Goethe Studies

This paper investigates the enduring philosophical challenge of how a living organism may be understood, through the epistemological perspectives of Immanuel Kant, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, and Rudolf Steiner. Kant's analysis of the necessity of judging organisms as purposive and self-generating wholes is presented as foundational to any systematic account, insofar as it addresses the very conditions under which an organism can become an object of cognition. However, due to Kant's strict separation of sensory intuition from conceptual understanding, he regarded purposive self-generation as merely heuristic, lacking causal legitimacy within empirical nature. In contrast, Goethe's participatory and intuitive method, articulated in The Metamorphosis of Plants, integrates empirical observation with imaginative reproduction to achieve an intuitive grasp of an organism's life and transformation. Conceived as a dynamic bridge between perception and concept, Goethe's approach was subsequently interpreted and philosophically developed by Steiner. Steiner argued that an organism's essential nature can be apprehended through a productive, intuitive mode of cognition that mentally reconstructs the organism's formative principles and selfgenerative force. His position, which bears affinities to Fichte's notion of intellectual intuition, both elucidates and extends Goethe's method by asserting that the organism's formative force is accessible through active, intuitive cognition. Thus, Steiner demonstrated how Goethe's approach transcends Kant's limitation on the knowability of organic life, enabling the empirical observation of spiritual efficacy in material nature. This paper ultimately contends that the Goethe-Steiner method offers an empirical yet intuitive framework and method for understanding the life and formation of living organisms.

This article offers a quixotic reading of San Manuel Bueno, Mártir (1931) in an attempt to show the major influence that Miguel de Cervantes's masterpiece Don Quixote of La Mancha had in this novella by Miguel de Unamuno. This work will show the multiple parallels that exist between Don Quixote of La Mancha and San Manuel Bueno, Mártir, as well as between their protagonists, and the narrative techniques employed in both literary works.

Goethe endorsed the involvement of imagination in thinking nature, promoting what this essay calls a ‘literary ecology’ not only in poetically expressing ideas about the natural world, but also in the necessarily imaginative means required to understand it in ecological terms. Through an examination of both literary and scientific works, this essay demonstrates that for Goethe an ecological understanding of nature requires imaginative participation on the part of the observer that resonates with the creative becoming of nature itself; that Goethe’s recognition of the meaningfulness of nature and the organic generation of meaning — his implicit biosemiotics — contributes to overturning the segregation of nature and thought now regarded as framing the exploitation and misuse of nature; and that Goethe’s thinking supports a crucial reassessment of the human place within the ecosphere. Goethe’s reliance on imagination in both intuiting and expressing nature’s interconnections may have implications for ecological and planetary thinking more broadly.

Em 1767, o filósofo judeu-alemão Moses Mendelssohn publicou Fédon, ou sobre a imortalidade da alma, uma obra que se tornou um marco do pensamento racionalista e conquistou leitores em toda a Europa. Traduzido e reeditado diversas vezes, o livro consagrou Mendelssohn como o “Sócrates alemão”, colocando-o entre os grandes pensadores do século XVIII. Agora, a Editora Madamu traz a primeira tradução para o português desta obra que, segundo o filósofo Wilhelm Dilthey, é um “clássico da psicologia racional”. Inspirado no diálogo Fédon, de Platão, Mendelssohn revive a discussão sobre a imortalidade da alma, mas com uma abordagem moderna, influenciada pela metafísica de sua época. Ele combina elementos da tradição filosófica grega com ideias do Iluminismo, criando um argumento racionalista que reflete as transformações intelectuais do século XVIII. O Fédon de Mendelssohn não é apenas uma releitura do texto de Platão; é uma reflexão original sobre temas que continuam relevantes hoje: a natureza da alma, os limites da razão e a busca por respostas sobre o que nos torna humanos. O Sócrates que encontramos aqui não é exatamente o mesmo dos diálogos platônicos, mas uma versão adaptada ao contexto alemão do século XVIII, carregando as preocupações e os ideais de Mendelssohn e de seu tempo.

In tausend Formen magst du dich...
Language: German (Deutsch)

In tausend Formen magst du dich verstecken,
Doch, Allerliebste, gleich erkenn ich dich;
Du magst mit Zauberschleiern dich bedecken,
Allgegenwärt'ge, gleich erkenn ich dich.

An der Zypresse reinstem jungem Streben,
Allschöngewachsne, gleich erkenn ich dich.
In des Kanales reinem Wellenleben,
Allschmeichelhafte, wohl erkenn ich dich.

Wenn steigend sich der Wasserstrahl entfaltet,
Allspielende, wie froh erkenn ich dich!
Wenn Wolke sich gestaltend umgestaltet,
Allmannigfaltge, dort erkenn ich dich.

An des geblümten Schleiers Wiesenteppich,
Allbuntbesternte, schön erkenn ich dich;
Und greift umher ein tausendarmger Eppich,
O Allumklammernde, da kenn ich dich.

Wenn am Gebirg der Morgen sich entzündet,
Gleich, Allerheiternde, begrüß ich dich,
Dann über mir der Himmel rein sich ründet,
Allherzerweiternde, dann atm' ich dich.

Was ich mit äußerm Sinn, mit innerm kenne,
Du Allbelehrende, kenn ich durch dich;
Und wenn ich Allah's Namenhundert nenne,
Mit jedem klingt ein Name nach für dich.

by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe 1815,
West-östlicher Divan, in 8. Buch Suleika -- Suleika Nameh 

In this essay, I argue that, in addition to J. W. Goethe’s morphological thinking necessitating the reinvention of a host of theoretical concepts, its attention to temporal series entailed new practices of image-making. In other words, Goethe not only contested in a general or theoretical fashion the indifference to time that determined eighteenth-century botany, he also when it came to techniques of botanical image-production. Goethe’s advocation of “eine naturgemäße Darstellung” is a provocation to the classical tradition of botanical illustrations through its emphasis on metamorphic time and movement—and, not only does Goethe’s claim that plants can only be accurately represented on the move anticipate later developments in motion-capture, time-lapse and video technologies, but Goethe tries to draw plants himself in this fashion. That is, his interest in the problem of the plant-image was not just theoretical, but also practical.

The uploaded file is merely a preliminary draft; the final published version is forthcoming.

Der folgende Beitrag gibt einen Überblick über die Bedeutung deutscher Literatur und Goethes ins- besondere in der arabischen Literatur. Im Anschluss an eine Erörterung des geschichtlichen und überset- zerischen Hintergrund und die Würdigung der unent- behrlichen Rolle des „Gate-Keepers“ im Spannungsfeld zwischen Theorie und Praxis wird die Rezeption des Werther-Romans in ihrer geschichtlich-chronologischen Entwicklung von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart, aber auch ihre Wirkung bis hin zur aktuellen digitalen Selbst- bedienung und Rezeptionsformen anhand Highlights zwischen Text und Bild veranschaulicht. Abschließend wird der Frage nachgegangen, welchen transkulturellen Impact Werther auf arabische Literaturtradition gehAbt hat.

Johann Wolfgang von Goethe has described Morphology as a science dedicated to the observation and description of everything "that is handled by chance and occasionally in other [sciences]". This meant that morphological research could be undertaken by any science or discipline as far as it considers form within its subject. This volume collects eighteen articles from scholars and contributors from philosophy, ranging from epistemology to aesthetics (with explorations into poetry, music, painting and photography), from philosophical anthropology to the philosophy of language, and from ontology to moral and political philosophy. Other contributions represent disciplines including art history, mathematics, cognitive science, linguistics, history, demography, computer science, and architecture. The wide range of areas puts to the test Goethe's morphological thought, i.e. Goethe's understanding of form as knowledge.

Încercăm să citim aventura lui Faust din perspectiva relațiilor dintre un maestru și discipolii săi. Ce ne spune Faust, cum dialogăm cu el și, mai ales, când și cum ne despărțim de el? Eseul face parte dintr-un studiu mai amplu asupra relației maestru-discipol si este structurat astfel: redescoperirea lui Faust,  despărțirile lui Faust, respectiv despărțiri de Faust. Credem că azi, Faust poate fi un personaj simbolic pentru întâlnirile și despărțirile noastre spirituale.

Hesiod’s concept of a Golden Age, together with analogous myths – Babylonian, Egyptian, Hebrew, etc. – speak to the psychic appeal, perhaps even deep-rooted need, for humans to conceive alternate worlds free from the anguish, toil, and dangers of the one they inhabit. Classical poets and philosophers explored the myth; the Middle Ages imagined it as the land of Cockaigne; Early Modern dramatists incorporated it; Romantic poets and nineteenth-century writers imagined it in various guises. This volume explores the configuration presented by Hesiod and the history of its reception and transformation in European literature and culture. The chapters study how texts written in specific historical moments of European history reshape elements of the myth to explore contemporary issues of concern. The book  addresses these issues of cultural hybridization, and, from a transhistorical perspective, provides new insights into the dynamics of epochal shifts. It also looks at similar configurations in non-Western civilizations (China), which complements the spectrum of contributions that covers periods from classical antiquity to the Age of Goethe.

Since its discovery off the northern Queensland coast in 1977, HMS Pandora has attracted the attention of archaeologists for its captivating history as the vessel tasked with the pursuit of the mutineers of HMS Bounty. Meanwhile, the intricacies of the Pandora wreck and its assemblage, excavated over several seasons during the 1980s and 1990s, and held at the Museum of Tropical Queensland, Townsville, await full analysis.

Although among the smallest of objects in the scale of the wreck, the eighteenth century intaglio and seal assemblage is especially revealing of Pandora's past. This preliminary examination and contextualisation highlights the cross-cultural complexities embedded in Pandora's South Pacific voyage; especially when examined in relation to the cultural artefacts of South Pacific peoples also on-board. This article describes and establishes identification for each intaglio and seal and contextualises them against both the colonial backdrop to the Pandora voyage itself and the antiquarian tradition of eighteenth century Europe that prompted 'curiosity' collecting by Pandora's British crew members. By filling this gap in the research of Pandora's vast assemblage, the authors aim to prompt further study on the colonial mindset of the era, the cross-cultural encounters this influenced and effected, and how we can look toward enhancing our understanding, and subsequently decolonising cultural assemblages and collections of maritime archaeology.

This essay will demonstrate that Goethe's renowned notion of the primordial phenomenon is principally shaped by two philosophical influences. Firstly, Goethe perceives the primordial phenomenon through the lens of Spinoza's pantheism, interpreting it as an expression of the divine all-nature. Secondly, he brackets the discernibility of the primordial phenomena, guided by Kant's transcendental philosophy. Goethe conceptualises the primordial phenomena in Kant's sense as 'conditions under which the phenomena appear'.

Steiner Education is again on the spiral rise for Australian learning.

Henk Bak has produced a book, “World-Views in Dialogue,” with the sub-title, “Towards renewal of the Golden Rule in understanding and in action.” Added on the cover is the words, “Reflection of an intercultural/interfaith – ‘walking mediation’ project at Evera, Trentham, Victoria – Australia.” Henk Bak is one of those rare and leading global-Australian scholars who are situated.

This is an important background essay for Bak’s work, introducing the thinking of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Rudolf Steiner and how it is being used today; and following the publication in 2007 of John Armstrong’s Love, Life, Goethe: How to be Happy in an Imperfect World (Penguin Press).

Baruch Espinosa, a Dutch Jewish philosopher from the 17th century who came from Portuguese families who fled the persecution of the Jews, was the master of thought of the French atheistic materialist philosophers of the Enlightenment century.

Ícone Validada pela comunidade

This study traces the embryonic beginnings of Goethe's major works to  his early pre-Weimar years. It argues against any notion  that the word 'Wanderer' is a convenient tag or blanket term for it became the center of contention and debate once the Romantic movement had arisen. It follows L. A. Willoughby's thesis, put forward in his article 'The Image of 'the "Wanderer" and the "Hut" in Goethe's Poetry,' that the Wanderer represents the quest of the libido to be at one with the anima in a search that is reflected both in Goethe's letters and his life in accord with the principle of 'Wiederspiegelung.'

Without a cure in now its third decade, AIDS is a concern for both the medical and social science disciplines. Most at risk for a nationwide AIDS epidemic are developing countries, which often lack the necessary resources and knowledge to minimize the spread of the disease. There are an estimated 1500 HIV cases in Armenia, 81.5% of which occur in the 20-39 age group. Armenia's current economic and political instability, increase in sexually transmitted infections (STI), prostitution, and injecting drug use, and the alarming incidence rates in neighboring countries amplify its risk for a national epidemic. The goals of this study were to 1) determine the prevalence of sexual risk behaviors of students from five higher education institutes in Yerevan, Armenia (ages 17 to 21), 2) evaluate the HIV/AIDS knowledge base, and 3) test the feasibility of theoretical constructs when predicting risk behaviors within the cultural setting. Sexual risk behaviors, including early sexual initiation, high number of lifetime sexual partners, and frequency of casual sex were prevalent, particularly among male students. Although knowledge regarding HIV transmission through sexual activity and injecting drug use were adequate, myths regarding alternate means of virus transmission still prevailed. ix Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA)-based psychosocial variables were used to examine sexual risk behaviors of students where intentions to engage in behaviors mediated the relationship between attitudes/perceived norms and behavior. Attitudes, subjective norms (of peers, parents, and other adults), and HIV/AIDS knowledge were used to predict intentions to engage in sexual activity, accounting for 63% of the variance. Furthermore, the hypothesis that gender and sexual history would systematically influence the relative predictive values of attitudes and subjective norms was supported. Namely, attitudes and peer norms were the strongest predictors of intentions for males and non-virgins, peer norms for virgins, and parent and peer norms for females. HIV/AIDS knowledge, however, was not a significant predictor of risk behaviors in any group except for virgin males, implying that knowledge-based educational programs alone are not an effective method for prevention. The results obtained from this study provide need and sample based information for school AIDS prevention programs in Armenia. x to. william c>aui\t:i, ivi.l^.

Variations et inventions Mélanges offerts à Peter Schnyder Type de publication : Collectif Directrice d'ouvrage : Collani (Tania) Résumé : Le volume réunit les contributions d'amis et collègues de Peter Schnyder, professeur de littérature à l'université de Haute-Alsace et directeur de l'ILLE. Il rend hommage à une carrière consacrée à la poésie française contemporaine, la littérature suisse et francophone, l'oeuvre d'André Gide et la traduction littéraire. Nombre de pages : 526

First we take a broad view of three areas in which 'Wanderer' is a key word, namely in the writings of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe,  in the German Romantic movement and in English Romantic poetry, noting obvious and less obvious connections between them. Next we will ascertain to what extent literary scholarship has covered  the areas already mentioned and note wide gaps in this coverage. We then explore possibie ways to redress exposed deficits  and consult  linguists who have relevant approaches to the questions before us.
Words derived from the verb 'to wander, most notably 'wanderer' were a prime feature of English literature long before the rise of Romanticism and anticipated its chief range of associations, with the night, the status of poetry and the borderline between life and death. The English Romantics were particularly sensitive to occurrences of words based on the verb 'to wander' in Milton's poetic works  as this article shows in the case of Byron's Don Juan. . Via the 1805 version of THE PRELUDE we might even be able to trace the path from 'I wandered lonely as a cloud' back  to the Muse of Horeb in PARADISE LOST.

https://www.academia.edu/34998977/Putting_two_and_two_together_Connections_between_Wordsworths_daffodils_and_the_opening_lines_of_The_Prelude

This research paper explores the complex characterization of Severus Snape in J.K. Rowling's Harry Potter series, via investigation of his personality. By identifying his exact position in the book, the research clarifies whether Snape is a hero or a villain. Furthermore, a reader can find a detailed review of Snape's actions and receive some life lessons, that this controversial character shows.

Resumo: Com base nas Gespräche mit Goethe in den letzten Jahren seines Lebens 1823-1832 [Conversações com Goethe nos últimos anos de sua vida 1823-1832] (Leipzig, 1836), de Johann Peter Eckermann, até a sua publicação na Revista Americana (Bahia, 1848), sob o título "Conselhos de Goethe aos homens de lettras", mostramos um exemplo de transferências culturais teuto-brasileiras em meados do século XIX. Nosso foco está voltado para as primeiras dinâmicas de tradução e circulação transcultural das Gespräche e da imagem do intelectual Goethe considerado como "colossal" muito além do nacional. Os suportes Foreign Quarterly Review e Revue britannique desempenharam um papel mediador essencial como plataformas de tradução, transferência e circulação da obra. Além da ressemantização das ideias de Goethe em cada contexto cultural, aqui especialmente sua ideia de liberdade tornara-se visível ao mesmo tempo que a sua transculturalidade e o papel de traduções no espaço cultural brasileiro, formando desde cedo a memória cultural estrangeira da literatura brasileira.

Goethe'nin Faust’u insanal varoluşun derinliklerine kadar inmeyi başarmış, ancak kendisiyle karşılaştırılabilecek türden bir başyapıttır. Varoluşun bütününe ve insan yaşamının gerçek değerlerine yönelik kapsamlı ilgi bir filozofu nitelendirmek için geçerli olduğu kadar Goethe gibi bir şair için de geçerlidir. Tam da bu anlamda şiir ve felsefe arasında yakın bir ilişki duyumsanır. Bu çalışmada bu yakınlığın Goethe'nin Faust’undaki yansıması gösterilmeye çalışılacaktır.Goethe's Faust is a masterpiece which has succeeded in penetrating into the depths of human existence and can be compared merely with itself. Comprehensive interest towards the existence in entirety and true values of human life are in the agenda of any philosopher and a poet like Goethe. Precisely in this sense there is a close affinity between poem and philosophy. In this study the reflection of this affinity in Gocthe's Faust will be shown

Goethe’s novel Die Wahlverwandtschaften, published in 1809, is also a way of articulating knowledge around an anecdotal event, so that it may reach a symbolic nature. The centre around which anecdote and knowledge turn – that is the plot of the novel – is the garden around the castle of the baron Eduard.
This knowledge is filed, collected, planed, reorientated and put into practice in the novel. All these actions, whose common direct object is the garden – understood as knowledge –, involve a way of formulating and presenting time. That is the reason why I conceive the relation between time and garden as the main matter of this article. A subject I will discuss regarding it from two different points of view: the first, philosophical, the second, from the field of Poetics. All of this will lead to the conclusion that the aesthetic – in an etymological sense – way of understanding the garden in the novel results form the combination of some crucial elements that turn it into a heterotopia.

Die Wahlverwandtschaften, publicada en 1809, es también una manera de articular conocimiento en torno a un hecho anecdótico, de forma que alcance un carácter simbólico. El centro en torno al que pivotan anécdota y conocimiento-o sea, la trama de la novela-es el jardín que se extiende en torno al castillo del barón Eduard. Este conocimiento se archiva, se colecciona, se proyecta, se reorienta y se realiza en la novela. Todas estas acciones, cuyo objeto directo común es el jardín entendido como conocimiento, implican un modo de articular y presentar el tiempo. Por ese motivo será éste el asunto central del presente artículo. Asunto que abordaremos desde dos perspectivas: una, filosófica y otra, poetológica. Todo ello nos llevará a concluir que en el modo etimológicamente estético de entender el jardín en la novela se combinan elementos sustanciales que lo convierten en una heterotopía.

This research set out to investigate the causes why the usage of telecommunication services in Mbale Municipality is low despite the rapidly growing coverage, services and customer base resulting in low rate of socioeconomic development. The research investigated the relationships between usage and price, service quality, service quantity and the customers' opinion on telecommunication services as a factor of development.

I am searching," says a certain stranger, in a story by Borges, "I am searching for the secret river which purifies man of deaA" ' "We cannot find it," say coimtless people to themselves, both strangers and friends. 'We cannot find this hidden river which purifies man of death." "We cannot find it, such a shame," say many to themselves. A few, though, tell us, 'We cannot find it, no big deal." The former offer us one image of death, so that wt> may live in its shadow. The latter offer us a different image of death, so that we may live by its light. Both depictions are ancient; both have carried people along. Each has its own place in the museum of the great images of life and death, but neither one of them does us much good. We will examine them both now, briefly, to set the stage for our view, the third one. At the heart of one image of death stands "destiny," an inescapable fate that is a consequence of man's very nature according to some, or of a "decree" of the Creator, according to others. Either which way, says this perception of death, it is the way of the world that "the deceased is forgotten from the heart" and there is nothing in the world that can stop this. In ancient times the essence of this view, there was already a Jewish sage, Rav, who considered this image to be in essence though not in full detail self-evident: "The deceased is not forgotten from the heart, only after twelve months" {Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Berachoth 58b). Other ancient sages not only acknowledged the truth of this view of death but declared it essential for man's existence, "otherwise man would not exisf'. 'Three phenomena were part of the plan at Creation ... and it is fitting that they should be part of the plan ...". One of them is "that the dead will be forgotten" {Babylonian Talmud, Tractate Pcsahim 54b). Put differently, in modem verse, seven dead persons say in the Israeli poet Nathan Zach's "Shiv'a [Hebrew for seven, as well as first mourning period]": 'Will remember us those who cannot forget. Our figure fades by the hour".^ They "know" that sooner or later, each of them will be forgotten from the hearts. The tendency-to forget has not passed from this world, and many take this path without even realizing it. Such is anyone who describes his attendance at another's funeral as paying "last respects", as if after the funeral there will no longer be room for respect since there will no longer be room for the person to pay respect to. Such is anyone who "bids

In the last three years 107 postmenopausal women were admitted to Obstetrics and Gynecology Department of the Marmara University Hospital with the diagnosis of "Adnexal mass". Sixty six (63.5%) of 104 adnexal masses were found to be benign tumors and 38 (36.5%) were malignant tumors. 3 tumors of non-gynecologic origin were detected in the same series. The rate of malignancy increases when the adnexal mass is greater than 5 cm. In our series, histologically epithelial tumors constituted 62.1% of benign and 92% of malignant tumors. Postmenopausal women with palpable ovaries were accepted to be under high risk for malignancy and treated as required. Surgical treatment was unavoidable for these patients and always midline incision was performed.

»1) Fähig, leicht zu empfinden, besser empfindsam.« »2) Wirklich Empfindungen habend, doch nur (!) in engerer Bedeutung, Empfin dungen des Zornes, des Unwillens habend.« 29 Artikel Empfindsam: »Fähig, leicht sanfte Empfindungen zu bekommen, fähig leidit gerührt zu werden; für das gemeinere und vieldeutige empfindlich.« 3 0

The status of German high culture and that of German national identity have historically been bound up with each other in a unique way, setting the German national project apart in Europe as what Friedrich Meinecke, among others, described as a 'Kulturnation'. With the appearance of his work Die deutsche Katastrophe in 1946, Meinecke sought to revisit his discussion of Germany as a nation defined by his earlier conception of cultural value as a means to recover moral standing for a defeated and shamed nation, thereby challenging the Allied occupiers' disparagement of Germany as barbarous and foolish. By examining two films, Georg Klaren's 1947 Soviet Zone adaptation of Georg Büchner's Woyzeck and Karl-Heinz Stroux's 1949 filming of Goethe's Werther, produced in the Tri-Zone just before the founding of the Federal Republic, this article casts new light on this dilemma of cultural self-definition through the popular medium of cinema. Both films feature the authors themselves as diegetic mediators for the adaptations of their work. The article examines the choices of Büchner and Goethe as authors for the screen and looks at the role they fulfil in a project to recuperate German cultural and national identity under Allied occupation.

In this paper, I will explore the work of two contemporary environmental philosophers: Gernot Böhme, celebrated for his philosophy of architectural atmosphere although less known for his work on ecological aesthetics, and Luce Irigaray, a French philosopher renowned for her work inspiring a generation of feminist scholars but less well discussed for her work on environmental ethics. For Böhme, our designed environments are experienced through atmosphere; we feel our own presence in a built environment and feel the environment in which we are present. His approach to design depends on feeling experienced through being in space rather than seeing space or imagining it. Irigaray, on the other hand, now in her eighties, distinguishes experience as different between the sexes, not as already cultural, but rather to be cultivated. Her philosophy is provocative and challenged by many; while on the margins of Parisian intellectual society, she still works, teaches, and writes prolifically a...

The importance of Science education is increasing ali över thc world. One of the main objeclivcs of Science education is to ıııake scientifically literate students or citizens rather ıhan scientists. Despitc this, Science courses in schools tend to lose the students' interest. Many studies reveal that students' negative or posilive feelings about Science are related to their attiludes toward Science. There are different factors slıaping their attitudes. To understand and nıeasure students' attitudes toward Science, and in some cases, tovvard Science teaching, researchers have so far devcloped numerous instrunıcnts. Studies have revealed tlıat students' positive attitudes toward Science begin to decrease froııı 5Ilı grade to the upper grades, and this situation affects their achievenıents in Science and their understanding of scientifıc concepts. In this contezt, elenıentary Science, the other subject teachers, the school curriculum and environment play majör roles in influencing students' attitudes toward Science.

Diee inziged er drei in Wien habilitiertenG ermanistinnen, die nicht im Privatdozentenstatus verblieb oder den Universitätsbetrieb wieder verließ, sondern-wenn auch nicht in Österreich-akademisch Karriere machte, war MarianneThalmann. Thalmann absolvierte 1905 das Linzer Lyzeum, studierte daraufhin als außerordentliche Hörerin Germanistik und Romanistik in Graz und Besançon, legte 1910 die Lehramtsprüfungf ür Deutsch und Französisch für Mädchenlyceen ab und besuchte 1913 die Malklasseb ei Oskar Kokoschka. 1917 holte sie am Mädchenrealgymnasium Wesely in Wien die Reifeprüfung nach und inskribierte (jetzt als ordentliche Hörerin) Deutsche Philologie und Kunstgeschichtea nd er Universität Wien, 1 wo sie 1918 aufgrund ihrer Arbeit Probleme der Dämonie in Ludwig Tiecks Schriften mit Auszeichnung promovierte.Die 1919 in der von Franz Munckerherausgegebenen Reihe Forschungen zur neueren Literaturgeschichte publizierte Dissertation widmete sie ihren "Lehrern Bernhard Seuffert und Walther Brecht" 2 .V on 1910 bis 1923 unterrichtete Thalmann neben ihren Studien an verschiedenen Wiener Lyceen und-mit Dispens des Landesschulrats-a uch an einem Wiener Realgymnasium; außerdem war sie im Wohlfahrtswerk von Eugenie Schwarzwald und im Wiener Abrechnungsamttätig. 3 1T halmannsw issenschaftliches Hauptinteresse galt zunächst nicht der Literatur, sondern der zeitgenössischen Bildenden Kunst. Als Vorbild für eine akademische Betrachtungsweise fungierte für sie der Münchner Privatdozent für Kunstgeschichte und Maler Fritz Burger (1877-1916), den sie anerkennend als "wissenschaftliche[n] Espressionist[en]" bezeichnete. Thalmann:D ie Geburtd es neuen Jahrhunderts.

Scholarship on the Psalms has been characterized by Hermann Gunkel's form-critical approach for nearly a century. The shift is evident, beginning with the work of Brevard Childs and Gerald Wilson. Gordon Wenham calls the shift a "second revolution" in Psalms studies. The majority of commentaries still maintain the form-critical approach; however, increasingly, the focus is shifted towards reading the Psalms as a whole. Peter C. W. Ho's dissertation, The Design of the Psalter, enters the discussion of this latter development and scholarship of the last four decades on reading the Psalter as a whole. Ho provides a thorough review of interpretive history and a robust evaluation, interacting with lesser-known works of

Rough Surfaces examines the post-1970 works of the West German author and collage artist, Rolf Dieter Brinkmann (1940-1975) Around 1970, Brinkmann's commitment to intermedial experimentation produces a broad critique of contemporary media decrying 1) the loss of sensuous particularity, and 2) the marginalization of forms of experience that operate outside of language. These forms of experience do not contribute to a distanced perceptual mastery over one's environs, but instead establish the fact of the body's extra-/para-/a-linguistic communication with other objects and bodies. The dissertation investigates the potential of the post-1970 collage works to draw their reader out of the state of diminished sensory-affective experience they themselves index. All posthumously published, these are: Rom, Blicke (1979), Erkundungen für die Präzisierung des Gefühls für einen Aufstand: Reise Zeit Magazin (Tagebuch) (1987) and Schnitte (1988). Alienation under modern urban conditions is made visible, audible, and above all, palpable to the reader through Brinkmann's relentless register of a frenzied and repetitive excess of sensory information. Rough Surfaces identifies these texts as belonging to that class of aesthetic objects whose force-effects "touch" their viewer or reader, intending to restore affective and sensory experience to the individual living under conditions of increasing abstraction, acceleration and compression. Chapter 1 introduces the productive resonances between contemporary affect theory and Brinkmann's post-1970 psychophysical approach to literature. Chapter 2 builds on these resonances to demonstrate that the work is best read as non-representational. Chapter 3 establishes Brinkmann's appropriation of American aesthetic modelsspecifically those of New York School authors, composers and artists-for his strategies. The project then charts this influence on the psychogeographic and notational praxes that generate the collage works. Chapter 4 profiles a medial shift from Brinkmann's pre-1970 appropriations of photographic techniques of representation to the late style's adaptations of specifically filmic techniques that structure the work after 1970. These praxes of remediation intend the sensuous registration of a body in space by means of a temporally-bound, i.e. embodied writing, reflecting the question that motivates them-namely, how is it possible to situate a body in space as abstraction further deepens the condition of alienation? Contents Table of Contents i List of Images ii Introduction 1 Chapter 1 36 Schillernde Vieldeutigkeit: Rolf Dieter Brinkmann's Turn to Affect Chapter 2 73 Das sind nur noch Sprechmaschinen: The non-representational poetics of the post-1970 Works Chapter 3 Limit Case: Score Function in the Psychogeographies Chapter 4 The word-film: Haptic Visualities, Haptic Auralities Conclusion Bibliography This dissertation would have been inconceivable without the unwavering support and guidance of my adviser, Michael W. Jennings. I first encountered Brinkmann's writings in his graduate seminar, "Cenotaphs of Modernism," and became interested in the literary techniques used to render perception in Rom, Blicke. His encouragement and conversation over the years has deeply influenced not only how I approach research and writing, but how I understand the tasks of teaching and advising. Daniel Heller-Roazen's thought has long been a structuring point of departure for me and his seminars were invaluable for my intellectual development. I appreciate his continued support. I am grateful to Erin Yerby, Alexander Dunst, Lucy Ives, Jennifer Nelson and Tyler Whitney for reading chapter drafts and responding with helpful comments and incisive questions, and to Martin Kagel for sharing out-of-print critical materials. A 2010-11 DAAD Research Fellowship allowed me to attend Eckhard Schumacher's graduate colloquium at the University of Greifswald, where I received useful feedback from Professor Schumacher and his students. While in Germany, I was also able to meet Brinkmann's translator, Mark Terrill, who generously hosted me and provided me with copies of collage and other source materials that would otherwise have been impossible to obtain. I would also like to thank Harald Bergmann for corresponding with me to answer key questions I had about his film and the original materials it adapted. Finally, the dissertation is dedicated to my parents, Beth Morey and Robert Ewing, whose support and sacrifice made it possible for me to finish what I started. It is also for my daughter, Elka Elise, and my partner, Tyler Robert-sources of a joy that pushes me to think and create.

Vor dem Hintergrund der normativen Kritik am Abenteuer, die in Gattungspoetiken des 18. Jahrhunderts laut wird, geht der Aufsatz dem Verbleib des Abenteuers in Goethes Wilhelm Meisters Lehrjahre nach. Er zeigt, dass dieser keineswegs auf die Erzähltradition des Abenteuers verzichtet, sondern diese vielmehr transformiert. Dabei stehen sowohl die Gestaltung des Lebenswegs und der Entwicklung des Protagonisten auf dem Spiel als auch die prekäre Glückskonzeption des Romans – letztlich also der narrative Kurs des Bildungsromans als solchem.

Facilitating meaningful connections where cultures overlap requires meticulous investigation into the mental, historical, and creative contexts of authors. This allows their messages to withstand the tumultuous voyage between semantic shores. This chapter introduces the method of “transreading,” which integrates four interdependent activities: lento (slow-motion) reading, poetic translation, cultural hermeneutics, and creative writing. Their synergy is essential to understanding the cosmopolitan figures who inform the present through their foundational yet often cryptic works. This chapter draws from pedagogical experiments conducted while teaching Lu Xun in an undergraduate seminar, consisting of students from 22 disciplines, none of whom had prior knowledge of Chinese. Lu Xun is a perfect exemplar of the efficacy of transreading. Obscure even to native readers, Lu Xun’s idiosyncratic artistic and philosophical works challenge American students to discern the multi-faceted beauty of Chinese. The findings of these experiments exhibit both the scholarly and pedagogical value of transreading, proving it an effective approach to developing cultural cosmopolitanism. Transreading benefits students, teachers, and researchers, regardless of their language skills, by combining a concrete technique and a humble mindset that stimulates empathetic critique.