Mass Incarceration

Every society builds containers-some physical, some invisible. The parable of the crabs in a barrel is not about envy or innate dysfunction; it is about environment. When the barrel is narrow, the climb becomes a competition, and what looks like sabotage is often survival misinterpreted. This paper examines containment as a social design problem rather than a cultural flaw, arguing that collective suppression emerges from engineered scarcity and structural confinement. The barrel, not the crab, is the truer subject of study.

What people are saying about No Justice, No Police? "Globally, there are increasing concerns about police use of force within both democratic nation-states and authoritarian regimes. This is combined with a growing awareness of the fact that criminal justice systems are institutionally racist. This book does an admirable job of drawing together these issues and asking urgent questions: what is the role of the police; what could justice be in the 21st century; do black lives really matter? The book will be invaluable for all students interested in justice, equality and rights in the age of Black Lives Matter." David Baker, University of Liverpool, author of: Deaths after Police Contact: Constructing Accountability in the 21st century (2016, Palgrave-Macmillan), "We Are Not the Enemy": Police Related Deaths in the United States" (2021, Lexington Books) "This timely edited volume exposes a threatening dialectic manoeuvre: the 21st century is returning to the situation present within the origins of capitalist society when the military was in charge of public surveillance, but now it does so in a more egregious manner: through militarized policing. However, the book does not leave us without hope. Instead, it is a call to build upon a worldwide social movement demanding the defunding of the police and proposing a transformative way of dealing with crime and punishment.

I remember the first time I wanted to kill myself. It was the day of what was supposed to be a fun game of football between two teams of freshman high school students. During the game, a play was called in the huddle, and our quarterback pointed to me and said, "I'm gonna throw the ball to you. Period." Running my 10-yard curl pattern to perfection, I was wide open when the pigskin found its way through my nervous hands, bounced off of my body, and landed on the ground. Hustling back to the sideline, I'll never forget the look of disgust in my coach's laser-focused eyes, which effectively served to burn away any remaining shreds of self-confidence that my mom had worked to instill in me. This was the first time that I entertained ideations of suicide, which on the surface may sound like a drastic response to one missed catch and disapproving stare. What lies beneath the surface, however, was a mentally scarred and emotionally broken child. My story, unfortunately, is not unique. There are countless numbers of juveniles whose adverse child experiences fester untreated, resulting in ripples of negative effects on their emotional, psychological, and physical development. Like many kids growing up in impoverished communities and under-resourced schools, I experienced trauma prior to high school. This included losing my father at a young age to gun violence, losing childhood friends to the same, and experiencing other forms of trauma. I was a troubled child. Yet, I won't posit here that the social norm of drug and crime-infested neighborhoods predetermined my many run-ins with police and subsequent arrests as a juvenile. Those facts did, I'll submit, heavily impact my social imagination and, therefore, my decisions that landed me in trouble time and time again.

Policies regarding masturbation among incarcerated men vary throughout the United States. To describe the state of these policies, a systematic review of prison masturbation policies was conducted. The review revealed that masturbation among incarcerated men is banned in most U.S. prisons (sometimes in all cases, and other times only when it is intended to disturb others, and/or is public). Furthermore, many states' Departments of Corrections have made these policies difficult for the public to identify. Prison masturbation bans have been defended on the grounds that they reduce STI transmission, help maintain order, prevent hostile work environments for female prison staff, assist in prison rape prosecutions, and assist in rehabilitating incarcerated people. By reviewing the available social science and endocrinological research on masturbation, those justifications are found to have minimal basis in scientific evidence. Conversely, the evidence does suggest the masturbation bans could potentially be linked with higher rates of violence, rape, exploitation, sex offender recidivism, insomnia, stress, depression, and suicide. Instead of being rooted in evidence, bans on prison masturbation seem to be primarily motivated by sex-negativity and the desire to retributively punish incarcerated people. To alleviate these harms, this article suggests allowing incarcerated men to masturbate within specifically identified circumstances, and/or to lessen existing punishments for masturbation. Potential problems with the implementation of the suggested policy are discussed, and a call is made to make inmate handbooks, which contain most of these policies, available to the public. Unique opportunities for penological and sexological research are identified.

This discussion examines the structural and social obstacles faced by people with felony convictions when attempting to clear their records or access second-chance opportunities. It synthesizes national recidivism data, explains how collateral consequences (licensing, employment, housing, voting) produce long-term exclusion, and shows how policy and cultural norms interact to keep formerly incarcerated people “institutionalized” or trapped in cycles that often end in re-incarceration. The paper highlights evidence-based programs (e.g., Center for Employment Opportunities, The Fortune Society, Clean Slate laws, Second Chance Act-funded services) that reduce recidivism and improve outcomes, and it ends with practical, actionable steps individuals and advocates can take now to pursue record relief and rebuild careers and lives.

This study advances crime analysis methodologies in Maryland by leveraging sophisticated machine learning (ML) techniques designed to cater to the state's varied urban, suburban, and rural contexts. Our research utilized an enhanced combination of machine learning models, including random forest, gradient boosting, XGBoost, extra trees, and advanced ensemble methods like stacking regressors. These models have been meticulously optimized to address the unique dynamics and demographic variations across Maryland, enhancing our capability to capture localized crime trends with high precision. Through the integration of a comprehensive dataset comprising five years of detailed police reports and multiple crime databases, we executed a rigorous spatial and temporal analysis to identify crime hotspots. The novelty of our methodology lies in its technical sophistication and contextual sensitivity, ensuring that the models are not only accurate but also highly adaptable to local variations. Our models' performance was extensively validated across various train-test split ratios, utilizing R-squared and RMSE metrics to confirm their efficacy and reliability for practical applications. The findings from this study contribute significantly to the field by offering new insights into localized crime patterns and demonstrating how tailored, data-driven strategies can effectively enhance public safety. This research importantly bridges the gap between general analytical techniques and the bespoke solutions required for detailed crime pattern analysis, providing a crucial resource for policymakers and law enforcement agencies dedicated to developing precise, adaptive public safety strategies.

Post-incarceration reintegration was shaped not only by individual resilience but also by structural forces that determined access to opportunity and belonging. The paper demonstrated that punitive correctional systems, such as those in the United States, reinforced cycles of marginalisation through mass incarceration, stigmatisation, and restrictive re-entry policies. In contrast, the rehabilitation-oriented approaches of Nordic countries illustrated how investment in social support, skill development, and community trust reduced recidivism and fostered inclusion. The analysis showed that structural inequalities deepened the tension between punishment and rehabilitation, trapping many returning citizens in a cycle of exclusion. By highlighting comparative models, the paper argued for a more balanced framework that combined accountability with pathways for integration. The findings underscored that sustainable reintegration required addressing systemic discrimination, prioritizing rehabilitation, and building justice systems that promoted dignity, equity, and long-term social stability.

This article describes the issues inherent in prison cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) programs using a case-study from the author's previous research as an example, assesses the state of the literature on these programs today, and offers practical suggestions for researchers and practitioners to counteract the troubling content these programs produce. They represent a new form of discipline impacting on the stories prisoners are supposed to tell about themselves and their offences-about their narrative identity (discursive discipline). The article concludes with the recommendation that researchers qualify their studies investigating whether or not CBT programs in prison reduce recidivism by also investigating the non-material costs of these programs to their incarcerated participants.

The criminalization of racially minoritized youth is often examined in the literature on racial and ethnic disparities (RED) and the school-to-prison pipeline. Most of the research in this area focuses on the impact of formalized criminalization on the offending trajectories of racially minoritized youth, often overlooking informal experiences with criminalization and their influence on how these youth construct their selfperceptions. The current study assesses human and juvenile justice service providers' perceptions of the impact of repeated criminalization on racially minoritized youths' self-concept and other outcomes. The results of thematic coding showed that practitioners perceived that the ubiquitous experience of regular criminalization altered racially minoritized youths' self-concept and contributed to other problems, including compounded criminalization, and the development of internalizing and at-risk behaviors. The results suggest that the criminalization process extends beyond juvenile justice processing and access to conventional opportunities.

In the scientific field, there are few empirical studies and theoretical contributions of Psychology about the penitentiary field, when compared to Psychology as a whole. Concerning that, those interested in producing knowledge about this field need to act as real archeologists, to obtain theoretical contributions, as well as data which make possible methodological comparisons and supports in their researches. The lack of scientific production is also reflected in the Psychology field, as a profession, once lacking knowledge which beacons psychological knowing in this context. Thus, the present article brings the main criminological conceptions to aid in the construction and the development of scientific knowledge in this field.

The criminal justice system in USA has undergone through series of attack from the citizens with specific references from the numerous incidences of crime cases due to mass killing, and legalization of gun holding policies. According to Folman, Aronsen, and Pan (2018), in 2018 alone, 12 reported mass shootings in the U.S. Despite gun laws that have been enacted in varying degrees from each state across the country, mass shootings and/or killings is a glaring problem that continues to divide America. The battle over gun control and gun rights increases seemingly after each incident of mass shooting. There are many factors discussed by educators, politicians, legal scholars and laypersons alike regarding the cause of mass shootings but little attention has been paid to the issue. This study investigates and examine the relationship between the number mass killings and race, gender, political party affiliation, use of assault weapons and mental illness. This research uses linear regression, correlation, and secondary sources of data covering the periods between 2016 -2018. The study finds a strong positive relationship between mass killings and race. However, a statistically significant relationship to the number of mass killings and political party affiliation is lacking. Also lacking is a statistically significant relationship between mass killings and mental illness. Perhaps the latter is due to failure or inability to appropriately diagnose those who engage in mass shootings and/or killings as being mentally ill. Therefore, the study recommends that the mental health agencies and professionals should identify ways to communicate to active patients, their family members and the community-at-large on proper recognition of signs of mental illness and appropriate means to report such signs in order to minimize crime in USA.

After decades of increased use of incarceration, enhanced sentences, and mandatory minimum sentences, the United States is shifting direction in short order. 1 As observed by Professors Joan Petersilia and Francis Cullen, we have reached the "tipping point" towards a new way of thinking about incarceration: "For so long, mass incarceration had been the governing policy of corrections. . . . [S]eemingly overnight, its hegemony was shattered, and downsizing quickly emerged as its replacement." 2 Indeed, one does not have to look far to see new reports about the change in philosophy from tough-on-crime to smart-on-crime. When I have lectured or written about reforming criminal sentencing, I urge conservatives to examine the website rightoncrime.com. 3 There, they can find proposals advanced by dyed-in-the-wool conservatives like Newt Gingrich and Grover Norquist that largely parallel proposals that liberals have been advancing for years. 4 Presidential candidates have promised to make sentencing reform a campaign issue in the 2016 presidential election. Pressure is on candidates like Hillary Clinton to adopt a reformist agenda. 5 Clinton is joined by her potential Republican opponents in calling for significant reform to the criminal justice system.

En 2023 se cumplió un siglo desde el nacimiento del Instituto de Investigación Social de Frankfurt. Al calor de esta efeméride, diversos eventos reivindicaron la actualidad de los pensadores asociados al mismo, un conjunto heterogéneo de autores que están generando un renovado interés en el ámbito filosófico internacional. Este volumen busca ser una intervención en este debate.
Para ello, estas páginas reúnen ocho capítulos dedicados a figuras destacadas, pero también otras menos conocidas, de lo que constituyó una corriente de pensamiento que alberga un sorprendente potencial para responder a los desafíos de nuestro presente: crítica al capitalismo, estatuto de la función social del arte y su relación con la tecnología, análisis del auge del fascismo y el autoritarismo… Todo aquel preocupado por estas cuestiones encontrará en estas líneas una introducción a un modo de pensar que estimulará, como pocos otros, una mirada crítica a la totalidad de nuestra vida social.

This research analyzes the institute of socio-educational pre-trial detention (PTD) and its relationship with the guiding principles of the Brazilian Child and Adolescent Statute (ECA), in particular, the principle of exceptionality, which characterizes this measure with the nature of ultima ratio. The hypothesis raised was that, currently, there is an expansive application of the PTD beyond the legal possibilities caused by the imprecision of the legislation that governs the institute. In order to reach such an understanding, a

The intersection of mental health and corrections represents a critical challenge for contemporary criminal justice systems. Individuals with mental illnesses are disproportionately represented in jails and prisons, often due to systemic failures in community mental health care and the criminalization of psychiatric disorders. This paper examines the prevalence and impact of mental illness within correctional settings through the lens of key criminological theories, including labeling theory, social control theory, and rehabilitation theory, drawing on the work of Cullen and Jonson (2000, 2017) and recent scholarship in Vold's Theoretical Criminology (2024). These perspectives illuminate how stigma, weakened social bonds, and inadequate support systems contribute to the overrepresentation and poor outcomes of mentally ill individuals in corrections. This paper reviews current mental health programs in correctional institutions, evaluates their effectiveness, and identifies persistent barriers to care, such as institutional constraints and resource shortages. Policy implications are discussed, emphasizing the need for comprehensive reform that integrates evidence-based mental health interventions, reduces reliance on punitive models, and promotes successful reintegration. Ultimately, the paper argues for a shift toward humane, theory-informed correctional policies that address the complex needs of individuals with mental illness and improve public safety outcomes.

Imagining Human Rights is a collaborative portfolio of prints celebrating the 75th Anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The portfolio was developed in the Fall of 2023 as a project between Brandon Bauer's Introduction to Peace and Justice course and Katie Ries's Introduction to Printmaking course. It was created in collaboration with visiting artists Aaron Hughes and Pablo Mendoza from the Prison + Neighborhood Arts/ Education Project (PNAP), based in Chicago. The students were paired with one student from each class and were randomly assigned three articles from the declaration. They worked together to decide how to represent the articles they were assigned. The students went through a series of iterative stages developing the work, and were provided feedback from Aaron and Pablo during their campus visit. As they learned the process of screen printing, each pair developed a two-color print in response to the articles they had drawn from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights.

The project and exhibition was organized by Brandon Bauer and supported by the Cassandra Voss Center, with additional support from the Norman Miller Center for Peace, Justice, and Public Understanding, the Humanities Division, and the Art Department at St. Norbert College.

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Avec le « tsunami blanc » de la cocaïne, sommet visible de l’iceberg d’un narcotrafic en pleine expansion, et les innombrables crimes et délits qu’il engendre dans son sillon (prostitution, vol, meurtre, racket, chantage, torture, etc.), les conditions de sécurité des Français et de la France ne pourront qu’empirer. « Mettre les méchants en prison » ou les éloigner de la société semble a priori une bonne idée pour le citoyen lambda.

Cependant, en rester là, en faisant simplement plus de l’existant, sans attaquer les problèmes à la source, revient à jeter de l’essence sur l’embrasement en cours. Car tant que les individus qui sortent de prison se retrouvent, tant sur le plan psychologique que social et économique, dans un état pire qu’au moment de leur incarcération, le problème restera entier.

En réalité, c’est la prévention de la récidive par une réinsertion sociale (un sujet qui n’est pas à la mode) qui reste la mère de toutes les batailles. Si on la perd, on perdra toutes les autres.

This article explores the intersection of carceral geographies and climate (in)justice in Brazil, home to one of the world's largest incarcerated populations. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork, interviews and an analysis of reports from monitoring organisations examining facilities across the country, we ask how thermal conditions are part of a national project of inflicting suffering within the prison system. Conductive building materials, a lack or excess of water and ventilation, as well as overcrowding, exacerbate exposure to scorching heat or bone-chilling cold, subjecting prisoners' bodies to extreme temperatures. We argue that this constitutes a form of thermal violence, in which heat and cold are weaponised to harm and punish.

“The figures are astounding,” says Todd Clear in his book, Harm in American Penology (1994, p. 43). Clear is referring to the 188 percent increase in the number of offenders under correctional supervision and the 332 percent increase in the number of prisoners in the ...

Jacob Rouse was 18 years old when he drove the getaway car that would define the rest of his life. He sat in his blue Ford Taurus, waiting to drive his three friends away from the scene of a robbery in Rochester, New York. Jacob was parked about a block away when one of his accomplices shot and killed 22-year-old Herschel Scriven, a local youth pastor and church organist. He is now seeking clemency

People re-entering society after a period of incarceration often experience an identity crisis regarding their life orientation. Society is reluctant to receive perpetrators back into the community after their release. Stigmatized offenders thus face a myriad of challenges after having been imprisoned. For instance, they struggle to find employment, which in many instances translates into family separation and ostracization. The undergirding assumption of this research is that restoration and development of the released offender and his/her family is possible. They can also be helped to find their appropriate place in society through the assistance of their faith community. The researcher consequently focused on the involvement of the URCSA in its holistic mission to released offenders and their families in the community of Monte Berta, a suburb in the town of Porterville. It was assumed that the transformation development approach, within the framework of practical theology, can assist the church in its holistic mission, contributing towards the enhancement of human development, fostering spiritual transformation, dignity, self-worth, justice, participation, freedom and hope. Based on Osmer's methodology of practical theology, the researcher evaluated the rehabilitation process of the released offender whilst incarcerated, as well as reviewed development theories and approaches, and examined the relevance thereof for the church's mission in support of released offenders and their families. She further proposed an integrated model to sustain the rehabilitation process and promote the reconciliation, restoration and healing of reintegrated offenders.

Attention to the American carceral state has focused on its bookends: policing and sentencing. Between these bookends lies an under-researched but far-reaching "shadow" carceral state, a hybrid of criminal and commercial systems that often contravenes the principles of liberty, due process, and equal protection. Pretrial detention is an iconic example. It accounts for the majority of people in local jail on a given day. Up to half of detainees will not be convicted, yet detention often lasts months and triggers significant losses. Most are detained because they are too poor to pay bail, and they are disproportionately Black. How does this widespread punitive, arbitrary, and unequal experience affect political behavior? Using administrative records and as-if random assignment of bail magistrates, we find that pretrial incarceration substantially decreases voting among Black and poor Americans. These results point to the neglected but important "shadow" carceral state. Working paper. Please do not cite or distribute without permission.

This article explores how new high-security prison models are being instrumentalized to suppress social and political dissent. Drawing on Turkey’s carceral expansion in recent years, it discusses the ideological, architectural, and institutional dimensions of this trend.

Originally published by Bianet on 1 October 2022.

PDF version available below.

Invisible Chains: White-Collar Crime, Mass Incarceration, and the Architecture of Injustice "As George Bernard Shaw put it in 1922, a man snatches bread 'from the baker's counter' and goes to jail; but if he snatches bread from the table of hundreds of widows and orphans and similar credulous souls … he is run into Parliament.

This paper examines the disproportionate rates of youth property crimes within low-income African American communities, identifying systemic social, economic, and institutional factors as core contributors. Grounded in criminological theories such as labeling theory and Hirschi’s social bond theory, the analysis explores how poverty, racial housing and income segregation, systemic discrimination, and lack of access to education and employment pathways fuel criminal behavior among African American youth. It further critiques the failures of rehabilitation and diversion programs, highlighting their unequal application and the lasting consequences of criminal labeling. The paper advocates for policy interventions—spanning support services, equitable diversion opportunities, legislative reforms, and oversight of judicial conduct—that prioritize prevention and community healing. The ultimate thesis asserts that real reform requires dismantling structural racism within the American criminal justice system and investing holistically in the wellbeing of African American youth.

El fenómeno de hiper-encarcelamiento es fuente de atención para los investigadores de la región, es así que los estudios que buscan comprenderlo se encuentran en aumento, pero aún tenemos muchas preguntas que no podemos responder. Una de ellas y la que quiero trabajar en este breve artículo es: ¿Cómo el policiamiento impacta en la disminución o aumento de la tasa de encarcelamiento? Aunque pocas veces se intentó establecer un vínculo de la policía y su trabajo cotidiano y el encarcelamiento-existen investigaciones que lo intentaron, así es que en lo sigue pretendo presentar algunos planteos y enunciaciones que se vuelven importantes para comenzar a prestar atención a esta línea de trabajo.

Does religious pluralism decrease religious participation or increase it? Secularization theorists claim the former, while religious economies proponents claim the latter, and each side has used estimated pluralism-participation correlations to support its argument. Using a formal game theoretic model, this article shows how religious market forces and regulations generate plausible pluralism-participation correlations, whether or not the direct causal mechanisms argued by either side of the debate exist. The model generates testable hypotheses concerning the pluralism-participation relationship at both local and national levels and yields insights into previous empirical work. The production and consumption of religious goods and services has been one of humankind's most enduring forms of social activity, and social scientists have, in turn, studied the many various factors that hinder or promote religious participation. 2 One issue that has received tremendous attention from researchers is the relationship between religious activity (or participation) and religious pluralism. For decades, the common belief was that pluralism decreased vitality, a belief exemplified by Berger's (1967) idea of "the sacred canopy." 3 In short, pluralism undermines the 1 I thank Armand Mauss, Stergios Skaperdas, the AJS referees, participants at the Institute for Mathematical Behavioral Sciences colloquium, and UC Irvine colloquium participants

Interviews with low-level drug dealers in New York City reveal that the monetary costs of distributing drugs are modest. Hence, the proportion of sales revenue retained by these sellers is a meaningful indicator of their earnings. There are four distinct types of sellers, with systematic differences across types in the proportion of sales revenue retained. Entrepreneurs who own the drugs they sell retain the largest share (about 50 percent). Independent consignment sellers retain less (about 25 percent). Consignment sellers who operate within fixed selling locations or “spots” retain still less (10 percent), and the sellers who were paid hourly to sell from spots retained the smallest proportion (3 percent). These differences might explain variation in reports of sellers' earnings and may have significant implications for the relative ability of enforcement against spots and enforcement against sellers operating outside of spots to drive up drug prices and suppress drug use.

Öz Ali İhsan Yitik'in Batı'yı Aydınlatan Doğu adlı eseri çeşitli çeviri ve telif makalelerin bir araya getirilmesiyle oluşturulmuştur. Kitapta üç ana başlık altında toplanmış on iki makale bulunmaktadır. "Farklı kalemlerden Hinduizm" adlı ilk bölümde yazar; Bîrûnî, Dârâ Şükûh ve Mahatma Gandhi olmak üzere üç farklı yazarın Hinduizm hakkında kaleme aldıklarını konu edinen üç farklı makaleye ve Hinduizm'de misyonerliği konu edinen çeviri bir makaleye yer vermektedir. "Vedalar, İnek ve Kadın" adını taşıyan ikinci bölüm Hinduizm ekseninde sürdürülen güncel tartışmaları konu edinmektedir. Hinduizm'de kutsal kabul edilen Vedalar, inek tapımının yanı sıra bu din ekseninde kadının yeri ve İslam'daki yeniden dirilme ile karma-tenâsüh öğretisini konu edinmektedir. Kitapla aynı adı taşıyan son bölümde ise Yitik, bir makale üzerinden Hint düşüncesinin tanıtımını yaptıktan sonra Hint kültürünün Batı medeniyetine olan etkisini konu edinen üç farklı makaleyi bölüme dahil etmektedir. Hint dinleri üzerinde yürütmüş olduğu çalışmalarla Dinler Tarihi alanında adından söz ettiren Ali İhsan Yitik, Hint dini ve düşüncesini okura tanıtmayı amaçladığı bu eserinde bizleri Hint kültürü hakkında kapsamlı bir şekilde bilgilendiriyor. Bu doğrultuda Hint dini, inanç ibadet ve düşüncesi ve bunların günümüze olan yansımaları hakkında bizi aydınlatan yazar Hint kültürünün günümüze olan etkisini de gözler önüne sermektedir. Bu bağlamda Batı'yı Aydınlatan Doğu adlı eser Hint kültürü hakkında önemli bir başvuru kaynağı niteliğindedir.

Este trabalho reflete sobre como foi traduzida a
doutrina da proteção integral no Brasil, especificamente no
âmbito da responsabilização de adolescentes em conflito com a
lei. A abordagem metodológica é de caráter exploratório e
qualitativo e, a partir das lentes da decolonialidade e das
criminologias do Sul, assume a hipótese de que a inovação
trazida para a resolução de casos de conflitos de adolescentes a
quem se atribui a prática de ato infracional foi capturada e
sufocada pela racionalidade penal moderna. Essa
especificidade, própria de um país marcado pelas violências
estruturais da colonização, induz o punitivismo. Conclui-se
que a justiça juvenil é bastante ambígua, no que diz respeito à
responsabilização de adolescentes infratores. Verifica-se que os
discursos e práticas sociais relacionados ao sistema
socioeducativo são frequentemente colonizados pela
racionalidade penal moderna. Contudo, observa-se que a
justiça juvenil pode, em algumas situações, tensionar o modelo
retribucionista e carcerocêntrico, com o potencial de afastar-se
do paradigma do direito penal adulto e de servir como
alternativa à lógica punitiva, por meio de seu discurso de
proteção integral.

This paper aims to contribute to debates about 'mass supervision' by exploring its penal character as a lived experience. It begins with a review of recent studies that have used ethnographic methods to explore how supervision is experienced before describing the two projects ('Supervisible' and 'Mass Supervision: Seen and Heard') on which the paper draws, explaining these as an attempt to generate a 'counter-visual criminology' of mass supervision. I then describe two encounters with 'Teejay'; encounters in which we explored his experiences of supervision firstly through photography and then through song-writing. Both media are presented alongside Teejay's commentary on what he sought to convey, inviting the reader to engage with and interpret the pictures and song. In the concluding discussion, I offer my own analysis, arguing that Teejay's representations suggest a need to recognise mass supervision as 'Maloptical' as much as 'Panoptical'. Through the 'Malopticon', the penal subject is seen badly, is seen as bad and is projected and represented as bad. Experiences of misrecognition and misrepresentation constitute significant yet poorly understood pains of supervisory punishment. The paper concludes by suggesting several ways in which a counter-visual criminology might follow Teejay's lead in exposing and challenging of mass supervision.

La presente investigación se enmarca en resaltar las condiciones legales, de salud psicosocial y físicas, y laborales de las personas liberadas con medidas sustitutivas a la detención provisional en el marco del régimen de excepción en El Salvador. Así como de evidenciar los soportes y afectaciones que han realizado sus familiares durante su proceso de liberación.

Many disabled artists have used imagery or literal examples of medical or medical-adjacent technology in their works, invoking and evoking a range of significations, connotations, and effects. In turn, the antiseptic anti-aesthetic of the hospital, as well as other hygienic spaces of short- or long-term incarceration, has resonated in various ways with the equally blank and institutional but highly aestheticized space of the modern and/or contemporary gallery or museum. In implicitly or explicitly linking the hospital and the gallery, work by disabled artists participates in the tradition of institutional critique in a manner that has meaningful but underexplored connotations that touch on ideas of embodiment, display, imperfection, and control. Disabled artists, in a range of ways, undertake a penetrating critique of operations by which disability is both hidden and ubiquitous in the visual landscape, physical infastructure, and ideological sensibilities of industrialized modernity.

In this book, Michael Broyde discusses the impact of religious arbitration within the secular legal system of the United States, as well as its role in the future. For much of the history of the United States, U.S. law was in harmony with what Broyde calls “Judeo-Christian values.” Throughout the last few decades, however, the number of individuals who consider themselves areligious, agnostic, or atheist has drastically increased. Consistent with such an increase, the values that shape the legal system within the United States have followed a similar path. Since the 1960s, a collective shift towards a more progressive and liberal ideology has become the norm for U.S. society. Members of the Jewish, Islamic, and Christian faiths are now presented with new societal norms that no longer sufficiently reflect their values. Broyde argues religious arbitration is a viable option for settling religious disputes that may not fit within the norms and framework of the U.S. legal system—as long...

Elisabetta Grande dopo aver ricordato le aspirazioni di cambiamento dei più disagiati, che hanno massimamente contribuito alla vittoria di Trump, analizza la trasformazione in atto in senso opposto a quella dagli stessi auspicata: la trasformazione da un capitalismo ancora in qualche misura dal “volto umano” ad un capitalismo ferocemente corporate. Si tratterebbe della definitiva cattura dello Stato e del diritto da parte delle corporation con ripercussioni drammatiche sul benessere dell’umanità.

Lighthouse and the Trinity House case have triggered extensive debate on the possibility of private production of public goods and, more especially, lighthouse services provision. This contribution sums up current academic debate about lighthouse provision. It shows that the English system of lighthouse services provision cannot be rigorously considered as an example of private provision. Some historical experiences have shown that private provision was possible, although governmental hindrances restrained a full-fledged market process provision. This contribution defends the interest of mobilizing a political economy perspective for an understanding of the different frameworks and institutional designs for providing such services. Some national cases illustrate and sustain the proposed political economy framework.

The United States has the highest incarceration rate in the world. Incarceration can increase HIV risk behaviors for individuals involved with the criminal justice system and may be a driver of HIV acquisition within the community. We used an agent-based model to simulate HIV transmission in a sexual-contact network representing heterosexual African American men and women in Philadelphia to identify factors influencing the impact of male mass incarceration on HIV acquisition in women. The model was calibrated using surveillance data and assumed incarceration increased the number of sexual contacts and decreased HIV care engagement for men post-release. Incarceration of a partner increased the number of sexual contacts for women. We compared a counterfactual scenario with no incarceration to scenarios varying key parameters to determine what factors drove HIV acquisition in women. Results: Setting the duration of male high-risk sexual behavior to two years post-release increased the number of HIV transmissions to women by more than 20%. Decreasing post-release HIV care engagement and increasing HIV acquisition risk attributable to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) also increased the number of HIV transmissions to women. Changing the duration of risk behavior for women, the proportion of women engaging in higher risk behavior, and the relative risk of incarceration for HIV-infected men had minimal impact. The mass incarceration of African American men can increase HIV acquisition in African American women on a population-level through factors including post-release high-risk behaviors, disruption of HIV care engagement among formerly incarcerated men, and increased STI prevalence. These findings suggest that the most influential points of intervention may be programs seeking to reduce male risk behaviors and promote HIV care engagement post-release, as well as STI testing and treatment programs for recently incarcerated men, as well as women with incarcerated partners.

The partnership between Gapoktan Rukun Tani and vegetable farmers in Bogor was designed to facilitate farmers in overcoming  the limitations of production inputs, capital, and market certainty. This study compares a one year production and income of vegetables farmers who participate in the partnership to the non participated vegetables farmers in Bogor. Income analysis and R/C ratio analysis show that the partnership has no influence in increasing the farm production and income. In term of average production, income and R/C ratio, the partnership farmer was lower than that of non partnership farmer (0,96%, 0,97%, and 1,03 lower consecutively). However, the partnership farming increases the bargaining power of farmers by getting higher price and market certainty. Another advantage of paticipating in the partnership is higher access to both capital credit and production input.

Bu çalışmada Kur'an-ı Kerim'in Sanskrit diline tercümesi, Hindu bilgin Gunderao'nun Fātiḥa Suresi çevirisi üzerinden ele alınmaktadır. Allah'ın sıfatları, kıyamet, diriliş, doğru yol, nimet, gazab ve dalalet gibi İslamî terimler için kullanılan ifadelerin semantik tahlilleri yapılarak bunların Hint inanç ve felsefi geleneğindeki izdüşümleri üzerinde durulmaktadır. Tespit edebildiğimiz kadarıyla Türkçe literatürde ilk örneği olan bu araştırmanın Dinler Tarihi ve Kur'an çalışmaları bağlamında Hint bölgesi üzerinde daha fazla durulmasına ve Hindu-Müslüman ilişkilerinin geniş bir perspektiften mütalaa edilmesine katkı sunması hedeflenmektedir.

This article uses the concept of a progressive jail assemblage to think about the focus on jails as both a target of social justice organizing and a tool for advancing social justice goals. Drawing on ethnographic research conducted among formerly incarcerated organizers and their allies in Western Massachusetts (New England), I explore how the sheriffs who operate jails in this region, along with their collaborators, have increasingly sought to redefine the figure of the criminal as not just a danger to others but also a danger to themselves, someone in need of rehabilitative treatment and even care. In doing so, these sheriffs have attempted to reinvent their role, from the quintessentially American crime fighting figure, to one who is also a provider of care. Social justice activism has helped to expand the "caring" role of the jail, through increased addiction treatment, re-entry support, and community outreach -even to the extent of incarcerating individuals dealing with addiction who have not been charged with a crime. As progressive jails have been reconfigured as providers of care, abolitionists are confronted with the ongoing dilemma of how to remain a figure opposed to the use of prisons and jails without being seen as against care.

A black man who had served almost a decade in the penitentiary came home to the South Side of Chicago in the mid-1980s. He watched young menat first just a fewset up shop on the corners in his neighborhood. They were selling crack cocaine. He was temptedto buy, to sellbut he steered clear. Still, he understood the draw. From his own younger days and from his years in prison, he knew the men who organized the operations that moved the product from wholesale purchase to hand-to-hand sale. In his estimation, these were righteous men, men whose names he did not discuss, knowing full well what it would mean if he used their names with the wrong people. These were men that, he understood, "had to make their choices. And they made 'em." Improbably, given where they began, these men had made money, lots of money, and not just for themselves. They also made money for "the nation." That'sh o w this ex-offender, who had found a new religion behind prison walls, t h o u g h to fi t . Wrong or right, what the young ones did made cold, hard sense. The teenage boys who leaned against the walls of Chicago's high-rise public housing projects were caught in a situation he well understood. And in response to those who clucked their tongues at these young men's misdeeds, he just shook his head: "What do you expect, when you've got a whole subsection of unemployed people? When the mills is closing down? When General Motors and Ford is acting crazy? They got kids at home and here comes some white gold. What do you think they are going to do? Man, they are going to take it and they are going to sell it. And try to provide for their families and their kids.