Historic Preservation

Die Stadt ist der Basis er menschlichen bebauten Umgebung. Sie spiegelt das soziale Leben wieder und ist der Ausdruck der kulturellen Verschiedenheit des Menschen, seiner Geschichte und seiner Traditionen. Sie verleiht den örtlichen Wohngemeinschaften ihre Lebenskraft und gibt ihnen eine eigene Identität und hilft ihnen, sich in der Zeit und im Raum zu situieren. 2 Die historische Stadt, ist für die heutigen Menschen, durch die fortwährende Anwesenheit der Zeitdimension in ihrer Struktur, Materialien und Traditionen, mehr als gleichwelche andere Stadt der visuelle Anknüpfungspunkt mit dieser Lebenskraft. Die lebendige Anwesenheit der Vergangenheit ist nämlich sowohl für das individuelle als auch das soziale Bewusstsein unentbehrlich.

This paper highlights the importance of applied imaging in architectural conservation, particularly within the Indian context where visual documentation is often underutilised. It argues for a structured approach where (i) informed decision-making, (ii) clearer intervention strategies, and (iii) pragmatic change management are made possible through rigorous visual documentation. At the core of such understanding lies the necessity for meticulous, structured, and chronologically organised visual documentation, alias technical imaging. Despite the long-standing presence of photography and imaging technologies, India lacks a codified framework or set of guidelines for conservation-focused imaging, resulting in inconsistent documentation practices. Many projects rely on traditional survey techniques supplemented by occasional photographs, which often fail to capture the full complexity and evolution of heritage structures. This paper aims to examine the rationale for integrating rigorous visual documentation and research into heritage conservation and makes a case for it as both a technical requirement and an ethical responsibility. It also reflects on the challenges faced by heritage professionals in adopting and effectively utilising such tools-including access to technology, skill gaps, budgetary limitations, and the absence of established protocols. Drawing on a series of diverse case studies ranging from temples and dargahs to palatial complexes and colonial architecture, the paper shows how systematic imaging tools-photography, photogrammetry, aerial documentation-enhance heritage understanding and decision-making. It advocates repositioning visual documentation from a supplementary role to a core component of conservation practice and calls for the creation of context-specific guidelines and digital archival standards. Ultimately, it presents a compelling argument for the systematic and effective use of visual documentation to deepen site understanding, support research, and guide responsible heritage management.

Preserving built heritage is a foundational component of architectural education, with documentation serving as the first critical step in any conservation process. Over time, the documentation process has evolved significantly from early photographic techniques used by Eugène Viollet-le-Duc to modern digital imaging and photogrammetry (Shukla, 2024). While digital tools have significantly advanced global documentation practices, Indian architectural education continues to treat them as supplementary rather than integral. This paper proposes a hybrid documentation framework that combines manual methods with digital technologies to improve both the accuracy of heritage records and the quality of student learning. In India, documentation began in the mid-19th Century as a precursor to conservation, with early efforts establishing the importance of meticulous record-keeping. Organisations like the Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) and INTACH have long relied on manual methods such as measured drawings to document heritage sites. Drawing on the example of the Sacred Ensembles of the Hoysalas, a recent World Heritage nomination project, the study demonstrates how layered documentation, starting from sketches and measured drawings to drone imaging and GIS integration, can be structured as an educational model. Most programs in India spend limited time on digital tools, learning them as stand-alone skills rather than supporting practices (Oktay and Mısırlısoy, 2023). This imbalance highlights an apparent gap in the overall understanding of heritage documentation. The framework aligns with international charters and pedagogical theories to offer a scalable, adaptable strategy suited to the Indian context. It promotes deeper engagement with cultural heritage and builds student competency through a balanced, handson, and technologically current approach.

Examining the Cultural and Historical Impact of the National Historic Site Designation in Nicodemus, Kansas by Ashley Adams M.P.A., Park University, 2006 B.A., University of Kansas, 2003 Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Public Policy and Administration Walden University August 2016

This research aims to document and analyze the destruction inflicted on cultural institutions and centers in the Gaza Strip since October 7, 2023. The study relies on data and statistics from reliable sources, including UNESCO, the Palestinian Ministry of Culture, and specialized international organizations. The results indicate widespread destruction affecting 110 cultural sites according to UNESCO, and 207 out of 320 heritage sites according to the Palestinian Ministry of Culture, in addition to the martyrdom of 44 cultural workers. The study concludes that this destruction constitutes a systematic cultural genocide aimed at erasing Palestinian identity.

Selimiye Camii, Mimar Sinan’ın ustalık eseri ve UNESCO Dünya Mirası Listesi’nde yer alan bir Dünya Miras Alanı. Son dönemde gündeme gelen bir restorasyon planı, kubbedeki 18. yüzyıl kalemişlerinin kazınarak yerine varsayıma dayalı 16. yüzyıl üslubunun uygulanmasını öngörüyor.

Bu yaklaşım, Selimiye Camii'nin tarihi ve kültürel önemini bir kenara bırakarak sadece koruma kuramı ve ilkeleriyle çelişmiyor aynı zamanda koruma bilim alanını ve bilimsel ölçütlerini modern/batılı/seküler ile islami/milli/yerli gibi bir karşılaştırma ile politik çatışmanın merkezine de koyuyor. Zira her tarihî katman, geçmişin bir belgesi ve kültürel hafızanın parçasıdır. Onların yok edilmesi, yalnızca fiziksel bir tahribat değil; aynı zamanda tarihî sürekliliğin ve otantikliğin silinmesidir.

Selimiye’nin geleceğe aktarılabilmesi, katmanlarına saygı göstermek ve bilimsel koruma ilkelerine bağlı kalmakla mümkün olabilir.

#Selimiye #MimarSinan #UNESCO #KültürelMiras #Restorasyon #Koruma #Özgünlük

The Selimiye Mosque, Mimar Sinan’s masterpiece and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, is a cultural treasure of universal value.

A recent restoration proposal foresees scraping away the 18th-century dome paintings and replacing them with a speculative 16th-century style. This approach not only contradicts conservation theory and principles but also places the field of conservation itself—and its scientific standards—at the center of a political confrontation framed as modern/Western/secular versus Islamic/national/indigenous.

Every historical layer is a document of the past and a part of cultural memory. Erasing them means not only a physical destruction but also the loss of historical continuity and authenticity.

The only way to safeguard Selimiye for the future is to respect its layers and remain faithful to the principles of scientific conservation.

#SelimiyeMosque #MimarSinan #UNESCO #CulturalHeritage #Restoration #Conservation #Authenticity

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Beyond the export-driven Ready-Made Garment (RMG) sector, Bangladesh’s Local Tailoring and Clothing Industry (LTCI) has grown quietly yet significantly supplying over 80% of the nation’s domestic apparel demand. Centered in Keraniganj (Aganagar, Suvadda), Dhaka, this informal sector produces a wide range of garments, including denim, shirts, and traditional panjabis. Despite its economic importance, the LTCI remains largely invisible in policy discourse. 

This study employs a mixed-methods approach including surveys of 295 workers across 28 production buildings, focus group discussions (FGDs), key informant interviews (KIIs), and in-depth interviews (IDIs) to examine working conditions in the LTCI. Findings paint a stark picture: workers are predominantly young (average age 27.4), male (65.1%), and internal migrants from 43 districts, with very low levels of education. The sector operates without formal contracts, overtime compensation, or maternity benefits. Most workers (75.6%) are paid on a piece-rate basis, earning an average of BDT 22,223 per month while 89.9% earn below BDT 30,000, and over half receive less than BDT 20 per piece. 

Working hours are excessive, averaging 13.35 hours per day; 68.5% work 12+ hours, and nearly 30% exceed 15 hours daily. Health and safety conditions are dire: 96.6% of workplaces lack ventilation, 83.7% are unhygienic, 93.9% have no fire alarms, 89.2% lack fire extinguishers, and 98.3% provide no personal protective equipment (PPE). Alarmingly, 95.8% of workers report workplace accidents, yet no accident registers are maintained. Common health issues include respiratory illnesses, dehydration, and chronic stress. 

Gender inequality is pervasive: 82% of respondents note lower wages for women. Awareness of gender-based violence (GBV) is critically low—81.69% are unaware of the concept—and only 4.4% report experiencing GBV. Knowledge of Anti-Harassment Committees is virtually absent (just 2%), and no complaint mechanisms exist. Unionisation remains extremely weak, with only 5.8% of workers affiliated to unions, and no evidence of collective bargaining. 

These findings underscore the urgent need to formally recognise, regulate, and integrate the LTCI into national labour protection frameworks. Without policy intervention, this vital yet invisible workforce will remain trapped in cycles of exploitation, insecurity, and exclusion.

The climate crisis is transforming the human– nature relationship in historic urban landscapes with cultural heritage into a complex and multifacated one, while the widening divide between rural and urban areas further exacerbates the issue by weakening the bond between people and the natural world. In this study, produced through the application of innovative methods, the authors aim to understand the impact of the climate crisis on cultural heritage and historic urban landscapes, to strengthen human–nature relations in this context, and to develop sustainable strategies. The study evaluates how such a universal strategy might be integrated with the preservation and management of cultural heritage in historic urban landscapes, using the water ecosystem of the city of Mardin as a focal point. By supporting the theoretical research with advanced computational analysis techniques, the study also seeks to contribute to practice concerning Turkey’s architectural and urban heritage

Malang, a city with various architectural heritage from the Dutch colonial era, is being branded as a Heritage City by the city mayor. One of Malang's historic areas, Kayutangan, was developed into the city's heritage capital to implement the city's image, including the Kayutangan street Corridor (KsC). During its development, inactive historic buildings come back to life because the building replaces or adds new functions. the combination of the development of the KsC into a new city public space and the return to life of inactive buildings have made this area alive with people. therefore, this study investigates the influence of a building's new design concept on adaptively reused buildings in the KsC area. this study used a mean score test, factor analysis, and multiple linear regression to determine the public's preference for the suitability of adaptively reused building design with its function and increasing activities. architects and stakeholders can consider the results of this study when redesigning historic buildings to maintain their authenticity. the governments can also consider the findings of this study to make policies for planning historic city areas to preserve the visual authenticity of the area related to the existing buildings to strengthen the area's character.

Ацэнка праектаў рэвіталізацыі ў Беларусі патрабуе аб'ектыўнасьці, якую могуць забяспечыць ясныя крытэры. Досвед такой ацэнкі назапашаны ў краінах ЕС. Кожны праект  прэтэндуючы на дафінансаванне са сродкаў  ЕС, прахозіць некалькі стадый ацэнкі. Для ацэнкі праекту рэвіталізацыі гістарычнай забудовы Брэста застасаваныя т.з. крытэры "допуску", якія добра вядомыя ў Беларусі, бо яны прадугледжаны Нормамі

Understanding the built heritage is the first step in its conservation. In the case of the vernacular heritage, a holistic approach must be adopted. Vernacular buildings and settlements are formed by aspects that are beyond their tangible and visual characteristics and attributes. Worldviews, values, beliefs, myths and other aspects of the intangible heritage of the community have contributed to the form, style and other tangible aspects of the built vernacular heritage. The natural environment is another aspect. Moreover, for living vernacular heritage, development needs of the community form the context and dynamics that should be considered in conservation plans. This paper is an essay on the need to adopt a holistic approach in vernacular heritage conservation, starting by a holistic understanding. Examples are used from the vernacular heritage of Muslim-majority communities where Islam is a crucial influence such as Siwa in Egypt and Shibam in Yemen. Also, examples are discussed from transhumance communities such as Hawraman in Iran and Khinalig in Azerbaijan. The study and conservation of vernacular heritage should benefit from the recent efforts to bridge gaps between cultural and natural heritage, movable and immovable heritage as well as tangible and intangible heritage. The essay recommends adopting the three recent developments in the field of heritage conservation, namely the notions of cultural landscape, historic urban landscape and peoplecentred conservation. Accordingly, a holistic approach to the study, understanding and conservation of the vernacular heritage addressing the 'what', 'how' and 'for whom' could be developed.

BULLETIN DE L'INSTITUT FRANÇAIS D'ARCHÉOLOGIE ORIENTALE en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne en ligne © Institut français d'archéologie orientale-Le Caire BIFAO 114 (2014), p. 519-562 TAVARES (Ana), JONES (Daniel), SADARANGANI (Freya), MAHMOUD (Hanan), et al. Excavations East of the Khentkawes Town in Giza. A Preliminary Site Report Conditions d'utilisation L'utilisation du contenu de ce site est limitée à un usage personnel et non commercial. Toute autre utilisation du site et de son contenu est soumise à une autorisation préalable de l'éditeur (contact AT ifao.egnet.net). Le copyright est conservé par l'éditeur (Ifao).

La elaboración de una obra científica como la presente es un trabajo esencialmente solitario, en el que, sin embargo, indirectamente han incidido muchas personas e instituciones, ya sea brindando información, conocimientos, opiniones o simplemente ofreciendo apoyo de cualquier otro tipo, enumerarlos a todos en tan corto espacio es una tarea muy difícil, por lo que deseo expresar toda mi gratitud a aquellas personas que han tenido una mayor repercusión en la culminación de esta etapa de trabajo, pero haciéndola extensiva a todos los que de una u otra forma han tenido que ver con la conformación de este hermoso e interminable proyecto que es la vida. Un humilde, pero sentido, reconocimiento a mis padres, sé que esta es una frase manida pero realmente sin ellos, sin su presencia, su ausencia, sus consejos, pero sobre todo, su ejemplo, este camino no hubiera ni siquiera comenzado. Mi eterno agradecimiento y respeto a todos los profesores que han ayudado en mi formación y que a lo largo de estos años me han convertido en la persona que soy, a la Dra. Luisa Iñiguez Rojas que me enseñó a amar la geografía, al Dr. José Luis Batista que me enseñó a comprenderla, a mi director de Tesis el Dr. Manuel Antonio Zárate quien ha estado siempre presente cuando lo necesite y cuando no, quien con sus valiosos consejos y su infinito conocimiento ha logrado hacer de esta tesis algo digno de ser presentado. Al Dr. José Seguinot por sus valiosas recomendaciones, su revisión certera y porque sin él este sueño no habría sido posible, a mi hijo Diego, que desde su lejanía me ha dado fuerzas y me ha sostenido en todo este tiempo, a mis hermanos de vida, que es mucho más importante que los de sangre, Alejandro Saker, sin el cual todo esto no hubiera pasado de un gran sueño, a Marta Perdomo por su minuciosa revisión del texto y, por último, a mi compañera Yadiris la que ha estado ahí, en todo momento, con su mano extendida y su pecho abierto brindándome el apoyo y la confianza que en más de una ocasión me abandonó. Para todos ellos muchas gracias y, ojalá la vida les devuelva aunque sea un poco de todo lo que me han dado.

Despite being one of the world’s most recognized modern houses of the 20th-Century, the
Frank Lloyd Wright’s Robie House (1910) has undergone a complex series of events in more
than a century as changes in ownership and function, threats of demolition, and restorations,
whose traces are latent in the current appearance of the house.
This contribution aims at investigating and interpreting the 1967-75 phase, when the Robie
House was turned into the headquarters of the Adlai Stevenson Institute through a project by
the Chicago’s firm Skidmore Owings and Merrill (SOM) that remodeled its interiors.
This prestigious tenant, entitled to Adlai E. Stevenson II (1900-1965), who was twice a
candidate for the American Presidency, converted the house into a multipurpose building, with
a reception area, a library, office rooms, conference halls, and public relation spaces, resulting
in a rare and stimulating modern addition over a modern authorial house.
This study will provide information about the SOM phase, analyzing its related
architectural interventions and their compatibility with the existing palimpsest through a
bibliographical, archival, and on-site research.
The current image of the house, frozen in a suspended time, lacks any reference to this
period, whose traces were lost, together with the original Wrightian furnishings. The most
recent restoration, lasting from 1997 to 2018, led to a new configuration of the house where
the Wrightian phase was favored through the salvation of the original vestiges and the partial
reproductions of some fixtures.
The outcomes of this paper will ultimately provide new perspectives on a renowned
international modern landmark prompting new considerations over its current use and
configuration, trying to complicate the concept of authenticity and authorship in the ambitious
intention to capture time evolution in a modern architectural interior.

Ayasofya, yapımından itibaren yüzlerce yıllık tarihe ışık tutan katmanlarıyla bilimsel araştırmaların odağında kalmaya devam ediyor. Ayasofya’da yer alan üç önemli yeraltı yapısının mimari belgelemesine odaklanan bu çalışmada yazar, katkıda bulunduğu, yakında zamanda gerçekleşen bu çalışmalarda elde edilen kayda değer bazı bulguları paylaşıyor. Makalede,
yapının iç narteksinin altındaki geçit, atrium altındaki mahzenler ve hipoje bölümlerinde yapılan belgeleme, daha eski tarihli çalışmaların yeni bulgularla güncellenmesi ve mimari görselleştirme çalışmalarından detaylarla sonuç ürünler aktarılıyor.

Documenting Three Major Subterranean Structures in Hagia Sophia:
The Passage beneath the Esonarthex, the Vaults beneath the Atrium, and the Hypogeum

Hagia Sophia continues to be a focal point of scientific research with its layers that shed light on centuries of history since its construction. This study focuses on the architectural documentation of three significant subterranean structures within Hagia Sophia. The author shares notable findings from recent documentation work in which he participated. The article presents the documentation conducted in the areas beneath the esonarthex, the vaults beneath the atrium, and the hypogeum, highlighting updates to earlier studies with new findings and showcasing final outputs from architectural visualization work.

Prior to 589, the Jewish population of Spain was tolerated by the Visigoths. A period of tolerance dawned for the Jews of the Iberian Peninsula. In the wake of the Muslim conquest, immigrants from North Africa and the Middle East bolstered the Jewish population and made Muslim Spain the largest center of contemporary Jews. Especially after 912, during the reign of Abd al-Rahman III and his son, Al-Hakam II, the Jews prospered culturally, and some notable figures held high posts in the Caliphate of Córdoba. Jewish philosophers, mathematicians, astronomers, poets, and rabbinical scholars composed highly rich cultural and scientific work. Many devoted themselves to the study of the sciences and philosophy, writing many of the most valuable texts of Jewish philosophy. Jews took part in the overall prosperity of Muslim Al-Andalus. Jewish economic expansion was unparalleled. In Toledo, after the Christian reconquest in 1085, Jews participated in translating Arabic texts into the Romance languages in the so-called Toledo

The paper explores the potential of implementing the principles of urban acupuncture in a selected Greek case study, taking into account international experience in the field. The research includes literature review and field work. The area of study is Nikea, an ex-refugee urban area in the Attica metropolitan region. It was founded during the 1930s to host refugees from Asia Minor. The initial Hippodamian grid offers beneficial intermediate communal spaces inside each city block and there are also larger green spaces in proximity.  However, the area suffers from urban blight owed largely to the poor quality of preservation of the old refugee housing estates. A mixture of factors contributes to the complex contemporary situation characterized by opportunities and challenges. On the one hand, there is great potential for regenerating the existing intermediate communal spaces and on the other decaying refugee houses and vulnerable households intricate the already convoluted situation. The paper provides cartographic depiction and categorization of the existing open  spaces highlighting also contemporary socio-spatial challenges and market driven limitations. The research describes the obstacles that hinder the activation of “urban sensitive points” in terms of urban acupuncture, also advocating for possible solutions.  The paper opens dialogue on the Greek case study in terms of urban acupuncture with the view to suggest strategies to foster socio-spatial cohesion in degraded ex -refugee urban areas. This is a pilot case study with further application in other post-refugee urban areas in Greece that share common socio-spatial attributes. Thus, the topic of the paper may have a greater impact within the Greek urban context.

Tuskegee University stands poised to enrich student well-being, academic engagement, and institutional reputation through a targeted expansion of multifunctional green spaces on campus. Anchored by its 5,000-acre rural campus (including a 450-acre main campus core)-the only university campus designated as a National Historic Site-and its role as an 1890 land-grant HBCU, Tuskegee can leverage outdoor classrooms, event-ready commons, wellness trails, and living-lab gardens to advance its historic mission. Within the 50-acre Historic Campus District (part of the Tuskegee Institute National Historic Site) any interventions must respect National Park Service preservation guidelines , ensuring new features complement landmarks like Booker T. Washington's home and George W. Carver's laboratory. Phase I of the expansion will implement three pilot sites over 12 months, with full campus-wide integration by 48 months. Recent campus safety investments-including expanded LED lighting, security cameras in all dorms, and a new TigerAlert emergency notification app-provide a secure foundation for after-dark outdoor programming. A diversified funding strategy will leverage federal, state, and private grants (USDA, EPA, USFS, DOE), corporate and alumni philanthropy, and an internal Green Fund to cover capital costs. Comparable projects at peer institutions in the Southeast show installed costs of roughly $320,000-$580,000 per pilot site, with significant returns from energy savings, stormwater reduction, carbon sequestration, and mental-health benefits. A conservative cost-benefit analysis projects a positive net present value and an internal rate of return in the high single digits, alongside intangible gains in student recruitment, retention, and community image.

Το Digital Architecture Project (DAP) δημιουργεί μοντέλα τριών διαστάσεων και ψηφιακές αναπαραστάσεις Αρχαϊκών ελληνικών ναών. Πρόσφατη φωτογραμμετρική έρευνα του ναού της Ήρας στην Ολυμπία, του αρχαιότερου και καλύτερα διατηρημένου οικοδόμηματος Δωρικού ρυθμού στην Ελλάδα, οδήγησε στην κατασκευή ένος τριδιάστατου μοντέλου υψηλής ανάλυσης για το οικοδόμημα (διαστάσεων 20x50 μ περίπου). Η γραμμική ακρίβεια μέτρησης έχει καθοριστεί στο ± 1 χλστ. σε τοπικό επίπεδο, και στα ± 10 χλστ. σε παγκόσμιο επίπεδο (95% CI). Η ανάλυση των οπτικοποιήσεων έχει ήδη δώσει σημαντικά στοιχεία για την αρχιτεκτονική ιστορία του ναού. Για τη διαχείριση του μεγάλου όγκου των δεδομένων, τα μοντέλα έχουν αποδοθεί σε επίπεδα δύο διαστάσεων σε αντιστοιχία με τις συμβατικές κατόψεις και τομές. Το DAP προτείνει ένα ψηφιακό μουσείο για τη διάδοση αυτών των δεδομένων.

Chapter 9 of Pilgrimages to the Western Front of World War I, "Iconography and Meaning of the First World War Cemeteries and Monuments in France," explains the relationship between the pilgrimage experiences, primarily from the Gold Star Mothers of the First World War, and the commemorative architecture that was created for the American First World War cemeteries in France.

Opera distribuita con licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione -Non commerciale -Non opere derivate 3.0 Italia e diffusa in modalità open access (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IT) Work published in open access form and licensed under Creative Commons Attribution -NonCommercial -NoDerivatives 3.0 Italy (CC BY-NC-ND 3.0 IT)

The study focused on the historically and architecturally significant Mor Loozor Monastery in the Tur Abdin Region of Turkey. It aimed to emphasize the current deteriorated and dilapidated state of the monastery. The study was conducted in four stages. The monastery's location was identified, and a conceptual basis was established. In the second stage, fieldwork was organized in 2024. In the third stage, a three-dimensional (3D) model of the recently demolished portico section of the monastery was generated. Finally, the current state of the monastery was evaluated, and methods were discussed regarding the benefits of the 3D model. These stages facilitated the comparison of the original and current state of the monastery, leading to the conclusion that the building requires urgent conservation decisions. The study provides a valuable resource for understanding the cultural and religious significance of the Monastery of Mor Loozor and its region.

The decision to build the Aswan Dam in Egypt in 1959 and the fact that many cultural heritages would be affected by this dam has been a development that has attracted the attention of the whole world. As a result of the process initiated by this development, the UNESCO Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage was signed in 1972 and the World Heritage List was established. The concept of historical area management was included in the implementation guide prepared for historical areas and structures included in the World Heritage List in 1997. UNESCO requests the preparation of management plans for historical areas included in the World Heritage List. Within this framework, area managements have been established for many historical areas and management plans have been prepared. These management plans have become important official reports for historical cities with their binding roles together with the existing legal regulations. It is necessary to effectively prepare and implement management plans for cities such as Istanbul, whose historical areas need to be protected and restored to their original state. Comparing the management plan of a city like Rome that has preserved its historical texture to a large extent with the management plans of a city like Istanbul that hosts many historical structures will be a guide for the new management plans to be prepared. Therefore, in this study, the management plans of the cities of Istanbul and Rome were compared and the similarities and differences between them in terms of administrative structure were analyzed. Based on the findings, a number of suggestions were made to improve the management of historical cities in general and the management of historical areas in Istanbul in particular.

Öz: Tarihi Yarımada, İstanbul'un en eski yerleşim yerlerinden biri olarak Bizans, Roma ve Osmanlı İmparatorluğu'nun hüküm sürdüğü; İstanbul Boğazı, Haliç ve Marmara Denizi ile çevrili bir bölgedir. 1985 yılında UNESCO tarafından "Dünya Miras Listesi''ne alınmıştır. Ticari ve kültürel faaliyetlerin merkezi haline gelen Tarihi Yarımada'nın her bir sokağı tarihe tanıklık etmiş, kültürel izler taşımaktadır. Tarihi Yarımada'da Osmanlı ve Cumhuriyet Dönemi mimarisinde, yapıların bezemesinde çoğunlukla İznik'ten veya Kütahya'dan sipariş edilen çini kullanılmıştır. Osmanlı Döneminde daha çok dini mimaride gördüğümüz çiniler, 20. yüzyılın başlarında kamu alanlarında ve konutlarda kullanılmaya başlanmıştır. Birinci Ulusal Mimarlık Dönemi olarak adlandırılan bu dönem yapılarında Neoklasik üslup görülmektedir. Tarihi yapıların dış veya iç cephesinde kullanılan çiniler Kütahya'dan sipariş edilmiştir. Çiniler genellikle yapıların giriş cephesinde yoğunlaşmış; pencere, kapı alınlıkları, saçak altları ya da ayrı panolar olarak kullanılmıştır. Bu çalışmada 20. yüzyıl Tarihi Yarımada'da bulunan çinili yapılardan konunun niteliğine uygun olanlar seçilmiş ve sınırlandırma getirilmiştir. Çalışma kapsamına dahil edilen tarihi çinili yapıların bezemesinde kullanılan çinilerin karşılaştığı sorunlar ele alınmış, bunlara yönelik öneriler getirilmiştir.

This paper explores the inclusive cultural landscapes of the Jhunjhunu district in Rajasthan, focusing on road connectivity patterns and the challenges associated with them. It discusses broader state-level trends in road development. It investigates how infrastructure can influence heritage preservation and related commercial development at the district level, despite Jhunjhunu being an administrative headquarters and a commercially successful town. Despite the establishment of government bodies for the preservation of heritage with the inflow of road infrastructure, the lack of adequate planning has hurt the sustainable growth of the district. The lesser-known issue of poorly organized roads negatively impacts the district's image of well-known heritage sites, particularly concerning accessibility and recognition. On the other hand, the study highlights the role of government projects in fostering cultural development with commercial activities. A key focus is the comprehensive analysis of year-based road network patterns, followed by the important temporal trends. Utilizing secondary data, including maps, flow charts, and supporting materials from QGIS and other spatial data, the study examines both challenges and opportunities. It demonstrates how infrastructure can benefit heritage-rich yet overlooked districts like Jhunjhunu. This study is motivated by the need for heritage preservation and infrastructural development for robust sustainability in these sectors, and it aims to inform government officials, administrators, urban planners, and policymakers about how road development can harmonize modern needs with cultural preservation in historically and economically significant areas.

At City Fire Proofing Ltd, we recognise the importance of protecting buildings, people, and assets from the risks associated with fire. Our work as fire remediation contractors goes beyond installing protective systems-it's about ensuring every part of a structure meets the standards required to contain and slow down the spread of fire. With years of experience in the field, we have seen how the right approach to fire safety can make all the difference in preventing damage and safeguarding lives.

This Chapter highlights a forgotten page in the history of the Archaeological Survey of India. An engagement with the archaeology of neighbouring countries was a hallmark of Ghosh’s vision and one that is evident in the many activities that ASI undertook under his leadership. Significant among these were the Centenary Celebrations in 1961 that included an Exhibition highlighting the archaeological richness of the country, but more importantly a five-day conference on Asian Archaeology which was attended by European and Asian archaeologists. At the concluding session it was decided to hold such conferences in Asia every five years. This decision was followed with two conferences: one at Colombo  and the other at Bahrain, but ASI was not able to sustain it further. Other significant engagements with countries outside India was ASI’s expedition to Nubia in Egypt and Ghosh’s work as UNESCO Consultant in various countries of Asia.

It is often stated that conservation is rooted in 'artistic and craftmanship traditions'. The present contribution aims at exploring this commonplace in more detail, using the development of conservation education at the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna as a model. Since its first beginnings in the early twentieth century, the programme was focussed on the conservation of paintings and sculpture exclusively. When Otto Wächter introduced paper conservation in 1965, he opened teaching activities at the Master School to a wide range of objects such as works on paper and innovative methods. Beyond these technical aspects, new forms of teaching, social structures, behaviour, and communicating, as well as general approaches to issues of ethics and aesthetics developed within this new area of specialization. In order to also document aspects of social practices and cultural patterns, over 50 guided expert interviews with former students and teachers of the programme were conducted and complemented with archival sources and published literature. This paper will characterize the genesis of a relatively new area of specialization within conservation and will discuss how it related to the tradition of 'painter-restorers' which had been established at Vienna Academy in the early twentieth century.

Passive solar design (PSD) embodies a perennial methodology for constructing sustainable and energy-efficient edifices that integrate with the surrounding nature. Utilizing the sun's plentiful and sustainable energy, passive solar solutions diminish dependence on fossil fuels, decrease energy consumption, and improve thermal comfort without mechanical devices. This chapter examines the principles of PSD, assesses the latest advancements in passive heating and cooling methods, and investigates their impact on energy efficiency and thermal comfort in structures. It
emphasizes tactics specifically designed for harsh climates, including both hot and cold environments, where severe temperatures and high solar intensity necessitate unique solutions, particularly for hot and arid conditions. Its relevance lies in its ability to address urgent global concerns, such as climate change and energy constraints, while creating healthier and more economical living areas. This chapter provides researchers, architects, and students with a thorough understanding of how passive solar principles can be smoothly incorporated into building design. The chapter gives professionals useful tools to maximize energy efficiency by exploring the mechanisms of heat flow—radiation, convection, and conduction—and how they are applied through building orientation, form, thermal mass, and natural ventilation. Additionally, it looks at climatic and microclimatic elements, providing information on how environmental circumstances influence design choices.This research is especially useful for people looking to design climate-responsive architecture. Architects will receive advice on how to design buildings that balance aesthetic, functional, and environmental objectives, while students will obtain a basic understanding of sustainable design principles. Researchers can use the precise classifications of passive solar heating and cooling systems. This chapter provides a roadmap and actionable insights for designing buildings that minimize energy needs while maximizing occupant comfort, with an emphasis on solutions specific to hot and arid areas. Finally, it emphasizes the vital role of PSD in crafting a sustainable future and empowers its readers to contribute to ecologically responsible architecture, especially in hot and arid areas.

Mosques, as structures meticulously designed and constructed, represent the pinnacle of architectural and aesthetic solutions within Islamic civilizations. The desire for proximity to the mihrab in mosque design has necessitated the development of original and rational structural solutions, leading to significant advancements in architectural technology and technique. Mosque architecture, predominantly masonry, reflects both local architectural influences and the availability of materials, often shaped by regional traditions and construction methods specific to certain periods. A notable example of this is the wooden columned and wooden-ceilinged mosques, extensively constructed in Anatolia during the Seljuk and Principalities periods, where all elements, except for the masonry walls, were crafted from wood. This article presents a typological analysis of mosques with flat timber beams, wooden columns, and wooden ceilings, offering a comprehensive examination of their distinctive architectural features. The structural analysis encompasses all aspects from the foundation to the roof, with detailed documentation of their construction techniques. The aim of this study is to contribute to the conservation and restoration efforts of these mosques, a group of which only a few original, high-quality examples remain. Furthermore, this research is of particular significance as it represents one of the first studies to document the ceiling solutions of wooden hypostyle mosques, some of which are listed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. For the typological studies, both on-site examinations were conducted and data from previous sources were evaluated. The ceiling analysis was carried out using application photographs of a restored mosque, employing a threedimensional modeling method.

Conocer nuestro patrimonio, entendido como paisajes heredados en el que se insertan los elementos que lo estructuran y le dan sentido (construcciones materiales y sabiduría intangible) es un elemento fundamental reconocido en la Ley de Patrimonio Cultural de la Comunidad de Madrid (Ley 8/2023, de 30 de marzo, 12 de abril, 2023), en la que se incluye los paisajes como parte del acervo territorial. Elemento singular, dentro de la concepción general del patrimonio cultural, es el patrimonio hidráulico; máxime en una región donde la relación con el agua ha constituido uno de los pilares básicos de la subsistencia de la sociedad y un desafío para la ingeniería hidráulica. Este patrimonio refleja los esfuerzos destinados al abastecimiento de una población en constante crecimiento, así como el desarrollo de grandes iniciativas de desarrollo basadas en el regadío y para la sostenibilidad del recurso hídrico.

Diversos factores influyen en el conocimiento del patrimonio hidráulico, entre ellos la identificación de la sostenibilidad y potencial vigencia de las prácticas de uso comunes, el reconocer la evolución histórica de técnicas constructivas de las distintas edificaciones e infraestructuras, el inventario y clasificación de las expresiones patrimoniales y los mecanismos de divulgación del patrimonio.

La experiencia del Sistema de Información sobre los paisajes y el patrimonio hidráulico de la Comunidad de Madrid (PAHCAM) se basa en incorporar las nuevas tecnologías de la información a los inventarios y caracterizar los elementos patrimoniales relacionados con el agua en el ámbito territorial de la Comunidad de Madrid.

Coleções especiais podem ser formadas por diferentes tipos de materiais, nos mais diversos suportes, e versar sobre as mais variadas temáticas. Historicamente, o conceito de coleção especial está atrelado a livros raros; no entanto, mudanças sociais e culturais ocorridas a partir da primeira metade do século XX promoveram a ampliação desse entendimento, passando a designar coleções de materiais com potencial significância cultural. A partir de revisão de literatura narrativa sobre o tema, o presente estudo teve por objetivo discorrer sobre o conceito de coleção especial na área da Biblioteconomia. A pesquisa apresenta abordagem qualitativa e teve, como base para a sua construção teórica, fontes de informação nacionais e estrangeiras, tendo como ponto de partida dicionários técnicos especializados da área de Biblioteconomia, conceitos estabelecidos por entidades da área e o artigo de Greenhalgh e Greenhalgh (2021), no qual os autores apresentam uma análise sobre a formação de coleções especiais nas bibliotecas brasileiras. Os resultados evidenciam diferentes propósitos para a formação de coleções especiais em bibliotecas, tais como a tipologia dos documentos, ou visando à preservação da memória institucional, ou da história local ou regional, entre outros aspectos. Conclui-se que todo e qualquer tipo de biblioteca poderá investir na formação e desenvolvimento de uma (ou mais) coleção especial, levando em consideração a sua missão, os seus objetivos e o público atendido pela instituição, e que, em última instância, qualquer biblioteca, independentemente de sua tipologia, poderá criar e manter uma coleção especial de memória institucional.

This case study examines an alternative construction sequencing method implemented during the full renovation of a three-family residential property. Traditionally, hardwood flooring is installed after sheetrock to minimize material damage during finishing. However, due to project setbacks and logistical delays, the flooring was installed prior to sheetrock. This adjustment eliminated wall-to-floor gaps, reduced the need for shoe molding, and maintained cleaner site conditions throughout construction. While requiring additional protection of the flooring during drywall and spray foam installation, the overall results demonstrated improved finish quality, cost savings in trim installation, and more efficient project flow. An additional benefit observed was that the flooring had more time to acclimate and dry prior to sanding and staining, reducing the risk of future gaps. Furthermore, other trades exercised greater caution knowing the floors were already in place, which improved overall site cleanliness and care.

This case study examines an alternative construction sequencing method implemented during the full renovation of a three-family residential property. Traditionally, hardwood flooring is installed after sheetrock to minimize material damage during finishing. However, due to project setbacks and logistical delays, the flooring was installed prior to sheetrock. This adjustment eliminated wall-to-floor gaps, reduced the need for shoe molding, and maintained cleaner site conditions throughout construction. While requiring additional protection of the flooring during drywall and spray foam installation, the overall results demonstrated improved finish quality, cost savings in trim installation, and more efficient project flow. An additional benefit observed was that the flooring had more time to acclimate and dry prior to sanding and staining, reducing the risk of future gaps. Furthermore, other trades exercised greater caution knowing the floors were already in place, which improved overall site cleanliness and care.