Mpeg-21

The first step in examining security strategies in pervasive healthcare is cloud computing, because all of these strategies work based on these computations, so in the first step we need to complete our understanding of pervasive computing. In this article, we investigate all security strategies in pervasive healthcare, after identifying and then examine the security of these strategies in the science of pervasive healthcare against potential threats and dangers. We introduce all strategies in general and explain their advantages and disadvantages. Then we determine the advantages of each over the other and determine which strategy or suggestion can solve the shortcomings of the desired strategy .

Based on the assumption that users generally have a tendency to use items recommended by friends rather than strangers and that trust among friends positively correlates with user preference, we decided to refer to research conducted on the emerging field of trust-based recommender system. We propose to integrate the temporal factor in measuring trust between social network friends. A Trusted Friend’s calculation method is developed for determining social trusted friends in Facebook. We have, accordingly, demonstrated the importance of the interactions’ time between users. Afterwards, we have used this method in a semantic tourism recommender system as a smart e-tourism tool able to recommend items based on the users’ preferences and their trusted friends’ preferences. We have also applied our tourism recommender system for the case of medical tourism in Tunisia to help users interested in traveling to Tunisia for medical purposes. Finally, we have implemented the system and collect...

Based on the assumption that users generally have a tendency to use items recommended by friends rather than strangers and that trust among friends positively correlates with user preference, we decided to refer to research conducted on the emerging field of trust-based recommender system. We propose to integrate the temporal factor in measuring trust between social network friends. A Trusted Friend’s calculation method is developed for determining social trusted friends in Facebook. We have, accordingly, demonstrated the importance of the interactions’ time between users. Afterwards, we have used this method in a semantic tourism recommender system as a smart e-tourism tool able to recommend items based on the users’ preferences and their trusted friends’ preferences. We have also applied our tourism recommender system for the case of medical tourism in Tunisia to help users interested in traveling to Tunisia for medical purposes. Finally, we have implemented the system and collect...

In this paper, the accessibility of the interactive television is being discussed seen as a primary factor for its satisfactory adoption and commercial success. This is a presentation of work undertaken in the context of a research project aiming at delivering iTV services to disabled children. The project approaches this objective through the utilization of the upcoming MPEG-21 ISO standard. Based on that, iTV accessibility is faced through metadata and adaptation. This work approaches the accessibility of iTV in a wider manner contrary to previous studies that focus mostly onto the users with low vision. Such a case study is being presented accompanied with a discussion of relevant architectures, technologies and faced design issues.

This paper aims at the delivery of adaptive and personalized multimedia content in interactive IPTV environments, using programmable IP services through the MPEG-21 standard, supporting also features for users with disabilities. Moreover, we propose a system that adapts to users' preferences using profile separation, not only for individual users but also for user groups as a whole. The system takes advantage of explicit and implicit information through the users' interaction with the IPTV environment, while the profile reflects groups of similar users, thus dropping the time needed for matching user patterns and profiles when forming a recommendation. The system works in conjunction with a simulation platform acting as an interaction interface between the IPTV architecture and the prospective viewer. Based on that, interactivity in IPTV is faced through metadata and adaptation.

In this paper, the accessibility of the interactive television (iTV) is being discussed as a primary factor for its satisfactory adoption and commercial success. The work presented here is undertaken in the context of a research project that focuses on delivering iTV services to disabled children. This objective is accomplished through the utilization of the arising MPEG-21 standard. Based on that standard, iTV accessibility is investigated in terms of metadata and content adaptation. The novelty of contribution lies on a systematic methodology that deals with a wide range of accessibility problems contrary to previous studies that focus mostly onto users with only one specific disability.

Abstract. This paper introduces a novel approach for authoring a diversity of multimedia resources (audio, video, text, images, etc). An authoring tool (Developer21) supporting a metadata model according MPEG-21 XML schema files is described. The main scope of Developer21 is to increase interactivity resulting from the use of metadata in several broadcast scenarios in interactive or IP television. In addition to basic functionalities (editing and enrichment of audiovisual contents), innovative content management functionalities of the Developer21 are briefly presented. As the focus of this paper was to provide a brief description of a novel authoring tool for metadata and descriptor management, only core functionalities are presented.

Multimedia content still presented on the web sites. The visualization of multimedia content by the users with disabilities, those that usually use screen readers, is extremely difficult. With the onset of the audio sequence of multimedia presentation it is difficult for users with visual impairs to listen the audio component of presentation and the audio version of the screen readers too, because the two audio streams cannot be controlled using only one volume control. Therefore, because of the difficulties to control the available audio streams and because of the difficulties to access the control buttons by people with disabilities, the multimedia content is often inaccessible for users with visual problems. More than this, the use of dynamic users’ interfaces is a critical problem because the screen-readers cannot detect the dynamics in content changes. The current paper presents some solutions for multimedia content production and distribution in distributed multimedia web pr...

Movies are a part of our everyday life, just as the internet is changing the way we work, play and entertain. But what if you put the two elements together? This paper explores how interactive videos work, and proposes guidelines on how to build a modular video engine, based on an experimental implementation of an interactive movie named Maya.

Healthcare Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) systems use heterogeneous network access technologies to fulfill the requirements of medical services and enhance the health monitoring and care of vehicular users. In such a system, efficient network selection algorithms are required to satisfy the constraints of critical medical services such as health monitoring using sensors, live streaming of medical video and clinical data transmission. Therefore, in this paper a network selection scheme for supporting medical services in VCC systems is proposed.

Virtual tourism is a novel trend that enhances the experience the users perceive from touristic places, such as archaeological sites. Drones are equipped with 360o video cameras and used for video capturing of the heritage sites. The video material is streamed to the users in real time, enriched with additional 3D, Augmented Reality (AR) or Mixed Reality (MR) material. Furthermore, the selection of the appropriate flying route for each drone should be performed, in order to provide a satisfactory tour experience to the user, considering his preferences about specific monuments. To address this issue, this paper describes a heritage route selection scheme for supporting real-time virtual tours in sites with cultural interest using drones. The proposed scheme applies a Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making (FMADM) algorithm, the Trapezoidal Fuzzy Topsis for Heritage Route Selection (TFT-HRS), to accomplish the ranking of the candidate heritage routes. The algorithm uses Interval-Va...

The SAVANT project is developing scalability and synchronisation techniques for delivering multimedia content over a variety of broadcast and IP networks to a variety of user devices. This paper deals with the use of metadata standards such as MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 to drive the automatic adaptation and personalisation of scalable broadcast and Internet content and services.

The SAVANT project is developing scalability and synchronisation techniques for delivering multimedia content over a variety of broadcast and IP networks to a variety of user devices. This paper deals with the use of metadata standards such as MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 to drive the automatic adaptation and personalisation of scalable broadcast and Internet content and services.

We propose a categorical data fuzzy clustering algorithm to classify web documents. We extract a number of words for each thematic area (category) and then, we treat each word as a multidimensional categorical data vector. For each category, we use the algorithm to partition the available words into a number of clusters, where the center of each cluster corresponds to a word. To calculate the dissimilarity measure between two words we use the Hamming distance. Then, the classification of a new document is accomplished in two steps. Firstly, we estimate the minimum distance between this document and all the cluster centers of each category. Secondly, we select the smallest of the above minimum distance and we classify the document in the category that corresponds to this distance.

A widely accepted, and incorrect, assumption towards hearing accessibility in video games is that deaf and hard of hearing (DHH) users are those who encounter the least barriers and are generally well catered for. Rapid advancement in video game technology has seen video game sound evolve from simple blips generated by internal circuitry to fully realised digital audio used to convey critical information. To accommodate the DHH, this information needs to be conveyed in an alternative manner. However, evidence suggests existing accessible design solutions for the DHH lack specificity and are insufficient. Thus, the inability to hear, or hear well, has historically resulted in DHH users left with impeded experience and gameplay. This thesis describes an investigation to address the primary research question: How might accessible video game design practices be facilitated to better accommodate the deaf and hard of hearing? To examine this question, an action research method as part of a transformative mixed methods methodology was used. Data collection procedures included critical analysis of literature, observations, and a cross-sectional self-administered survey for triangulation. The critical analysis of literature exposed issues relating to accessible video game design, particularly in relation to the identification of solutions and technical implementation. Further, issues related to the classification of video game software were identified. This posed potential problems with identification of game design methods and led to the development of a new video game classification model. The new model informed an analysis on the methods used for the design of video games, and results were visually represented and mapped to the different approaches to accessible design. Subsequent analysis determined that a game assessment framework is a suitable approach to facilitating accessible design. Further investigation identified visual feedback as the most suitable form of complementary feedback to game audio. This led to the development of a new model to classify visual feedback elements used in video games, and identification of audio feedback categories based on diegetic film theory. Through triangulation of results, a new game feedback model (GFM) was developed. The GFM was used for observational experimentation to identify and classify individual visual feedback elements used in video games. Each element was analysed and mapped to categories of game sound. The resulting model, with populated data, was used to determine what visual feedback elements may be used to complement specific categories of critical game audio. A survey was subsequently used for triangulation, and resulted in amendments to the final model. Through iterative development, and interpretation of findings, the research culminated in the development of a game assessment framework. The three-step framework aids in the classification of game sounds; assesses the impact of those game sounds; and provides recommendations for complementary visual feedback elements for sounds identified as having an adverse impact on user experience and gameplay if they were to be removed. The framework is innovative and has the potential to provide practical guidance for developers of video games. In addition, this research provides the foundation for future research, with the potential to influence accessible game design for the DHH.

Virtual tours using drones enhance the experience the users perceive from a place with cultural interest. Drones equipped with 360 o cameras perform real-time video streaming of the cultural sites. The user preferences about each monument type should be considered in order the appropriate flying route for the drone to be selected. This paper describes a scheme for supporting personalized real-time virtual tours in sites with cultural interest using drones. The user preferences are modeled using the MPEG-21 and the MPEG-7 standards, while Web Ontology Language (OWL) ontologies are used for the description of the metadata structure and semantics. The Metadata-aware Analytic Network Process (MANP) algorithm is proposed in order the weights about the user preferences for each monument type to be estimated. Subsequently, the Trapezoidal Fuzzy Topsis for Heritage Route Selection (TFT-HRS) algorithm accomplishes ranks the candidate heritage routes. Finally, after each virtual tour, the user preferences metadata are updated in order the scheme to continuously learn about the user preferences.

Virtual tourism is a novel trend that enhances the experience the users perceive from touristic places, such as archaeological sites. Drones are equipped with 360 o video cameras and used for video capturing of the heritage sites. The video material is streamed to the users in real time, enriched with additional 3D, Augmented Reality (AR) or Mixed Reality (MR) material. Furthermore, the selection of the appropriate flying route for each drone should be performed, in order to provide a satisfactory tour experience to the user, considering his preferences about specific monuments. To address this issue, this paper describes a heritage route selection scheme for supporting real-time virtual tours in sites with cultural interest using drones. The proposed scheme applies a Fuzzy Multiple Attribute Decision Making (FMADM) algorithm, the Trapezoidal Fuzzy Topsis for Heritage Route Selection (TFT-HRS), to accomplish the ranking of the candidate heritage routes. The algorithm uses Interval-Valued Trapezoidal Fuzzy Numbers (IVTFN) for the representation of heritage routes evaluation values. Performance evaluation shows that the suggested method produces better results compared to the Fuzzy Topsis (FTOPSIS) by selecting the most appropriate flying route for the drone.

Healthcare Vehicular Cloud Computing (VCC) systems use heterogeneous network access technologies to fulfill the requirements of medical services and enhance the health monitoring and care of vehicular users. In such a system, efficient network selection algorithms are required to satisfy the constraints of critical medical services such as health monitoring using sensors, live streaming of medical video and clinical data transmission. Therefore, in this paper a network selection scheme for supporting medical services in VCC systems is proposed.

The transition to digital in the TV broadcasting industry is already gradually being performed while the complete digital switchover seems now possible to be accomplished within the near future. This article describes and analyses this phenomenon and the role of MPEG-21 may play in it. MPEG-21 is the ISO/IEC standard currently under development in MPEG (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11). Unlike preceding MPEG standards -MPEG-21 does not specify a coding format of the content but rather a set of standards to ease transactions of multimedia content and the provision of digital multimedia services in heterogeneous network environments, including broadcast. In this paper, we highlight the role of MPEG-21 in broadcasting, in particular in the deployment of digital TV services.

The transition to digital in the TV broadcasting industry is already gradually being performed while the complete digital switchover seems now possible to be accomplished within the near future. This article describes and analyses this phenomenon and the role of MPEG-21 may play in it. MPEG-21 is the ISO/IEC standard currently under development in MPEG (ISO/IEC JTC1/SC29/WG11). Unlike preceding MPEG standards -MPEG-21 does not specify a coding format of the content but rather a set of standards to ease transactions of multimedia content and the provision of digital multimedia services in heterogeneous network environments, including broadcast. In this paper, we highlight the role of MPEG-21 in broadcasting, in particular in the deployment of digital TV services.

ABSTRACT Most of the techniques for the cell design (CD) problem in cellular manufacturing (CM) consider only the machine-part incidence matrix as the input. They then convert this matrix into a block diagonal form to create a dedicated and independent cell for each part family, without laying out machines. Yet due to the lack of information on the layout, hence the lack of information on the performance of the shop floor, the benefits of CM cannot be validated. Furthermore, operational issues, e.g. scheduling, have an effect on the CD. However, current techniques are not comprehensive enough for a complete CD which should consider the aforementioned issues as a whole. This paper proposes a two-phase method based on total manufacturing lead time (MLT) reduction to overcome these drawbacks. In the first phase, the system is simulated by considering all of the operational issues under the assumption of zero material handling times to minimize total MLT. Besides minimized total MLT, the first phase also yields the waiting times of parts and the volume of the parts-flow between machines, which are used to find similarity measures between machines in the second phase. The second phase then exploits an algorithm which creates and uses these similarity measures to construct a layout by locating machines with higher similarity next to each other to justify the assumption of minimal total MLT and to minimize total material handling time.

An aspect of the European IST SAVANT (Synchronised and Scalable Audio Visual content Across NeTworks) project is the personalisation of interactive TV systems combining broadcast programmes with additional content transmitted via the Internet. This paper describes scalability by selection of service components within the available services according to user preferences. This service adaptation is based on a developed metadata model. The personalisation techniques used in the first SAVANT prototype were demonstrated at IFA 2003 in Berlin, based on a news scenario. This demonstration showed content scalability by using a TV, a tablet PC and a PDA as display devices in addition to recommendations and personalisation by the selection of appropriate service components.

The SAVANT project is developing scalability and synchronisation techniques for delivering multimedia content over a variety of broadcast and IP networks to a variety of user devices. This paper deals with the use of metadata standards such as MPEG-7 and MPEG-21 to drive the automatic adaptation and personalisation of scalable broadcast and Internet content and services.

In this paper, the accessibility of the interactive television is being discussed seen as a primary factor for its satisfactory adoption and commercial success. This is a presentation of work undertaken in the context of a research project aiming at delivering iTV services to disabled children. The project approaches this objective through the utilization of the upcoming MPEG-21 ISO standard. Based on that, iTV accessibility is faced through metadata and adaptation. This work approaches the accessibility of iTV in a wider manner contrary to previous studies that focus mostly onto the users with low vision. Such a case study is being presented accompanied with a discussion of relevant architectures, technologies and faced design issues.

This paper aims at the delivery of adaptive and personalized multimedia content in interactive IPTV environments, using programmable IP services through the MPEG-21 standard, supporting also features for users with disabilities. Moreover, we propose a system that adapts to users' preferences using profile separation, not only for individual users but also for user groups as a whole. The system takes advantage of explicit and implicit information through the users' interaction with the IPTV environment, while the profile reflects groups of similar users, thus dropping the time needed for matching user patterns and profiles when forming a recommendation. The system works in conjunction with a simulation platform acting as an interaction interface between the IPTV architecture and the prospective viewer. Based on that, interactivity in IPTV is faced through metadata and adaptation.

Interactive IPTV is seen as the future for delivering TV services as it brings all the benefits of computer-based IP networking to the residential viewers. This paper presents the iPersonal IPTV framework that enhances the existing interactive IPTV solution with viewer-oriented personalisation and network and devicebased adaptation. This framework is proposed in order to provide significant benefits in terms of viewers' Quality of Experience and to increase their satisfaction. The iPersonal IPTV framework is exemplified in the area of entertainment distribution to remote residential users.

In this paper we propose a novel approach for authoring a diversity of multimedia resources (audio, video, text, images, etc). We introduce a prototype authoring tool (called M-Tool) relying on a metadata model that unifies MPEG-21 and TV-Anytime descriptions to edit and enrich audiovisual contents with metadata. Additional innovative functionalities extending the M-Tool are also presented. This new generation of metadata authoring tools is designed and currently used for scenarios of TV and News broadcasting, and video on demand broadcasting in the framework of the IST Integrated European Project ENTHRONE.

Multimedia content still presented on the web sites. The visualization of multimedia content by the users with disabilities, those that usually use screen readers, is extremely difficult. With the onset of the audio sequence of multimedia presentation it is difficult for users with visual impairs to listen the audio component of presentation and the audio version of the screen readers

The Advene (Annotate DVd, Exchange on the NEt) project1 is aimed towards communities exchanging discourses (analysis, studies) about au- diovisual documents (e.g. movies) in DVD format. This requires that audiovisual content and hypertext facilities be integrated, thanks to an- notations providing explicit structures on audiovisual streams, upon which hypervideo documents can be engineered. The Advene framework provides models and tools

The Advene (Annotate DVd, Exchange on the NEt) project 1 is aimed towards communities exchanging discourses (analysis, studies) about audiovisual documents (eg movies) in DVD format. This requires that audiovisual content and hypertext facilities be integrated, thanks to annotations providing explicit structures on audiovisual streams, upon which hypervideo documents can be engineered. The Advene framework provides models and tools allowing to design and reuse annotations schemas; annotate video streams ...

In this paper we present an integrated framework for personalized access to interactive entertainment content, using characteristics from the emerging MPEG-21 standard. Our research efforts focus on multimedia content presented within the framework set by today's movie content broadcasting over a variety of networks and terminals. This work contributes to the bridging of the gap between the content and the user, providing end-users with a wide range of real-time interactive services, ranging from plain personalized statistics and optional enhanced in-play visual enhancements to a fully user-and contentadaptive platform. The proposed approach implements and extends a well-known collaborative filtering approach; it applies a hierarchical clustering algorithm on the data towards the scope of group modelling implementation. It illustrates also the benefits from the MPEG-21 components utilization in the process and analyzes the importance of the Digital Item concept. Finally, a use case scenario is presented to illustrate the entire procedure. The core of this work is the novel group modelling approach, on top of the hybrid collaborative filtering algorithm, employing principles of taxonomic knowledge representation and hierarchical clustering theory. The outcome of this framework design is that end-users enhance their personalized viewing experience.

This paper introduces a novel approach for authoring a diversity of multimedia resources (audio, video, text, images, etc). An authoring tool (Developer21) supporting a metadata model according MPEG-21 XML schema files is described. The main scope of Developer21 is to increase interactivity resulting from the use of metadata in several broadcast scenarios in interactive or IP television. In addition to basic functionalities (editing and enrichment of audiovisual contents), innovative content management functionalities of the Developer21 are briefly presented. As the focus of this paper was to provide a brief description of a novel authoring tool for metadata and descriptor management, only core functionalities are presented.

This paper introduces a novel approach for authoring a diversity of multimedia resources (audio, video, text, images, etc). An authoring tool (Developer21) supporting a metadata model according MPEG-21 XML schema files is described. The main scope of Developer21 is to increase interactivity resulting from the use of metadata in several broadcast scenarios in interactive or IP television. In addition to basic functionalities (editing and enrichment of audiovisual contents), innovative content management functionalities of the Developer21 are briefly presented. As the focus of this paper was to provide a brief description of a novel authoring tool for metadata and descriptor management, only core functionalities are presented.

Abstract The Advene (Annotate DVd, Exchange on the NEt) project 1 is aimed towards communities exchanging discourses (analysis, studies) about audiovisual documents (eg movies) in DVD format. This requires that audiovisual content and hypertext facilities be integrated, thanks to annotations providing explicit structures on audiovisual streams, upon which hypervideo documents can be engineered.

Abstract This paper aims at the delivery of adaptive and personalized multimedia content in interactive Internet Protocol TeleVision (IPTV) environments, using programmable IP services through the MPEG-21 standard, also supporting the features for users with disabilities. Moreover, we propose a system that adapts to users' preferences using profile separation, not only for individual users but also for user groups as a whole.

Abstract. This paper describes the development of a networked music application at Trinity College Dublin. Smart Radio is a web based client-server application which uses streaming audio technology and collaborative recommendation techniques to allow users build, manage and share music programmes. While it is generally acknowledged that music distribution over the web will dramatically change how the music industry operates, there are few prototypes available to demonstrate how this could work in an managed way.

The Internet is turning into a participating community where consumers and producers of resources merge into "prosumers", dialectically sharing their knowledge, their interests and needs. This Web 2.0 archetype is now strongly impacting on e-learning methodologies and technologies, by enforcing the participation of students in creating and sharing materials and resources. Overcoming latent alarms introduced by the coming out of new complex tools, e-learning 2.0 represents a new challenge for accessibility. The production of accessible contents can now be turned from an impossible mission centrally managed by teachers and institutions to a joint work of people improving learning materials.

This paper introduces a novel approach for authoring a diversity of multimedia resources (audio, video, text, images, etc). An authoring tool (Developer21) supporting a metadata model according MPEG-21 XML schema files is described. The main scope of Developer21 is to increase interactivity resulting from the use of metadata in several broadcast scenarios in interactive or IP television. In addition to basic functionalities (editing and enrichment of audiovisual contents), innovative content management fiinctionalities of the Developer21 are briefly presented. As the focus of this paper was to provide a brief description of a novel authoring tool for metadata and descriptor management, only core functionalities are presented.

In this paper, the accessibility of the interactive television is being discussed seen as a primary factor for its satisfactory adoption and commercial success. This is a presentation of work undertaken in the context of a research project aiming at delivering iTV services to disabled children. The project approaches this objective through the utilization of the upcoming MPEG-21 ISO standard. Based on that, iTV accessibility is faced through metadata and adaptation. This work approaches the accessibility of iTV in a wider manner contrary to previous studies that focus mostly onto the users with low vision. Such a case study is being presented accompanied with a discussion of relevant architectures, technologies and faced design issues.

This paper introduces a novel approach for intelligent content personalisation in internet TV using the new MPEG-21 standard in the framework of an ongoing project, which aims at the delivery of interactive TV (iTV) services to disabled children. The approach includes the development of an authoring tool for a diversity of multimedia resources supporting a metadata model according to MPEG-21. The authoring tool works in conjunction with a simulation platform, acting as an interaction interface between our internet TV architecture and the prospective viewer. Based on that, interactivity in IP Television accessibility services is faced through metadata and adaptation.