Merovingian and Carolingian

Les administrateurs musulmans de la Syrie, de la Palestine et surtout de l’Egypte ont utilise des objets de verre inscrits (plus precisement, estampilles), probablement afin de garantir l’honnetete des transactions commerciales et peut-etre de les reguler. Ce materiel nous renseigne sur les produits de premiere necessite les plus vendus dans les souks d’Egypte et donne une image tres vivante du commerce de detail. Il pose de nombreux problemes, de lecture d’abord, mais aussi de concordance entre les systemes de poids en verre, de monnaies metalliques, les denominations et les prix qui, naturellement, ont varie au cours des siecles. Aucun texte ancien n’existe qui permette de les resoudre. La Bibliotheque nationale et universitaire de Strasbourg (BNU) possede une des collections de ces verres estampilles, tres majoritairement egyptiens, parmi les plus importantes au monde. L’ouvrage donne une description detaillee et illustree des 201 objets les plus anciens. Une introduction traite ...

In un precedente saggio, dedicato al pitagorismo, ho iniziato a esaminare, con un approccio falsificazionista, l'idea che la tradizione occidentale non conosca una cultura del silenzio. Il seguente articolo intende proseguire questa analisi, concentrando l'attenzione sul monachesimo cristiano, vedendo il silenzio alla stregua di una tecnica del corpo.

Ungerman, Š. 2025: Mediterranean Roots of Great Moravian Luxury Jewellery. In: Bosselmann-Ruickbie, A. – Daim, F. – Greiff, S. (eds.), The Preslav Treasure from Bulgaria (Tenth Century). Historical Context, Excavations, Objects and Technology. Byzanz zwischen Orient und Okzident 29. Mainz: LEIZA Verlag, 167–186.

Gold and silver jewellery of the type termed »Great Moravian« in current research literature is found in cemeteries from the ninth and the first half of the tenth centuries in areas of the former Czechoslovakia and western Hungary. Since the inter-war period, Czech and Slovakian archaeologists have been concerned with the question of the origin of this jewellery. In this chapter, selected jewellery types are analysed with regard to this question, using the widest possible territorial range. Earrings with four beads made of sheet metal rank among the types of jewellery with supra-regional distribution. Outside Great Moravia, they occur in a large geographical area stretching from Crete to Bornholm. In different regions, examples of this type are characterised by specific features of construction and decoration, but they (more or less) follow Byzantine models. Great Moravian earrings with basket beads made of beaded wire have less numerous parallels in other parts of Europe, but the pair of golden earrings from the Preslav Treasure especially demonstrate that such earrings are by no means a Great Moravian invention. However, we cannot rule out the possibility that some subtypes are genuine Great Moravian products, especially those lacking exact parallels in other parts of Europe, e.g., earrings with a biconical accumulation of basket beads under the lower arc. Finger-rings with hollow hemispherical bezels that are completely covered with coarse granulation are another example of a supra-regional type that spread from the eastern Mediterranean region to southeast, central and eastern Europe.

Prestiti, indebitamento morale e biblioteche di corte: il progetto culturale di
Carlo Magno e il suo retaggio. I “networks of exchange” di manoscritti,
alimentati dall’impegno carolingio di essere testimoni del passato e attivi
punti di trasmissione della cultura (secc. VIII-IX)

Die hier vorgestellte Gruppe von charakteristischen
Laschenbeschlägen mit vegetabiler, figürlicher und
‚geometrischer Zier ist gering an Zahl, aber geographisch
weit verbreitet. Die Funde können hinsichtlich
ihrer Datierung und Funktion derzeit nicht befriedigend
archäologisch angesprochen werden. Ihre Ornamentik
bietet allerdings reichlich Raum für kunsthistorische
Analysen und verweist Großteils in spätottonische und
salische Zeit. Bezüglich der Funktion wird eine Verwendung
am Reitzeug als Steigriemenbeschläge vorgeschlagen.
Offen erscheinen der Ursprung sowie die Verbreitungswege
der Beschläge zwischen den Schwerpunkten
Süddeutschland, Friesland bzw. Flandern und dem
Süden und Südosten Englands.

Schlüsselwörter: Bronzebeschlag, Reitzeug, Steigbügel,
Steigriemenbeschlag, Hochmittelalter, ottonisch-salisch

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The group of distinctive lug mounts with vegetal,
figural, and geometric decoration is small in number
but geographically widespread. The finds cannot be
satisfactorily addressed archaeologically in terms of
their dating and function. However, their ornamentation
offers ample room for art historical analysis and
points mostly to the late Ottonian and Salian periods.
Concerning the function, a use on the riding gear as
stirrup-strap-mounts is suggested. The origin and the
distribution centers of the mounts between southern
Germany, Friesland and Flanders and the south and
southeast of England seem to be open.

Keywords: Bronze mount, riding gear, stirrups, stirrupstrap-
mount, High Middle Ages, Ottonian, Salian

At the death of Lothair I (855), the denari issued in the Kingdom of Italy stopped bearing the name of the mint of origin. They adopted the representation of a church in the form of a tetrastyle temple accompanied by the legend XPISTIANA RELIGIO, which would remain in exclusive use until 905/10, then progressively abandoned during the 10th century.
Thanks to the availability of a new set of coins from excavations, and a large group of specimens recently rediscovered in public and private collections, it is now possible establish with greater accuracy their mint of origin and assume a break in the monetary unity of the Kingdom of Italy at the beginning of the 10th century, i.e., more than fifty years earlier than usually believed.

Il nous a récemment été présenté par un particulier les photographies d’un ensemble de six deniers mérovingiens que nous reproduisons ci-dessous avec son aimable autorisation. Nous ignorons le contexte de la découverte mais elles auraient jadis été découvertes sur la commune de La Chapelle-en-Serval (Oise). Compte tenu du fait que ces monnaies aient été découvertes ensemble et de la présence de trois monnaies inédites, il nous paraissait important de les publier.

Il a récemment été publié sur un forum un triens mérovingien en or qui aurait été découvert en Bretagne . Cette monnaie a un diamètre de 13 millimètres et pèse 1,19 gramme. Elle présente à l’avers la légende + TEVDOVALDOS MO autour d’une croix latine aux extrémités fourchues posée sur deux degrés et un annelet pointé, accostée des lettres A/C et au revers la légende + T[E]LONNO FIT autour d’un buste diadémé à droite (fig. 1).

L’épisode amarnien, qui survient au milieu du XIVe s. av. n. è., est marqué par le culte du globe solaire Aton, élevé par le pharaon Amenhotep IV-Akhénaton au rang de divinité unique. L’impact de ce changement, sans égal dans l’histoire de l’Égypte pharaonique, résonne dans bien des domaines notamment celui de la religion.

Source créatrice par sa lumière solaire et vivifiante pour tout être vivant, Aton n’est associé qu’au temps diurne et ne poursuit pas son cycle dans le monde souterrain comme le dieu Rê. Des concepts tels que la mort ainsi que l’au-delà se voient donc être redéfinis et modifiés durant la période amarnienne. La disparition de représentations du dieu Osiris dans les tombes de la cité antique, ainsi que l’absence de formules funéraires traditionnelles accentuent cette idée et laissent supposer une soudaine « inexistence » de l’au-delà.

Si les rares représentations de funérailles sont surtout attestées dans la tombe royale d’Amarna, l’objectif de cette conférence est de mettre en lumière non pas l’une d’entre elles mais une scène privée figurant dans la tombe du dignitaire Houya (TA 01). Gravée sur le mur est de son sanctuaire, la scène présente le personnage embaumé, entouré de personnes endeuillées et devant lequel sont présentées des offrandes. Seule illustration de ce type retrouvée dans la nécropole des nobles de la ville, la figuration des rites funéraires d’Houya, rappelle l’usage premier de l’espace funéraire qu’elle occupe : la préparation du corps mort. Cette conférence sera donc l’opportunité à la fois d’examiner l’iconographie de cette scène, mais également d’explorer en profondeur la conception de la vie post-mortem sous le règne d’Akhénaton.

Merovingian obols, half-deniers from the years 670-750, have the unusual feature of being uniface. This is exceptional in French coin production, unlike Germanic tradition. The corpus now includes 103 obols, making it possible to undertake a statistical study. Analysis of the dies shows that the same ones were used for deniers and obols, and that in a large number of cases the blanks were superimposed in order to strike them simultaneously in pairs. The circulation area of these Merovingian obols is a region between the south of Neustria and the north of Aquitaine, to the north of the Melle mines where the mints were located.
Please note this article is published with Brepols Publishers as a Gold Open Access article under a Creative Commons CC 4.0: BY-NC license.

The article is also freely available on the website of Brepols Publishers https://www.brepolsonline.net/action/showBook?doi=10.1484%2FM.WSA-EB.5.144042 under this same license.

Foranyone interested in the period of late antiquity it seems all too familiar that law, legal texts and legal knowledge are subject to highlycomplex processes of selecting materials,e xtracting individual passages, interpreting them and adding commentaries. Both the Theodosian Code and the Justinianic codification projects provide ample evidence of how collectingindividual decrees, jurists' commentaries and general regulations and assembling them within one codex allowed for the systematization of the material contained therein. At the same time, acodification of lawwould lead to asuppression of alternative norms.¹ Much of this work was carried out by jurists commissioned by the state or indeedt he ruler.This still holds true for the first official redaction of the Theodosian Code with its novels and additions, the so-called Breviarium Alaricianum or Lex Romana Visigothorum,compiled under the Visigothic King Alaric II in Southwestern Gaul shortlyafter 500.² However,when tracing the numerous compilations and epitomes that were produced on the basis of the Theodosian Code and Alaric'sbreviary in the post-Roman West between the 6 th and 8 th centuries (such as the Epitome Aegidii,t he Epitome Parisina or the Epitome * The paper originallydeliveredb yS tefan Esders at the Zurich conference,beingm orei ntroductory in character,u nderwent significant changesa nd considerable extension, as the project appliedf or fundingt ogether with Eef Overgaauw( Staatsbibliothek zu Berlin) was fortunatelyg rantedb yt he Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft in 2017.F or this reason, what had been am ereo utline of further research presented at the Zurich conference in 2016,became substantiallyaugmented in the course of the project by Michael Eber and Till Stüber,both research associates within the project,and by David Ganz, whoa saMercatorf ellow joined the group in 2018. Although this article is ar esulto fajoint collaboration and of intense communication within the project,the readerw ill hardlyescape to notice that individualp arts were for al arge part written by individual authors, such as chapter 1b y David Ganz, chapter4b yT illS tüber and chapter 6b yM ichael Eber.H owever,t he resulti sm uch morethan the sum of its individual parts. -We would very much like to thank Albert Fenton for correcting and improvingt he languageo ft his article.  On the methodsand aims of late antique legal compilations,see especiallyJohn F. Matthews,Laying Down the Law: AStudyofthe Theodosian Code, New Haven2001 and some of the essays collected in Jill Harries and Ian. N. Wood (eds.), The Theodosian Code.

In 832, the Frankish emperor Lothar I promulgated a capitulary in the royal palace of Pavia („Hlotharii capitulare Papiense“) confirming selected chapters of the capitularies of his predecessors Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. These chapters are mostly cited verbatim, but some (chs. 3, 12, 13) seem to have no equivalent in earlier capitularies and are therefore usually considered to be new provisions by Lothar himself. The article focuses particularly on ch. 13 containing provisions for the office of notary. It includes a clause that has been interpreted as a prohibition against notaries in the service of counts writing charters outside their own county. This article argues for an alternative interpretation: that the chapter aims only to ensure that transfers of property certified by notaries are always certified in the region in which the property is located. Moreover, the chapter very likely refers to a decree by Louis the Pious of 818/819 („Capitula legibus addenda“, ch. 6). It thus emerges that ch. 13 of the „Capitulare Papiense“ does in fact take up a provision by Lothar’s predecessors, and the same can be suggested for ch. 12. According to the latter chapter, unfree people are ineligible to attain their freedom based on the 30-year term of Roman law if one of their parents was unfree. This coincides largely with a known provision ascribed to Louis the Pious in the „Liber Papiensis“, which has not hitherto been connected with Lothar’s capitulary. It can thus be considered the model, adopted and slightly modified by Lothar, for ch. 12. These new findings make it highly probable that ch. 3, for which no source has yet been identified, also repeats an older provision of Charlemagne or Louis the Pious, now lost.

Het wetenschappelijk jaarboek De Vrije Fries biedt een platform voor wetenschappelijke en essayistische bijdragen op het terrein van de Friese geschiedenis, kunst, literatuur en archeologie. De plaatsing van de Friese 'stof' in een bredere context is daarbij gewenst. In het themagedeelte is er aandacht voor actuele thema's of onderwerpen die wetenschappelijk vernieuwend zijn en tegelijkertijd breed en maatschappelijk relevant zijn. Kopij dient digitaal te worden aangeleverd, opgemaakt volgens richtlijnen die bij het redactiesecretariaat kunnen worden opgevraagd. De Vrije Fries kent een dubbele peer review-procedure en is geïndexeerd door de European Science Foundation (ERIH PLUS). Deze bijdragen zijn in de inhoudsopgave gemerkt met een *.

Iedereen die geïnteresseerd is in munten uit de hoge middeleeuwen kent de naam Hermann Dannenberg (1824-1905). In de jaren 1876-1905 publiceerde hij zijn hoofdwerk Die Deutschen Münzen der sächsischen und fränkischen Kaiserzeit. 1 Talloze nieuwe vondsten, vooral in Scandinavië, hebben het aantal bekende typen sinds de tijd van Dannenberg sterk uitgebreid. Veel munten zijn sindsdien ook opnieuw gedetermineerd en toegewezen aan andere muntheren en/of munthuizen. Ondanks deze beperkingen bleef de Dannenberg tot deze zomer het standaard-en naslagwerk voor hoogmiddeleeuwse Duitse munten. Na tientallen jaren werk vervangt Bernd Kluge, de voormalige directeur van het Berlijnse muntenkabinet, Dannenberg nu met een nieuw handboek getiteld Die Münzen des Ostfränkisch-Deutschen Reiches von 843 bis 1125. Het eerste deel verscheen in een kleine oplage, die niet in de vrije handel is verschenen; de delen zijn met name online raadpleegbaar (MODR, www.klugenumismatik. de/MODR.html). 2 Het werk omvat de periode van de late Karolingers (vanaf het Verdrag van Verdun), de Ottoniërs en de Saliërs. Ter gelegenheid van zijn 75ste verjaardag werden de eerste delen van dit opus magnum in juni feestelijk gepubliceerd in Berlijn. Kluge begon met de basistypecatalogi voor Frankrijk, Vlaanderen, België, Nederland en Luxemburg. Voor de gebieden in het hertogdom Neder-Lotharingen kon hij steunen op het fundamentele werk van Peter Ilisch (1947-2023). 3 Kluge volgt Ilisch niet in alle gevallen. Soms blijft hij bij de eerdere beoordelingen, in andere gevallen doet hij nieuwe voorstellen. Er wordt gewerkt aan meer typecatalogi, de volledige basistypecatalogus

The practice of oblation, the giving of children to a religious community to be brought up and educated, is as old as monasticism itself. Oblation was a means by which parents were able to dispose of unwanted offspring and be fairly confident that they would be cared for by others. Many had arrived in childhood, through an irrevocable act of parental sacrifice (oblatio). Parents gave their daughters to God, following the biblical example of Hannah offering her son Samuel at the Temple. In recent decades various studies on childhood have outlined some guidelines laid down by the Church concerning oblation, and it is clear enough the status of an oblate in the Roman world, but female oblation needs more research. Therefore, this article aims to analyze oblation from a gender perspective and precisely to study the ancient norms on consecrated girls (monastic rules, councils) and the main female figures donated to God at an early age between the 5th and 7th centuries.

The Slavs are a major ethnolinguistic group of Europe, yet the process that led to their formation remains disputed. As of the sixth century CE, people supposedly belonging to the Slavs populated the space between the Avar Khaganate in the Carpathian Basin, the Merovingian Frankish Empire to the West and the Balkan Peninsula to the South. Proposed theories to explain those events are, however, conceptually incompatible, as some invoke major population movements while others stress the continuity of local populations.
We report high-quality genomic data of  18 individuals from  two nearby burial sites in  South Moravia that  span from  the  fifth to  the  tenth century CE, during  which the  region became the  core of  the  ninth century Slavic principality. In contrast to  existing data, the  individuals reported here can be directly connected to  an  Early Slavic- associated culture and  include the earliest known inhumation associated with  any such culture.

The eleventh century marked a significant transformation in English horse equipment, characterized by an unprecedented proliferation of copper-alloy horse tack. Analysing 3086 finds from the Portable Antiquities Scheme (PAS), this research reveals a nearly 30-fold increase in copper-alloy horse equipment from the tenth to eleventh centuries, with 62% of finds being stirrup components. This study examines this 'explosion' through technological, economic and social lenses. Copper-alloy horse tack emerged amid complex developments in urban metalworking, equestrian culture and status signification. While often associated with Viking and Norman conquests, the material shift reflects broader cultural negotiations rather than simple technological transfer. Notably, the research unveils a robust north-south divide in horse tack distribution, with the North East showing significantly fewer copper-alloy finds. This regional variation challenges assumptions of cultural uniformity and suggests localized material culture dynamics. The results highlights how decontextualized archaeological artefacts can provide profound insights into socio-political and economic changes, offering a sophisticated understanding of human-horse relationships in Medieval England.

Titulo:  La sacralizacion de la guerra en la Antiguedad Tardia: la batalla de Carcasona (589) y los otros 300 Title:  The sacralization of war in Late Antiquity: the battle of Carcassonne (589) and the other 300 [ES] Resumen : En este estudio nos proponemos abordar un pensamiento clave dentro del imaginario colectivo de la Antiguedad Tardia: el juicio de Dios como categoria historica asociada a un esquema pecado-castigo y como esta idea afecta a la cosmovision visigoda de la guerra, puesto que produce la intervencion divina que dirime el resultado final de la contienda, lo que en consecuencia genera un proceso de sacralizacion de la guerra. Pretendemos conseguir el objetivo anteriormente expuesto a traves del estudio de los pasajes que aparecen en las fuentes literarias visigodas y francas de la batalla de Carcasona. De este modo, demostraremos el pensamiento latente de la epoca y el esquema mental que subyace en sus historiadores, puesto que la batalla sera tomada como un castigo p...

Oleg de Normandie se présente comme un historien qui prétend dévoiler la vraie histoire, celle des celto-odinique. Dans un débat sur la chaine Arcana, il a prétendu démontrer que les Mérovingiens étaient de religion christo-odinique, la sienne. Il se présente également comme un prophète de cette religion. En réalité, il n'est qu'un ignorant qui tente de vendre ses produits et d'être suivi par le plus grand nombre.

Humanities seem to be just an instrumental aspect in Benedictine monasticism as well as in Benedict’s life. Nevertheless, hagiographical, exegetical and epistolary works by Gregory the Great reveal that it’s precisely the monastic orientation of intellectual life to the theological principles of spiritual perfection that defines the dimensions of philosophy in Latin Early Middle Ages

Archeologie van de Middeleeuwen en de Moderne Tijden in de drie Belgische gewesten en aangrenzende gebieden Archéologie du Moyen Âge et des Temps Modernes dans les trois régions belges et les pays limitrophes Mittelalterliche und Neuzeitliche Archäologie in den drei Belgischen Regionen und Nachbargebieten

Der Beitrag untersucht die Rolle, die die Kirche von Arles und ihre Bischöfe im Frühmittelalter bei der Verbreitung kirchenrechtlicher Normen spielten. Wie neue Erkenntnisse zur handschriftlichen Überlieferung dieser Texte zeigen, war insbesondere der Einfluss der von Knut Schäferdiek entdeckten "ältesten Kanonessammlung der arelatenser Kirche" weitreichender als bisher bekannt.

Auf dem Grundstück des bislang ältesten datierten Wohngebäudes im Kreis Reutlingen, des Gebäudes Pfäfflinshofstraße 4 in Reutlingen, wurde von August bis Oktober 1996 eine archäologische Untersuchung als Lehrgrabung der Universität Tübingen unter Leitung von Frau Prof. B. Scholkmann durchgeführt. Zur Finanzierung des Projekts trug ein namhafter Betrag des Landesdenkmalamtes Baden-Württemberg, Stuttgart bei, die technische Ausstattung stellte das Landesdenkmalamt, Referat Mittelalterarchäologie der Außenstelle Tübingen, zur Verfügung. Im Rahmen eines Auswertungspraktikums und darüber hinaus bemühten sich zahlreiche Studierende um die Aufarbeitung des Fundmaterials. Die archäologische Untersuchung war aufgrund von zu erwartenden Bodeneingriffen im Zuge der Neugestaltung der Pfäfflinshofstraße notwendig geworden. Sie wurde nach Abbruch des bauarchäologisch erforschten Gebäudes durchgeführt. Das Ausgangsniveau bildete die dadurch entstandene moderne Oberfläche. Um die Verknüpfung der un...

Apollinaris, bishop of Valence, was the brother of the famous Avitus of Vienne, but his biography is practically limited by that. Apollinaris was canonized in Merovingian times, and the only source that can expand our knowledge is the Life of Apollinaris. This hagiographical text about the last years of the life of Apollinaris reached our time. The Life was first published in the 17 th century and was considered a reliable Merovingian text, but in the 19 th century, the German researcher B. Krusch suggested that it was a Carolingian forgery. In this connection it is necessary to analyse the authenticity of the Life and the relevance of the information it contains about the bishop's own personal history and cult.  A critical analysis of the Life, along with verification of its dating and the reliability of the data concerning the time of the saint's lifetime, has enabled the refutation of B. Krusch's arguments, which asserted that the text was a Carolingian forgery. The author compiled the text in the first person and adequately reflected the realities of the early sixth century. The Life was written by a contemporary who personally accompanied the saint on his journey to Arles and Marseilles. This trip was made after the Burgundian king Sigismund was overthrown in 523, when the Gallic prefecture of the Ostrogothic kingdom took over Provence up to the Isere River. Since, according to the Life, Apollinaris died soon after this journey, it is possible to assume that the death of the saint himself occurred around 524-525. The Life of Apollinaris is a reliable source and is an example of Merovingian hagiography of the mid-6th century. This text allows us to reconstruct the last years of Apollinaris' life and to determine the time of his bishopric as 490/491-524/525. In addition, the Life demonstrates that the cult of St. Apollinaris began to develop immediately after the saint's death.

Merovingian royal court's records of proceedings allow one to make a judgment on the ways in which dynasties sought to legitimize their rule. The investigation of the placita shows that the legal principles they sought to prove and defend were of fairly limited social significance since it could be expected that many of the widows would enter the protection of the church, and in particular, of the monastery of St-Denis. I argue that these court proceedings were the way for the literate people around the kings to tap a hidden source of authority, the power of a judge that had been known to Romans as part of the barbarians' polity since Tacitus, to let the dynasty carry on despite obvious signs to the contrary.

Merovingian royal court's records of proceedings allow one to make a judgment on the ways in which dynasties sought to legitimize their rule. The investigation of the placita shows that the legal principles they sought to prove and defend were of fairly limited social significance since it could be expected that many of the widows would enter the protection of the church, and in particular, of the monastery of St-Denis. I argue that these court proceedings were the way for the literate people around the kings to tap a hidden source of authority, the power of a judge that had been known to Romans as part of the barbarians' polity since Tacitus, to let the dynasty carry on despite obvious signs to the contrary.

Flüsse bilden natürliche Verbindungen für den Personen- und Warenverkehr. Um die Wasserfahrzeuge be- oder entladen zu können, werden Landeplätze benötigt, die zu Häfen ausgebaut werden können. Ergänzend dazu entstehen Siedlungen an Land, aus denen sich Orte mit Zentralcharakter entwickeln können. In der vorliegenden Studie wird dieser Vorgang für Altbayern von der Spätlaténe- und Römerzeit bis ins 13. Jahrhundert diachron betrachtet. Bislang ist die Bedeutung der Fluss-Anbindung in diesem Raum unterschätzt worden. Weiterhin werden archäologisch nachgewiesene Landeplätze behandelt und die verschiedenen Wasserfahrzeuge einschließlich ihrer Fortbewegungsmethoden vorgestellt.

Paul-Bernhard Eipper: Die Reinigung von Perlen und Perlmutt

Provides an overview of pearls and mother-of-pearl as well as conservation-oriented methods for cleaning them. The author begins by describing the origins, structure, characteristics, and use of "real," freshwater, and cultured pearls as well as of mother-of-pearl. The primary criteria for valuing pearls (size, luster, purity, color) are also presented. The author provides an overview of the cultural significance of pearls. The author also urges additional caution in the treatment of mother-of-pearl, given that it is softer than pearl. The article concludes with a five-step guide for cleaning pearls and mother-of-pearl, which involves a combination of both dry and wet cleaning methods.

УДК 94(44)015, 94(44)017 Д. Н. Старостин ХИНКМАР РЕЙМСКИЙ И СТРУКТУРА КОРОЛЕВСТВА ФРАНКОВ В КОНЦЕ IX в. В статье рассматриваются воззрения Хинкмара, архиепископа Реймского, на структуру королевства франков в конце IX в. Его трактат «De ordine palatii» появился тогда, когда среди самих каролингских правителей сложились разные и подчас противоречащие друг другу представления о принципах раздела власти и королевства. В статье показано, что воззрения Хинкмара были достаточно оригинальными и что они представляли собой попытку взять в качестве идеала период правления Людовика Благочестивого, когда единство королевства было основано не только на воле верховного правителя, но и на таком разделе земель королевства, который подразумевал четкое деление на центр и периферию. Библиогр. 19 назв. Ключевые слова: королевство франков, династическая политика, Верденский раздел, империя.

Tam adı Lupus Servatus olan Ferrieres'li Lupus, 805 yılında Bavyeralı bir babanın ve Frank bir annenin oğlu olarak dünyaya gelmiştir. Erken yaşlarda Paris yakınlardaki Ferrieres manastırına öğrenci olarak verilmiştir. 862 yılına kadar geçen ömrü gerek edebi gerek idari anlamda bir hayli üretken geçmiştir. İlk önce Karolenj İmparatoru Ludovicus'un sonrasında da onun oğlu Batı Frankia Kral Karl'ın danışma meclisinde yer almıştır. Hayatı süresince kaleme aldığı ve ona yazılan çok sayıda mektup günümüze ulaşmıştır. Bu mektuplar entelektüel, askeri, siyasi ve dini başta olmak üzere birçok farklı konudadır. Karolenj İmparatorluğu'nun parçalanması ile sonuçlanan iç savaşta yer alan biri olması Lupus'un mektuplarını IX. yüzyıl Frankiası'nın anlaşılması için çok değerli bir eser haline getirmektedir. Ayrıca Orbais'li Godescalcus'un kader tartışması ve Viking Çağı'nın başlangıcı Lupus'un mektuplarının önemini arttırmaktadır. Çalışmada Lupus'un mektuplarından yola çıkılarak karakteri, ilişkileri ve IX. yüzyıldaki Karolenj İmparatorluğu'nun askeri, siyasi, entelektüel ve diplomatik durumunun anlaşılması amaçlanmaktadır.

Pour la troisieme fois en vingt-cinq ans, la Wallonie a accueilli les Iournees internationales de l'Association francaise d'Archeologie merovingienne (AFAM). Apres Namur en 1999 et Tournai en 2004, c'etait au tour de Liege d'accueillir en 2023 cet important collogue annuel. Ces 43• [ournees ont ete organisees par l'AFAM, l'Universite de Liege, l'Agence wallonne du Patrimoine et l'Universite catholique deLouvain.