MPEG-4

Este articulo describe el diseno de un algoritmo que permite ejecutar el analisis de senales de ISDB-Tb de Television Digital Terrestre con el fin de monitorear y comparar los niveles de calidad entre los canales de television abierta mediante la medicion de parametros establecidos por la ARCOTEL. Como elementos principales se cuenta con un radio definido por software llamado NI-USRP 2920, una antena y el software LabVIEW. El algoritmo desarrollado les permitira a los estudiantes observar, analizar y comprender mediante la practica, la recepcion de senales RF, los diagramas que estos presentan, tipos de modulaciones/demodulaciones, etc.; asimilando con mayor facilidad las teorias generales de telecomunicacion. Ademas de demostrar el tipo de aplicaciones que se pueden implementar con el NI-USRP y el software LabVIEW. El proyecto dara la pauta a nuevas investigaciones y temas de tesis sobre los avances que se obtengan en el campo de la Television Digital Terrestre, y a su vez sera de ...

Los sistemas de television analogica NTSC (National Television System Committee) siguen siendo reemplazados por sistemas mas robustos, que permitan la transmision de contenido en alta calidad en el menor tiempo posible, esto ha conllevado al desarrollo de diferentes estandares para la television digital terrestre (TDT). Los fenomenos de dispersion de la senal trasmitida tal es el caso de la lluvia afectan a la modulacion 8-VSB, un posible camino de solucion es utilizar OFDM (multiplexacion por division de frecuencia ortogonal) que es una modulacion mas robusta a la interferencia y ruido. Este Proyecto se enfoca en la implementacion de las modulaciones 8-VSB (Banda Lateral Vestigial) y OFDM aplicadas sobre el estandar de television digital avanzado ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee). La implementacion de los diferentes diagramas de bloques a traves del software Matlab permitio observar el retardo, la tasa de error de bits (BER) y el resultado en la recepcion al transmitir d...

Gracias al desarrollo de las diversas tecnologías, el mundo de la televisión a dado grandes cambios a través de la historia, por una parte en lo que se refiere a las características técnicas, que la han hecho más espectacular para los televidentes y, por otra, la simplificación de muchas tareas que requerían una enorme inversión de tiempo. En el articulo se resume el diseño de la operación automatizada de una estación digital iniciando el proceso posterior a la captura de video en sistemas no lineales para edición,

Nowadays surveillance systems have been widely deployed in various places and generate massive amount of video data every day. This raises threats of unauthorized access and potential privacy leakage as the recorded videos usually contain rich identifiable information such as facial biometrics. In order to mitigate the threats, many existing methods perform symmetric encryption on the entire frames in the videos. Unfortunately, these methods could introduce additional computation cost and storage. Moreover, as surveillance systems could be a part of distributed system, the key management is critical and challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel method which incorporates background subtraction technique and RSA encryption algorithm. Rather than encrypting the entire frames of the videos, the proposed detect the regions around moving objects in the frames of video and then perform RSA encryption on the detected regions. And RSA encryption technique has its advantages of key distr...

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir las ventajas que puede traer para el país el empleo del códec de audio MPEG-4 (HE-AAC v2) en la codificación de los servicios transmitidos por el canal de transmisión de la DTT. En este proyecto se utiliza la herramienta de trabajo Blue Top TS Analyzer, la cual es empleada por la empresa de RadioCuba para analizar el flujo de Televisión Digital transmitido en el país. El trabajo se realiza en la provincia de Sancti Spíritus donde se ejecuta un estudio del flujo actual transmitido con ayuda de la herramienta antes mencionada en una de las estaciones de transmisión, dando como resultado que, para la codificación de audio, objetivo de estudio del trabajo, se emplea el códec de audio MPEG-1 Capa2 que, aunque está recomendado por la ITU en ambientes de radiodifusión, emplea una porción considerable del ancho de banda total disponible. Debido a esto se hace necesario el estudio de otro códec de audio que pueda brindar un menor uso del canal, siendo así más eficiente, con una menor razón binaria de transmisión y que mantenga una buena calidad de audio mediante una valoración previa a través del MOS.

Gracias al desarrollo de las diversas tecnologías, el mundo de la televisión a dado grandes cambios a través de la historia, por una parte en lo que se refiere a las características técnicas, que la han hecho más espectacular para los televidentes y, por otra, la simplificación de muchas tareas que requerían una enorme inversión de tiempo.

While the rate-distortion optimized quantization (RDOQ) technique provides nontrivial coding gain in High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), it also involves considerable computations, whereby the complexity of quantization is significantly increased. In this paper, two schemes (the RDOQ bypass decision and the simplified level adjustment) are investigated to reduce the complexity of the quantization process in HEVC with RDOQ. The RDOQ bypass decision method initially selects the transform blocks for which the RDOQ is expected to give less/or no coding gain and enables the conventional uniform scalar quantization to be applied to these transform blocks instead of the RDOQ. The simplified level adjustment method only estimates the difference in rate-distortion costs among the candidate quantization levels to enable the encoder to select an optimal quantization level at a much reduced computational cost. Furthermore, the proposed simplified level adjustment scheme is designed so that it can be implemented in lookup tables. Experimental results show that the proposed fast method achieves 14.3% quantization complexity reduction in all intra main conditions, 15.2% in the random access main condition, and 14.9% in the low delay main condition on average with virtually no coding loss compared with the conventional quantization process with the RDOQ.

Quality of service (QoS) in streaming of continuous media over the Internet is poor, which is partly due to variations in delays, bandwidth limitations, and packet losses. Although continuous media applications can tolerate some missing data, non-recoverable information loss degrades these applications' QoS. Consequently, a number of application areas have backed away from streaming of their content over the Internet. Inability to control the resulting visual and auditory quality of the streamed presentation is an important reason for such a trend. We believe that this trend can be reversed. To this end, this paper gives an overview of our efforts in exploring high quality streaming through the exploitation of multiple paths existing in the network. By high quality, we mean with significant bandwidth requirements, of relatively long duration, and without information loss or hiccups in data delivery. We believe this to be a promising approach.

Estándar americano de la televisión digital. Tiene como uso principal la TV de alta definición (HDTV). ACCESO CONDICIONAL Sistema que controla el acceso a los servicios de forma que sólo quien está suscrito pueda verlos. Se asocia con la tecnología necesaria para ofrecer suscripción a servicios pagados lo cual involucro la encriptación de señales y el servicio de manejo de usuarios. ADSL Asymetric Digital Subscriber Line, Línea de suscriptor digital asimétrica. Permite transportar datos y voz empleando la línea telefónica convencional. API Applications Programming Interface, Aplicación de programación necesaria para el desarrollo de servicios interactivos asociados a la televisión. BANDA DE FRECUENCIAS Porción del espectro radioeléctrico que contiene un conjunto de frecuencias determinadas. BROADCAST Calidad televisiva de video, susceptible de ser emitida. Estándar mínimo de calidad aceptado por las emisoras de televisión de todo el mundo y por sus organismos reguladores. BROADCASTER Empresas públicas o privadas que emiten señales de televisión de libre recepción o pagada, creado por ellos mismos o comprados a terceros. En el fondo, es lo que se entiende por canales de televisión terrestre que utilizan un bien público como el espectro radioeléctrico. CANAL Medio físico por el que se transmite una señal específica. El ancho de banda de un canal de televisión es, por ejemplo, de 6 MHz en Ecuador y en los Estados Unidos y de 8 MHz, en Europa. COMPRESIÓN Proceso por el cual la señal deja de poseer información redundante y por lo tanto incluye sólo la información mínima necesaria para la transmisión. CONVERGENCIA Capacidad de diferentes plataformas de red de transportar tipos de servicios similares o aproximación de dispositivos de consumo tales como el teléfono, televisión y ordenador personal. La convergencia se manifiesta en diversos niveles: el de las redes de telecomunicaciones o canales de distribución, el de terminales (ordenador, televisor, Internet y videojuegos), el de contenidos (sonido, video y datos), el de servicios, y el de las empresas. DTV Digital Television. DEMODULADOR Circuito o dispositivo cuya acción sobre una onda portadora, permite recuperar o recomponer la onda moduladora original. DECODIFICADOR Equipo que, en conjunción con una tarjeta inteligente, permite al usuario el acceso al servicio. En el caso de la recepción digital, el descodificador se encuentra integrado en el receptor (IRD). DESMULTIPLEXADOR Tiene como objeto separar los diferentes servicios a los que el abonado está suscrito. DVB Digital Video Broadcasting, Estándar europeo de la TV digital. Fue desarrollado después de ATSC americano, con la intención de ampliar la competitividad. Su uso principal es la transmisión de programas múltiples en un canal solo. ISDB-C Transmisión de contenidos ISDB (video y aplicaciones) mediante redes de cable. ISDB-S Transmisión de contenidos DVB mediante redes de satélite.

RESUMEN Entre los servicios de telecomunicaciones de mayor demanda entre los usuarios está el de televisión digital vía satélite. Entre sus ventajas están la variedad de programación con la que se cuenta en el mencionado servicio y la relativa fácil instalación del equipo de usuario en comparación con los sistemas alámbricos. Para la prestación de dicho servicio se tienen principalmente los estándares DVB-S (Digital Video Broadcasting-Satellite), su evolución DVB-S2 (Digital Video Broadcasting-Satellite-Second Generation), ISDB-S (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting-Satellite), ABS-S (Advanced Broadcasting System-Satellite) y ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee). En este artículo, se hace una revisión del estado del arte actual de los principales aspectos de los mencionados estándares y se comparan sus características. ABSTRACT The satellite digital TV is among the telecommunications services that have most in demand. The principal advantages are the variety of programm...

The networks are increasingly becoming more demanding and sophisticated in terms of network parameters. With the increase of bandwidth of the channels, it becomes necessary to take care of other network parameters like Maximum Transmission Unit (MTU), Delay, Reliability, Jitter etc. One of the major impacts of increase of Bandwidth in the networks; may it be infrastructure wireless networks, optical networks are Mobile Adhoc Networks is on the Maximum Transmission Unit(MTU). Enhanced bandwidth demands a higher MTU and thus evaluation of the fragmentation or fragment size on the transmission of data becomes imperative. In this paper, we have evaluated the effect of fragmentation on the MPEG-4 traffic in Adhoc Networks.

Unlike H.264/advanced video coding, where parallelism was an afterthought, High Efficiency Video Coding currently contains several proposals aimed at making it more parallel-friendly. A performance comparison of the different proposals, however, has not yet been performed. In this paper, we will fill this gap by presenting efficient implementations of the most promising parallelization proposals, namely tiles and wavefront parallel processing (WPP). In addition, we present a novel approach called overlapped wavefront (OWF), which achieves higher performance and efficiency than tiles and WPP. Experiments conducted on a 12-core system running at 3.33 GHz show that our implementations achieve average speedups, for 4k sequences, of 8.7, 9.3, and 10.7 for WPP, tiles, and OWF, respectively. Index Terms-High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), parallel programming, video coding. I. Introduction R ECENT DEMANDS on video coding support for even higher resolutions such as 4k or UHD in consumer devices are driving the video coding development further. To meet these demands, the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T and ISO/IEC Moving Pictures Experts Group has started a new project to develop a new video coding standard, called High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) [1]. The HEVC project aims at reducing the bitrate compared to H.264/AVC [2] by another 50%. The price to be paid for higher coding efficiency is higher computational complexity. While state-of-the-art single-core processors are capable of decoding a 1080p H.264/AVC video sequence in real time, it is very unlikely that single-core processor performance will increase to a point where they can decode a 2160p50 HEVC video in real time. While Interna-Manuscript

High definition video application has drawn a lot of interest both from academy and industry. The relevant latest video coding technology, H.265/HEVC has been a promising area for video steganography. In this paper, we present a novel and efficient video steganography method based on transform block decision for H.265. In order to improve the visual quality of carrier video, we analyze the embedding error of data hiding with modifying partitioning parameters of CB, PB and TB, and modify the transform block decision to embed secret message and update corresponding residuals synchronously. In order to limit embedding error, we utilize an efficient embedding mapping rule which can embed N (N>1) bits message and at most modify one bit transform partitioning flag. Our experimental results show that the proposed method can achieve better visual quality, larger embedding capacity and less bit-rate increase than state-ofthe-art researches. INDEX TERMS H.265/HEVC, transform block decision, transform partitioning flag, video steganography.

There's a huge transition going on now. Whatever was over the air is increasingly moving onto fibre, and what was on the wires is now being delivered over the air. We are talking about data. A technology commentator Peter Cochrane, former CTO and head of research at British Telecom says "Data downloads for the year 2013-2014 is about 17GB/ Month per user, and by 2017 that will go up to 70GB / Month per user. The sole reason behind this is exponential increase in video content over internet, as more people are working either at home or on the move". In broadband hotspots like Hong Kong, where they have 100Mbps services even in HOTEL ROOMS, people are no longer interested in watching TV or listening to their favorite radio over the air as everything is being put down fibre, that fascinates them more. Likewise, in UK there is a dedicated, reliable, fast broadband network. This all hails the need of more powerful techniques for video streaming, which give rise to a powerfu...

The failure of legacy packet markers, such as the Single Rate Three Color Marker (SRTCM) and the Two Rate Three Color Marker (TRTCM), to protect important data from being dropped, renders a poor delivery of video quality over Differentiated Services (DiffServ) networks due to the hierarchical structure of MPEG video. Therefore, we propose a content-aware packet marking scheme, which we call Two Markers System (TMS), to improve the delivery quality of MPEG video streams. TMS places marker modules at both the video source and the edge of a DiffServ network. The source marking modules act at the application-level to set an importance indicator in the IP header of the MPEG frame packet by evaluating the contribution of the packet to the expected picture quality perceived by an end user. Meanwhile, at the edge of the DiffServ network, the Enhanced Token Bucket Three Color Marker (ETBTCM) is proposed to perform packet marking at the network-level in accordance with the pre-assigned importance of individual video frame packets. When the traffic flow is measured as out-of-profile, the less important packets will be marked with higher probability than the more important ones. Therefore, in the event of network congestion, less important frame packets can be dropped before more important ones. Consequently, a better delivered video quality can be provided. Further, due to the convenience offered by wireless networks, more users choose mobile devices to connect to the Internet. Therefore, a Video Differentiator is suggested, placed at the entry to the IEEE 802.11e wireless network, to provide traffic differentiation and better service for video traffic. We use authentic MPEG4 video traffic traces to evaluate this framework. Results show that better video quality can be delivered over our proposed new framework.

Estándar americano de la televisión digital. Tiene como uso principal la TV de alta definición (HDTV). ACCESO CONDICIONAL Sistema que controla el acceso a los servicios de forma que sólo quien está suscrito pueda verlos. Se asocia con la tecnología necesaria para ofrecer suscripción a servicios pagados lo cual involucro la encriptación de señales y el servicio de manejo de usuarios. ADSL Asymetric Digital Subscriber Line, Línea de suscriptor digital asimétrica. Permite transportar datos y voz empleando la línea telefónica convencional. API Applications Programming Interface, Aplicación de programación necesaria para el desarrollo de servicios interactivos asociados a la televisión. BANDA DE FRECUENCIAS Porción del espectro radioeléctrico que contiene un conjunto de frecuencias determinadas. BROADCAST Calidad televisiva de video, susceptible de ser emitida. Estándar mínimo de calidad aceptado por las emisoras de televisión de todo el mundo y por sus organismos reguladores. BROADCASTER Empresas públicas o privadas que emiten señales de televisión de libre recepción o pagada, creado por ellos mismos o comprados a terceros. En el fondo, es lo que se entiende por canales de televisión terrestre que utilizan un bien público como el espectro radioeléctrico. CANAL Medio físico por el que se transmite una señal específica. El ancho de banda de un canal de televisión es, por ejemplo, de 6 MHz en Ecuador y en los Estados Unidos y de 8 MHz, en Europa. COMPRESIÓN Proceso por el cual la señal deja de poseer información redundante y por lo tanto incluye sólo la información mínima necesaria para la transmisión. CONVERGENCIA Capacidad de diferentes plataformas de red de transportar tipos de servicios similares o aproximación de dispositivos de consumo tales como el teléfono, televisión y ordenador personal. La convergencia se manifiesta en diversos niveles: el de las redes de telecomunicaciones o canales de distribución, el de terminales (ordenador, televisor, Internet y videojuegos), el de contenidos (sonido, video y datos), el de servicios, y el de las empresas. DTV Digital Television. DEMODULADOR Circuito o dispositivo cuya acción sobre una onda portadora, permite recuperar o recomponer la onda moduladora original. DECODIFICADOR Equipo que, en conjunción con una tarjeta inteligente, permite al usuario el acceso al servicio. En el caso de la recepción digital, el descodificador se encuentra integrado en el receptor (IRD). DESMULTIPLEXADOR Tiene como objeto separar los diferentes servicios a los que el abonado está suscrito. DVB Digital Video Broadcasting, Estándar europeo de la TV digital. Fue desarrollado después de ATSC americano, con la intención de ampliar la competitividad. Su uso principal es la transmisión de programas múltiples en un canal solo. ISDB-C Transmisión de contenidos ISDB (video y aplicaciones) mediante redes de cable. ISDB-S Transmisión de contenidos DVB mediante redes de satélite.

RESUMEN Entre los servicios de telecomunicaciones de mayor demanda entre los usuarios está el de televisión digital vía satélite. Entre sus ventajas están la variedad de programación con la que se cuenta en el mencionado servicio y la relativa fácil instalación del equipo de usuario en comparación con los sistemas alámbricos. Para la prestación de dicho servicio se tienen principalmente los estándares DVB-S (Digital Video Broadcasting-Satellite), su evolución DVB-S2 (Digital Video Broadcasting-Satellite-Second Generation), ISDB-S (Integrated Services Digital Broadcasting-Satellite), ABS-S (Advanced Broadcasting System-Satellite) y ATSC (Advanced Television Systems Committee). En este artículo, se hace una revisión del estado del arte actual de los principales aspectos de los mencionados estándares y se comparan sus características. ABSTRACT The satellite digital TV is among the telecommunications services that have most in demand. The principal advantages are the variety of programm...

La presente investigación está enfocada al análisis detallado que implica el cambio de transmisión análogo a digital de las estaciones de TV abierta en Ecuador, tomando como puntos de referencia el estudio e instalaciones del canal Telerama. La investigación se inicia con una breve explicación acerca de los diferentes departamentos que contiene una estación de televisión y sus respectivas funciones, seguido de la instrumentación utilizada para la obtención de audio y video. Igualmente se estudia la estructura técnica de un canal analógico desde la captura y generación de las señales de audio y video hasta su radio difusión en señales RF, describiendo mediante diagramas esquemáticos las diferentes fases por las que atraviesa dicha señal: monitoreo, procesamiento y transmisión entre estaciones del mismo operador a través de medios guiados (cable coaxial, fibra óptica) y NO guiados (microondas, satélite). Posteriormente se describe la estructura de un canal digital dando a conocer las ventajas que ofrece a los televidentes, y los cambios que conlleva el transmitir de manera digital. Finalmente se muestra el diseño de un canal digitalizado y la inversión aproximada requerida de los operadores en equipamiento para poder transmitir bajo el estándar que adoptó Ecuador.

Unlike H.264/advanced video coding, where parallelism was an afterthought, High Efficiency Video Coding currently contains several proposals aimed at making it more parallel-friendly. A performance comparison of the different proposals, however, has not yet been performed. In this paper, we will fill this gap by presenting efficient implementations of the most promising parallelization proposals, namely tiles and wavefront parallel processing (WPP). In addition, we present a novel approach called overlapped wavefront (OWF), which achieves higher performance and efficiency than tiles and WPP. Experiments conducted on a 12-core system running at 3.33 GHz show that our implementations achieve average speedups, for 4k sequences, of 8.7, 9.3, and 10.7 for WPP, tiles, and OWF, respectively. Index Terms-High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), parallel programming, video coding. I. Introduction R ECENT DEMANDS on video coding support for even higher resolutions such as 4k or UHD in consumer devices are driving the video coding development further. To meet these demands, the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T and ISO/IEC Moving Pictures Experts Group has started a new project to develop a new video coding standard, called High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) [1]. The HEVC project aims at reducing the bitrate compared to H.264/AVC [2] by another 50%. The price to be paid for higher coding efficiency is higher computational complexity. While state-of-the-art single-core processors are capable of decoding a 1080p H.264/AVC video sequence in real time, it is very unlikely that single-core processor performance will increase to a point where they can decode a 2160p50 HEVC video in real time. While Interna-Manuscript

La necesidad de estar informado ha hecho que el hombre busque mecanismos inmediatos de comunicacion, para estar enterado de todo el proceso evolutivo del planeta y de alguna manera convertirnos en un elemento fundamental de dicha evolucion. En el transcurso del tiempo las nuevas tecnologias de la informacion se han convertido en uno de los medios mas importantes para el desarrollo humano, asi como un complemento cultural, intelectual y hasta un estilo de vida. Los servicios de comunicacion tradicionales como es la television estan siendo influenciados por el desarrollo de nuevas tecnologias y resulta necesario redefinir nuevas plataformas para las proximas decadas. El punto mas importante de la evolucion es la convergencia de la television analogica a la digital. En este articulo se presenta una sintesis del estudio de la television digital utilizando el protocolo de Internet (IPTV) por intermedio de la red cobre con tecnologia ADSL (Linea de Abonado Asimetrica Digital) actualmente ...

The Range Extensions (RExt) of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard have recently been approved by both ITU-T and ISO/IEC. This set of extensions targets video coding applications in areas including content acquisition, postproduction, contribution, distribution, archiving, medical imaging, still imaging, and screen content. In addition to the functionality of HEVC Version 1, RExt provide support for monochrome, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma sampling formats as well as increased sample bit depths beyond 10 bits per sample. This extended functionality includes new coding tools with a view to provide additional coding efficiency, greater flexibility, and throughput at high bit depths/rates. Improved lossless, nearlossless, and very high bit-rate coding is also a part of the RExt scope. This paper presents the technical aspects of HEVC RExt, including a discussion of RExt profiles, tools, applications, and provides experimental results for a performance comparison with previous relevant coding technology. When compared with the High 4:4:4 Predictive Profile of H.264/Advanced Video Coding (AVC), the corresponding HEVC 4:4:4 RExt profile provides up to ∼25%, ∼32%, and ∼36% average bit-rate reduction at the same PSNR quality level for intra, random access, and low delay configurations, respectively.

HEVC HM 16 includes a Coding Unit (CU) level perceptual quantization technique named AdaptiveQP. AdaptiveQP adjusts the Quantization Parameter (QP) at the CU level based on the spatial activity of samples in the four constituent N×N sub-blocks of the luma Coding Block (CB), which is contained within a 2N×2N CU. In this paper, we propose C-BAQ, which, in contrast to AdaptiveQP, adjusts the CU level QP according to the spatial activity of samples in the four constituent N×N sub-blocks of both the luma and chroma CBs. By computing the sum of luma, chroma Cb and chroma Cr spatial activity in a CU, a richer reflection of spatial activity in the CU is attained. Therefore, a more appropriate CU level QP can be selected, thus leading to important improvements in terms of coding efficiency. We evaluate the proposed technique in HEVC HM 16.7 using 4:4:4, 4:2:2 and 4:2:0 YCbCr sequences. Both subjective and objective evaluations are undertaken during which we compare C-BAQ with AdaptiveQP. The...

The Range Extensions (RExt) of the High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) standard have recently been approved by both ITU-T and ISO/IEC. This set of extensions targets video coding applications in areas including content acquisition, postproduction, contribution, distribution, archiving, medical imaging, still imaging, and screen content. In addition to the functionality of HEVC Version 1, RExt provide support for monochrome, 4:2:2, and 4:4:4 chroma sampling formats as well as increased sample bit depths beyond 10 bits per sample. This extended functionality includes new coding tools with a view to provide additional coding efficiency, greater flexibility, and throughput at high bit depths/rates. Improved lossless, nearlossless, and very high bit-rate coding is also a part of the RExt scope. This paper presents the technical aspects of HEVC RExt, including a discussion of RExt profiles, tools, applications, and provides experimental results for a performance comparison with previous relevant coding technology. When compared with the High 4:4:4 Predictive Profile of H.264/Advanced Video Coding (AVC), the corresponding HEVC 4:4:4 RExt profile provides up to ∼25%, ∼32%, and ∼36% average bit-rate reduction at the same PSNR quality level for intra, random access, and low delay configurations, respectively.

La televisión analógica apareció en el Ecuador a principios de los 60's, se trataba de aparatos en blanco y negro de muy mala calidad. Desde entonces se dedica más que todo a transmitir telenovelas, programas de concursos, noticieros y películas. Las mejoras que sufrió la televisión analógica es el hecho de poder diferenciar colores y la gama de televisores que salen al mercado con características como pantalla plana, sonido envolvente, etc. Desgraciadamente en la televisión local no existe contenido interactivo y la calidad en algunos sectores deja mucho que desear. Por otro lado la televisión digital brinda nitidez, mayor número de canales o canales con más opciones, aplicaciones de telecomunicaciones, incluso movilidad. Nuestro trabajo de investigación se dividirá en dos partes principales. La primera consistirá en un estudio socio-económico del impacto que causaría el que la televisión nacional cambie a digital, si estamos en condiciones de hacerlo, y qué estándar nos convienes. En la segunda parte aplicaremos la modulación SOFDM usando simulaciones realizadas en Simulink, herramienta de Matlab, para lograr un análisis técnico de esta tecnología aplicada a los estándares de Televisión Digital Terrestre (TDT); y comparar los resultados obtenidos con simulaciones hechas con OFDM.

Nowadays surveillance systems have been widely deployed in various places and generate massive amount of video data every day. This raises threats of unauthorized access and potential privacy leakage as the recorded videos usually contain rich identifiable information such as facial biometrics. In order to mitigate the threats, many existing methods perform symmetric encryption on the entire frames in the videos. Unfortunately, these methods could introduce additional computation cost and storage. Moreover, as surveillance systems could be a part of distributed system, the key management is critical and challenging. In this paper, we propose a novel method which incorporates background subtraction technique and RSA encryption algorithm. Rather than encrypting the entire frames of the videos, the proposed detect the regions around moving objects in the frames of video and then perform RSA encryption on the detected regions. And RSA encryption technique has its advantages of key distr...

Unlike H.264/advanced video coding, where parallelism was an afterthought, High Efficiency Video Coding currently contains several proposals aimed at making it more parallel-friendly. A performance comparison of the different proposals, however, has not yet been performed. In this paper, we will fill this gap by presenting efficient implementations of the most promising parallelization proposals, namely tiles and wavefront parallel processing (WPP). In addition, we present a novel approach called overlapped wavefront (OWF), which achieves higher performance and efficiency than tiles and WPP. Experiments conducted on a 12-core system running at 3.33 GHz show that our implementations achieve average speedups, for 4k sequences, of 8.7, 9.3, and 10.7 for WPP, tiles, and OWF, respectively. Index Terms-High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), parallel programming, video coding. I. Introduction R ECENT DEMANDS on video coding support for even higher resolutions such as 4k or UHD in consumer devices are driving the video coding development further. To meet these demands, the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T and ISO/IEC Moving Pictures Experts Group has started a new project to develop a new video coding standard, called High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) [1]. The HEVC project aims at reducing the bitrate compared to H.264/AVC [2] by another 50%. The price to be paid for higher coding efficiency is higher computational complexity. While state-of-the-art single-core processors are capable of decoding a 1080p H.264/AVC video sequence in real time, it is very unlikely that single-core processor performance will increase to a point where they can decode a 2160p50 HEVC video in real time. While Interna-Manuscript

Estándar americano de la televisión digital. Tiene como uso principal la TV de alta definición (HDTV). ACCESO CONDICIONAL Sistema que controla el acceso a los servicios de forma que sólo quien está suscrito pueda verlos. Se asocia con la tecnología necesaria para ofrecer suscripción a servicios pagados lo cual involucro la encriptación de señales y el servicio de manejo de usuarios. ADSL Asymetric Digital Subscriber Line, Línea de suscriptor digital asimétrica. Permite transportar datos y voz empleando la línea telefónica convencional. API Applications Programming Interface, Aplicación de programación necesaria para el desarrollo de servicios interactivos asociados a la televisión. BANDA DE FRECUENCIAS Porción del espectro radioeléctrico que contiene un conjunto de frecuencias determinadas. BROADCAST Calidad televisiva de video, susceptible de ser emitida. Estándar mínimo de calidad aceptado por las emisoras de televisión de todo el mundo y por sus organismos reguladores. BROADCASTER Empresas públicas o privadas que emiten señales de televisión de libre recepción o pagada, creado por ellos mismos o comprados a terceros. En el fondo, es lo que se entiende por canales de televisión terrestre que utilizan un bien público como el espectro radioeléctrico. CANAL Medio físico por el que se transmite una señal específica. El ancho de banda de un canal de televisión es, por ejemplo, de 6 MHz en Ecuador y en los Estados Unidos y de 8 MHz, en Europa. COMPRESIÓN Proceso por el cual la señal deja de poseer información redundante y por lo tanto incluye sólo la información mínima necesaria para la transmisión. CONVERGENCIA Capacidad de diferentes plataformas de red de transportar tipos de servicios similares o aproximación de dispositivos de consumo tales como el teléfono, televisión y ordenador personal. La convergencia se manifiesta en diversos niveles: el de las redes de telecomunicaciones o canales de distribución, el de terminales (ordenador, televisor, Internet y videojuegos), el de contenidos (sonido, video y datos), el de servicios, y el de las empresas. DTV Digital Television. DEMODULADOR Circuito o dispositivo cuya acción sobre una onda portadora, permite recuperar o recomponer la onda moduladora original. DECODIFICADOR Equipo que, en conjunción con una tarjeta inteligente, permite al usuario el acceso al servicio. En el caso de la recepción digital, el descodificador se encuentra integrado en el receptor (IRD). DESMULTIPLEXADOR Tiene como objeto separar los diferentes servicios a los que el abonado está suscrito. DVB Digital Video Broadcasting, Estándar europeo de la TV digital. Fue desarrollado después de ATSC americano, con la intención de ampliar la competitividad. Su uso principal es la transmisión de programas múltiples en un canal solo. ISDB-C Transmisión de contenidos ISDB (video y aplicaciones) mediante redes de cable. ISDB-S Transmisión de contenidos DVB mediante redes de satélite.

The most recent video coding standard, High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), is able to significantly improve the compression performance at the expense of a huge computational complexity increase with respect to its predecessor, H.264/AVC. Parallel versions of the HEVC encoder may help to reduce the overall encoding time in order to make it more suitable for practical applications. In this work, we study two parallelization strategies. One of them follows a coarse-grain approach, where parallelization is based on frames, and the other one follows a fine-grain approach, where parallelization is performed at subpicture level. Two different frame-based approaches have been developed. The first one only uses MPI and the second one is a hybrid MPI/OpenMP algorithm. An exhaustive experimental test was carried out to study the performance of both approaches in order to find out the best setup in terms of parallel efficiency and coding performance. Both frame-based and subpicture-based approaches are compared under the same hardware platform. Although subpicture-based schemes provide an excellent performance with high-resolution video sequences, scalability is limited by resolution, and the coding performance worsens by increasing the number of processes. Conversely, the proposed frame-based approaches provide the best results with respect to both parallel performance (increasing scalability) and coding performance (not degrading the rate/distortion behavior).

The High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) has better coding efficiency, but the encoding performance has to be improved to meet the growing multimedia applications. This paper improves the standard entropy encoding by introducing the optimized weighing parameters, so that higher rate of compression can be accomplished over the standard entropy encoding. The optimization is performed using the recently introduced firefly algorithm. The experimentation is carried out using eight benchmark video sequences and the PSNR for varying rate of data transmission is investigated. Comparative analysis based on the performance statistics is made with the standard entropy encoding. From the obtained results, it is clear that the originality of the decoded video sequence is preserved far better than the proposed method, though the compression rate is increased.

While the rate-distortion optimized quantization (RDOQ) technique provides nontrivial coding gain in High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), it also involves considerable computations, whereby the complexity of quantization is significantly increased. In this paper, two schemes (the RDOQ bypass decision and the simplified level adjustment) are investigated to reduce the complexity of the quantization process in HEVC with RDOQ. The RDOQ bypass decision method initially selects the transform blocks for which the RDOQ is expected to give less/or no coding gain and enables the conventional uniform scalar quantization to be applied to these transform blocks instead of the RDOQ. The simplified level adjustment method only estimates the difference in rate-distortion costs among the candidate quantization levels to enable the encoder to select an optimal quantization level at a much reduced computational cost. Furthermore, the proposed simplified level adjustment scheme is designed so that it can be implemented in lookup tables. Experimental results show that the proposed fast method achieves 14.3% quantization complexity reduction in all intra main conditions, 15.2% in the random access main condition, and 14.9% in the low delay main condition on average with virtually no coding loss compared with the conventional quantization process with the RDOQ.

Unlike H.264/advanced video coding, where parallelism was an afterthought, High Efficiency Video Coding currently contains several proposals aimed at making it more parallel-friendly. A performance comparison of the different proposals, however, has not yet been performed. In this paper, we will fill this gap by presenting efficient implementations of the most promising parallelization proposals, namely tiles and wavefront parallel processing (WPP). In addition, we present a novel approach called overlapped wavefront (OWF), which achieves higher performance and efficiency than tiles and WPP. Experiments conducted on a 12-core system running at 3.33 GHz show that our implementations achieve average speedups, for 4k sequences, of 8.7, 9.3, and 10.7 for WPP, tiles, and OWF, respectively. Index Terms-High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), parallel programming, video coding. I. Introduction R ECENT DEMANDS on video coding support for even higher resolutions such as 4k or UHD in consumer devices are driving the video coding development further. To meet these demands, the Joint Collaborative Team on Video Coding (JCT-VC) of ITU-T and ISO/IEC Moving Pictures Experts Group has started a new project to develop a new video coding standard, called High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC) [1]. The HEVC project aims at reducing the bitrate compared to H.264/AVC [2] by another 50%. The price to be paid for higher coding efficiency is higher computational complexity. While state-of-the-art single-core processors are capable of decoding a 1080p H.264/AVC video sequence in real time, it is very unlikely that single-core processor performance will increase to a point where they can decode a 2160p50 HEVC video in real time. While Interna-Manuscript

In the current development of HEVC, compression performance improved significantly compared to H.264/AVC for both inter pictures and intra pictures. With intra compression, the main reason for this improvement is the large increase in intra prediction directions (up to 34). The downside of having a larger number of modes is that they increase the signaling overhead in the bitstream. In this paper, a low complexity intra mode prediction algorithm is proposed which improves the mode prediction accuracy. This is achieved by exploiting the correlation between the prediction directions of the neighboring prediction units and that of the encoded prediction unit. As a result, more efficient intra mode signaling can be achieved with minimal impact on encoder and decoder complexity. On average, 0.33% bitrate improvement is obtained by employing the proposed algorithm. For sequences that are encoded with a high number of directional intra modes, around 1% bitrate improvement is measured.

This paper analyzes the usage of tiles in 3D-High Efficiency Video Coding. We investigate the encoding impact of some tiles divisions using a Bjontegaard delta rate (BD-rate) on the common test conditions for 3D videos. This analysis demonstrated dividing the video into square tiles increases the encoding performance compared to non-square tiles (about 2.2%). In another analysis, we concluded the workload is highly unbalanced in the uniform distribution contributing to limit the speedup possibilities for the homogeneous multicore systems. Authors are not aware of any work focusing on balancing depth maps workload in tiles; therefore, we pointed out relevant studies and solutions for future projects in this open research area.

The latter-day H.265/HEVC video compression standard is able to provide two-times higher compression efficiency compared to the current industrial standard, H.264/AVC. However, coding complexity also increased. The main bottleneck of the compression process is the rate-distortion optimization (RDO) stage, as it involves numerous sequential syntax-based binary arithmetic coding (SBAC) loops. In this paper, we present an entropy-based RDO estimation technique for H.265/HEVC compression, instead of the common approach based on the SBAC. Our RDO implementation reduces RDO complexity, providing an average bit rate overhead of 1.54%. At the same time, elimination of the SBAC from the RDO estimation reduces block interdependencies, thus providing an opportunity for the development of the compression system with parallel processing of multiple blocks of a video frame.

Resumen--El estándar de televisión digital terrestre, japonesa brasileña ISDB-Tb, permite transmitir múltiples programas de televisión con aplicaciones de interactividad y contenido en alta definición. En este artículo se detallan las pruebas de generación, transmisión y recepción del flujo de datos TS con información multimedia, audio, video y datos con aplicaciones de interactividad, utilizando herramientas de distribución abierta. Este artículo es una referencia inicial para quienes quieran empezar a experimentar de manera rápida, sencilla y a bajo costo, con la generación de TS con contenidos multimedia interactivos.

Resumen: El presente articulo aborda una revision del estado del arte de los estandares de codificacion y compresion de audio de la familia Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG). Desde los inicios de la era digital, la codificacion de senales analogicas de audio en senales digitales y su posterior compresion han sido parte esencial de la actual era de la informacion. En este contexto, los estandares de codificacion y compresion de audio MPEG han logrado una enorme acogida en aplicaciones multimedia, electronica de consumo, produccion de audio, telecomunicaciones, etc. El presente trabajo se enfoca en analizar los fundamentos teoricos de estos estandares asi como tambien sus aplicaciones y los ultimos avances en la mejora de los algoritmos usados en estos estandares y sus lineas abiertas de investigacion. Abstract: This article address a review of the state of art of standards of the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG) Family related to the codification and compression of audio signals...

La presente investigación está enfocada al análisis detallado que implica el cambio de transmisión análogo a digital de las estaciones de TV abierta en Ecuador, tomando como puntos de referencia el estudio e instalaciones del canal Telerama. La investigación se inicia con una breve explicación acerca de los diferentes departamentos que contiene una estación de televisión y sus respectivas funciones, seguido de la instrumentación utilizada para la obtención de audio y video. Igualmente se estudia la estructura técnica de un canal analógico desde la captura y generación de las señales de audio y video hasta su radio difusión en señales RF, describiendo mediante diagramas esquemáticos las diferentes fases por las que atraviesa dicha señal: monitoreo, procesamiento y transmisión entre estaciones del mismo operador a través de medios guiados (cable coaxial, fibra óptica) y NO guiados (microondas, satélite). Posteriormente se describe la estructura de un canal digital dando a conocer las ventajas que ofrece a los televidentes, y los cambios que conlleva el transmitir de manera digital. Finalmente se muestra el diseño de un canal digitalizado y la inversión aproximada requerida de los operadores en equipamiento para poder transmitir bajo el estándar que adoptó Ecuador.

This paper discusses transmission channels evaluation, error models and their subsequent simulations for the transmission of video content. To create a network topology and error channel models, NS-2 environment is used. In this paper, we simulated two basic error channel models, namely Gilbert-Elliot and Binary Symmetric channel model. Network traffic in topology is created by NT-MyEvalvid2 toolkit, which also serves to evaluate the data transferred and their subsequent visualization. In paper, we compare the measure of packet loss when using these error models with different input parameters and their impact on the quality of video transmission parameter evaluated by PSNR.

Quality of Service (QoS) optimization is an important design goal in wireless video transmission. The application (APP) layer 802.11e medium access control (MAC) layer, and physical (PHY) layer of the wireless protocol stack can be jointly designed for the exchange of information. This will optimize the performance of wireless network for real-time digital video transmission. This paper proposes an innovative 'QoS-Optimized Adaptive Multi-layer (OQAM)' architecture. It ensures reliable and high-quality video transmission over communication channels. The channel exhibits wide variability in throughput, delay, and packet loss. The simulation is performed using EvalVid and Network Simulator-2. Enhanced Intra Prediction (EnIP) algorithm with H.264/MPEG4 Advanced Video Coding (AVC) is proposed at the APP layer. This H.264/MPEG4 AVC is a non-scalable video enCOder/DECoder (CODEC). Improved MAC Adaptive Retry Limit (IMAL r) is proposed as smart-packet drop mechanism at the 802.11e MAC layer. It uses packet overflow drop (P ov) and expired-time packet discard (P ex) algorithm. Enhanced Adaptive Forward Error Correction (EnAFEC) is proposed at the PHY layer. The aforementioned algorithms are jointly considered in the proposed OQAM architecture, which increases the coding efficiency, reduces end-to-end delay and increases reliability of wireless network for real-time Video over Wireless (VoW) transmission.

This paper addresses efficiency issues identified in the Bitstream Syntax Description Language used by the MPEG-21 generic multimedia adaptation framework. In particular, when used to adapt modern content formats such as H.264/AVC, AAC, and SLS, the time required for processing increases exponentially relative to the duration of the bitstream. In response, the paper proposes several additional features for the Language which reduce the complexity of adaptation using BSDL to a linear function of bitstream duration. These features are implemented and validated using bitstreams of real-world length.

This paper addresses efficiency issues identified in the Bitstream Syntax Description Language used by the MPEG-21 generic multimedia adaptation framework. In particular, when used to adapt modern content formats such as H.264/AVC, AAC, and SLS, the time required for processing increases exponentially relative to the duration of the bitstream. In response, the paper proposes several additional features for the Language which reduce the complexity of adaptation using BSDL to a linear function of bitstream duration. These features are implemented and validated using bitstreams of real-world length.

The wireless communication medium requires employing forward error correction methods on the data transferred, where Reed-Solomon & Viterbi coding techniques are generally utilized, because of performance and security reason. In this paper we present a modular design of phase encoding these codes for concatenation using System Generator of Xilinx and oriented to implementation with field programmable gate arrays (FPGA). The work begins with a review of code concept and the definition of the components and the model and the description of the behavioral. Later, the architecture is made based in model based design. The scheme of FEC will be done according to the specifications of the DVB standard for the digital Digital television. ESCUELA SUPERIOR POLITÉCNICA DEL LITORAL CENTRO DE INVESTIGACIÓN CIENTÍFICA Y TECNOLÓGICA

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