Mental Maps

Il paesaggio, come sottolineato dalle Convenzioni europee, è caratterizzato da una natura  complessa e mutevole che necessita di metodologie di rappresentazioni sempre più interdisciplinari, articolate e accessibili. In questo  contesto, l’articolo esamina l’utilizzo dell’HGIS  (Historical Geographic Information Systems)  come strumento per la rappresentazione del  paesaggio culturale.  L’articolo evidenzia come l’HGIS gestisca efficacemente database estesi e integri dati eterogenei, essenziali per la conservazione del  patrimonio, la ricerca scientifica e la divulgazione culturale. Sono discusse le varie tipologie  di dati integrabili nell’HGIS, suddivise in fonti  grafiche, scritte e acustiche; inoltre, vengono  individuati alcuni filoni di ricerca che applicano l’HGIS alla rappresentazione del paesaggio.  Nonostante le sfide tecniche e alcune critiche  sollevate all’interno delle discipline storiche,  l’HGIS emerge come uno strumento fondamentale per condurre analisi spaziali in ambito storico. Nell’articolo viene proposta la struttura di  un modello HGIS finalizzato allo studio dell’influenza angloamericana sul paesaggio fiorentino del XIX secolo evidenziando il potenziale  dell’HGIS nel fornire una comprensione integrata e approfondita del paesaggio.  In conclusione, l’HGIS si adatta alle istanze di  gestione del patrimonio più contestualizzata  e integrata. L’HGIS emerge come un approccio innovativo nell’esplorazione del paesaggio  storico-culturale, fornendo una prospettiva olistica e multidimensionale sul patrimonio paesaggistico e storico.

Während des Zweiten Weltkrieges ermordeten die Deutschen und ihre Helfershelfer insgesamt etwa sechs Millionen Juden, von denen die Hälfte aus Polen stammte. Das NS-Regime wählte dieses Land zum Tatort unvorstellbarer Verbrechen am jüdischen Volk. Angesichts dessen wird in wissenschaftlichen und publizistischen Kreisen immer wieder die Frage laut, wie die "Republik in der Konspiration"-so formulierte es der Hauptkommandant des Bundes für den Bewaffneten Kampf der Heimatarmee (Związek Walki Zbrojnej Armii Krajowej, ZWZ-AK), General Stefan Rowecki-, also wie der polnische Untergrundstaat auf die Ermordung seiner jüdischen Mitbürger reagierte. Die nachfolgenden Überlegungen gehen in wesentlichen Grundzügen auf die Informationspolitik des ZWZ-AK und der Vertretung der Londoner Exilregierung in Polen in Bezug auf den Holocaust ein.

Data on how Stone Age communities conceived domestic and utilitarian structures are limited to a few examples of schematic and non-accurate representations of various-sized built spaces. Here, we report the exceptional discovery of the up-to-now oldest realistic plans that have been engraved on stones. These engravings from Jordan and Saudi Arabia depict ‘desert kites’, humanmade archaeological mega-traps that are dated to at least 9,000 years ago for the oldest. The extreme precision of these engravings is remarkable, representing gigantic neighboring Neolithic stone structures, the whole design of which is impossible to grasp without seeing it from the air or without being their architect (or user, or builder). They reveal a widely underestimated mental mastery of space perception, hitherto never observed at this level of accuracy in such an early context. These representations shed new light on the evolution of human discernment of space, communication, and communal activities in...

The article investigates the development of plastic arts in the 16 th century in France during the reign of the king Francis I of the Valois dynasty, who gathered at their court the best Italian, Flemish and French painters and sculptors of the era and formed a cultural and creative environment that promoted the portrait genre development. The objects of research were portrait images of Francis I created by court masters in various types of plastic arts: painting, sculpture, drawing, engraving, medal art.

Вранці, в суботу, 24 травня 1952 року, об 11-й годині дня студенти виявили в саду у дворі філологічного факультету Чернівецького університету на дереві на 10-метровій висоті-національний синьо-жовтий прапор та ОУНівську листівку «До молоді». Чергове свідчення віковічного прагнення до незалежності України та до національного прапора. Подія викликала неабияку стурбованість у Києві та навіть у Москві, а Чернівецьке МГБ стало об'єктом критики через неспроможність виявити «зловмисників».

This paper in progress is concerned with two dimensions of a specific kind of Mesopotamian geometrization: the astronomical and mathematical geometrical endowment of the winds. This paper is not concerned with the literary winds that blow over the kibrat erbetti (four quarters) of the world, conflating them with its whole expanse. Rather, it is about those winds which, in certain astronomical compendia and diagrams, act as compass points tying the orientation of the sky to the plane of the earth. Sources from this dimension include the early 1st Millennium MUL.APIN astronomical compendium and various “astrolabes” depicted on clay tablets. In
another vein, the metrology of surveying texts does not directly call upon the winds, yet the use of mathematics in the making of their geometrical figures adds depth to the Hellenistic BagM. Beih. 02, no.98, a compass representing winds and time. This second dimension calls into question the relationship between land surveying tablets and existing built structures, especially
with respect to foundation inscriptions buried under temples, pointing to their orientation in space according to the winds. The large time-span covered in this paper as well as some comparison points to the Greek process of geometrizing the winds into wind-roses make it more
speculative in nature. However, the overall aim of the project is to inspire new meaning in the polyvalent winds of Antiquity. The interaction of natural wind directions with geometrical relationships creates a product which is neither cultural nor natural. While stars and constellations have been seen in such a mode for the entire span of studies on ancient exact sciences, I argue that this unique status may be extended to other natural phenomena, closer to
the ground.

This essay offers a new reading of narratives of Jewish migration from the MENA region drawing on the preface to Tumat Yesharim (Jerusalem, 1989), a biblical exegesis by Rabbi Gabriel Elgrabli (spelled Eli-Qrabli). A Moroccan-born adherent of the (Anti-Zionist) Lithuanian Haredi Musar movement, Elgrabli engaged deeply with a tradition that emphasized ethical self-discipline. Composed in Israel of the 1980s, his autobiographical narrative charts a spiritual journey from Meknes to Jerusalem-through Europe and the Americas-in contrast to the singular path to the Holy Land that is often affirmed. As I argue, Elgrabli's writing resists both Zionist cartographies that privilege Israel as an endpoint and the inward-facing, self-isolating path to perfection that the Musar model promotes. Instead, his journey exemplifies a diasporic spirituality rooted in displacement, divine providence, and ethical calling-a cartography animated not by destination but by personal transformation and ability to become a moral compass for the Sephardi grassroots. By weaving together Sephardi memory, Musar discipline, and geographic multiplicity, Elgrabli offers a unique model of mental maps. His account challenges dominant narratives of origin and return, presenting instead a layered map of spiritual becoming-rather than homecoming. * I am grateful to Yuval Haruvi for bringing this source to my attention. I also wish to thank Noah Gerber and Eliezer Hayoun for their valuable feedback on the subsection in this essay, titled Israeli Sephardi Haredism.

This article explores the changing urban form and society of waterfront Liverpool in the last generation of the city's role as a traditional general cargo seaport. Deriving much of its evidence from a collaborative public history project, it demonstrates the continuing vitality of the near waterfront zone into the 1960s, and interprets the subsequent sudden collapse of the district with the closure of the south docks in 1972. Interviewees identified sites of memory that cast light on both the routine working of the district and the nature of its fall into dereliction and abandonment.

This article analyses how the historical time of the region of Livonia was made by Baltic-German scholars in Romanov Russia in the nineteenth century. It is done by bringing the history of provincial historiography into current discussions of scientific temporalities, power and materiality. It focuses on three aspects of Baltic-German time-making, firstly the separation of German Christian time from indigenous pre-time in the Livonian past. Secondly, the source collecting and founding of the library and museum of the Gesellschaft für Geschichte und Altertumskunde der Ostseeprovinzen Russlands (GGuA) are analysed as practices that bound and synchronised time. Finally, it investigates the recurring themes of decline, of German rule, and material loss of evidence of Livonian time and history. These aspects are approached with the assumption that temporal and political orders shape each other. Although the Baltic Germans constituted the educated and political elite, they struggled to assert their historical uniqueness and the notion that there had been a time when they ruled the Baltic colonies. Time-binding practices such as collecting, organising and publishing historiographical sources were crucial for Livonian time to be materialised and told. However, over the nineteenth century, lost sources became as important to the Baltic-German scholars' understanding of

This article attempts to answer the question of whether, in a multi-denominational community inhabiting a region with a clearly formed regional identity, one can speak of a single, common mental map of the world for the entire region regarding denominational relations, or whether the point of view of one’s own denominational group prevails. In the latter case, one should consider denominational maps of the world separate for each church. The study analyses the views of representatives of two denominations traditionally strongly rooted in the region: Catholic and Lutheran.

Η «περιπλάνηση», υλική και αύλη, πραγματική και θεωρητική, στους «χώρους» και «μη χώρους» της πόλης, αποτελεί ένα ακόμα εργαλείο για τη μελέτης της μορφής και της κρίσης της πόλης, δηλαδή της κυρίαρχης αντίθεσης κεφαλαίου-εργασίας που αποτυπώνεται στον υλικό χώρο.

The latest addition to the "Ashgate Studies in Childhood, 1700 to the Present" series, the edited collection Space and Place in Children's Literature, 1789 to the Present, originated from a conference on place and space in children's literature held at Oxford University in 2009. As suggested by the title, the ten chapters that make up this thought-provoking volume study the intricate relationship between space/place and children's literature, by examining a series of case studies from different countries and socio-historical frames, ranging from established classics such as Frances Hodgson Burnett's The Secret Garden (1911) to contemporary books which (being unavailable in English translation) remain virtually unknown outside their country of origin. In addition to the usual scholarly front/ back matter, such as notes on contributors and an index, the volume includes an introduction -penned by editors Maria Sachiko Cecire, Hannah Field, Kavita Mudan Finn and Malini Roy -and an epilogue by Philip Pullman (the printed version of his talk delivered at Oxford in April 2009). The underlying premise presented in the introductory piece consists of two parts: on the one hand, children's literature is filled with special (often imaginary) spaces/places accessible only to children; on the other hand, childhood itself occupies a special space, one that adults typically try to define and control. Drawing on the writings of Yi-Fu Tuan, Gaston Bachelard, Michel de Certeau and Jan Huizinga, the editors identify the interplay between space and place, especially in relation to power and play, as the central focus of the collection. They then proceed to illustrate the said interplay by examining the echoes of Oxford in Lewis Carroll's Alice books (1865, 1871), as well as the city's representations and roles in Pullman's series His Dark Materials (1995Materials ( -2000) ) and the novella Lyra 's Oxford (2003). Exploring the places/spaces of childhood (literal, metaphorical, psychological, etc.) and the notion of childhood as space (together with the interrelated notions of "belonging and alienation, freedom and trauma, and the tangible and the esoteric" (5)) through a variety of theoretical and disciplinary lenses (philosophy, culture and childhood studies, visual analysis and cultural geography, to name but a few), the insightful and well-researched chapters successfully establish a cross-disciplinary dialogue and draw attention to children's literature as an important area within literary studies of space/place. The chapters are organised into four thematic sections, each of which opens with a brief introduction and a concise but helpful list of select sources. The two essays in the first thematic section, "The Spaces Between Children and Adults", discuss the relationship between children's spaces/places and adult power. Power is the key term in the contribution by Peter Hunt, which presents the possibility of determining whether or not a book can be considered children's literature by way of examining power (im)balance and relationships between inner and outer spaces. Hunt elaborates on this model via analyses of a series of well-known (children's?) novels, such as

Representations of urban environments are not very common in Norwegian picturebooks, yet they allow for a nuanced understanding of how nature functions in picturebook iconotexts. This article aims to examine the relationship between nature and the city in the following works: Anda i ødemarka (2012) by Ragnar Aalbu, Fugl (2013) by Lisa Aisato, and Glassklokken (2010) by Bjørn Arild Ersland and Lilian Brøgger. Drawing upon the notion of the chronotope , particularly Nikolajeva's (1996) writings on the chronotope in children's literature as well as 2012; scholarship on the pastoral and post-pastoral, the article provides an ecocritical reading of these picturebooks, inspired by some of the key questions of ecocriticism . The analysis considers both the narrative and visual dimensions of the iconotexts, making it possible to shed light on environmental issues addressed in the books.

Perception, evaluation and representation of the environment have been the subject of many disciplines including psychology, geography and architecture. In environmental and social psychology literature there are several evidences which suggest that cognitive representations about a place consisted of not only geographic items but also social and cultural. Mental representations of residence area or a country are influenced and determined by social-demographics, the physical and social context. Thus, all mental representations of a given place are also social representations. Cognitive maps are the main and common instruments that are used to identify spatial images and the difference between physical and subjective environments. The aim of the current study is investigating the mental and social representations of Turkey in university students' minds. Data was collected from 249 university students from different departments (i.e. psychology, geography, history, tourism departm...

This contribution shares a teaching experience centred on drawing mental maps of the world to stimulate students to reflect on the relationship between map, geography and imagery, revealing the taken-forgranted spatial ordering on which these elements are constructed. The relationship between maps and imagery has long been debated from both cartographical and geographical perspectives, opening interesting didactic directions when it comes to making students responsible for their own geographic imagination in a conscious manner. In particular, this research draws from a world mapping exercise carried out by university students during a human geography course for a master's degree in local development at the University of Padua (Italy). Focusing on the students' sketched world maps and on some results of the individual and collective debriefing, carried out in class, a deductive process is employed to illustrate mapping practices as a learning tool that is capable of visually developing critical and situated geographical knowledge. The approach could be adopted with groups of different ages and in various courses.

Revue pluridisciplinaire de recherche Les recherches avec les enfants et les jeunes en difficulté : spécificités éthiques et méthodologiques Faire de la recherche avec des adolescents pour résister au discours des « jeunes à risque » : un exemple québécois Researching with adolescents: a methodological approach for resisting risk discourse in Québec Realizar estudios con adolescentes para resistirse al discurso de los "jóvenes en riesgo": un ejemplo de Quebec

Untersuchungsgegenstand dieser Arbeit sind Emily Hobhouses Report of a Visit to the Camps of Women and Children in the Cape and Orange River Colonies sowie der 208 Seiten umfassende Report on the Concentration Camps in South Africa, by the Committee Of Ladies appointed by the Secretary of State for War, der mir vom House of Lords Record Office freundlicherweise zur Verfügung gestellt wurde. Die Frauenkommission arbeitete bei der Untersuchung der Konzentrationslager mit Hilfe eines Fragebogens, den ich für meine Arbeit in dieser Form übernommen habe. Somit kann nach den folgenden, standardisierten Kriterien verglichen werden: Lage des Lagers, Anzahl der Menschen,

El crecimiento urbano, la movilidad social, la diversidad cultural, la globalización, el uso de las tecnologías de la información y la comunicación, principalmente, afectan la pertenencia y fragmentan la identidad urbana. La identidad define características, cultura y personalidad de una sociedad; en la ciudad, determina el paisaje urbano y el uso de los espacios públicos. Hoy es importante el estudio de la identidad urbana para saber cómo construir la ciudad. La planeación y el diseño urbano deben considerar la identidad urbana con la finalidad de definir políticas públicas que integren y revitalicen los espacios para fortalecer la cultura en la ciudad. El presente trabajo tiene el objetivo de analizar algunas teorías sociales para el estudio de la identidad urbana y determinar el marco teórico-metodológico que permita realizar estudios empíricos.

The urban growth, social mobility, social diversity, globalization and the technology, transform our life and fragment the urban identity. The identity defines the characteristics, personality and culture; in the city determines the landscapes and public space. Today, is very important the identity studies, to define how the city are buildingThe urban design and planning must take into account the urban identity so they can decide laws and plans to integrate, revitalize, and strengthen the culture inside the city. The goal of this article is the analysis of theories approaches and select of the most suitable to create a methodology to study the urban identity.

Este trabajo tiene un doble objetivo. Primero, se estudia la relacion entre diferentes medidas de habilidad cognitiva usando una base de datos de alumnos que han participado en experimentos sociales en la Universidad de Alicante (UA) en el periodo 2013-15. El resultado principal es la relacion negativa entre el expediente de los alumnos y una medida de su impulsividad obtenida usando el Cognitive Reflection Test. Aunque esto enfatiza la relevancia de factores cognitivos y psicologicos para el exito en los estudios, la muestra no permite generalizar los resultados antes de verificar en que medida es representativa de los alumnos de la UA. Segundo, se analizan los sistemas de evaluacion aplicados durante el curso 2014-15 en asignaturas de Economia, que han sido el resultado de sucesivos cambios con el fin de mejorar la formacion en la educacion superior. El resultado principal es la participacion de los alumnos en las diferentes actividades del sistema de evaluacion, aunque se observa...

This paper places the concept of ‘common sense geography’ as developed by the members of Topoi research group C-5 within the context of ancient geographical literature. For the first time, a consistent model of arranging and classifying Greek and Roman geographical texts from a historical perspective is presented.

En este trabajo hemos intentado describir las
formas de mapear el territorio y el paisaje que nos
permite el videojuego Minecraft a partir de la
experiencia de dos jugadores adultos (+50).
Analizamos en qué medida las formas de
cartografiar del juego reproducen los modelos
tradicionales de la Modernidad de explorar,
conquistar y apropiarse de territorios
desconocidos que se entienden, a priori, como
vacíos y desocupados; también analizamos los
puntos de vista que nos permiten la configuración
tanto de los mapas como del paisaje y los modos
de ver que estas perspectivas determinan. El
objetivo inicial, surgido de la experiencia personal
del juego, fue analizar y describir cómo las
modalidades y reglas del juego reproducen un
modelo (neo)colonialista y extractivista a la hora
de explorar y mapear los mundos generados por el
juego.

Los mapas conceptuales constituyen una excelente herramienta para lo que se ha denominado gestión de aprendizaje. En este trabajo se describe una experiencia realizada con alumnos de primer año de Terapia Ocupacional. ... Concept Maps constitute one of the tools ...

Through conceptual examples and demonstrations, we argue that the symbiotic combination of the Internet and humans will result in a significant enhancement of the previously existing, self-organizing social structure of humans. The combination of the unique capabilities of intelligent, distributed information systems (the relatively loss-less transmission and capturing of detailed signatures) with the unique capabilities of humans (processing and analysis of complex, but limited, systems) will enable essential problem solving within our increasingly complex world. The capability may allow solutions that are not achievable directly by individuals, organizations or governments.

Статья посвящена истории складывания в Орлеане праздника Жанны д'Арк, который традиционно отмечают 8 Мая каждого года. До сегодняшнего дня никто из исследователей не задавался целью изучить его топографию: то, в каких городских пространствах он происходил, к каким адресам был привязан в тот или иной период, от чего зависела смена его дислокации и кто именно принимал участие в его обустройстве. Эти вопросы рассматриваются в статье на основе как письменных текстов (хроник и исторических сочинений XV-XVII вв.), так и документальных источников (городских счетов и афиш праздника за XVIII-XXI вв.). Особое внимание в статье уделено периоду Революции и Консулата, когда борьба за сакрализацию «места памяти» Жанны д'Арк разворачивалась с особой силой. Важным представляется и начало XX в. -время, предшествовавшее официальной канонизации Орлеанской Девы, а также начало XXI в., ознаменовавшееся активной борьбой городских властей с ультраправыми партиями вокруг вопроса пребывания Франции в ЕС, что самым непосредственным образом отразилось на топографии и общем характере праздника 8 Мая.

The article examines the peculiarities of Panteleimon Kulish’s terminology in marking the Ukrainian space throughout the years 1856–1863. Starting from the restoration of permission to publish works under his own name (1856) until the closure of the journal Osnova (1863), Kulish published a series of works in which he consistently replaced the toponyms Little Russia and Southwestern Rus’ to Ukraine, and their derivatives ethnonyms to Ukrainian. The article notes how travels influenced the formation of Kulish’s mental maps. I provide statistics demonstrating the sequence of Kulish’s use of anti-imperial spatial markers for the specified period. Additionally, the article discusses the reasons for Kulish’s transition to the use of the specified terminology.

Recent attempts to apply postcolonial perspectives to Prussian rule over the conquered Polish territories have focused on the period between the foundation of the German Empire and the First World War. In contrast, the time span between the first partition of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth in 1772 and the Prussian defeat by Napoleon in 1806 has received relatively little attention. In understanding the Prussian rule over Polish territories between 1772 and 1914, findings and terms on national conflict between Poles and Germans regarding the late 19th and early 20th century are often applied to earlier decades. Therefore, it seems necessary to ask whether the history of Prussia's expansion at the expense of Poland-Lithuania at the end of the 18th century can be regarded as colonial. This essay is an attempt to discuss this broad question using the example of Prussian rule over the province of South Prussia. It argues that elements of colonial thinking can be found in the Prussian image of Poland around 1800, but that the practice of rule cannot necessarily be defined as colonial.

Buku ini merupakan catatan seorang sastrawan selama berada Di Kabupaten Parigi Moutong. Program Pengiriman Sastrawan Berkarya sejak tahun 2016. Pada tahun 2016 satu orang sastrawan dikirim ke luar negeri (Meksiko) dan lima orang sastrawan ke daerah 3T (Terluar, Terdepan, Tertinggal

In this essay, frontiers are discussed from the perspective of the actors moving in the terrain and finding their way. The Central Alpine region during the Bronze Age serves as a basis for the discussion. Whereas it is impossible to reconstruct Bronze Age people's perception of space as such, several archaeological sources provide clues as to how people interpreted and conceptualised their environment: besides concrete representations of space ('plans' or 'maps'), these include iconographic programmes that refer indirectly to more abstract spatial concepts. There is also evidence of ritualised social practices (especially selective object deposition) with an obvious relation to topography. It turns out that regional, local, and universal cosmic geographies all played a role in the Bronze Age conceptualisation of space, and that they significantly overlapped. The impregnation of geographical knowledge with mythology is striking. Border areas and transitional situations, specifically, played a key role in spatial perception and interpretation, as well as in the embodiment of geographic knowledge and, consequently, in wayfinding and orientation.

EnglishThis paper focuses on the Portuguese board game Quinto Imperio (2012; second edition, 2013). After a brief and concise description of the game, we analyse its board-map as cartographic device related to what John Agnew has called "geopolitical imagination." In oppositionto those who believe in the derivative character of Portuguese geopolitical discourse, in this work we highlight its originality and, in particular, the importance of the cartographical imaginary in its configuration. Taking into account categories such as scale, projection, and symbolization, our analysis of the board-map refers to another cartographical examples with geopolitical and propaganda aims, emphasizing some key aspects in the configuration of nation and empire-based Portuguese imaginary portuguesEl presente articulo parte de una breve presentacion del juego de mesa portugues Quinto Imperio (publicado en 2012 y reeditado en 2013) para, posteriormente, centrarse en el funcionamiento de su t...

Öffentliche Privatkunst wird zur Bedrohung. Skulpturen, die einst Freude brachten, wirken jetzt unheimlich und erdrückend. Ihre Schatten scheinen lebendig, als ob sie uns verfolgen. Wo ist der Raum für unsere Sicherheit? Die Stadt wird zur Galerie des Unbehagens, die Kunst zur Quelle des Schreckens.

This article explores the voyage of Marco Polo from the Cilician Armenia port of Ayas/Lajazzo to Tabriz. It first reconstructs the possible route he would have taken. Then, it looks at the physical landscape, political situation and the objects that the Venetian merchant would have seen on his way across Asia Minor and the Armenian Plateau. By looking at the text of the Devisement carefully I hypothesise that Marco Polo used Armenian guides for this section of his travels. This was a period of flourishing cultural and economic production in this part of the world and if he wished or had a chance, Marco Polo would have seen some of the finest manuscripts, pottery, porcelain objects and textiles, as well as splendid architectural structures while going through Armenian territories.

AND BUILDING BIOGRAPHIES * Homer and Heinrich (and Wilhelm, of course) "The Megaron lies directly in the axis of the court. The vestibule is formed of two columns and two parastades or antae. Three folding-doors, side by side, lead into the antechamber, and from thence by a large door we come to the chief hall. Four pillars supported the roof of this huge room; a large circle in the middle of the hall probably indicates the situation of the hearth." 1 Few would presumably fault the clarity with which Wilhelm Dörpfeld set out, in Heinrich Schliemann's 1885 publication of their excavations at Tiryns (Pl. CXXVIa), the basic characteristics of the central suite of rooms in the palace they had uncovered: axiality, the court in front, the vestibule (nowadays more typically called the 'porch'), antechamber (now more commonly designated the 'vestibule') and the main hall with its columns and circular hearth. Also, his statement that "[m]ost probably the ground-plan of the megaron at Tiryns was a typical one, occurring in an identical manner in many heroic palaces" 2 was to prove impressively prescient, considering the remarkable (and oftremarked-upon) uniformity of the architectural cores of, in order of their discovery, the palatial establishments of Tiryns, Mycenae and Pylos. 3 The identification of the Tiryns palace as 'heroic' and a forteriori the associated borrowing of the Homeric term 'megaron' to designate its central group of rooms are, of course, a different matter. While Dörpfeld stated that the poet's description of the palace of Alcinous (Hom. Od. 6, 303-309) in particular "agrees very well with the arrangement of the megaron at Tiryns", 4 the selectiveness and in part liberal * For both the invitation to an inspiring meeting and their patience with me as an author, my thanks go to the organizers of the Oristano conference and editors of this volume. I would also like to express my gratitude to

Описан опыт использования метода ментальных карт в memory studies. Показаны возможности и ограничения визуальных методов для изучения коллективной памяти. Изложены результаты исследования представлений жителей России о прошлом, полученные с помощью метода ментальных карт и полуформализованного интервью. Рисунки «прошлого России» сгруппированы по сюжетам, описаны как категории «протяженности» и «длительности» А. Бергсона. Рассмотрены механизмы потери и сохранения качества памяти, выделенные А. Ассман. Описана новизна визуальных данных в сравнении с поисковыми запросами в Яндекс, Google, DuckDuckGo и картинками, полученными по запросу «прошлое России» для нейросети Midjourney. Проведено сравнение «мест памяти и забвения» в визуальных данных информантов, поисковых систем и нейросети Midjourney. Описано соответствие между механизмами потери качества памяти и вариантами пересечения различных типов визуальных данных. Обозначены риски потери качества памяти и сопутствующего ей недовольства мемориальной культурой. Выделены стратегии сохранения качества памяти на примере полученных сюжетов прошлого России.

The article describes the experience of using the method of mental maps in memory studies. The possibilities and limitations of visual methods for studying collective memory are shown. The results of a study of Russian residents' ideas about the past, obtained using the method of mental maps and a semi-formalized interview, are presented. The drawings of the «past of Russia» are grouped by plots and described as the categories of «extension» and «duration» of A. Bergson. The mechanisms of loss and preservation of the quality of memory identified by A. Assman are considered. The novelty of visual data is described in comparison with search queries in Yandex, Google, DuckDuckGo and pictures obtained by the query «the past of Russia» for the Midjourney neural network. A comparison of «places of memory and oblivion» in the visual data of informants, search engines and the Midjourney neural network is carried out. The correspondence between the mechanisms of loss of memory quality and the variants of intersection of different types of visual data is described. The risks of loss of memory quality and the accompanying dissatisfaction with the memorial culture are identified. Strategies for preserving the quality of memory are highlighted using the obtained stories of Russia's past as an example.

Cities, which are significant spaces for the physical and mental
development of children, are typically defined by paths, edges,
nodes, districts and landmarks. The aim of this study is to identify
the perceptual approaches of children, whose interactions with
their surroundings are currently limited, towards the city, and to
measure their interactions with social, natural, and historical environments. The research area encompasses the Ortahisar district
of Trabzon province. The methodology of the study includes verbal surveys and mental maps. Six middle schools were randomly
selected from different socio-economic regions to provide representation from various parts of the district. Data obtained from
256 surveys and 192 mental maps were analyzed using MAXQDA
2020 Analytics Pro. The Jaccard similarity index validated data
reliability, showing an average similarity of 91.23% for surveys and
54.80% for mental maps. According to the findings, while nodes
were predominant in verbal data, landmarks were more prominent in visual data. Moreover, a significant relationship was found
between landmarks and historical sites (Spearman correlation =
0.744, N=256). Consequently, it was revealed that the northern
part of the city is more comprehensible in the minds of children

The present study represents some thoughts about how the Eastern Roman state managed to survive beyond the year 700 and how it managed to overcome what look today like quite overwhelming odds. For in spite of several publications devoted to the history of Eastern Roman state, society, and culture in the seventh and eighth centuries, I believe we still do not fully understand the mechanics of that survival and how it was possible. This chapter summarizes a much longer study that deals with the social, cultural, environmental, and political history of the empire in the seventh and eighth centuries and necessarily curtails much of that discussion.

Приглашение в тематический номер журнала "Периферия" (№3 2025), задачей которого является попытка взглянуть на российский город как на конгломерат разных «урбанизмов» как образов жизни, при всей своей разности непротиворечиво сочетающихся в общем городском пространстве

Regarding the economy, in the thirty four months of his unfinished presidency, John Kennedy travelled a cycle, from promise to moderate success and back to promise. Ironically, Kennedy had an inconsistent relationship with corporate America during his short presidency. Initially he wanted to court big business to affirm his good intentions. Accordingly, he selected a larger percentage of his appointments from big Fortune 500 firms than did Eisenhower, by 65% to 56%. But big business distrusted Kennedy as surreptitiously liberal and pro-labor. After several sharp confrontations which Kennedy contested with business magnates, distrust became mutual. Kennedy's economic policy focused clearly on pulling America out of the deep 1960 recession, which continued into early 1961. As Kennedy settled into the White House, right at 7% of the workforce was unemployed. Big cities were in desperate financial straits. Using government, Kennedy intended to grow the economy by creating jobs, retraining workers, controlling inflation, improving America's balance of trade, and reversing a nasty little problem called "balance of payments." Most was done with fiscal and monetary policy through the manipulation of budgets and taxes. He asked business for assistance, but by no means did he plan to make this a public-private partnership. JFK considered all domestic programs except civil rights as economic stimuli. Kennedy initiated a series of bold yet small executive measures to help the economy. In January 1961, he issued Executive Order 10914, distributing food to rural Appalachian poor. Distributing federal money into high unemployment areas to build government facilities came next; followed by pouring money into locations with substantial defense activity; then he released veterans' insurance dividends early. Another key economic factor was housing. New private home starts in 1960 declined eighteen percent from 1959 and one out of six construction workers was unemployed. To remedy this he passed the 1961 Housing Act, which continued, then expanded the Eisenhower-Kennedy housing "boom," building America's suburbs. In late January 1961, JFK met with his White House Staff, Council of Economic Advisors and Bureau of the Budget staff issuing "A Program to Restore Momentum to the American Economy." Kennedy passed the Minimum Wage Act of $1.25 per hour, an Area Redevelopment Act to increase employment in poor rural areas, and the Manpower Redevelopment and Retraining Act to retrain those laid off by plant closings. He also "suggested" the Federal Reserve not raise prime rates and that big businesses "hold the line "on prices. The latter led to confrontation. Roger Blough, Chairman of United States Steel refused Kennedy plea, and raised steel prices 3.5 percent. In April 1962, this dispute burst into a public, very direct and quite angry confrontation. Blough backed down only after Kennedy threatened to purchase defense steel from other companies, but antagonisms remained. Subsequently, Kennedy remarked that all businessmen were "SOBs." Nonetheless, JFK enacted a series of business corporate tax breaks and incentives. Further, he shepherded a general tax cut bill through Congress, stalling in the Senate when he left for Dallas, but subsequently passed under Johnson. He completed the administration's economic plan by passing the 1962 Trade Expansion Act while stabilizing the gold flow drain by not devaluing the dollar. By the end of his presidency, he had new initiatives on trade later called the Kennedy Round of General Agreements on Tariff and Trade (GATT).

Esta tesis explora la creciente presencia de representaciones territoriales desde la mirada crítica y la experiencia personal del lugar en el arte contemporáneo de mundo árabe.

Under the title “Maps of inhabiting. Cartographic subversions and reinventions in contemporary art from the Arab world”, this thesis explores the growing presence of territorial representations through a critical gaze and personal experience of place in contemporary art from the Arab world.

This article introduces and examines an understudied corpus of Greek language handbooks commissioned by the Ottoman court during the reign of Mehmed II (r. 1451–1481). As a result of the multicultural and multilingual nature of the Ottoman court of the era, these primers include teaching material in a number of languages, but the most comprehensive portions of the primers are devoted to the domains of Greek grammar and vocabulary. Drawing from untouched and neglected sources, this article argues that these introductory textbooks can be aptly situated within the context of the Greek scriptorium and court library of the Ottomans in Constantinople. This article’s core argument is that Greek primers used at the Ottoman court were intended to help students learn not only the skills necessary for diplomatic correspondence and chancery but also the skills necessary for exploring ancient knowledge, particularly in the fields of philosophy and science. This engagement with Greek scholarship emanated from an antiquarian-like fascination prevailing within the Ottoman court, which in turn was indicative of a broader interconnected discourse permeating the Mediterranean world during this period.