Historic Preservation

The question leading this research is: what are the attributes and scales of comparative research that applies to built heritage studies? The paper begins by recognizing the interrelatedness of built heritage protection and sustainable urban development. While comparative research into built heritage studies analyses and documents existing practices, policies and impacts, its generalizable capacities are often lacking and therefore less applicable to policy-makers. In an attempt to further the potential contribution of such studies, the paper maps comparative built heritage research based on a critical review of over 100 articles and books. The analysis of these sources relies on an evaluative categorization of comparative built heritage studies. This categorization consists of four criteria: the number of compared cases, their geographic location, the scope of comparison and its degree of structuredness. The findings suggest that heritage studies compare a relatively small number of cases; they are quite structured; focus on local as well as national-level analysis; and lean towards Western-centered comparisons. The paper concludes by suggesting that built heritage studies can contribute to sustainable urban development policies by taking on comparative research that has a large enough N, expanding non-Eurocentric and Anglo-American research, comparing local jurisdictions in more than one country and by utilizing highly structured categories for comparison. View Full-Text

This paper is concerned with the question of identifying and describing the general and historical character of human settlements.  Beginning with a brief overview of the subject, the paper examines some basic issues concerning the perception of character and its historical dimension, highlighting a number of fundamental principles.  The central argument of the paper is that the concept of urban tissue offers an effective framework for identifying and describing the physical characteristics that contribute to the general and historical character of towns.

This paper considers the implications for cultural heritage of observations regarding individual and collective memory which suggest that the process of forgetting is in fact integral to remembering―that one cannot properly form new memories and attach value to them without also selecting some things to forget. Remembering is an active process of cultivating and pruning, and not one of complete archiving and total recall, which would overwhelm and cause us to be unable to make confident decisions about which memories are valuable and which are not. I argue that the same is true of heritage; that as a result of its increasingly broad definition, and the exponential growth of listed objects, places and practices of heritage in the contemporary world, we hazard becoming overwhelmed by memory and in the process rendering heritage ineffective and worthless. I refer to the consequence of this heterogeneous piling up of disparate and conflicting pasts in the present as a ‘crisis’ of accumulation of the past. To deal with this crisis adequately, we must pay increased attention to the management of heritage. This should not only refer to processes of preservation and conservation, but also to active decisions to de-list or cease to conserve particular forms of heritage once their significance to contemporary and future societies can no longer be demonstrated. De-accessioning and disposal must become a key area of attention for critical heritage studies in the coming decades if heritage is to remain sustainable and uphold its claims to relevance in contemporary global societies.

Natural and human disasters continue to destroy historic urban fabrics worldwide. While residents would often like to see their cities rebuilt "as they were," most scholars of heritage fiercely reject identical reconstructions by arguing either that they are "fake" simulations, or that they epitomize undemocratic urbanization processes. Challenging these arguments, I first draw from literature on theming to argue that it is precisely "fakeness" that allows people to construct a sense of authenticity in rebuilt urban spaces. Next, I show how preoccupations with participation and justice can paradoxically lead professionals to advance the same universalistic, undemocratic heritage approach that they claim to contest. By enabling diverse people to negotiate a sense of the past, confront each other, and share new aspirations for the future, identical reconstructions are heritage as much as, if not more than, other "historic" urban fabrics.

African Americans’ memories of the Great Migration and urban displacement surface in popular film and culture as a desire to return to rural homeplaces while retaining access to opportunity in urban meccas. The author argues that real examples of this “limbo imaginary” are relevant to research on Black meccas. Findings from the author’s ethnographic study of rural Freedom Colonies (settlements Black Texans founded 1865–1920) showed that, for African Americans, embodying urban-rural liminality is an existential space of opportunity and ingenuity. Urban baby boomers in the study call Houston and rural Black meccas (Freedom Colonies) home, holding dual senses of belonging and commitments to place preservation. These baby boomers performed liminality during homecoming celebrations where they commemorated ancestors and reconnected descendants’ ties to settlements severed during the Great Migration. The article recommends that researchers and urban planners help communities identify liminal spaces appropriate for catalyzing inter-generational bridging and bonding of urban-rural social capital to preserve endangered communities of color.

Stable isotopes are increasingly being used to infer past and present trophic interactions in light of environmental changes. The Lake Victoria haplochromine cichlids have experienced severe environmental changes in the past decades that, amongst others, resulted in a dietary shift towards larger prey. We investigated how the changed environment and diet of the haplochromines influenced stable isotope values of formalin-then-ethanol-preserved cichlid specimens, and then investigated how these values differed among species before (1977-1982) and after substantial environmental changes (2005-2007). We found a small preservation effect on both d 13 C and d 15 N values, and significant differences in isotope values among haplochromine species collected before the environmental changes. In contrast, there was a remarkable similarity in d 13 C and d 15 N values among species collected from the contemporary ecosystem and two out three species showed significantly different stable isotope values compared to species of the historic ecosystem. In addition, we found a putative isotopic gradient effect along our 5-km-long research transect indicating that the studied demersal species are more stenotopic than previously thought. The environmental changes have resulted in dietary change and overlap of the haplochromines which provides insight into the trophic plasticity of these species, which are often considered trophic specialists. Keywords Detritivores Á Environmental changes Á Phytoplanktivores Á Stenotopic Á Trophic guild Á Zooplanktivores Mary A. Kishe-Machumu and Jacco C. van Rijssel contributed equally to this paper.

Heritage Justice in the Greater Caribbean is a vital component of the region’s sustainable development. Its Early Modern heritage is inextricably linked to the brutal regimes of European colonial expansion that enslaved African and Indigenous populations. Equitable and inclusive narratives, set within a framework of heritage justice, sit uneasily within
the tourism landscape and are often erased or hidden in favor of histories that celebrate White colonial achievement. This article examines the port towns of St. George’s Bermuda, and Falmouth, Jamaica, to explore how policies and priorities of heritage tourism and conservation practices, are used to exclude, erase, and diminish the contributions of communities of African descent, their material histories, and disconnect
communities from tourism economies. The discussion argues for a more
inclusive and equitable approach to heritage tourism that champions heritage justice for under-represented communities. Ultimately, this discussion calls for a transformation of heritage, preservation policy, and tourism in the Greater Caribbean.

Historic built environments of the modern colonial era survive in cityscapes of former colonies the world over, often featuring largely in the projected urban identities of cities in Africa, Asia, and the Middle East. Tunisia is no exception. The complex relationships between extant architectures of colonialism and current users, designers, and preservationists there are shifting within the context of contemporary globalization. Though ties between Europe, France, and Tunisia are less overt than they once were—now taking the form of international development loans, professional and educational exchanges, tourism programmes, popular culture and the media—they are nonetheless significant in their sustained influence. This article explores the nature and products of neocolonialism in postcolonial heritage management and tourism practices, using several case studies from Tunis including curated medina walking tours, the renovation of the Avenue Bourguiba, and expansion of the renowned Bardo Museum. Rather than dismissing contemporary preservation and tourism management practices, the article invites further debate regarding the influence of foreign actors, conservation approaches, and potential alternatives for the future of heritage management in a rapidly changing Tunisia.

This article examines the relationship between rural tourism and national identity, with reference to a southern European country. Particular attention is devoted to the meaning making work that the state, national visitors and residents do at two of the most popular Historic Villages of Portugal. Drawing on ethnographic materials, the article sheds light on the links between historic conservation and “heritagization”, as defined by Poria and Ashworth, and demonstrates the force of the nation’s medieval origins in the dominant discourses on Portuguese national identity. In addition, it shows that “felt history” has been targeted by the state to increase the levels of consumption through rural tourism, but also triggers a sense of national pride among Portuguese visitors. The residents of Castelo Rodrigo and of Sortelha contest, but they also recycle the officially sanctioned interpretation of the sites as medieval to convey the fascinating distinctiveness of the local identity.

The study of cultural evolution has taken on an increasingly interdisciplinary and diverse approach in explicating phenomena of cultural transmission and adoptions. Inspired by this computational movement, this study uses Bayesian networks analysis, combining both the frequentist and the Hamiltonian Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) approach, to investigate the highly representative elements in the cultural evolution of a Vietnamese city’s architecture in the early 20th century. With a focus on the façade design of 68 old houses in Hanoi’s Old Quarter (based on 78 data lines extracted from 248 photos), the study argues that it is plausible to look at the aesthetics, architecture, and designs of the house façade to find traces of cultural evolution in Vietnam, which went through more than six decades of French colonization and centuries of sociocultural influence from China. The in-depth technical analysis, though refuting the presumed model on the probabilistic dependency among the variables, yields several results, the most notable of which is the strong influence of Buddhism over the decorations of the house façade. Particularly, in the top 5 networks with the best Bayesian Information Criterion (BIC) scores and p<0.05, the variable for decorations (DC) always has a direct probabilistic dependency on the variable B for Buddhism. The paper then checks the robustness of these models using Hamiltonian MCMC method and find the posterior distributions of the models’ coefficients all satisfy the technical requirement. Finally, this study suggests integrating Bayesian statistics in the social sciences in general and for the study of cultural evolution and architectural transformation in particular.

Hurricane Katrina submerged thousands of single-story, slab-on-grade homes in low-lying New Orleans, disproportionately displacing African Americans they sheltered and sustained. Critical disaster studies cast charitable individuals and organizations as sponsors of Black survival, yet nongovernmental aid programs remain marginal to scholarship on environmental justice and Black geographies. This paper sheds light on the funding programs, public-private partnerships, and design-build projects by which philanthropies and charities aid Black, Indigenous and other People of Color (BIPOC) in retreat from flood hazards. This nested case study of HUD’s Neighborhood Stabilization program and the Salvation Army’s EnviRenew program shows Black developers, planners, and architects of retreat from New Orleans’s Pontchartrain Park Historic District gained public, private, and philanthropic sponsors at steep costs: the loss of land, life, and leadership in sustainable development. Drawing on administrative data, legal documents, and stakeholder interviews, the mixed-methods analysis finds new housing built above projected base flood elevations inside flood hazard zones not by choice or by chance, but in compliance with aid programs requiring Black participation in land buyout programs (Road Home) and Black facilitation of green home building and buying (Build Back Better). The Pontchartrain Park case of “management failure,” which included rescinded grants and land takings, not only illuminates the macroeconomics and microaggressions that restrict where and how Black resettlement takes place. Ultimately, this article reveals climate mitigation patrons relocate BIPOC households and heritage from endangered places in theory, yet, in practice, their relief formulas may house marginalized minorities in precarious places above measured risks.

This article examines the relationship between recent luxury residences built in Jerusalem and the city’s fragile urban fabric regarding the extent to which government affects the form of such projects in practice. It highlights the establishment of a pattern driven policy—a form of policy resulting from the entrenchment of specific solutions. The research addresses two seemingly unrelated spheres, namely urban regime and
planning gains, and urban design, as embodied in Jerusalem’s “ghost complexes”. Based on the Jerusalem case, we depict the practicability of the planning deal between the municipality and the entrepreneur as the driving force shaping the built environment under the neo-liberal rationale that controls negotiations between the municipality and the developers. Relations between local government and developers may
develop in a pattern-driven path; hence, specific solutions may become entrenched and affect the nature of understandings or agreements, thereby continuously affecting the cityscape.

In recent years, the development of long-term structural health monitoring systems for preventive conservation of historic monumental buildings is receiving a growing trend of scientific interest. Nevertheless, the damage detection effectiveness of these systems is still debated, especially in respect to complex masonry palaces where both local and global failure mechanisms can be activated, whereby the majority of the documented successful applications are limited to masonry towers. In particular, one major issue that needs to be solved in order to derive damage sensitive features is associated to the removal of the effects of changes in environmental conditions and, primarily, of ambient temperature, from static and dynamic signatures. This paper aims to contribute to improving knowledge in this field, by investigating temperature effects on static and dynamic response of an iconic Italian monumental palace: the Consoli Palace in Gubbio. With the purpose of early detecting earthquake-induced damages, as well as damages caused by material degradation associated to awkward environmental conditions, a simple low-cost mixed static and dynamic long-term structural health monitoring system has been installed on the Palace by the authors in July 2017. After discussing surveys, ambient vibration tests, diagnostic investigations, numerical modeling and model calibration of the Palace, the analysis of the first year of monitoring data is presented. This analysis shows that, differently from what observed in other literature works on historic masonry towers, the natural frequencies of the Palace show a marked and sometimes non-linear decreasing trend with increasing ambient temperature, that can be effectively removed through linear statistical filtering provided that dynamic regression models, using past values of predictors, are used. On the other side, the evolution of the amplitudes of two major cracks monitored within the building also shows a marked linear decreasing trend with increasing ambient temperature. These results are meaningful towards the use of monitoring data for assessing the initial health conditions of a structure, as well as in a damage detection perspective.

The start of the twenty-first century is marked by new levels of globalization, environmental degradation, and social conflict that are endangering the cultural landscapes and agrarian heritage of rural areas. In the wake of these threats, heritage professionals are imagining new, holistic models for shared cultural and natural heritage protection that support active community engagement around issues of cultural identity, material and ecological sustainability, and shared ethical values. Agricultural land conservation is fertile terrain in which to theorize how heritage protection can contribute to the mobilization of social cohesion to restore a balanced human ecology. Agrarian land tenure challenges heritage advocates to bridge the conventional binary of nature/culture that has divided heritage resource protection strategies and to support the protection of working, populated cultural landscapes. Over the past 35 years in the United States, a number of agricultural land protection programs have emerged that depend upon a complex web of cooperation among landowners, governments, and private land trusts to purchase development rights on farmland. I propose that such programs are both symptoms of and coping strategies for broader processes of socio-economic alienation. This paper focuses on a New England case study to explore the potential for agricultural land protection as a framework for shared heritage protection. Based on the results and research connected with this case study, I offer a theoretical and ethical framework of heritage protection as a culturally mediated discursive practice of community-building—one that references the past in order to intervene in present alienating processes and secure a recognizable future.

In this article, we advance the idea that any form of spatial planning aiming at preservation of places, landscapes or landscape character has to resist the temptation to target such preservation directly. Rather, a careful study and management of place identity, as the discursive figuration of place images and narratives in the community, has to craft a persuasive planning narrative that has a better chance to coordinate stakeholders and integrate policies. We argue that such endeavor can benefit greatly from an integration with place branding strategies, strategies that have become more inclusive and governance-oriented themselves, and that often include similar concepts of narrative analysis, stakeholder involvement, and a combination of asset creation, asset protection and asset promotion. A sensitive study of place identity, signification of place and a precise reconstruction of the history of governance and planning in an area are prerequisites for such a strategy. We illustrate this by means of three case studies – Tuscany, Minnesota and Missouri – areas marked by different assets, different planning histories and options, and different perspectives for branding.

Problem, research strategy, and findings: In recent years, some economists and urban development advocates have argued that historic preservation is fundamentally at odds with a growing, diverse economy. We supply empirical support for Jane Jacobs’s (1961) seminal argument about the value of “plain, ordinary, low-value old buildings,” finding that older, smaller buildings support dense, diverse streets and neighborhoods (p. 187). We use spatial regression models to analyze how social and economic activity relate to building characteristics in Seattle (WA), San Francisco (CA), Tucson (AZ), and Washington, DC. On a per commercial square foot basis, areas with older, smaller buildings and mixed-vintage blocks support more jobs in new businesses, small businesses, and businesses in creative industries. However, while areas with older smaller buildings have greater diversity of resident age and higher proportions of small businesses, we also find lower proportions of Hispanic and non-White residents, indicating limited racial and ethnic diversity. Takeaway for practice: Focusing on new construction alone to achieve denser, more sustainable cities elides the important role that older, smaller buildings play in dense, diverse neighborhoods. Planners should support the preservation and reuse of older buildings and the integration of old and new buildings. Relevant policies include adaptive reuse ordinances, performance-based energy codes, context-sensitive form-based coding, and deregulation of parking requirements.

Climate change has dramatically affected the rainfall patterns and water systems in Central Italy. The vulnerability of this area to climate change and natural hazards necessitates that appropriate adaptation policies be put in place to protect heritage sites. This study aims to develop a cultural and natural heritage conservation framework for Central Italy that enhances the capacity of climate change adaptation for heritage resources. For this purpose, a comparison was made between the UNESCO (United National Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization) Convention of 1972 and the European Landscape Convention of the Council of Europe to achieve a coherent vision for the protection of heritage resources in Europe. After describing the impacts of climate change on heritage resources in Central Italy, we analyze and suggest improvements to the conservation framework for wisely protecting heritage resources in a changing climate. The findings reveal that conservation sectors require assessments of the value of heritage resources at the territorial scale to effectively define conservation priorities, assess the vulnerabilities, and more precisely direct funding. In this respect, the integration of the European Landscape Convention with territorial planning may boost the unity of a conservation framework in terms of climate change while providing new opportunities for conservation authorities to develop adaptation policies.

Scholars are increasingly studying memory-work as an essential placedefining force within cities, but few scholars have analyzed urban redevelopers as agents of memory-work. Using the Montgomery Builds effort to redevelop the Kress Building as a “memory moment,” we argue for a broader reading of memory-work that recognizes the broad spectrum of social actors, interests, and tensions involved in not only doing justice to the legacies of racialized pasts but also appropriating them in the service of urban capital. Central to our argument is a recognition that urban spaces are not just the product of the labor of remembering and preserving, but that these spaces have an affective and material place and impact within people’s lives and connections with the past. In so doing, we articulate how memory works through the remaking of space and place and argue for a broader definition of memory-work, a recognition of the harder and softer socio-political forms they can take in cities, and the way ostensibly painful
memories are folded back into urban redevelopment visions in ways that facilitate but also complicate development and racial reconciliation.

"Arkaraprasertkul’s article on the lilong houses in Shanghai portrays a different form of gentrification that departs from classic gentrification models whereby middle-class residents push the working class out of a neighbourhood. Arkaraprasertkul explores lilong owners’ savvi- ness in capitalising on heritage as a source of income, how they use heritagisation as a defence against economic precariousness, and how they navigate the abrupt social changes wrought by the market-driven urban Chinese economy. Owned by working-class residents who understand the value system of the middle class, the lilong houses generate profits thanks to the ability of their owners to ‘sell’ the old lilong buildings as historically important and ultimately middle-class heritage."

In Shanghai, one can not only see, but live in the remnants of the city’s semi-colonial legacy. These are the remaining lane houses known as lilong that are scattered throughout the city. Urbanites living in foreign settlements built them and resided there between the late nineteenth century to the mid 1940s. Confiscated by the Communist government upon its takeover in 1949, these buildings were redistributed to socialist workers and later on heavily altered to accommodate the massive influx of migrants during the first two decades of the opening up and reform era. The lilong houses are an important part of the memories of local Shanghainese residents. In this paper, I look primarily at the original residents’ savviness in capitalising on heritage as a source of income and thereby using it as a defence against economic precariousness. I argue that the high level of flexibility of the notion of heritage enables a form of gentrification that differs from classic gentrification whereby middle-class residents push the working class out of a neighbourhood. The original working-class residents who understand the value system of the middle class are those profiting thanks to their ability to ‘sell’ the old lilong buildings as historically important and ultimately as middle-class heritage. This process, however, eventually produces a middle-class enclave similar to that of a classic gentrified neighbourhood. The remnants of the past such as those found in these traditional-looking neighbourhoods facilitate original residents’ navigation of the abrupt social changes wrought by the market-driven urban Chinese economy of the past three decades.

Social scientists typically treat policing as repressive and historical centers as impoverished imitations of unmarked social relations. Yet in Salvador, Brazil’s Pelourinho Historical Center, police attempts to discipline both tourists and working-class residents, together with these officers’ violent support of attempts to separate people from their practices memorialized as public culture, generate perforations or folds in the musealized landscape. These structures of feeling support the neighborhood’s aura of rooted authenticity. In this way they punctuate, and thus veil, the heritage zone’s fraught
construction and support the ideological goals of Bahia’s cultural heritage bureaucracy that claims to safeguard humankind’s shared legacies. This emphasis on the productivity
of policing is not to argue that such spaces are bona fide tokens of Brazilian pasts or popular vitality, but to suggest the importance of policing in animating supposedly homogeneous spaces

This paper presents an empirical approach to studying the seismic behaviour of fortified buildings, including castles, fortresses, and citadels. The first step for a focused preventive intervention on this building typology, characterised by the presence of towers, defensive walls and other particular elements, is to identify recurring vulnerabilities. Over 750 castles and 7 seismic events which have hit Italy in recent decades have been considered, including the earthquakes in Central Italy in August and October 2016. For each seismic event, the characteristics of the earthquake have been described by means of shake maps, while the castles in the area have been identified and inserted in a specifically formulated geographic information system. Subsequently, a thorough archival and bibliographical research on the damage suffered by the most significant case histories allowed the comparison of the damage observed in the castles with different characteristics in terms of soil, materials, building typologies and conservation status. A previously proposed table of damage mechanisms was adopted and verified on a larger number of castles, suggesting some modifications. Lastly, statistical analysis on these data was conducted in order to inspect possible connections between building features, peak ground acceleration and damage mechanisms. The results have shown a good agreement with the existing vulnerability curve and the small amount of numerical analyses proposed in the literature for the same building typology.

Satellite data allow archaeologists to not only identify archaeological sites and features but to monitor them in relation to contemporary landscape changes. This article pursues this goal by assessing the contemporary conditions of archaeological sites originally recorded over 40 years ago in the northern Basin of Mexico. We examine archaeological site locations and 1970s land-use data recorded by surveyors against contemporary land-use information observable in very high resolution (VHR) GeoEye-1 multi-spectral satellite imagery. Our results demonstrate continuity in the types of land classes within which sites existed during the 1970s and today, but they also show significant changes with potentially negative impacts on the preservation of cultural resources. Most sites in agro-pastoral lands over 40 years ago remain in agro-pastoral land. However, the expansion of modern settlements due to population growth and changing property laws has encroached on archaeological sites. Technological intensification of agricultural practices (i.e., tractors) can impact site preservation even if the landuse category remained unchanged. This article also discusses the potential impact that different settlement types, de-positional environments, and looting can have on cultural resources and outlines key areas of future research requiring the integration of remote sensing and archaeological fieldwork.

Art historian Juan Pablo Bonta has presented a nine-step model for analysing how the interpretation of architectural oeuvres becomes canonised. We suggest that in terms of the built heritage, canonisation and heritagisation are essentially the same process, so Bonta’s model can be used for analysing heritagisation processes. This article testifies to this assumption by examining how the interpretation of historic Nordic wooden towns became stabilised in Finland. The concept was introduced in the 1960s to describe the Nordic urban heritage that was threatened by massive town development projects. The identification of the heritage category enabled the preservation of some remaining wooden districts. Examining this process allows us to discuss the role of expertise in the building preservation. In the case of wooden towns, experts’ early recognition was a crucial precondition for the preservation of the heritage, which enabled novel generations to form a living relationship with it. Seen through the experts’ writings, the heritagisation process of the wooden towns also reflect the expanding scope of the built heritage discipline. Based on our findings, the canonisation model is applicable not only to the individual oevres, as Bonta addresses, but also to broader built environments and, more conceptually, to heritage categories.

This article studies the role of Ideological Developers (IDs) in the formation and implementation of local development policy. The IDs are developers whose motivation is ideological as opposed to financial, and they initiate ideas rather than plans and projects. Based on a case study regarding inner-city preservation, we claim that in Tel Aviv, IDs have much leverage on local decision making. The IDs are individuals with high personal capital, who focus on an issue that it is not championed by existing civil groups. As the IDs seek out influential routes to policy makers, they build circumstantial coalitions. Through these limited and conditional partnerships with administrators and other influential actors, the IDs apply pressure and advance their specific cause.

Climate change affects, directly and indirectly, the tangible and intangible features of heritage sites. Conservation studies often examine the impacts of climate change on heritage sites by assuming it as an isolated and static concept. This study aims to debate cultural heritage concept as the primary and neglected factor for wise development of climate-resilience policies. We first adopt the qualitative Meta-synthesis method to analyze the impacts of climate change on world heritage sites, through a systematic review of reports published by the UNESCO and its advisory bodies. Then, it is explained why the sustainability of cultural heritage requires a fundamental reconsideration of the concept and promotion of its evaluation framework. The findings suggest that protection of cultural heritage and developing the climate-resilience policies for the sustainability of landscape requires at the early stages a reflection on how heritage is defined as a useful resource and acceptable characteristic of territory.

Preventive conservation seeks to minimize needless deterioration, damage and loss to cultural property.  This requires a comprehensive understanding of all hazards that might affect property and all values needing protection from those hazards.  The past effects of hazards must be apprehended, the efficacy of current conservation practices must be calculated, and the predictability of future changes must be judged.  Risks may manifest gradually or stochastically.  In either case, the time scale over which risks to cultural properties must be considered is measured in centuries.  Feedback on the consequences of preventive conservation decisions taken is too slow and too confounded to support meaningful experience-based learning.  A risk-based approach to decision-making is necessary.
A Cultural Property Risk Analysis Model was developed to guide priorities for resource allocation to preventive conservation under conditions of uncertainty.  This model recognizes the preservation system as a subsystem within a collection management system, which, in turn, nests within progressively broader systems.  Within this set of systems and subsystems, the contribution of preventive conservation to the continuance and betterment of humanity is recognised.  Carefully defining the scope of the preservation system ensures clear understanding of interactions with surrounding systems.
The risk analysis model then disaggregates risk through hierarchies both of sources of risk and of divisions of collections.  The level of technical risk analysis varies throughout these hierarchies depending on the potential significance of the disaggregate portion considered.  This approach makes the entire modeling process as efficient as possible.  This approach is applicable to all forms of cultural property.  Its broader adoption will benefit the fields of preventive conservation, conservation research, and cultural heritage management.

Setauket, New York, a small village on Long Island, has a historical narrative connecting it to the fabric of colonial and early America. Historic sites and structures in Setauket provide the setting for this narrative and support its tourist industry. Additionally, an important minority community comprised of the descendants of colonized Native Americans and enslaved Africans has
concrete connections to Setauket’s past. Despite their documented and physical presence, Native Americans and African Americans have been almost entirely left out of local history. The descendant community actively countered their historical marginalization by collaborating with archaeologists to recover aspects of their heritage in the village. This research has developed a counter-narrative that not only returns non-whites to historic white spaces, but explains how non-whites were removed from these spaces through a process of segregation tied to the creation of a leisure economy.

The year 2014 marked the centenary of the birth of Roman-born Brazilian architect Lina Bo Bardi. Among the best known of Lina's many contributions to Brazilian modernism is Museu de Arte de São Paulo (MASP). Begun in 1957 and opened in 1968, MASP flouted European museological and museographical conventions, dissolving structural, temporal and hierarchical boundaries. Lina's expressive architectonic forms and revolutionary exhibition scheme allowed the works in the MASP collection to literally stand on their own as objects liberated completely from chronological, connoisseurial and scholarly classification systems. Lina designed MASP to provoke 'reactions of curiosity and investigation' by redefining notions of space and form within and beyond the context of the museum as mausoleum, archive and treasury. This collaborative analysis examines the philosophical, theoretical, practical and formal elements of what John Cage purportedly characterized as 'the architecture of freedom'. Toward that end, this article situates MASP and its collections within broader historical discourses of museum practice to reveal the transgressive genius of Lina's architectural and museal gestures. We conclude with a discussion of current debates surrounding the conventionalization of MASP's exhibition protocols, considered in the contexts of conservation and proposed changes to the structure and its immediate urban setting.

In recent years, there has been an increase in international tourist arrivals worldwide. In this respect, Art Cities are among the most favorable tourist destinations, as they exhibit masterpieces of art and architecture in a cultural environment. However, the so-called phenomenon of overtourism has emerged as a significant threat to the residents’ quality of life, and, consequently, the sustainability of Art Cites. This research aims to develop a management toolkit that assists site managers to control tourism flows in Art Cities and World Heritage Sites and promotes the residents’ quality of life. The research methodology was developed within the framework of the Atlas Project in 2019. In this project, five European Art Cities, including Florence, Edinburgh, Bordeaux, Porto, and Santiago de Compostela, discussed their common management challenges through the shared learning method. After developing selection criteria, the Atlas’ partners suggested a total of nine strategies as best practices for managing overtourism in Art Cities in multiple sections of accommodation policies, monitoring tactics, and promotional offerings. The Atlas project was conducted before the outbreak of the COVID-19 virus pandemic. Based on the current data, it is somehow uncertain when and how tourism activities will return to normal. The analysis of the Atlas findings also highlights some neglected dimensions in the current strategies in terms of environmental concerns, climate change impacts, crisis management, and cultural development plans, which require further research to boost the heritage planning process.

African government and museum officials, members of international agencies, academics, and journalists examine why the African past is disappearing at a rate perhaps unmatched in any other part of the world. Each looks at the international network of looting and trafficking from a different perspective. Here, for the first time, is a frank indictment of African contributions to the problem-voiced by the distinguished African essayists. The book concludes with a discussion of specific steps that could halt the disappearance of Africa's art and antiquities

The structural behavior of colonnade structural systems subjected to static and dynamic loading is investigated to identify the main factors affecting the stability and to improve our understanding of their behaviour. In particular, the discrete element method (DEM) of analysis is utilised to study the static and dynamic behaviour of a typical section of the two storey colonnade of the Forum in Pompeii. Static analysis indicated that the failure of colonnade structures occur at higher friction angles as the weight above the structure decreases and so a sudden collapse can occur when parts of the monument are disassembled. For the dynamic analysis, the mechanical behavior of the colonnade was investigated for both harmonic and real seismic excitations. For excitations with relatively low dominant frequencies, the primary response is rocking; as the excitation frequency increases, the response becomes more complicated demonstrating both sliding and rocking movements. It was also shown that the construction methods used in ancient times, such as multi-block segmented trabeations and solid block beam, have quite significant impact on the mechanical response of the structures under static and dynamic loading

From the Coliseum in Rome to the verdant landscape of the Loire Valley, the world's cultural heritage has withstood the test of time. Today though, the pace of progress – from urban sprawl to pollution, neglect, conflict, and even tourism – threatens these landmarks of our past at an ever-increasing pace. In recent years, rapid advances in digital technologies, from 3D graphics, to multimedia, and virtual reality, have given heritage new hope: from archaeology to architecture, emerging digital tools offer promise in documenting, analyzing, and disseminating culture. Using examples from a decade of research at the University of California at Berkeley, and highlights from the 7th Int'l Conference on Virtual Systems and Multimedia (VSMM), we will explore the problems and potential of emerging documentation tools, representation and modeling aids, and presentation technologies.

Despite the promise, more often than not, those responsible for recording, preserving, and teaching about culture have not been part of this digital revolution. Coupled with this, early ‘digital heritage’ failed to live up to expectations, whether due to limited tools, questionable research, or lack of visual realism. VAST and other gatherings are beginning to bridge researchers and practitioners, from government to academia, and archaeology to computer science. Using the Virtual Heritage Network and recent international media workshops with UNESCO as examples, we will explore the need for, and potential of, global cross-disciplinary collaboration. From the now obliterated Buddhist statues at Bamiyan, Afghanistan, to Minoru Yamasaki's Twin Towers in New York, we owe it to future generations to harness our digital tools to preserve and protect the world's cultural legacy.

The article examines conflict associated with efforts to conserve modern architecture. The tension between preservation and functional concerns and the cleavage between form and function are brought to the fore by looking at a prominent case study of the concert hall of Tel Aviv, Israel. Between 2005-2013, the historic concert hall was the subject of a substantial renovation plan, which became contentious owing to its impact on the interior and exterior features of the building. With the help of interviews, content analysis of proceedings, planning decisions and court rulings, the paper examines the obstacles for reaching a balance between form and function and particularly: (1) the role of cultural elites in shaping historic places and in determining the ‘functional threshold’ of modern buildings; (2) how emotional attachments to cultural properties impact the course of built heritage conflicts; and (3) the failure of public participation. Overall, the analysis suggests that participatory avenues can be pursued in order to bridge the gap between opponents and proponents of structural modifications.  When collaboration fails, however, the opinion of the local communities most impacted by the historic structure should to be given greater consideration, and legal redress should remain a last resort

Heritage tourism products and experiences can generate substantial economic and social contribution to local communities. Yet, significant challenges face heritage tourism destinations, including heritage preservation and the subsequent transition into viable tourism experiences. This paper aims to employ innovative heritage preservation methods that can be utilised to develop tourism experiences at heritage sites. This research details how cutting-edge 3D scanning and modelling can be used to assist with the virtual presentation of heritage. Using a case study of a WWII US Airforce base in Charleville, Australia, this paper will detail how new 3D scanning methods can assist with the accuracy of digital preservation, as well as assist in the delivery of memorable tourism experiences by connecting and expanding to conceptually related areas, such as serious gaming. Findings revealed that by implementing 3D multi-layered scanning a simulation of an WWII Hanger and Norden bombsight was created, with scanning completed to within two millimetres of accuracy. A key contribution of this research is to provide lessons learned for scholars and practitioners considering the application of advanced methods for heritage preservation and memorable tourism experiences. In turn, this can be used as a key economic driver as well as instil social pride, especially for regional communities.

Population and land-use relocation in the United States contributes to the
generation of many functionless, unmaintained historic structures. Many once-vital
buildings have been removed, while others have simply been abandoned and left to decay or
‘demolished through neglect’. The National Trust for Historic Preservation in 2008
suggests that more than 500 communities are experiencing significant numbers of
teardowns, but there is a lack of research on both the exact number of heritage structures
that have fallen into neglect and the provisions necessary to prevent neglect. In response to
growing concerns about the climbing rate of these structures, this paper assesses both the rationale behind the neglect of historic structures and current preventative techniques and policies. The purpose is to distil the requirements necessary for prevention of demolition by neglect into imperatives to guide future preservation policy.

The 2009 Great Recession adversely impacted the post-industrial
built landscape in the US. Globalization and international wage
inequality also led to the closure and abandonment of numerous
historic industrial districts. However, another more positive outcome came from the last economic crisis ‒ the rise of the artisan-based economy, which values highly crafted specialized goods and blends old manufacturing techniques with new digital technologies. Small companies producing high quality products are providing an alternative to American consumption based culture. This paper will present the current state of post-industrial regeneration in the US and discuss how the artisan-based economy is regenerating American post-industrial urban districts.

This paper presents the results of a magnetic susceptibility survey at Ocmulgee National Monument, a large archaeological site located in central Georgia. Ocmulgee consists of numerous bluffs, each subjected to plowing and erosion. Archaeological remains preserved differentially better on some bluffs, while remains on other bluffs have been obliterated. Magnetic susceptibility readings were recorded in the plow zone on Mound X Ridge, an area of the site that is significantly disturbed. Although the archaeological site is no longer intact, superparamagnetic micro-particles from daub, ceramics, or charcoal have been mixed from 100 years of plowing and remain in the plow zone. The goal of the project was to delineate the northern boundary of this activity area. Thirty posthole tests were excavated and the presence or absence of artifacts from each posthole test was recorded. Magnetic susceptibility values were also recorded in the plow zone following excavation of each test. The positive correlation of high susceptibility values with presence of artifacts indicates this method is useful for mapping disturbed site boundaries of plowed archaeological sites. This method is quicker than more traditional invasive testing and does not further disturb archaeological remains if posthole tests are not excavated below the plow zone.

Brazil has little experience in balanced urban regeneration and historical preservation projects when compared to more mature countries such as the Europeans. However the recent experience of Salvador da Bahia seems to be worth studying. The Pelourinho historic district is a distinguished example of Portuguese Renaissance urban development, hosting colonial architecture typologies from the 16th to the 18th centuries. Since the late 19th century the area has undergone a remarkable decay process being progressively abandoned by economic activities and population. After the area was considered World Heritage by UNESCO in 1985 both municipal and state governments have taken actions to promote its regeneration. This paper analyses this process considering its implications within the urban design framework. The first part analyses the area morphology as a result of Portugal Colonial policies. The second part assesses degradation as a result of the birth and rise of modern urban planning in Brazil and Bahia. In the next parts the actions of municipal and state authorities are considered as well as their implications considering the economic activities and existing population involved. The conclusion remarks the importance of Salvador experience, establishing its pros and cons.

with data on visitor number and frequency. Small tourist groups entering the chambers caused interior relative humidity increases of between 5 and 15%. Statistical correlations of determination (r 2 ) also revealed that the most significant relationships between visitor number contributions and chamber humidity occurred fifteen minutes after the visit. Correlations increased dramatically when the tourist numbers and relative humidity were viewed simultaneously (r 2 =0.007, 0.136), and then compared to measurements taken with a fifteen minutes lag time (r 2 =0.707, 0.895). These relationships indicate that it takes ten to twenty minutes for human respiration and transpiration to contribute to relative humidity in chambers of this volume (2,000-3,600 m 3 ). Wall measurements found interior surfaces to have receded from visitor-induced abrasion (such as touching and leaning) by up to 40 mm during the 50-100-year era of increased tourism in the region. It is also indicated that a 4 × 3 m wall section has lost 500,000 cm 3 of sandstone over these past 100 years, between 0.5 to 2 m above the floor, indicating surface recession from human contact where visitors commonly lean, touch or rest.

The paper presents an overview of the results of diagnostic and monitoring activities carried out in the last years through satellite radar interferometry (2011-2016) and in situ measurements (2017-2019) in the historical city of Gubbio, Italy. The study is aimed at contributing to understanding the potential of remote sensing technologies in measuring complex deformation phenomena in historic buildings, such as those caused by soil-structural interaction and earthquakes, considering the monumental Consoli Palace and the Town Walls as case studies. The research activities have been carried out within the European HERACLES project, funded in the framework of Horizon (2020) and aimed at proposing novel diagnostic monitoring solutions for enhancing heritage resilience against various types of hazards. Particular attention is focused on the cross-correlation of the outputs of satellite radar interferometry and in-situ structural monitoring data aimed at achieving engineering meaningful results supporting decision making and proactive interventions.