Medical Profession

ÖZ
Amaç: Bu çalışmada Artuklular devrinde yaşamış çok yönlü bir alim ve aynı zamanda hekim olan İbn İlalmış’ın (1178-1242) yazdığı Târîhu Duneyser adlı biyografi (tabakât) kitabından hareketle Duneyser (Kızıltepe/Mardin) coğrafyasında aktif hekimlik yapan 8 hekimin biyografisi ele alınacaktır. 
Gereç ve Yöntem: Bahsi geçen bu kitabın hekimlerle ilgili olan ve iki kısımdan oluşan yedinci bölümünün yanı sıra bu hekimlerle ilgili olarak bilgi içeren dönemin tarih, coğrafya, tabakât kitapları ve mevcut araştırmalardan yararlanılmıştır. 
Bulgular: Artuklu devrinde Mardin yöneticisi Timurtaş’ın tavsiyesiyle Hekim İlalmış’a yazdırılan ve şehrin seçkin bilginlerinin biyografisini konu edinen Târîhu Duneyser isimli kitabı kaynakların çok az bir kısmında zikredilen simaları ele alması bakımından kıymetlidir. Çalışmada adı geçen bazı hekimlerin dönemin tıp dünyasında meşhur olduğu ve eserlerinin günümüze kadar ulaştığı bilinmektedir. Kitapta farklı meslek grubundan altmış kişinin biyografisine yer verilmiş olup bunların sekizi hekimdir ve Duneyser’de aktif hekimlik yapmıştır. Bu hekimlerden ikisinin babası şehirde aktif görev yaparken Duneyser’de doğmuşlar ve hekimlik mesleğine bu şehirde başlamıştır.
Sonuç: Orta Çağ’da önemli şehirler arasında sayılan Duneyser’in gerek tababet gerekse de diğer meslek grupları için uygun bir ortam olduğu söylenebilir. Bağdat ve Musul merkezli eğitim sürecinden geçmiş hekimlerin Duneyser’i tercih etmeleri bu coğrafyada bilimsel ortamı destekleyici bir idarenin olduğuna işarettir. Bu hekimlerin hem kendi aralarında hem de farklı coğrafyalardaki hekimlerle iletişimi ve hoca-öğrenci ilişkisi bilginin taşınmasında ve etkileşimde rol oynayan faktörlerdendir. Dolayısıyla Duneysir merkezli hekimlerin birçok ortak özelliği aynı zamanda çalışmanın prosopografik yönünü de yansıtması açısından önemlidir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Duneyser, Mardin, hekim, tıp mesleği, Artuklu devri

ABSTRACT
Objective: This study focuses on the biographies of eight physicians who practiced medicine in the region of Dunayser (present-day Kızıltepe/Mardin/Türkiye) during the Artuqid period. The primary source is Tārīkh Dunayser, a biographical (ṭabaqāt) work authored by the polymath and physician Ibn al-Ilālmish (1178–1242).
Materials and Methods: The analysis is based on the seventh chapter of Tārīkh Dunayser, which consists of two parts specifically dedicated to physicians. Additional information has been gathered from contemporary historical, geographical, and biographical works, as well as modern academic studies.
Results: Commissioned by Timurtash, the Artuqid ruler of Mardin, this work presents the biographies of sixty distinguished figures, eight of whom were physicians active in Dunayser. The value of the text lies in its coverage of individuals rarely mentioned in other sources. Some of the named physicians were prominent in the medical world of their time, and their writings have survived. Two of them were born in Dunayser and began their careers there, following in the footsteps of their fathers.
Conclusion: Dunayser was a significant medieval city that provided a suitable environment for both medical and scholarly pursuits. The fact that physicians trained in Baghdad and Mosul chose to reside and work there suggests a supportive intellectual and political climate. The interaction among local and regional physicians, along with mentor-student relationships, contributed to knowledge transmission. The shared characteristics of these figures also underscore the prosopographical dimension of the study.
Keywords: Dunayser, Mardin, physician, medicine, Artuqid period

The inscription dating 1216 belonging to the church of Santa Maria de Castrelos (Vigo, Spain) linked to the Knights Hospitallars order of San Juan of Malta is studied; its epigraphic, chronological and historical aspects are also analyzed. Its content allows us to compare both the Knights Hospitallars order in Portugal and in León.

The attitudes of the students play a very vital role in choosing a particular career. The amount of study in MBBS and BDS is significantly higher than many other professions. Hence the present study was designed to assess and explore the attitudes of MBBS and BDS students towards their future medical profession. Attitudes, BDS students, MBBS students, Profession

I read, with great interest, the article by Mirza et al reviewing the prevalence of depression and anxiety amongst medical students, and the psychological wellbeing of this population. As a medical student, I am familiar with the endemic nature of depression and anxiety amongst young people, and empathise with those who feel reluctant to confide in their peers and colleagues. The authors highlighted the increase in prevalence of mental health disorders amidst medical students, and offered personal, psychosocial and university-related factors associated with depression and anxiety, including aspects of the university course. However, the authors were hesitant to discuss the reasons for such increases in rates of mental ill-health, and did not adequately address the obstacles that prevent medical students from accessing adequate mental health support during university. One such obstacle is the stigmatisation of mental illness. 2 Medical students and doctors have alluded to the idea that stigmatising attitudes are not only attributed towards mental illness by wider society, but are reinforced within the medical profession. 3 Such stigmatising attitudes have negative consequences on the wellbeing of healthcare professionals and contribute to the unwillingness of this population to seek help. Henderson et al described the phenomenon of "self-stigma", whereby those who perceive stigma adopt and internalise external social stigma. As a result, they experience a reduction in self-esteem and self-efficacy. It has been postulated that, because there exists the unattainable notion of "invincibility" amongst medical students and doctors, any degree of vulnerability feels anomalous. It then follows that, feelings of susceptibility are not in keeping with the core values of the profession, and suppression of such feelings is encouraged by the individual. This is a vicious cycle that perpetuates self-stigma and threatens the psychological wellbeing of those experiencing it. Fears of exposure to stigmatisation result in low levels of help seeking amongst medical students and doctors for mental health problems, and have meant that this population present to mental healthcare services only in crises. The issue of stigmatisation of mental illness is pervasive within society and the medical profession is no exception. For as long as the cycle of self-stigma is

AMAÇ: Bu çalışma, Gülhane Askeri Tıp Fakültesi (GATF) öğrencilerini hekimlik mesleğine motive eden faktörlerin belirlenmesi amacıyla yapılmıştır. YÖNTEM: Araştırmanın evrenini, 2012-2013 eğitim öğretim yılında Gülhane Askeri Tıp Fakültesinde öğrenim gören öğrenciler oluşturmaktadır. Öğrencilere dağıtılan 700 anketten 548'i geri dönmüştür. Verilerin analizinde, Yapısal Eşitlik Modeli (YEM), doğrulayıcı faktör analizi, tanımlayıcı istatistiksel yöntemler, iki ortalama arasındaki farkın önemliliğinin kontrolü testi ve tek yönlü varyans analizi (ANOVA) kullanılmıştır. BULGULAR: Öğrencileri hekimlik mesleğine motive eden faktörler arasında birincil faktörün "Öğrenme Motivasyonu", ikincil faktörün ise "İçsel Motivasyon"'olduğu gözlenmiştir. Öğrencilerin sınıfları ve Gülhane Askeri Tıp Fakültesini tercih durumları ile motivasyon faktörleri arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılıklar bulunmuştur. Birinci sınıf öğrencilerinin, "Genel Motivasyon", "Öğrenme Motivasyonu" ve "Olumsuz Motivasyon" ortalamalarının ikinci ve üçüncü sınıf öğrencilerine göre; Gülhane Askeri Tıp Fakültesini kendi tercih eden öğrencilerin "İçsel Motivasyon" ortalamasının ise kendi tercih etmeyenlere göre daha yüksek olduğu anlaşılmıştır. SONUÇ: Askeri Tıp Fakültesi öğrencilerinin tıp eğitimden beklentileri konusundaki görüşleri alınmalı, eğitimde ilgi çekici materyaller kullanılmalı, farklı sınıflar arasından oluşturulacak çalışma grupları ile tıp eğitimine ve hekimlik mesleğine ilişkin ilgileri ve isteklilikleri artırılmalıdır. AIM: This study was conducted to determine factors that motivate Gulhane Military Medical Faculty (GATA) students towards the profession of medicine. METHOD: The population of the study consisted of students studying at the Gulhane Military Medical Faculty in the 2012-2013 academic year. A total of 700 questionnaires were delivered, and 548 were returned. Structural equation modeling (SEM), confirmatory factor analysis, descriptive statistical methods, the significance control test between compared means, and ANOVA test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: It was observed that "Learning Motivation" was the primary factor, followed by "Intrinsic Motivation" as the secondary factor motivating the students. There was a statistically significant difference between the students' years of education and selecting Gulhane Military Medical Faculty (following the Student Selection and Placement Exam administered in Turkey), and the motivational factors. General Motivation, Learning Motivation, and Negative Motivation mean scores of first-year students were higher than the average scores of second-and third-year students. Students who voluntarily chose the Gulhane Military Medical Faculty had higher mean Intrinsic Motivation scores than the others. CONCLUSION: It should be asked students' expectations from medical education, using appealing materials, increasing their interest and willingness in pursuing a medical education and the profession of medicine by forming study groups among students in different years of education.

Like few other diseases, tuberculosis has accompanied human history across the ages. From the 1850s to the 1970s, it affected millions of people in continental Europe and its colonies, particularly the poor, migrants, those who were undernourished, poorly clothed, and sheltered in overcrowded unhealthy accommodation. While TB started a declining curb towards the end of the 19th century, the two world wars weakened the health conditions of civilians and military personnel alike, favoring contagion. It was only at the end of WWII that vaccines and antibiotics were introduced. By the late 1970s, TB transmission in the West had declined, although it has shown signs of resurgence in recent years.

The population of people living with HIV in Australia is increasing, requiring an expert primary care workforce to provide HIV clinical care into the future. Yet the numbers of family doctors or 'general practitioners' (GPs) training as community-based HIV medication prescribers may be insufficient to replace those retiring, reducing hours or changing roles. We conducted semi-structured interviews between February and April 2010 with 24 'key informants' holding senior roles in organisations that shape HIV care policy to explore their perceptions of contemporary issues facing the HIV general practice workforce in Australia. Informed by interpretive description, our analysis explores how these key informants characterised GPs as being 'moved' by the clinical, professional and political dimensions of the role of the HIV general practice doctor. Each of these dimensions was represented as essential to the engagement of GPs in HIV as an area of special interest, although the political dimensions were often described as the most distinctive compared to other areas of general practice medicine. Our analysis explores how each of these dimensions contributes to shaping the contemporary 'culture of HIV medicine', and suggests that such an approach could be useful for understanding how health professionals become engaged in other underserved areas of medical work.

Medical professionalism is an evolving entity, requiring continual development according to shifting societal priorities. The public trust that underpins the medical profession is imperative for maintaining effective partnerships with patients, their families and the wider community. This article provides an overview of what constitutes medical professionalism, including the current protocols and assessments for general practice training. The aim is to improve understanding of the current issues surrounding professionalism in primary care. Fictional case scenarios are used to illustrate modern professional dilemmas and to promote reflection on the complex interacting factors that influence professional practice and clinical decision-making.

Teaching professionalism in medical schools is central to medical education and society. We evaluated how medical students view the values of the medical profession on their rst day of medical school and the in uence of a conference about the competences of this profession on these students' levels of re ection. We studied two groups of medical students who wrote narratives about the values of the medical profession and the in uence of the COVID-19 pandemic on these values. The rst group wrote the narratives after a conference about the competences of the medical profession (intervention group), and the second group wrote the same narratives after a biochemistry conference (control group). We also compared the levels of re ection of these two groups of students. Among the 175 medical students entering in the 2022 academic year, 159 agreed to participate in the study (response rate = 90.8%). There were more references to positive than negative models of doctorpatient relationships experienced by the students (58.5% and 41.5% of responses, respectively). The intervention group referred to a more signi cant number of values than the control group did. The most cited values were empathy, humility, and ethics; the main competences were technical competence, communication/active listening, and resilience. The students' perspectives of the values of their future profession were strongly and positively in uenced by the pandemic experience. The students realized the need for constant updating, basing medical practice on scienti c evidence, and employing skills/attitudes such as resilience, exibility, and collaboration for teamwork. Analysis of the levels of re ection in the narratives showed a predominance of re ections with a higher level in the intervention group and of those with a lower level in the control group. Our study showed that medical students, upon entering medical school, already have a view of medical professionalism, although they still need to present a deeper level of self-re ection. A single, planned intervention in medical professionalism can promote self-re ection. The vision of medical professional identity was strongly in uenced by the COVID-19 pandemic, positively impacting the formation of a professional identity among the students who decided to enter medical school.

Trends in faculty rank according to racial and ethnic composition have not been reviewed in over a decade.  To study trends in faculty rank according to racial and ethnicity with a specific focus on Indigenous faculty, which has been understudied. Data from the Association of American Medical Colleges' Faculty Administrative Management Online User System was used to study trends in race/ethnicity faculty composition and rank between 2014 and 2016, which included information on 481,753 faculty members from 141 US allopathic medical schools. The majority of medical school faculty were White, 62.4% (n = 300,642). Asian composition represented 14.7% (n = 70,647). Hispanic, Latino, or of Spanish Origin; Multiple Race-Hispanic; Multiple Race-Non-Hispanic; and Black/African American faculty represented 2.2%, 2.3%, 3.0%, and 3.0%, respectively. Indigenous faculty members, defined as American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN), Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander (NHPI), represented the s...

A non-experimental descriptive correlational study was conducted to assess the level of academic stress and its correlation with the academic achievement among the pre-final and final year undergraduate nursing students studying in selected colleges of nursing, Tamil Nadu. Academic stress scale developed by the researcher was used as the data collection tool. A sample of 255 pre-final and final year undergraduate nursing students were selected through convenient sampling and the self-report data were collected by Google forms. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that 21.57 % had severe Academic stress, 61.18% had moderate Academic stress and 17.25% had mild Academic stress and the level of Academic achievement showed that, 5 % achieved high score, 74 % achieved average score, and only 21 % of achieved low score. Existence of a weak negative correlation was found between academic stress and the academic achievement scores. The study recommends the nursing faculty to identify the academic stress and to implement academic stress reduction strategies to ensure a fruitful nursing education experience.

hina's barefoot doctor system is known for having provided inexpensive and accessible medical care to its large rural population in the 1960s and 70s. (1) Barefoot doctors, chosen from local farmers, received basic medical training and then served in the rural areas with a focus on preventive and primary health care. The barefoot doctor system together with the Cooperative Medical System (CMS) in the rural areas became a model for the developing world, reflecting an approach to health care that was "egalitarian, grassroots-based, decentralised, de-professionalised, 'low-tech,' economically feasible, and culturally appropriate." (2) However, the system came to an end with the advent of market reforms in the 1980s, and many barefoot doctors either became private doctors or gave up medical practice. In 1985, the name "barefoot doctor" (chijiao yisheng) was officially abolished and replaced by the name "village doctor" (xiangcun yisheng). (3) More than three decades have passed since this dramatic change, and barefoot doctors seem to have been forgotten. However, the legacy of the barefoot doctor system is still felt in the hardships of aging former barefoot doctors who now find themselves pensionless. It is estimated that approximately 1.5 million people (4) worked as barefoot doctors in the collective era, and today there are still around one million (5) former barefoot doctors nationwide. Based on a case study in Riverside County, this article records the experiences of a group of former barefoot doctors, showing how they strive for payment, pension, and status in post-reform China, and how the historical experience of barefoot doctors can inspire health care reforms today. The study is based on one year of ethnographic research in Riverside County (pseudonym) of Sichuan Province between October 2011 and October 2012. In early 2012, my acquaintance introduced me to a village doctor -Doctor Lian from Revival Town, who was in his 60s. I visited Doctor Lian and interviewed him and two more village doctors he introduced to me. The next morning, I got a phone call from another village doctor in the same town, who had heard of my visit and wanted me to visit him as well. "I have a lot to say," he stated on the phone. I went to Revival Town again and met Doctor Li, a 76-year-old former barefoot doctor. A few days later, another doctor from Revival Town called me and said that a group of them would be gathering for a meeting in the township hospital and would like to meet me afterwards to "express their thoughts." I subsequently met Doctor Zhao and around 10 other village doctors who were in their 50s, 60s, and 70s. All these doctors were former barefoot doctors who continued medical practice after their collective medical teams were dismantled. In my field, this group of former barefoot doctors appeared to be one of the most resentful groups in the on-going health care reform. After these encounters, I visited 16 village clinics and 12 private clinics around the county, meeting dozens of former barefoot doctors. I interviewed these doctors in N o .

Background Gender studies in the medical profession have revealed gender biases associated with being a doctor, a profession often regarded as more suitable for men. The path to gender equality inevitably involves deconstructing this masculinized assumption. Despite the decades-long expectation that ikumen–men who actively participate in childcare in Japan–would contribute to a change toward gender equality, Japanese society is still male dominated, and women suffer from a large gender gap. With the aim of exploring implicit gendered assumptions concerning being a caregiver and a doctor, the authors focused on the experience of individuals juggling the binary roles of a professional and a caregiver. Methods The authors conducted subjectivist inductive research, recruited ten Japanese physician fathers through purposive sampling, and collected data through one-to-one semi-structured interviews between October 2017 and December 2018. The authors recorded and transcribed the narrative ...

Introduction. The prospect of increasing annually makes burnout a global phenomenon, one of the most common stress-related and mental disorders. Emotional burnout leads to serious destructive consequences for society, organizations, and interpersonal relationships due to mental and behavioural changes. Burnout develops gradually and often goes unnoticed, with symptoms that may take years to manifest and lead to significant mental and behavioral changes. Despite its impact, the processes underlying burnout remain largely unknown due to a lack of specialized studies identifying specific biomarkers. Early detection of burnout, particularly at the critical onset of symptoms, is essential. Aim. This study aimed to examine EEG frequency changes associated with the severity of the Anxiety-Tension stage of Emotional Burnout. Materials and methods. A total of 752 participants, including students and staff from Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv (209 males, mean age=19.2; 543 females, mean age=18.28), were assessed using the 84-item Boyko's Syndrome of Emotional Burnout Inventory. EEG data were recorded during a 3-minute resting state with eyes closed, and artifact-free segments from all frequency bands (0.2-45 Hz) were analyzed. Normalized power spectral densities (PSD) were calculated, focusing on the 61-70 second segment of the recordings. Results. The results revealed burnout-related changes in spectral characteristics associated with the Anxiety-Tension stage, with significant alterations observed in the theta 2 band (frontal and left temporalparietal cortex), alpha 2 band (right parietotemporal cortex), and beta 1 band (left frontal-central-right parietal axis). Conclusions. These findings suggest that the Anxiety-Tension stage primarily impacts processes related to short-term memory and focused attention, providing a potential framework for the early identification of burnout through neurophysiological markers.

South Korea has an unusual profession. The profession is a trauma cleaner profession that appears in the web series Move to Heaven. This study aims to determine the portrayal of trauma cleaner profession in the web series Move to Heaven. This study uses the theory of Social Reality construction and semiotic analysis using Charles Sanders Peirce through the Triangle meaning of sign, object, and interpretation. The results of this study found that there are nine depictions of the trauma cleaner profession that are divided into two, namely positive and negative. Among them, the trauma cleaner profession is described as a profession that is conscientious in taking care of death, has high integrity and is professional in its work, loves cleanliness and obeys regulations, requires calmness and concentration, has high empathy, has good relationships with other professions, and is a noble profession. In addition, the profession of trauma cleaner is looked down upon by the community and is prone to mental disorders. Thus, web series become a construction tool of social reality, especially regarding the profession.

Aspects of choosing a profession and career planning are closely related to the description of the features of the image of the profession, otherwise known as the image of the profession. The choice of profession is an essential part of life, which has a significant influence upon the person and their further occupation. Furthermore, the choice of profession and job is related to the satisfaction of financial, social and personal needs. Therefore, it is very important that the choice of profession is as accurate as possible and that the profession evokes a strong feeling of vocation. A career develops accordingly, if a person is satisfied with the job and one’s current expectations meet the current situation, then the career development is successful and thrives as individually sought. For a career to follow a successful developing process it is vital to meticulously systematize the characteristics of a particular profession that would help to decide whether one wants to choose it n...

Problem solving refers to active efforts to discover what must be done to achieve a goal that is not readily available. It is a significant skill that is required to develop through the process of education. It focuses on developing students' productive human beings in today's rapidly changing world, alongwith developing proficiency in problem solving and logical reasoning. In academic pursuit problem solving is regarded as one of the key learning strategy as well as learning outcome in teaching and learning situation. Students who promote problem-based learning as an approach to learning are expected to be more successful in academic performance. The present study has made an attempt to investigate the relationship between problem solving skills and academic performance higher secondary school students, particularly Class XI of Dhemaji District of Assam. The personal information form and Problem Solving Inventory (PSI) developed by Heppner (1988) was adopted for collecting the pertinent data and found that (i) problem solving confidence is significantly associated with academic performance of higher secondary students; (ii) there is a positive correlation between overall problem solving skills and academic performance, and (iii there is no significant difference between male and female higher secondary students on problem solving confidence, approach-avoidance style, personal control and overall problem solving.

Technicism and voiding of physicians' place as caregivers are caused by training centered on biomedical knowledge acquisition. Criticisms led medical schools to include humanity disciplines in the curriculum, but this has been shown to be insufficient. Cultural factors such as the educational environment and behavioral patterns are also involved. In this study, the aim was to comprehend intersubjective encounters between teachers and students, emphasizing contemporary culture-related factors that have been identified as important for constructing physicians' identities and attitudes. Through a case study, triangulating between participant observation, interviews with teachers and students, and official documents from a medical school in the state of São Paulo, pedagogical and intersubjective relationships of day-to-day life in the educational process were covered. In the analysis, configurations of 'self and other person', 'technology' and 'teacher-student intersubjective relationships' were constructed. Polarized manners of interaction were found: relationships of bonding and trust, disqualification and omnipotence, and violence.

Editor-The editorial by Nicholson and Bradley on renal transplantation from living donors rightly pointed out that the United Kingdom has a lower rate of transplantations which use kidneys from living donors than the United States or Norway. 1 The recent report by the Royal College of Surgeons on organ transplantation in the United Kingdom recommended that steps should be taken to increase the use of kidneys from living donors in the United Kingdom to offset the shortage of cadaveric kidneys as well as to improve outcome. 2 In the United Kingdom in 1998, 38% more transplantations were performed using organs from living donors than in 1997. However, there is still some way to go if a level similar to that of the United States or Scandinavia (25-30%) is to be achieved. Nicholson and Bradley identify the risks associated with donor nephrectomy and state that much of the morbidity that occurs after open nephrectomy is related to the wound. For this reason they believe that the use of laparoscopically assisted donor nephrectomy needs to be examined in the light of the experience of, for example, the Johns Hopkins Hospital in Baltimore, Maryland. However, there have been no randomised prospective trials of this procedure, which takes longer than open nephrectomy. Furthermore, all of the non-randomised comparisons have been of open nephrectomy performed through a loin incision, with or without removal of a rib. If an anterior

Médicos del México decimonónico: entre el control estatal y la autonomía profesional (*) ANA MARÍA CARRILLO (**) BIBLID [0211-9536(2002) 22; 351-375] Fecha de aceptación: diciembre de 2001 SUMARIO 1.-Introducción. 2.-Aspectos económicos de la práctica médica. 2.1.-El «sacerdocio médico»: caridad versus mercado. 2.2.-Honorarios y aranceles. 3.-Control estatal de la enseñanza y la práctica médica. 3.1.-La evaluación del saber médico. 3.2.-El médico sólo debe rendir cuentas a sus pares. 3.3.-El secreto médico y las ideologías políticas. 3.4.-El campo de trabajo. 4.-Conclusiones. El trabajo analiza las contradicciones que los médicos mexicanos del siglo XIX tuvieron con el Estado en su búsqueda de autonomía profesional. Estos facultativos se resistieron con frecuencia a la asistencia obligatoria a todos los enfermos y la gratuita a los pobres, la exigencia de adhesión a ideologías políticas, el control estatal de la enseñanza médica, la acción penal en casos de responsabilidad profesional y la invalidación del secreto médico, así como la libertad de profesiones. El artículo da cuenta de la influencia del poder político sobre el trabajo de los facultativos, y proporciona elementos para entender las limitaciones y alcances del poder de la profesión médica. Palabras clave: México, S. XIX, profesión médica, práctica médica.

ResumeA partir de 48 entrevues menees aupres de medecins de famille du Nouveau-Brunswick, cet article expose le triple phenomene qui frappe cette profession : la feminisation de la medecine, le desir des jeunes medecins de famille d’avoir un equilibre entre leurs vies professionnelle et personnelle ainsi que la reduction des heures de travail des medecins plus âges. Ces trois phenomenes entrainent des changements de pratique a considerer pour evaluer les besoins futurs des effectifs medicaux.AbstractBased on 48 interviews with family doctors in New Brunswick, this article exposes the three phenomena that affect this profession: the feminisation of medicine, the desire of young family doctors to find a balance between their professional and personal lives, and the reduction of work hours for older doctors. These three factors bring changes in practice that must be considered in the assessment of future needs in medical staff.

Phronesis (practical wisdom) as a concept is known as the executive virtuea crucial chair role type decision adjudication skill in medical practice, leadership and many other practice roles. Aristotle and MacIntyre, the two most quoted virtue ethicists, argued that developing phronesis as part of practical experience for an individual or peer practice group, can also be part of an educational programme. In fact MacIntyre suggests that we are living in a time after virtue (globally) and there is a need to bring virtuous practice (for all professions and governments) back from the abyssan abyss that is evidenced by the number of recent and historic practice scandals in e.g. acute care, maternity care, social care, banking, cricket. Given such scandals seem to have rocked arguably trustworthy practices as well as many others a question arises: What are we missing in the education of the professionals involved? MacIntyre's call was clear; he said what was lacking across the board are moral debating resources in professional education that allow virtuous practices to be debated and enacted in their decision making. So how do we create a moral debating resource for medical leadership and clinical practice that allows the cultivation of the phronesis virtue in particular? The call from the medical ethics literature is to carry out empirical research into medical practice and ethical decision making. Until now empirical work with clinicians or other professions for that matter has been very limited in this area. This three year Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC) funded research project addresses this gap by asking the question 'What does phronesis mean to the medical community?' The research contribution includes a set of fifteen virtues including phronesis and a video series showing a Consultant and GP enacting the virtues gleaned from the participants' stories. The stories include what the participants consider to be both wise and unwise decisions and cover the full decision range for each virtue. So we argue that we have encapsulated the current practical wisdom of 131 participants from the medical community in our research findings. Thus we further argue this initial set of fifteen virtues offers a moral debating resource in the form of the video series and tutor notes for the professional education of doctors internationally and an approach that can also be used in other professions. This theoretical debating resource enables medical schools and CPD programmes to engage their participants in debate about ethical decision making and in a form that can be built on in the context of medical practice (and with other related professions for that matter e.g. nursing, social work and police) So this study is of international interest as it makes a contribution to global medical ethics and has the potential to support ethical decision making in all interrelated health care practices as well as practices outside the health care sector. searching (where available). We also identified and searched by key authors and carried out citation searches to track papers which have cited relevant references. We used an empirical , narrative approach to synthesise evidence of where phronesis can inform medicine and health care. Leading on from the philosophical discussion regarding how society in general and the medical profession in particular may, or may not, engage more fully with phronesis (see Kristjánsson 2015; see also Paton et al , 2107), we turn to consider one of the first requirements needed for this project: a review of the literature in the field. This was undertaken in order that the research team could gain an in-depth understanding of some of the key theoretical and current debates in the field of phronesis, as applied to medical education. Accordingly, an in-depth review of the research literature in this field relevant to the topic of phronesis was undertaken. We determined to carefully explore the main theoretical and current debates around phronesis in the medical profession. Although there is much discussion about the role of phronesis or practical wisdom in healthcare, and how it is considered to inform clinicians' duty of care, the exact nature of how phronesis supports this process is less clear. We found this somewhat surprising. With the focus on the field of medicine and healthcare, we were interested in learning how we might examine the ethical aspects of 'wise' or good decision-making in healthcare and medical leadership. Our main research question, therefore, was an exploration of what current research and philosophy might tell us about when, and how, phronesis might be incorporated into healthcare delivery if it was to have a more active role in influencing this area. For example, could phronesis offer something that might further inform and support development of a larger role for compassion -for instance, to improve patient care and experience Some of the philosophical context of phronesis is considered in relation to healthcare before moving on to discuss some of our findings. This is presented as a narrative synthesis of current research literature on the topic of phronesis.

Cíl: U pacientů se závažným onemocněním, zejména v situacích nepříznivého vývoje nebo prognózy, je nezbytné zvažovat a rozhodovat o přiměřenosti dalšího léčebného postupu. Pro poskytování péče odpovídající pacientovým hodnotám a preferencím je klíčová schopnost vést hodnotově orientovaný rozhovor. Hodnotová anamnéza (HA) má být součástí curricula na lékařské fakultě. Metoda: Dotazníkové šetření mapující postoj pedagogů vnitřního lékařství na 1. LF UK a LF UK v Plzni k významu, zkušenostem, potenciálním přínosům a bariérám začlenění hodnotové anamnézy do výuky standardního anamnestického rozhovoru. Výsledky: Celkem bylo v rámci studie vyhodnoceno 123 dotazníků. Hodnotová anamnéza ani její jednotlivé prvky se v současné době ve výuce ani v praxi široce neuplatňují. Naprostá většina lékařů (83 %) ji však považuje za velmi důležitou, mezi potenciálními přínosy vidí zejména: vyšší spokojenost pacientů a jejich rodin, větší možnost respektovat přání pacienta a také potenciální snížení počtu neplánovaných nebo nechtěných rehospitalizací v závěru života. Závěr: Kladný postoj pedagogů podporuje potřebu začlenění hodnotové anamnézy jak do výuky, tak i do běžné klinické praxe. HA se stává součástí strukturovaného anamnestického rozhovoru v předmětu Interní propedeutika a vnitřní lékařství na 1. LF UK a LF UK v Plzni.

International mobility provides opportunities for learning and knowledge transfer by health care workers, with significant potential benefits for countries of destination and, in the case of returned migration, countries of origin. This is examined using a typology that recognizes four types of tacit knowledge: embrained, embodied, embedded, and encultured. There are, however, constraints to learning and knowledge transfer in the form of professional and social recognition as well as language barriers and power relationships. These theoretical ideas are explored through a case study of internationally mobile Slovak doctors after their return to Slovakia. Individual learning and knowledge sharing with colleagues, both abroad and after return, are analysed through in-depth interviews.

Topicality of the Hippocratic oath is closely related to its usage to solve dilemmas in the contemporary medical practice. The vast amount of published literature clearly shows that the Hippocratic oath issue remains popular despite different forms of characterization. Information retrieval results were supplemented with questionnaire research on ethical dilemmas of current domestic medical practice as defined by the physicians themselves. The conducted research outcomes comprised a total of 36 dilemmas. The most frequent were dealing with the delivery of expensive care, treatment of old age seniors, euthanasia, and excessive paperwork. Each dilemma was then analyzed in details in order to assign respective basic ethical principles. The most frequently assigned principle was equity followed by nonmaleficence and autonomy. The research has confirmed that particularly older patients represent a risk and endangered group. Contemporary ethical problems in medicine are rather complex, but deontological substantiation of the ethical standards contained in the Hippocratic oath can offer an efficient support to eliminate causes of medical errors. The Hippocratic oath and revitalization of its cornerstones could become an important tool to prevent extinction of ethical behaviour when solving a wide range of ethical dilemmas, not only in medicine.

Mental disorders usually rapidly distort creative talent. It is thus unusual that prolonged psychopathology in the affected does not disrupt individual essential art creativity. The artistic creativity of the painter Marija Novaković served to properly maintain her mental stability and control her mental condition. Medical skill and the recognition of the importance of her painting in stimulating creativity and diligence was the key to disease control for this extraordinary artist. This is a testament to a high level of both intuitiveness and creativity in the psychiatric care of that time.

Ovim se člankom željelo ukazati na vrijednost starog knjižnog fonda. Vrijednost starih knjiga s područja medicine ne nalazi se zbog davne godine izdavanja već u tome što su one potrebne svima koji se bave proučavanjem povijesti medicine, psihijatrije, razvojem dijagnostike i svime što je vezano uz takva istraživanja. Knjige koje su dio fonda Stručne knjižnice Klinike za psihijatriju Vrapče i koje su kratko opisane nose u sebi znanja koja su nekada bila originalna i nova. Danas, iako su ta znanja zastarjela, ne smije ih se zaboraviti jer ona čine dio medicinske teorije. Briga o starom bibliotečnom fondu ne smatra se samo općom kulturom već je ona i osnovna zadaća svake biblioteke. Stare knjige potrebno je čuvati i doživljavati kao nasljeđe i svjedočanstvo gotovo stočetresetogodišnje povijesti Klinike za psihijatriju Vrapče.The aim of this article is to bring attention to the older books of our library fund. The importance of old medical books does not lie merely in their original dat...

Ovim se člankom željelo ukazati na vrijednost starog knjižnog fonda. Vrijednost starih knjiga s područja medicine ne nalazi se zbog davne godine izdavanja već u tome što su one potrebne svima koji se bave proučavanjem povijesti medicine, psihijatrije, razvojem dijagnostike i svime što je vezano uz takva istraživanja. Knjige koje su dio fonda Stručne knjižnice Klinike za psihijatriju Vrapče i koje su kratko opisane nose u sebi znanja koja su nekada bila originalna i nova. Danas, iako su ta znanja zastarjela, ne smije ih se zaboraviti jer ona čine dio medicinske teorije. Briga o starom bibliotečnom fondu ne smatra se samo općom kulturom već je ona i osnovna zadaća svake biblioteke. Stare knjige potrebno je čuvati i doživljavati kao nasljeđe i svjedočanstvo gotovo stočetresetogodišnje povijesti Klinike za psihijatriju Vrapče. / The aim of this article is to bring attention to the older books of our library fund. The importance of old medical books does not lie merely in their original date of publishing but in their worth to all those interested in the history of medicine, psychiatry, development of diagnostics and everything related to such research. The old books that are part of the library collection of the Vrapče University Psychiatric Hospital, which will be briefly described, contain knowledge that was new at the time of their original publishing. Today, although the ideas in these books may seem old and dated, we must not forget that much of the knowledge they contain is part of current medical theories. Caring for the book collection of the library is not only a matter of general culture but also one of the basic tasks and duties of any library. Old copies of books and sometimes the library collection as a whole are part of a cultural legacy, because every book tells a story. Old books must be cared for and treated as part of the heritage and testimony of the one-hundred-forty-year-old history of our University Hospital.

The shin-sanba, or medical 'new-midwife' who emerged during the Meiji period (1868-1912) in Japan seems, looked at from the present, to have successfully replaced the 'old-midwife' (kyû-sanba) and the increasingly criminalised 'non-licensed midwife' (mumenkyo-sanba), while midwifery was constantly developing as a modern medical profession. This paper suggests that the history of the midwife during the modern time was more complex than what we see today. First, the emergence and prosperity of shin-sanba were specific to the historical contingencies of modern Japan and the interplay of various groups of historical actors-hygiene officers, sankai (obstetrician-gynaecologists), other midwives, and 'clients'. Second, through the course of the modern period, shin-sanba did not replace other types of midwives and in fact, different kinds of midwives did coexist. Finally, the existence and status of midwives greatly depended upon the laissez faire medical market, and the market's realities often contradicted the medical rhetoric that favoured shin-sanba over other kinds of midwives.

Slikarstvo veduta na porculanu iz Muzeja za umjetnost i obrt u Zagrebu jedan od o» l) l/e>1)l>»rotlvćl II osllkćlL'ćlnllr po)'clrlćlns/'I/J prednleta slć ved)rte-slike gradova, /;oje 11/J)-o nakon osanlostaj le>rj a <a»ra lr slikarstvlr dolaze i na) epertoar slikarski/J odj ela e l l rops ki /1 »lan« fakt)ć)a poreć Ila»a. Arrtori ca istra=.l j re vrite p>ed/o~aka koji sl I se ko) isti li r r»ra>r) Ifakt)r) ćl»lćl po>'clllćl>la, te nćlclnć'. n/IIJQL'ćl p)'I/ć.'nosćl nćl »lalo»l fo)»later porclćlanski l> pred»leta. Marina Bagarić tkluzej za umjetnosti i obrt Zagreb Izvorni znanstveni rađ-UDK 733.1.047 ] 1. 4. 2002. 069(497.5 Zagreb). S1 :738 Pojava slikarstva veduta kao samostalnog žanra javlja se u 18. st. stoljeću u doba velikih istraživanja i ekspedicija u novootkrivene i egzotične krajeve, »edukativnih«putovanja i obnovljenog zanimanja za antiku. U uspostavljanju vedute-slike grada kao samostalne teme, presudnu ulogu, poznato je, imaju venecijanski slikari 18. stoljeća L. Cat.levarijs, A. Canal-Canaletto, B. Belotto. I<orijene žanra mozemo tražiti još u starom vijeku, ali neposredne prethodnike nalazimo u n i zozemskom slikarstvu 17. stoljeću-od Ruisdaelova»Pogleda na Haarlem«, Breenberghovih talijanskih pejsaža s rimskim spomenicima i Heemskerckova Skit-en/JIIC/Ja s rimskim veđutarna, do Vermeerovtt »Pogleda na Delft«. Manufakture porculana, niaterijala čije je otkriće također obilježilo 18. stoljeće, nastoje uhvatiti korak s vremenom: v e d ute t ak o u b r z o d o l a z e n a r e p er t o a r slikarskih odjela Meissena, Napttlja, Be ča, Sevresa. ' Zasebnih studija o dekorativnim motivima, pa tako i o vedutama na porculanu razmjerno je malo. Većina autora koja se bavila proučavanjem slikanih motiva na porculanu (A. Ziffer, W. Mrazek, W. Neuwirth) slikarstvo veduta redovito smješta u grupu tandschaft und Architektur. ' A. klaker, Književne vedute, Zagreb 1999., str. 19. ' Belottove vedute BeČa i Dresdena Čuvaju se danas u beČkom Kunsthistorisches Museumu i dresdenskoj Gemaldegalerie. 4 Popis predložaka, tj. »verzeichniss von Kupferstichen alterer Meister, welche bei der Konigl. Porzellan-Manufaktur befindlich und im jahre 1B46 aufgezeichnet worden sind«objavljen je kao dodatak tekstu M.

To explore distress in the medical profession and how it was highlighted by the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. The term “orientational distress” was developed to name the experience of a breakdown in the patterns of moral self-understanding and one’s capacity to navigate professional responsibilities.

Introduction. The healthcare staffing deficiency affects negatively the availability and quality of medical aid and,
consequently, the people’s quality of life and well-being. To eliminate this deficiency, it is proposed to use new formats
and tools for schoolchildren’s professional orientation towards medical professions.
Purpose of the study: to identify the potential of using big data for the development of schoolchildren’s career guidance
practices in the field of medical labour.
Materials and methods. The research was grounded on the identification of the pattern of the medical community’s
personal and professional interests, as based on the data of the digital footprint of medical workers, first and final
year students of Federal state-funded educational institution of higher education “Siberian State Medical University”
(hereinafter SibSMU) [Russian Federation]. The technology “Pixel” borrowed from the social network “VKontakte” was
used for the study. The study involved 947 persons whose personal data formed a basis for constructing a pattern of
medical community interests.
The study involved the methods of theoretical and structural analysis, predictive analytics and simulation modelling
based on neural network data, as well as parsing.
Results. A total of 6 attributes of the target audience segmentation (the medical community) were revealed; several
identification features (explicit and implicit) reflecting the involvement of the social network “VKontakte” users in the
medical community were found, analysed and differentiated on the basis of marketing approach. Using the “Pixel”
technology, 3 sublevels reflecting the users’ explicit professional-interest category and 184 characteristics underlying
their formation were found. Using the base of the social network “VKontakte”, a total of 79 million pages of users
were processed according to the identification features. It was found that 79 thousand people matched the obvious
professional interest reflecting the category “Medicine”. The authors undertook a search and analysis of the interests
of the first-year (937 people) and final-year students of SibSMU as well as of professionals (medical doctors with more
than 5 years of service record), following which a pattern of interests pertaining to the category of implicit identifying
characteristics that included 14 categories was revealed.
Conclusion. The research results showed that the use of big data and the analysis of the medical community’s digital
footprint is an effective tool for the development of career guidance practices for schoolchildren and their parents. The
identification of patterns of the medical community’s personal and professional interests can be used for the improvement
of the efficiency of career guidance work with schoolchildren towards their motivated choice of the medical sphere as
a career vector. The work with big data, complementing the existing career guidance approaches, is a due way to
understand the preferences and interests of every schoolchild, which is important for achieving personalised support of
professional self-identification.

Jekyll, a medical doctor, is the novel's protagonist: in late-middle age, intelligent, tall, dignified, wealthy, widely respected and with a good house and a household of loyal servants, the epitome of the Victorian gentleman and the embodiment of all that is good in mankind. Nevertheless, deep down and invisible to all but himself, just like common mortals, Jekyll harbours a dark side with secret passions and vices that he is unable and The locus classicus that, arguably, above all other works, demonstrates the duality of human nature in all of mankind, including in the medical profession, is Robert louis Stevenson's The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde (1886) wherein doctors are portrayed as weak and fallible, primarily because of the potential abuse of their special knowledge and abilities. 12 The duality of man's psyche is the story's overriding theme, an allegory of mankind's permanent inner conflict between good and evil through the potential dissociation of a single entity into two opposing selves. The story was recently rewritten by Steven Moffat as Jekyll and billed as a modern-day sequel to the original novella. 13