the LDHS data. The presentation of results proceeds in two steps. Firstly, an overview is provided as to how the current study on child poverty in Lesotho is embedded in the rationale of SDG 1, Target 1.2. Secondly, the results of the MODA analyses are presented by different age groups (0-23 months, 24-59 months, 5-12 years and 13-17 years) as per the steps in the analysis: single deprivation (sector-specific) analysis, deprivation count, multidimensional deprivation overlap and the multiple deprivation indices.

Source: LDHS (MOH and ICF International, 2016). Table 4: Baseline and target poverty rates of children in Lesotho, in line with Target 1.2 of SDG 1

Figure 3: Multidimensional child poverty rates of boys and girls aged 0-17 years Note: The ‘*’ denotes statistical significant correlation between categories at p< 0.05

Note: The education level of the mother could not be disaggregated into three categories (no education or preschool, primary education and secondary or higher education) because of the low prevalence of mothers with no education. Figure 4: Multidimensional child poverty rates by level of education of the household head (children aged 0-17 years), and the education level of the mother and the father (children aged 0-4 years) Figure 5: Multidimensional child poverty rates by household size for children aged 0-17 years

Figure 12: Deprivation headcount ratio (%) by each dimension at the national level, 0-2. months Figure 11: Deprivation headcount ratio (%) by each indicator at the national level, O-23 months

The information dimension, measured by access to either a radio, a television or a mobile phone, yields a deprivation rate of 8 per cent among Basotho children aged 0-23 months. This shows widespread use of media and communication technology in Lesotho.

Note: The ‘*’ denotes statistical significant correlation between categories at p< 0.05 Figure 13: Deprivation headcount ratio (%) by area, 0-23 months

Figure 14: Deprivation headcount ratio (%) by each indicator and by rural and urban area, 0-23 months

Note: The ‘*’ denotes statistical significant correlation between categories at p< 0.05 Table 5: Deprivation rates (%) by dimension and by district, 0-23 months

Note: The ‘*’ denotes statistical significant correlation between categories at p< 0.05 Table 6: Deprivation rates (%) by dimension and ecological zone, 0-23 months Number of children in the household

Figure 16: Deprivation headcount ratio (%) by dimension and by education level of household head, 0-23 months

Note: The ‘*’ denotes statistical significant correlation between categories at p< 0.05

Figure 18: Deprivation headcount ratio (%) by dimension and by education level of the father, 0-23 months

Figure 19: Deprivation level by stunting status, 0-23 months

Table 7: Distribution of simultaneous deprivations by district, 0-23 months

Figure 20: Distribution of the number of deprivations that children aged 0-23 months experience at a time at the national level (a) and by rural—urban location (b) Multidimensional deprivation indices Figure 21: Multidimensional deprivation headcount ratio (%) at the national level, 0-23 months

Figure 22: Multidimensional deprivation headcount ratio (%) at the national level and for rural and urban children, 0-23 months

Figure 23: Multidimensional Child Poverty Indices at the national level and by rural—urba location and district, children aged 0-23 months deprived in at least three dimensions

proportion of cnilaren tnat are not deprived in any of the includea dimensions. Figure 26 provides an example of deprivation overlap of three dimensions — nutrition, health and HIV/AIDS — among Basotho children aged 0-23 months. The Venn diagram reveals that 40.2 per cent of all children of this age group are simultaneously deprived in these three dimensions. For policymaking, this implies that targeting these three areas of vulnerability concurrently would impact a large share of the child population aged 0-23 months. inte Se Ere SR ale: clhesnceteet eves EF OR BC eiuercmnnk ef whilelesre sxshire ores oclevrisgeort ie

Figure 26: Deprivation overlap between the dimensions nutrition, health and HIV/AIDS at the national level and by rural-urban location, 0-23 months

of Basotho children aged 24—59 months do not have a birth certificate. Figure 27: Deprivation headcount ratio (%) of each indicator at the national level, 24-59 months The dimension of sanitation has a deprivation rate of 54.4 per cent. This dimension is measured by indicators that look at the type of toilet facility, sharing of the toilet facility and the method of disposal of the child's faeces. In Lesotho, 32.7 per cent of children aged 24-59 months live in households with unimproved toilet facilities.'* Furthermore, 54.0 per cent of them live in households that share toilet facilities with other households, while 42.2 per cent live in households that dispose of children’s faeces in an unsafe manner.'::

Figure 28: Deprivation headcount ratio (%) of each dimension at the national level, 24-59 months Research points to the negative effects of poor housing facilities yn children’s well- being, including their education, behaviour and health. Of all measurements, the highest deprivation rate among children aged 24—59 is observed in the dimension of housing, which stands at 86.6 per cent. This is mostly driven by the indicator measuring access to electricity, which affects 75.8 per cent of children in this age group. In addition, 63.4 per cent of children in this age group live in a household that uses unimproved cooking fuel,'* and 47.3 per cent of them live in a household where there are more than three people per sleeping room. Research points to the negative effects of poor housing facilities on children’s well-being, including their education, behaviour and health (Solari and Mari, 2012).

Figure 30: Deprivation headcount ratio (%) by indicator in rural and urban locations, 24- months

Table 8: Deprivation rates (%) by dimension and by district, 24-59 months Table 9: Deprivation rates (%) by dimension and ecological zone, 24-59 months

Figure 31: Deprivation headcount ratio (%) by dimension and number of children in tt rousehold, 24—59 months Figure 32: Deprivation headcount ratio (%) by dimension and education level of the househol head, 24-59 months

Figure 33: Deprivation headcount ratio (%) by dimension and education level of the mother, 24-59 months

Table 10: Distribution of simultaneous deprivations by district, 24-59 months Table 10 shows the distribution of simultaneous deprivations for children aged 24—59 months in the 10 districts. Although the combined deprivation rates are high across all districts, children living in Maseru, Berea and Leribe are slightly better off as they face a relatively lower number of simultaneous deprivations. On the other hand, children living in Thaba- Tseka, Mokhotlong and Mohale’s Hoek are worse off, as they experience a higher number of deprivations at a time.

Figure 35: Deprivation headcount ratio (%) by dimension and a child’s stunting status, 24-59 months Figure 34: Deprivation headcount ratio (%) by dimension and education level of the father, 24-59 months

Figure 36: Deprivation headcount ratio (%) by dimension and the mother’s participation in household decisions, 24-59 months

Note: The ‘*’ denotes statistical significant correlation between categories at p< 0.05 Figure 37: Deprivation headcount ratio (%) by dimension of girls and boys, 24-59 months

Figure 40: Multidimensional deprivation headcount ratio (%) at the national level and for rural and urban children, 24-59 months Figure 41: Multidimensional Child Poverty Indices at the national level and by rural-urban location and district, children aged 24-59 months deprived in at least three dimensions

Figure 42: Decomposition of the Multidimensional Child Poverty Index at the national level and by rural-urban location, 24-59 months How does each dimension contribute to the Multidimensional Child Poverty Index: Figure 42 shows the decomposition of the Multidimensional Child Poverty Index, revealing the contribution of each dimension to the multidimensional profile of child poverty. At the national level, housing (22.5 per cent), protection (19.1 per cent) and HIV/AIDS (17.1 per cent) are the main contributors to the index among children aged 24—59 months. Although the distribution of dimensions is largely similar for rural and urban areas, there are some differences in decomposition between these areas, which are worth mentioning. Specifically, sanitation plays a more important role in child deprivation in urban than in rural areas (21.3 per cent and 13.9 per cent, respectively). The dimension of water, however, contributes more to deprivation in rural than in urban areas (9.8 per cent and 2.0 per cent, respectively). Notably, children are more deprived in the information dimension in rural than in urban locations (2.5 per cent and 0.9 per cent, respectively).

Figure 11 – uploaded by Victor Cebotari

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