Multidimensional Poverty

y Tecnologías (Conahcyt) difunde, a través de la colección Ciencias y Humanidades para México, obras de investigación científica y humanística que aportan conocimientos para el desarrollo y bienestar de nuestro país. Las personas autoras, tanto nacionales como extranjeras, son profesionales y académicas altamente capacitadas en la investigación humanística y científica, dedicadas a la atención de las principales temáticas y los problemas prioritarios de México, así como del contexto latinoamericano. Con la publicación de estos trabajos se conforma un corpus valioso, accesible para estudiantes de educación superior, así como profesionales especializados y no especializados. De igual forma, el público general podrá completar o enriquecer su formación mediante la lectura y el estudio de sus páginas. Los libros de esta colección abordan cuestiones fundamentales y de interés, como salud, movilidad, soberanía alimentaria, migración, cambio climático, transición energética, educación, artes y literatura, y contribuyen al diálogo e intercambio de ideas sobre temas actuales que remiten a nuestras realidades. De esta manera, el Conahcyt y el Fondo de Cultura Económica han unido esfuerzos para hacer de esta colección una muestra significativa de las visiones y los conocimientos que las y los expertos tienen respecto de algunos temas sobresalientes que hoy se debaten en México y América Latina.

En tiempos de incertidumbre y desesperanza, es imprescindible gestar proyectos colectivos desde donde planificar la esperanza junto a otros". E.Pichón-Riviere Pobreza y desigualdad son una realidad persistente y lacerante que se agudiza en nuestro presente argentino afectando de manera diferencial a niñas, niños y adolescentes (NNyA). A partir de algunos indicadores sociales e instrumentos normativos de planificación de políticas busco mostrar la incidencia de la pobreza en las condiciones de vida de las niñeces y adolescencias en Argentina, visibilizar el impacto que el cambio de gestión de gobierno produjo en la política pública de infancia y cómo, en un escenario complejo de crisis, se despliegan ciertas acciones colectivas y comunitarias, desde distintos ámbitos, como formas de resistencia y re-existencia ante la miopía existencial 2 como modo de respuesta de quienes tiene la responsabilidad de conducir los destinos del país. Condiciones de vida de las niñeces y adolescencias en Argentina.

A pobreza tem sido objeto de estudo nos últimos anos e as análises têm evoluído de um contexto unidimensional, baseado na renda monetária, para uma análise multidimensional. O objetivo do artigoé calcular uma medida multidimensional de pobreza para as mulheres das cinco grandes regiões do Brasil, nos anos de 2001 e 2011. A base de informações utilizada foi a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD). Foi utilizado o método Alkire Foster (AF), composto de doze etapas, que permite não só a identificação de quantos são os pobres, mas a intensidade da pobreza. Foram selecionados dezoito indicadores distribuídos em quatro dimensões. Os resultados demonstram que o Nordeste foi a região que apresentou a maior concentração da pobreza média (A) e da incidência ajustada (M 0 ) em 2001. O contrário ocorreu na região Sudeste. Em 2011, a maior pobreza média (A) se concentrou na região Norte e a menor, na região Sul. Esses resultados revelam a importância de ações sociais e econômicas integradas que contribuam para a promoção do desenvolvimento e focalizem a resolução das dificuldades encontradas pelas mulheres dessas regiões.

A pobreza tem sido objeto de estudo nos últimos anos e as análises têm evoluído de um contexto unidimensional, baseado na renda monetária, para uma análise multidimensional. O objetivo do artigoé calcular uma medida multidimensional de pobreza para as mulheres das cinco grandes regiões do Brasil, nos anos de 2001 e 2011. A base de informações utilizada foi a Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD). Foi utilizado o método Alkire Foster (AF), composto de doze etapas, que permite não só a identificação de quantos são os pobres, mas a intensidade da pobreza. Foram selecionados dezoito indicadores distribuídos em quatro dimensões. Os resultados demonstram que o Nordeste foi a região que apresentou a maior concentração da pobreza média (A) e da incidência ajustada (M 0 ) em 2001. O contrário ocorreu na região Sudeste. Em 2011, a maior pobreza média (A) se concentrou na região Norte e a menor, na região Sul. Esses resultados revelam a importância de ações sociais e econômicas integradas que contribuam para a promoção do desenvolvimento e focalizem a resolução das dificuldades encontradas pelas mulheres dessas regiões.

The importance of taking into account multidimensionality in poverty measurement has been recently emphasized. The poverty alleviation literature has not, however, yet addressed the important issue of policy design for efficient multidimensional poverty reduction. From a positive perspective, it is regularly observed that different poverty dimensions are often correlated and mutually reinforced, especially over time. From a normative perspective, it can be argued that, in addition to being concerned with impacts on multiple dimensions of poverty, policy should also consider impacts on their joint distribution. The paper integrates these two perspectives into a consistent policy evaluation framework. Targeting dominance techniques are also proposed to assess the normative robustness of targeting strategies. The analytical results are applied to data from Vietnam and South Africa and illustrate the role of both normative and positive perspectives in designing efficient multidimensional poverty targeting policies.

Religion and law play a vital role in maintenance of peace and order in our society. Law is intrinsically related to the society likewise religion. Religion is connected with belief and we have people who are ready to die for what they believe in. Many scholars had written and philosophised on the relationship between law and religion jurisprudentially. The need to pragmatically relate these two concepts to the current greatest challenge of the world, Covid -19 pandemic necessitated this work. This paper therefore, will be a reflection on the relationship between law and religion, the impact of law if any, on the exercise of right of freedom of religion particularly during this era of Covid-19 Pandemic as a result of restriction laws on religion. It finally concludes that law as a concept in a society is much stronger than religion irrespective of their semblance and nexus; that the two are separate; although, the working together of the two will make and build a better society.

El presente capítulo busca profundizar en la mencionada “irrelevancia”
en la que ha caído la medición de la pobreza extrema, a
partir de una revisión de los resultados de última encuesta Casen
disponible, la de 2022. En particular, se aborda la capacidad
específica de la pobreza extrema y no extrema para discriminar e
identificar a grupos con características y necesidades definidas. En concreto, se compara a las poblaciones con pobreza extrema,
no extrema y quintiles de ingreso en relación con distintas características
sociodemográficas, indicadores de pobreza multidimensional
y otros indicadores relevantes para el estudio de la pobreza
en Chile. Posteriormente, se evalúa la pertinencia del grupo que se
encuentra simultáneamente en situación de pobreza por ingresos
y pobreza multidimensional, como una categoría que reemplace
a la línea de la pobreza extrema como método para identificar a
los más pobres entre los pobres.

The main purpose of this article is to examine the effect of economic growth on poverty reduction in Ghana using monetary measurement approach. A time series data was collected on the variables deemed to influence the above relationship including headcount poverty, government spending, inflation, unemployment, and per capita growth in GDP. The data span from 1990 to 2021 and was sourced from the World Development indicators wxebsite. The data was analyzed using autoregressive distributed lags (ARDL) regression model and augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) for unit root test. The findings showed that economic growth and government spending have an inverse but significant interrelationship with reduction of poverty. Also per capita GDP has a significant positive relationship with poverty reduction. The annual inflation levels have an inverse insignificant impact on poverty reduction. The relationship between unemployment and poverty alleviation is positive though insignificant. Government should put appropriate policies in place to sustain economic growth at appreciable levels in order to reduce poverty. Agricultural productivity should be improved to provide jobs for teeming unemployed youth. Inflation should be curtailed and kept at moderate levels to ginger economic activities in the country. The Government should spend on pro-poor activities and economic infrastructure to grow the economy, create jobs, reduce income disparity, and alleviate poverty.

những khó khăn như tỉ lệ sống của tôm khi ương nuôi thấp, chất lượng con giống chưa đảm bảo, độ mặn gia tăng và đầu ra sản phẩm chưa ổn định. Do vậy, để góp phần cho nghề nuôi phát triển bền vững trong thời gian tới, con giống được cung cấp phải đảm bảo về số lượng và chất lượng. Các hộ cần sử dụng ao lắng để chủ động nguồn nước, xây dựng và cải tạo lại cơ sở hạ tầng, hệ thống thủy lợi nhằm hạn chế xâm nhập mặn, liên kết tìm đầu ra trong tiêu thụ sản phẩm. Từ khóa: hiệu quả kĩ thuật -tài chính, Macrobrachium rosenbergii, mương vườn dừa, tỉnh Bến Tre, tôm càng xanh.

Following the promulgation of the Kenyan Constitution in 2010, a Devolutionary system of government was establishing 47 devolved units led by semi-independent governors from the central government of Kenya. For the County Governments to operate optimally in delivery of services in their areas of Jurisdiction and local community, they are required to generate their Own Source Revenue (OSR) to supplement the equitable share from the National Government. Enhancement of Own Source Revenue in counties is core to meeting their financial obligation which is sanctioned by article 209 (3) of the constitution of Kenya. This will give counties a more degree of fiscal autonomy from the central government. Reports from C.o.B, OSR from the 14 counties in Kenya fell below the level set by defunct local governments in 2013/2014 FY and also underscored the existence of variance of OSR among the 47 counties.

Poverty and well-being indexes encompass dimensions that capture meaningful aspects of life worth measuring. These dimensions reflect people’s concerns and priorities, offering insight into their lived experiences. This study identifies dimensions of poverty and well-being directly from people’s everyday language and proposes a novel method for assigning weights to these dimensions based on what people express as important. Using topic modeling techniques within the Natural Language Processing framework, we uncovered key themes people associate with poverty and well-being in their own words. We also applied transfer learning through a zero-shot classification model to assign weights to these dimensions, ranking them by their relevance to the target population studied. In our case studies, the most prominent poverty-related dimensions included lack of opportunities, unemployment, lack of spirit, lack of money, and attempts to get ahead, while the top well-being dimensions identified were living well, meeting basic needs, nourishment, and health. This approach helps pinpoint priority areas for intervention and resource allocation. We recommend using topic modeling techniques when designing multidimensional indicators, as this enables researchers and policymakers to ground social indicators in the voices of the people they aim to serve.
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Los índices de pobreza y bienestar abarcan una serie de dimensiones que reflejan aspectos valiosos y susceptibles de cuantificación de las vidas de las personas. Tales dimensiones evidencian sus preocupaciones y prioridades, de manera que ofrecen un acercamiento a sus experiencias. Este estudio identifica las dimensiones de la pobreza y del bienestar directamente en el lenguaje cotidiano y propone un método novedoso para asignarle valor a cada una de acuerdo con lo que las personas consideran importante. Mediante técnicas de modelado de temas, en el marco del procesamiento del lenguaje natural, detectamos las principales temáticas que la gente, en sus propias palabras, asocia con la pobreza y el bienestar. Igualmente, aplicamos la técnica de aprendizaje por transferencia a partir de un modelo de clasificación de disparo cero, con el fin de asignar valor a las dimensiones de estudio y ordenarlas según su relevancia para el grupo poblacional que fue examinado. En nuestros casos de estudio encontramos que las dimensiones relacionadas con la pobreza que más sobresalían eran la falta de oportunidades, el desempleo, la desmotivación, la falta de dinero y los intentos por salir adelante. Por su parte, entre las dimensiones relacionadas con el bienestar hallamos la calidad de vida, la satisfacción de las necesidades básicas, la alimentación y la salud. Este enfoque permite precisar cuáles deben ser las áreas prioritarias para la intervención y la asignación de recursos. Finalmente, recomendamos aplicar técnicas de modelado de temas al momento de diseñar indicadores multidimensionales, pues esto posibilita que los investigadores y los encargados de formular las políticas construyan los indicadores sociales a la medida de las necesidades de las personas a las que buscan servir.
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Os índices de pobreza e bem-estar abrangem uma série de dimensões que refletem aspectos valiosos e mensuráveis da vida das pessoas. Essas dimensões destacam suas preocupações e prioridades, de modo que oferecem uma aproximação de suas experiências. Neste estudo, identificaram-se as dimensões da pobreza e do bem-estar diretamente na linguagem cotidiana e propõe-se um novo método para atribuir valor a cada uma das dimensões de acordo com o que as pessoas consideram importante. Adotando técnicas de modelagem de tópicos, no âmbito do processamento de linguagem natural, detectamos os principais temas que as pessoas, em suas próprias palavras, associam à pobreza e ao bem-estar. Da mesma forma, aplicou-se a técnica de aprendizado por transferência a partir de um modelo de classificação zero-shot, a fim de atribuir valor às dimensões do estudo e ordená-las segundo sua relevância para o grupo populacional examinado. Em nossos estudos de caso, verificamos que as dimensões relacionadas à pobreza que mais se destacaram foram falta de oportunidades, desemprego, falta de motivação, falta de dinheiro e tentativas de progredir. Entre as dimensões relacionadas ao bem-estar, por sua vez, encontramos qualidade de vida, satisfação das necessidades básicas, alimentação e saúde. Essa abordagem permite especificar quais devem ser as áreas prioritárias de intervenção e alocação de recursos. Por fim, recomendamos a aplicação de técnicas de modelagem de tópicos ao elaborar indicadores multidimensionais, pois isso permite que pesquisadores e formuladores de políticas construam indicadores sociais adaptados às necessidades das pessoas que procuram atender.

This paper aims to outline good strategies and practices in designing and implementing gender-and child-sensitive cash transfer programmes (CTPs) based on international experience. The paper's focus on single programme features underlines the significance of considering anticipated effects on women and children during each step of programme design, implementation and evaluation. The objective of this literature review is to contribute to a better understanding of how CTPs can-at worst-reinforce gender inequalities and neglect children's needs, and to show ways to prevent these outcomes by enhancing women's and children's empowerment. In addition to presenting strategies that have shown positive impacts across different programmes and countries, this paper also demonstrates how the same feature can have varying effects in different contexts and thus emphasises the importance of considering situational circumstances in designing and implementing each step of a CTP.

This paper aims to outline good strategies and practices in designing and implementing gender-and child-sensitive cash transfer programmes (CTPs) based on international experience. The paper's focus on single programme features underlines the significance of considering anticipated effects on women and children during each step of programme design, implementation and evaluation. The objective of this literature review is to contribute to a better understanding of how CTPs can-at worst-reinforce gender inequalities and neglect children's needs, and to show ways to prevent these outcomes by enhancing women's and children's empowerment. In addition to presenting strategies that have shown positive impacts across different programmes and countries, this paper also demonstrates how the same feature can have varying effects in different contexts and thus emphasises the importance of considering situational circumstances in designing and implementing each step of a CTP.

This paper aims to outline good strategies and practices in designing and implementing gender-and child-sensitive cash transfer programmes (CTPs) based on international experience. The paper's focus on single programme features underlines the significance of considering anticipated effects on women and children during each step of programme design, implementation and evaluation. The objective of this literature review is to contribute to a better understanding of how CTPs can-at worst-reinforce gender inequalities and neglect children's needs, and to show ways to prevent these outcomes by enhancing women's and children's empowerment. In addition to presenting strategies that have shown positive impacts across different programmes and countries, this paper also demonstrates how the same feature can have varying effects in different contexts and thus emphasises the importance of considering situational circumstances in designing and implementing each step of a CTP.

Le Centre interuniversitaire de recherche en économie quantitative (CIREQ) regroupe des chercheurs dans les domaines de l'économétrie, la théorie de la décision, la macroéconomie et les marchés financiers, la microéconomie appliquée et l'économie expérimentale ainsi que l'économie de l'environnement et des ressources naturelles. Ils proviennent principalement des universités de Montréal, McGill et Concordia. Le CIREQ offre un milieu dynamique de recherche en économie quantitative grâce au grand nombre d'activités qu'il organise (séminaires, ateliers, colloques) et de collaborateurs qu'il reçoit chaque année.

In India, energy poverty is still a major problem that disproportionately affects underprivileged groups including religious minorities, Scheduled Castes (SCs), and Scheduled Tribes (STs). Disparities in energy access continue because of institutional, socioeconomic, and geographic obstacles, even in spite of governmental measures like Saubhagya and Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana. This paper investigates how social inclusion might help reduce energy poverty by ensuring that everyone has equitable access to modern energy services. The study highlights that energy poverty in India transcends infrastructure challenges, encompassing aspects of affordability, reliability, and socio-cultural exclusion. Systemic discrimination against marginalised populations restricts their access to electricity and clean cooking fuels. Frameworks of energy justice, which include aspects of distributive, procedural, and recognition justice, are crucial for tackling these inequalities. Constitutional provisions and policy interventions have sought to address this gap; however, obstacles such as economic constraints, bureaucratic inefficiencies, and insufficient participatory governance restrict development. It is suggested that caste-sensitive planning, inclusive financing systems, and decentralised renewable energy solutions are important strategies for promoting equitable energy transitions. The results highlight the necessity of socially inclusive energy policies that ensure no community is left behind in the shift to clean energy while also reducing energy poverty and advancing the accomplishment of Sustainable Development Goal 7 (SDG7).

What drives elderly people decide to work after retirement? This paper analyzes the economic determinants of the decision to work in Ecuadorian elderly. In the analytical part, authors have analyzed the literature devoted to the study of elderly people, from which several testable hypotheses that relate it to income, education level and complex household have been derived. The article provides empirical evidence from using the Living Conditions Survey (2014). The estimation results suggest that variables as income, education level and belonging to a complex household play a significant role in the decision to work of Ecuadorian elderly.

Las poblaciones vulnerables son grupos de personas que, por su condición física, mental, de género, de edad, por condiciones sociales, políticas, económicas, étnicas o culturales, tienen una o varias dificultades para que puedan ejercer plenamente sus derechos. Uno de los grupos de mayor vulnerabilidad en el país es el de las personas con discapacidad, las cuales pueden tener además de la discapacidad, otras condiciones que los hacen aún más vulnerables. Por ello, desde este trabajo se consideran dos aspectos de vulnerabilidad existentes: la discapacidad y la pobreza. De esta manera, el punto de partida de este estudio se enmarca en el estudio de la pobreza y la discapacidad, en cómo estos dos elementos llegan a interrelacionarse y cómo se desarrollan de manera independiente, considerando que cada uno de ellos puede ser causa y consecuencia; es decir, la pobreza puede ser una causa de la discapacidad, y la discapacidad puede ser causa de la pobreza.

Accurately modeling the channel is extremely important for the design of communication systems. Knowledge of the key features of the channel provides the designers with the ability to predict performance of the system for specific modulation, channel coding, and signal processing. In this paper, we will present the analysis of physical properties of the UWB channel model and propose an UWB channel model for short distance wireless communications (with a comparison to the IEEE 802.15.3a channel model). Through the analysis and design, conclusions related to the UWB channel model were drawn as follows: there are reflection, diffraction, multipath transmission, and signal attenuation with distance and frequency but there is no pulse distortion.

A key issue in the design of multidimensional poverty measures is whether they should include a monetary poverty indicator. A common argument for treating income poverty separately from non-monetary poverty is that they reflect distinct dimensions of the phenomenon. This study explores the multidimensional structure of poverty in Argentina and assesses whether monetary poverty should be considered an additional indicator of multidimensional poverty using generalized structural equation modeling (GSEM). Drawing on categorical data from the Permanent Household Survey (EPH), it applies a generalized confirmatory factor analysis (GCFA) model and a GSEM with a second-order factor. The GCFA assumes that monetary poverty constitutes a dimension of poverty, while the GSEM posits that monetary poverty causes non-monetary poverty. The findings indicate that both models fit the data well; however, the results more strongly support the view that non-monetary factors serve as indicators of a higher-order dimension and that non-monetary poverty, as a whole, is driven by monetary poverty. Furthermore, the results reveal that monetary poverty is not a perfect predictor of non-monetary poverty, as its indicators capture different aspects of the phenomenon. These findings highlight the need for public policies that not only target monetary poverty but also incorporate specific strategies to address non-monetary deprivation, fostering a more comprehensive and effective approach to reducing multidimensional poverty in Argentina.

O Índice de Pobreza Multidimensional (IPM) foi adotado pelo Programa das Nações Unidas para o Desenvolvimento (PNUD) e desenvolvido pela Oxford Poverty et Human Development Initiative (OPHI) desde 2010 em consonância com o novo paradigma analítico internacional do fenômeno da pobreza. A metodologia utilizada neste estudo é baseada em Alkire e Foster (2011), que analisa a incidência e a intensidade da pobreza, ou seja, a porcentagem de indivíduos pobres e a distância média que esses indivíduos estão de uma situação de não pobreza. O objetivo é aplicar o IPM ao Brasil, utilizando os dados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios de 2002, 2007, 2012 e 2013, produzida pelo IBGE. Os resultados indicam que o IPM no Brasil atinge 6,97% (2002) e 1,95% (2013), demonstrando que há uma tendência de redução entre os anos.

This paper analyses the poverty of heads of families in the Northeast Region of Brazil in the year 2015 through a multidimensional approach. To this end, the multidimensional poverty index (MPI) was estimated based on microdata from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD). The results showed that families in the Northeast headed by women and with the presence of a spouse or partner are multidimensionally poorer than families headed by women where there is no presence of a spouse or partner. However, we could not state that there is a process of feminization of poverty in multidimensional terms when comparing the MPI result (M0) between women and men, regardless of the presence or absence of a spouse or partner. Moreover, the dimensions related to family vulnerability, availability of resources, and use of time were the factors in which women were more vulnerable in comparison to men for heads of families in the Northeast Region with no spouse or partner. These women were more deprived only in the dimension use of time compared to male heads of household in this region when considering the presence of a spouse or partner. The dimensions related to work, income, and consumption of goods were the ones that most contributed to the insertion of Northeastern women in a condition of poverty, thus being subjects that demand more attention from public authorities.

Understanding the utilization of plant is fundamental for efficient conservation of species. The present study aimed at assessing the quatitative ethnobotany of Lophira lanceolata Tiegh. ex Keay (Ochnaceae) utilization in Benin. A number of 1261 persons were randomly selected and interviewed using semi-structured questionnaires. Principal Components Analysis was performed to relate utilizations and organs to ethnic groups. The diversity (ID) and equitability (IE) values were globally low (< 0.50) and indicated that local knowledge on L. lanceolata utilization is not fairly distributed among groups. L. lanceolata was not wellknown by all the respondents and its utilization varied significantly among ethnic groups, between sex and fairly between age classes. The ethnic group consensus values for L. lanceolata parts showed that leaves are the most used organ. Local knowledge on the species was well-diversified and was influenced by the ethnic group. Our study has provided basic information that may help for sustainable management and conservation of the species in Benin.

A quattordici anni dalla risoluzione ONU 65/309, “Happiness: towards a holistic approach to development”, il modello di GNH (Gross National Happiness, Felicità Interna Lorda) del Bhutan emerge con rinnovata forza come proposta alternativa ai paradigmi dominanti dello sviluppo economico. Nato nel 1972 per volontà del quarto re Jigme Singye Wangchuck e radicato nella filosofia del Buddhismo Vajrayāna, il concetto di FIL propone una visione olistica del benessere che trascende la mera crescita del PIL. Questo saggio esamina i fondamenti culturali, spirituali e neuropsicologici della FIL, analizzando il suo indice multidimensionale — ispirato al metodo Alkire-Foster — e ne esplora l’applicabilità oltre i confini himalayani, in particolare nel contesto italiano.
Attraverso un confronto critico con il World Happiness Report e i suoi limiti epistemologici, viene sottolineata l’unicità della definizione bhutanese di felicità (gewa), intesa come equilibrio eudemonico tra dimensioni materiali, relazionali, ambientali e spirituali. Si evidenziano i legami tra la meditazione buddhista, le neuroscienze della felicità e le implicazioni psicopolitiche del benessere soggettivo.
Infine, il saggio discute le potenzialità di una localizzazione del metodo FIL in Italia, suggerendo come l’adozione di indicatori multidimensionali possa rendere visibili forme di sofferenza invisibile e orientare politiche pubbliche più empatiche, inclusive e sostenibili. Il Bhutan, dunque, non come modello da imitare, ma come specchio critico: una lente attraverso cui ripensare il significato stesso di progresso e felicità nel XXI secolo.

Cuatro de cada diez jóvenes del Conurbano de Buenos Aires viven en barrios vulnerables, villas o asentamientos precarios (ODSA-UCA, 2016). ¿Cómo perciben la experiencia de ser jóvenes? ¿Cómo combinan familia, escuela y trabajo en sus cursos de vida? ¿Cómo proyectan su futuro? Esta investigación se dedica a los jóvenes que viven en contextos vulnerables del Conurbano para comprender las formas en que combinan la escuela, el trabajo y la familia, durante la transición a la adultez. Fueron entrevistados trece varones y seis mujeres de entre 14 y 24 años, que pertenecen a dos distritos del Conurbano de Buenos Aires: Vicente López (primer cordón, en el norte) y Berazategui (segundo cordón, en el sur). Fueron contactados por su participación diaria en centros comunitarios del barrio: Centro Barrial Juvenil, dependiente del Ministerio de Juventud del Gobierno Municipal, en Vicente López y Centro Santa Agustina, perteneciente a Cáritas, en Berazategui. Los jóvenes enfrentan condiciones mate...

A partir de un marco conceptual basado en el enfoque de las capacidades, este trabajo tiene como objetivo contribuir a la comprensión de la interconexión entre la equidad social y el cuidado del medio ambiente en el caso de la Cuenca Matanza-Riachuelo, la cuenca hidrográfica más industrializada y contaminada de la Argentina. En primer lugar, utiliza un modelo de regresión espacial para analizar la correlación entre la pobreza multidimensional y la exposición potencial a tres tipos de riesgo ambiental: peligros ambientales provenientes de establecimientos productivos, basurales a cielo abierto y proximidad a la contaminación del agua superficial. En segundo lugar, analiza la justicia procedimental en el reasentamiento de hogares expuestos a un alto riesgo ambiental en los asentamientos informales de la cuenca. Se muestra que las áreas con mayor pobreza enfrentan un mayor riesgo de exposición a basurales a cielo abierto pero una menor exposición a peligros ambientales de establecimientos productivos. El análisis de la justicia procedimental muestra que una mayor participación local en los procesos de toma de decisiones sobre el reasentamiento de hogares produjo resultados más favorables en términos de la expansión de las capacidades de los hogares afectados.

Using a capabilities-based perspective on socioenvironmental justice, this paper aims to contribute to the understanding of the interconnection between social equity and care for the earth in the case of the Matanza-Riachuelo – the most industrialized and contaminated river basin in Argentina. First, it uses a spatial regression model to analyse the correlation between multidimensional poverty and potential exposure to three types of environmental risks: environmental hazards of productive establishments, open-air waste dumps, and proximity to contaminated rivers and streams. Second, it analyses inequities in the processes of resettlement of households living in conditions of extreme environmental risk in informal settlements. It shows that higher poverty areas face greater risk of exposure to open-air waste dumps but lower risk of exposure to industrial and commercial environmental hazards. It also demonstrates how enhanced participation of households in decision-making on resettlement contributed to improved outcomes.

This paper tackles the ophthalmology services delivered through Free Eye Camps by Albasar International Foundation (AIF) around the world. It was founded in the Sudan in 1993. It posses a number of Eye hospitals in the Sudan, and gives ophthalmology services through Free Eye Camps in different States of the Sudan. The main hospital in the Sudan is Mekka Complex in the capital of the Sudan-Khartoum-Riyadh. Some of the ophthalmology services that supplied to the patients are outpatients department (OPD), surgeries (Inter Ocular lens (IOL) and other surgeries) and glasses. This paper aims to assess the ophthalmology services in sixteen States of the Sudan; namely: Khartoum State,

This study analyzes public expenditure trends in Assam's elementary education sector, focusing on key indicators such as Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER), Net Enrolment Ratio (NER), dropout rates, and per-head expenditure. While Assam exhibits a high GER in primary education, this figure may reflect challenges such as over-age enrolment and does not necessarily indicate effective accessibility or quality of education. The state faces significant issues with lower NERs and high dropout rates, particularly among rural and disadvantaged populations, highlighting socioeconomic barriers that impede educational progression. Although Assam allocates a substantial proportion of its GDP to education, this is largely influenced by its relatively small Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP), which can make even moderate spending appear significant. Furthermore, the declining share of funding allocated to elementary education raises concerns about the sustainability of reforms and the ability to address existing disparities. This study advocates for targeted interventions, sustained funding, and socioeconomic support to enhance educational quality and ensure that all children in Assam can achieve universal elementary education.

This study analyzes public expenditure trends in Assam's elementary education sector, focusing on key indicators such as Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER), Net Enrolment Ratio (NER), dropout rates, and per-head expenditure. While Assam exhibits a high GER in primary education, this figure may reflect challenges such as over-age enrolment and does not necessarily indicate effective accessibility or quality of education. The state faces significant issues with lower NERs and high dropout rates, particularly among rural and disadvantaged populations, highlighting socioeconomic barriers that impede educational progression. Although Assam allocates a substantial proportion of its GDP to education, this is largely influenced by its relatively small Gross State Domestic Product (GSDP), which can make even moderate spending appear significant. Furthermore, the declining share of funding allocated to elementary education raises concerns about the sustainability of reforms and the ability to address existing disparities. This study advocates for targeted interventions, sustained funding, and socioeconomic support to enhance educational quality and ensure that all children in Assam can achieve universal elementary education.

Racism is a neglected but relevant cause of health disparities within multi-ethnic societies. Different types of racism and other expressions of discrimination must be recognized, critically analyzed, and actively reverted. This paper is based on anthropological fieldwork conducted in three medical facilities in the indigenous region Sierra de Totonacapan in the highlands of Veracruz in Mexico and analyzes maternal health and identifies levels of racism as perceived by female indigenous patients. Applying a theoretical framework that defines racism at three levels, namely, institutionalized, personally mediated, and internalized racism. We empirically distinguish and acknowledge human rights omissions and violations and then analyze the sources of racism in close relation to an intersectional view on gender-, class-, and race-based forms of discrimination. Finally, in addition to investment in health goods and skilled birth attendants, we propose an intercultural competence approach to manage racism, among other ideologies. This approach targets health professionals as conscious, reflexive, and transformative actors of intercultural interactions with culturally diverse patients.

Growing inequality in the distribution of wealth means there is today a greater need for effective social policies to combat poverty and social exclusion. The use of comprehensive indicators to monitor and evaluating the implementation of social policies is crucial for addressing these challenges. Social exclusion is a multifaceted phenomenon linked to poverty, often exacerbated by factors like unemployment, discrimination and a lack of basic services. It can be the cause-or consequence-of poverty. Tackling these problems requires a holistic approach involving indicators to assess material deprivation, unemployment, and access to basic services.

Este artigo busca analisar se o crescimento econômico no Brasil tem sido pró-pobre em suas áreas urbanas e rurais. Nesse sentido, com base nos dados dos censos demográficos dos anos de 2000 e 2010 do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE), foram construídas as curvas de crescimento-pobreza, propostas por . Um dos resultados da pesquisa apontou que apenas o Centro-Sul do país tem tido um padrão de crescimento que beneficia os mais pobres. Em nível estadual, percebeu-se que somente dez Unidades da Federação (UFs) apresentaram crescimento em favor dos menos favorecidos sendo que, para quatro delas, o crescimento é do tipo trickle-down, ou seja, apesar de contribuir para reduzir a pobreza, a renda dos ricos cresceu em uma proporção maior que a renda dos pobres. A desagregação da amostra permitiu observar, também, o quão baixo é o desempenho do crescimento econômico em reduzir a pobreza, com diminuição da desigualdade nas áreas rurais do país.

The aim of this work is to represent, from a series of plural and scientifically integrated perspectives, the multidimensional phenomenon of poverty, understood in its different meanings and nuances as well as in its dynamics of evolutionary complexity.

Nghiên cứu này áp dụng lý thuyết vốn văn hóa và mô hình phát triển cộng đồng bền vững nhằm đưa ra phân tích về vai trò của vốn văn hoá trong phát triển bền vững các làng nghề truyền thống ở thành phố Huế. Sử dụng dữ liệu định tính và định lượng cho phân tích thực nghiệm, kết quả cho thấy vốn văn hoá đóng vai trò quan trọng trong việc phát triển cộng đồng bền vững tại các làng nghề truyền thống dưới nhiều hình thức. Với trạng thái thiết chế, vốn văn hoá đảm bảo vấn đề phát triền nền kinh tế địa phương, tạo nguồn sinh kế và tự chủ tại cộng đồng. Ở trạng thái khách quan, vốn văn hoá giải quyết vấn đề về sinh thái bền vững, giảm thiểu tất cả các hình thức tiêu thụ và chất thải với môi trường. Cuối cùng với trạng thái thể hiện, vốn văn hoá hỗ trợ cải thiện chất lượng nguồn nhân lực, giáo dục và xây dựng đội ngũ sáng tạo mới cho làng nghề địa phương.

Community involvement is a participatory approach to natural resource conservation that catalyses a win-win situation in conservation by enhancing biodiversity conservation and improving local livelihoods. This study was done in and around Bonjoge National Reserve in Kenya. The Reserve has diverse wildlife some of which escape to neighbouring farmlands destroying property. This has accelerated outright hostility and resentment among local residents, human-wildlife conflicts and poverty due to wildlife destructions. The study assessed the role of local community involvement in alleviating poverty through sustainable natural resource management. Data was collected from a sample of 250 residents living within 1 km from the reserve boundary using questionnaires, focus group discussions, field observations, and interviews. To facilitate selection of respondents, the study area was divided into three strata in relation to their location to the reserve namely the Eastern (Kaptumek), Wester...

The study assesses the impact of political governance and public health intervention on food security among small scale farmers in Adamawa North. The issue of food security has been a central concern for many decades. Food security is achieved when all individuals have consistent physical, government policy and economic access to sufficient, safe, and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and preferences for an active and healthy life. The main objective of the study is to assess the impact of political governance and public health intervention on food security among small scale farmers in Adamawa North while the specific objectives are to describe the socioeconomic characteristics of small-scale farmers in the study area and to identify the determinants of food security among the respondents in the study area. The study reviews related literature on good governance, public health intervention and food security while system theory is adopted as the theoretical framework. The main source of data for this study is primary. The study used inferential statistics such as frequency distribution and percentage for the socioeconomic characteristics of the respondents and logit regression is used on the determinant of food security. The study discovered that there are no target programmes and policies to improve food production in Adamawa North. The study recommends that there should be targeted programs to provide small scale farmers with access to essential agricultural inputs such as seeds, fertilizers, and farming equipment.

In this note, we …rstly discuss Chakravarty's (2003) axiomatic foundation of the Generalized Human Development Index (GHDI) then we propose a di¤erent set of axioms through which a class of Foster-Shorrocks-like Human Development Measures phases out. As we will argue, this class better deals with some recent philoso…cal advancements of the Capability Approach.

In this note, we …rstly discuss Chakravarty's (2003) axiomatic foundation of the Generalized Human Development Index (GHDI) then we propose a di¤erent set of axioms through which a class of Foster-Shorrocks-like Human Development Measures phases out. As we will argue, this class better deals with some recent philoso…cal advancements of the Capability Approach.

This study aims at examining the multidimensional energy poverty (MEP) and its determinants in six geo-political zones of rural Nigeria. We utilized the 2018/2019 Nigeria Living Standard Survey (NLSS) data collected by the National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) in collaboration with World Bank. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index (MEPI), Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA), Tobit model, and Pearson correlation. The analysis showed that over 90% of the respondents live below the MEP line with the North East (NE) and South West (SW) having the highest (98.7%) and lowest (82%) respectively. The intensity of MEP at the national level was 0.330. The results of the multidimensional energy poverty index (MEPI) which stood at 0.31 in the country, was highest in the NE (0.345) and lowest in the SW (0.279). Although with varying strength of relationships across the zones, cooking, lighting, and kitchen appliances are notable dimensions that have a ...

Marginality and social exclusion are the pertinent concepts that researchers have tried to link directly or indirectly with the universal issues of poverty and resource constraints. This research tries to find out the extent of multidimensional poverty and its determinants among Christian community living in the slums of the Lahore city of Pakistan, after considering them at the margin of socio-economic systems due to some causal complexes that exclude them from the growth prospects. The urban context is the particular focus of this paper. On the basis of the analytical framework developed, study examines the relationship between marginality and poverty in a systematic manner and investigates the multidimensional poverty among the identified marginal group through a self-administered survey of 1380 individuals belonging to this minority group. We find these people as multidimensional poor, when we apply Alkire and Foster (2011) methodology. The study calculates intensity, depth and severity (M0, M1, and M2) measures of poverty to show more than half of population as multidimensional poor. The later analysis makes the use of Logit and Probit regression techniques to exhibit a strong impact of socio-economic and demographic determinants on the poverty profiles of Christian community.

This document integrates advanced computational methods, an interdisciplinary approach, and empirical insights to analyze the impact of public investment on poverty reduction, gender gap mitigation, and persistent inequalities in socioeconomically disadvantaged regions—particularly those with a high concentration of indigenous populations. The proposed mathematical model, centered on fuzzy logic and regionalized analysis, moves beyond conventional deterministic methods by incorporating cultural, historical, and institutional variables, as well as handling uncertainty in social phenomena (Zadeh, 1965; Sen, 1999). Additionally, this work incorporates the Absurd Logic Evaluation (ALE) framework, which has been applied to the Veracruz region (Medel-López & Medel-Ramírez, 2024) to identify potential mismatches between allocated resources and their practical outcomes. Lessons extracted from such evaluations highlight the need for a more nuanced and context-sensitive approach to public expenditure and policy design (CEPAL, 2022; CONEVAL, 2022; World Bank, 2022).

Nowadays, the Ethiopian government is paying due attention to raise more money from various companies and individuals through taxes. Of the various types of taxes, VAT plays an important role in supporting government revenues. Therefore, farm machinery service providers are expected to charge, collect and transfer VAT when providing their services. The system for the collection of VAT on the supply of taxable goods or services is highly vulnerable to tax avoidance and evasion, especially in the rural areas. Thus, the present study assessed factors that affecting VAT collection from the supplies of farm machinery service, in the case of Bale province, Eastern Ethiopia. To this end, the study used descriptive and explanatory research designs with both quantitative and qualitative approaches of data collection methods. The quantitative data was analyzed by logistic regression analysis and chi-square; while, the descriptive analysis were used to deal with qualitative ones. As the findings of this study show most of the farmers in the study area are deprived of VAT information collected from the provision of the farm machinery services and how taxes are paid for the benefit of the taxpayer and contributing to the general public good. In addition, the poor practice of farmers' invoice requesting was identified as factor that hindered the proper collection of VAT, especially in rural areas. These are directly related to the lack of intensive education and training for farmers on VAT, limited resources in the local revenue offices, and lack of incentives for those farmers who collect VAT invoices. To alleviate these problems, the researchers recommended that it is worth considering improving VAT education for farmers by using various media outlets more accessible to the rural areas. The study also emphasized the need to develop and strengthen a strategy that encourages farmers to claim VAT and other tax invoices.