Freedom of Information

The development of advanced AI systems has concentrated power and profit among technology corporations while systematically undervaluing the contributions of domain experts, end users, and the broader communities whose data and knowledge make these systems possible. This concentration mirrors historical patterns of enclosure—the privatization of commons that once belonged to everyone—but operates at unprecedented scale and speed. This paper introduces the Knowledge Triad framework, identifying three essential but currently isolated roles in AI development: the Functional Engineer (domain expert/end user), the Data Scientist (technical interface), and the AI Technology
itself (corporate-controlled infrastructure). We argue that both the ethical and functional failures of contemporary AI—from algorithmic bias to the perpetuation of inequities to the inability to address urgent collective challenges—stem directly from the structural isolation of these roles. The Knowledge Triad provides both diagnostic tools for understanding these failures and a prescriptive model for building alternatives 
We propose an integrated four-part implementation system combining organizational assessment, design methodology, certification frameworks, and policy advocacy. Drawing on organizational psychology, systems theory, and critical political economy, this framework creates practical infrastructure for transforming AI development from an extractive corporate process into a genuinely collaborative knowledge system. The
stakes are existential: as AI systems grow more powerful, determining who controls them, who benefits from them, and whose knowledge they encode becomes inseparable from questions of ecological survival, social justice, and collective capacity to address civilizational challenges. This paper offers not utopian speculation but pragmatic tools for those building alternatives to enclosure—infrastructure for resistance grounded
in the recognition that knowledge, like intelligence itself, is relational rather than proprietary, emergent rather than owned.

The digital revolution has exponentially transformed all facets of life, including governance systems across states and citizens' engagement in contemporary contexts. It has occasioned seamless platforms for the expression of dissents and critique of governments in demand for good governance and accountability. Social media is empowering previously voiceless citizens with the freedom to express themselves and participate in public discourse. Unfortunately, the disposition of the government in regulating the new media space goes beyond gagging the press to repression. The state is gradually sinking into the swamp of authoritarianism characterized by numerous reactionary complexes. This paper, therefore, attempts a polemical analysis of shrinking civic space and freedom of expression manifesting through the social media regulation bill as a major indicator of autocratisation in Nigeria. It also sees excessive regulation of social media as a policy which could, when merged with a suppressed judiciary and weak legislature, result in authoritarian rule in Nigeria. Secondary data sources were utilized for the study, which argues that disobedience to court orders and the use of state institutions to suppress political opposition contribute to the erosion of democracy in Nigeria. The paper contends that, despite the widespread penetration and usage of the internet and social media in Nigeria, the Buhari administration has adopted authoritarian practices while maintaining a stance on fundamental rights and citizens' participation in public affairs. Freedom of expression, speech and media independence are greatly under siege.

In recent years, public discourse in Ireland has been increasingly dominated by allegations of corruption, collusion, and systemic failures across government, the judiciary, regulatory bodies, and complaint mechanisms. Similar concerns are echoed internationally, yet the Irish case demonstrates unique vulnerabilities linked to weak whistleblowing protections, limited press freedom, and the absence of meaningful judicial oversight. This paper examines comparative patterns in Europe, the United States, and Canada, and asks whether Ireland's institutional structures are particularly susceptible to corruption and abuse of power. The paper argues that without robust transparency, media independence, and enforceable accountability, collusion between branches of the state poses devastating risks for democracy. Solutions must include strengthening whistleblowing protections, ensuring true independence of the judiciary, empowering investigative journalism, and providing lay litigants with fair access to justice.

Pasal 12 Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 memberikan kewenangan kepada Presiden untuk menyatakan keadaan bahaya apabila negara menghadapi situasi yang mengancam keselamatan rakyat. Fenomena nyata yang mereflesikan implementasi pasal ini adalah pandemi COVID-19 tahun 2020, di mana Presiden menetapkan Keputusan Presiden (Keppres) No. 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Penetapan Kedaruratan Kesehatan Masyarakat. Penetapan ini melandasi  berbagai kebijakan darurat, seperti pengalihan anggaran negara untuk penanganan COVID-19, penerapan pembatasan aktivitas masyarakat (PSBB/PPKM), serta pembatasan perjalanan. Selain itu, pandemi juga memengaruhi hubungan internasional Indonesia melalui kerja sama dengan WHO, penerimaan bantuan medis dan vaksin dari berbagai negara, serta diplomasi kesehatan untuk menjamin pasokan alat kesehatan dan vaksin. Dengan demikian, Pasal 12 UUD 1945 berfungsi sebagai mekanisme "rem darurat" yang memungkinkan negara mengambil langkah luar biasa dalam menghadapi krisis besar, baik di tingkat domestik maupun dalam konteks hubungan internasional.

This study focuses on the transformation of social relations, and the institutions of state and law that regulate them, in the context of international and socio-media globalisation, and the growth of societal connectivity driven by technological advancements.
The study examines society (social order), the state, and law from historical and functional perspectives. It considers the phenomena of the ritualisation of state functions lost through globalisation ("the ritualistic state"), the "appropriation" of state sovereignty by interest groups, and the transfer of people’s sovereignty to transnational structures and global oligarchic power.
The existing social order, manifested through politics and markets, and based on the biological principle of the struggle for survival, is seen as the main cause of social crisis and consistent loss of sovereignty.
As an alternative to the implementation of biological principles that threaten humanity with extinction in the social sphere, the study proposes a model for the development of global civil society based on networked socio-media globalisation. This model is founded on common traditional, humanistic and spiritual values of civilisation, recognised human rights and freedoms. It is supplemented by the right to free dialogue on the Web (the right to freedom of communication) and freedom of access to means of communication (the right to the Internet). Such norms would be initiated and implemented by global civil society.
The study offers a list of, and analysis into, supranational spiritual principles and traditions that could form the basis of a global spiritual social order and higher law.
The global civil society in itself is considered as a world information community that can organise and regulate itself based on the principle of rational integration and shared values, goals and traditions.

Aim: The purpose of this study is to examine some of the more controversial
information gathering procedures of OSINT (open source intelligence) from
a criminal law perspective.
Methodology: The study is based on the parallel application of several research
methods. Primarily, the tool system of theoretical-logical research was applied,
by processing the results of several disciplines, in addition to analysing and
comparing different approaches, as well as comparing them with experiences
gained in practice.
Findings: The author comes to the conclusion that some information-gathering
procedures of OSINT can cross the line without legal authorization, when the
behaviour becomes appreciable even for criminal law. Some of these behaviours
are a controversial procedural element in the life of the OSINT community,
but the author also analyses behaviours that may also have criminal law
relevance when collecting personal data.
Value: By studying some factual elements of the Hungarian criminal law, it
shows ways of committing crimes that can be the basis for the criminal classification
of information gathering.

Regarding Human Rights, which is perhaps better referred to as Fundamental Rights, an effort must be made to place them in the historical geopolitical context in which they were declared, acknowledging the different perspectives on which they are based, and that in the West stem from the City (to the point that the very condition of men is expressed with the term citizenship). There is, in fact, a profound difference between the conception in so-called Western civilization and that of China or Islam. A point of convergence is more easily found by focusing on social duties.

In the matter of an Appeal and/or Revision, under and in terms of Section 34 (1) of the Right to Information Act No. 12 of 2016 read with Court of Appeal (Appellate Procedure) Rules, 1990 in relation to the Decision of the Right to Information Commission as dated 14.12.2022.

Tra le strutture di potere dello Stato nel XIX secolo la relazione tra monarca, governo e parlamento ricopre una posizione centrale. Nei paesi d'Europa la comparazione di questo rapporto, strutturato per lo più in maniera dualistica, mostra in modo preponderante dei tratti comuni europei e non delle differenze nazionali, così che per questo ambito della costituzione non si può parlare né di un deutscher Sonderweg, né di una exception française, o di una anomalia italiana. Il tipo europeo di costituzione del "costituzionalismo monarchico" s'impone nella maggior parte degli Stati costituzionali. Ciò si può spiegare tra l'altro con la funzionalizzazione del monarca durante il dinamico sviluppo costituzionale nel lungo XIX secolo, tra il 1789 e il 1918-22. Per spiegare questa tesi si deve in primo luogo mostrare brevemente cosa s'intende con "costituzionalismo monarchico" e con "monarca", e quali forme fenomeniche si possono riconoscere all'interno del tipo di costituzione. La seconda parte del saggio sarà quindi dedicata soprattutto alla funzionalizzazione del monarca rispetto al ruolo di fatto nel sistema costituzionale (e a questo riguardo vale la pena gettare rapidamente uno sguardo su come il monarca costituzionale viene classificato all'interno della teoria contemporanea dello Stato). Nella terza parte, in conclusione, si getterà un rapido sguardo sulla legittimità del monarca nel costituzionalismo. Affinché la comparazione sia possibile, è necessario rendere subito evidenti i criteri di giudizio utilizzati. Di conseguenza all'ini-

Open Records Request (Oklahoma state FOIA) seeking disclosure from the Creek County District Attorney any guidance from the Oklahoma Attorney General’s Office and/or the District Attorney’s Counsel on the guidance sent to your office (and/or other district attorney offices) on how to “handle the re-arresting of previously convicted criminal who still had time left on their sentences.”

Beyond her professional work, Magno is a bonsai enthusiast and an accomplished musician. She began piano lessons at age four and has recently taken up playing the saxophone. She was also a member of the University of the Philippines Concert Chorus, participating in international tours. She is married to Dante Gatmaytan and has three children. Her family resides in San Isidro, Nueva Ecija, where her parents, an optometrist and a businesswoman.

Frei kann nun zweierlei bedeuten: kostenlose, entgeltfreie Nutzung oder restriktionsfreie Nutzung, die auch die Optionen der Weitergabe und Änderung der entgeltfrei nutzbaren Informationen einschließt. Diese Unterscheidung wird bekanntermaßen auch in der Open Source Community getroffen, die entgeltfreie nutzbare Software und offene Software logisch voneinander trennt: Die Open Source Prinzipien umfassen die Bedingung der Kostenfreiheit und zusätzlich den Ausschluss rechtlicher Hindernisse bei der individuellen Anpassung und Weitergabe der Software. Auch Wales zielte im Jahr 2005 auf die Offenheit, die restriktionsfreie Nutzung der genannten Informationen, und wollte möglichst viel Wissen in der Public Domain verfügbar machen. Sechs Jahre später werden in sehr unterschiedlichen Kontexten die Vor-und Nachteile eines Mehr an Offenheit erörtert. Die Vorteile des offenen Zugangs zu Informationen liegen für Rufus Pollock von der Open Knowledge Foundation in gesteigerter Innovation, Effizienz und Transparenz. Obwohl alle der in diesem Buch vorgestellten Offenheitsinitiativen diese Prämisse weitgehend teilen, unterscheiden sie sich doch, teils ganz wesentlich, und dies sogar im Hinblick auf das Ausmaß an Offenheit, das sie zulassen wollen. Einige Artikel stellen Konzepte einzelner Initiativen für mehr Offenheit dar und illustrieren sie mit praktischen Anwendungen, andere diskutieren die rechtlichen Fesseln, die, wider den Willen der Informationsproduzenten, den Fluss der Informationen behindern. Andere Beiträge wiederum loten die Grenzen der Offenheit aus und versuchen die hagiographische Selbstbeschreibungen der Offenheitskonzepte zu relativieren oder analysieren Phänomene radikaler Offenheit wie WikiLeaks oder Anonymous. Den Startpunkt bildet der Bereich wissenschaftlicher Informationen. Neben einer Beschreibung der Potenziale und Hemmnisse von Open Access, Open Review & Open Metrics finden sich Jens Klumps Darstellungen des Open Access zu Forschungsdaten und der besonderen Herausforderungen, die sich aus der dauerhaften und offenen Bereitstellung von Forschungsdaten ergeben. Daniel Mietchens im Web-Stil gehaltener Beitrag skizziert, wie wissenschaftliche Arbeitsabläufe gestaltet sein müssen, die der Open Science gerecht werden und die eine nahtlose und offene Verbindung aller im Forschungszyklus anfallenden relevanten Informationen ermöglichen. Terje Tüür-Fröhlichs Artikel

A PIC microcontroller controlled four-digit timer system is constructed by using PIC16F877A microcontroller which determines the main function of the system. Four common cathode 7-segment displays are used to display the timing values. It counts up from 0000 to 9999 in every second. Displays are multiplexed by the transistor switches. The programming language used to control the system is CCS C language. The PIC has an internaloscillator and configure to operate at 4 MHz.

This thesis investigates the incorporation of Artificial Intelligence into jurisdiction, with a focus on adjudication, arbitration, and administrative decision-making. It explores how AI technologies may enhance efficiency and consistency in legal processes while raising fundamental concerns about accountability, transparency, and the preservation of human judgment. Using a comparative and European Union law framework, the research evaluates the opportunities and risks of AI integration, addressing its implications for procedural fairness, institutional legitimacy, and the future of legal authority.

In response to the growing demand from society to access public information, governments have been forced to be more transparent in the conduct of their activities. Based on the literature of information disclosure, this paper analyses factors that influenced the freedom of information in Spanish municipalities, and which explain the levels of information disclosure. For the purpose of this study, a dynamic panel System General Method of Moments (System-GMM) estimation was used to analyses data from 100 Spanish largest municipalities for the period of 2008-2014. Additionally, the sample was partitioned in two categories according to the province capital or not province capital criteria in order to find if there are interesting differences. The analysis indicates that disclosure of information about municipal

Open government initiatives around the world and the passage of freedom of information laws are opening public organisations through information disclosure to ensure transparency and encourage citizen participation and engagement. At the municipal level, social, economic, and political factors are found to account for this trend. However, the findings on this issue are inconclusive and may differ from country to country. This paper contributes to this discussion by analysing a unitary country where the same set of laws and rules governs the constituent municipalities. It seeks to identify critical factors that affect the disclosure of municipal information. For this purpose, a longitudinal study was carried out over a period of 4 years using panel data methodology. The main conclusions seem to point to municipalities’ intention to increase the dissemination of information to reduce low levels of voter turnout and increase civic involvement and political participation. Municipalities...

The digital age has revolutionized literary expression and personal freedom. The internet, social media, e-publishing, and digital platforms have provided individuals with unprecedented access to knowledge, expression, and creativity. At the same time, this freedom has given rise to new legal, ethical, and social challenges. Questions of copyright infringement, censorship, privacy violations, hate speech, and surveillance are deeply intertwined with the exercise of digital rights. This paper critically examines the intersection of digital literary freedom and personal liberty with the legal frameworks that regulate them, focusing particularly on the Indian context while drawing parallels with international jurisprudence.

Internet constituye una plataforma virtual que permite interconectar a las personas desde distintas partes del mundo, que ha cambiado las formas de interactuar y comunicarse entre si, incorporando datos personales que se alojan en la red, dando paso a una sociedad digital. El objetivo de este articulo es contribuir al analisis acerca de las adaptaciones e innovaciones normativas que son necesarias para conjugar la privacidad personal y el acceso publico a la informacion, cautelando de manera equilibrada los derechos involucrados en cada una de estas esferas.Este articulo revisa distintos mecanismos utilizados para resguardar estos derechos y los organos de control que se requeririan en Chile para proteger los datos sensibles de los usuarios de la web, atendiendo a sus ventajas y desventajas.

L'esigenza di riservatezza nel pubblico impiego costituisce un limite per molti altri diritti costituzionalmente garantiti, tra cui quello della trasparenza della pubblica amministrazione indicato nell'art. 97 Cost. The expectation of privacy of the public employees is a limitation for several other rights that are grant by the Constitution, such as transparency of the public administration, indicated by art. 97 of the Italian constitution. SOMMARIO: 1. Riservatezza dei lavoratori e trasparenza delle amministrazioni.-2. Accesso agli atti e riservatezza.-3. Dati relativi a concorsi e selezioni.

Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2020 tentang Cipta Kerja (UU Cipta Kerja) lahir sebagai bagian dari strategi pemerintah untuk mempercepat pembangunan ekonmi melalui peningkatan investasi. Namun,di sisi lain undang-undang ini menimbulkan perdebatan serius terkait perlindungan hak-hak pekerja. Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis politik hukum dalam pembentukan UU Cipta Kerja dengan menyoroti kepentingan antara investasi dan perlindungan pekerja. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan normatif dengan menelaah peraturan perundang-undangan,doktrin,serta putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi. Hasil analisis menunjukkan bahwa politik hukum UU Cipta Kerja Lebih condong pada kepentingan investasi,sementara aspek perlindungan pekerja mengalami pelemahan. Namun demikian,putusan mahkamah konstitusi yang menyatakan UU Cipta Kerja inskonstitusional bersyarat menunjukkan adanya koreksi atas disharmoni antara kepentingan ekonomi dan hak pekerja. Kata Kunci : Politik Hukum, UU Cipta Kerja,investasi,perlindungan pekerja 1. Pendahuluan Politik hukum merupakan arah kebijakan negara dalam membentuk dan menegakkan hukum sesuai dengan tujuan nasional. Dalam konteks negara Indonesia,pembangunan hukum tidak hanya ditujukan untuk menciptakan

In science, an abstract is a concise summary of a larger work, such as a research paper, thesis, or conference proceeding. It is a standalone paragraph that provides a quick overview of the entire study.
​What an Abstract Includes
​A well-written abstract typically contains:
​Background: A brief introduction to the topic and the problem being addressed.
​Purpose/Objective: The main goal or hypothesis of the study.
​Methods: A summary of the research design and the techniques used.
​Results: The key findings or outcomes of the research.
​Conclusion: The main takeaway, implications, and significance of the findings.
​The purpose of an abstract is to help readers quickly determine if the full paper is relevant to their interests. It should be clear, accurate, and self-contained, meaning it doesn't need external information to be understood.
​Key Characteristics
​Concise: Usually 150-300 words long.
​Non-evaluative: It reports on the study without adding new information or interpretations.
​Accurate: It must reflect the content of the full paper correctly.
​Keywords: Often followed by a list of keywords to help with indexing and searching.

The study aims to identify the procedural problems of the archival reference service through Freedom of Information Act. Since FOIA enacted in 1998, there has been a rapid increase of use of government information. However, most of academic users tend to be strongly dissatisfied with the user service. The authors argue that archival reference service through FOIA substantially prevents researchers from using archival records for their research and lower researcher's visits to archival institutions. For this, the study conducted 19 in-depth interviews of academic users and analyzed how FOIA influence academic user's information behaviors based on Strauss and Corbin's grounded theory.

SUMARIO: Í. Introducción. If . El acceso a la información coÍrlo un deber de la administración pública fundado en su carqcter democrático. lll. El acceso a la información como un ¡Lerecho inherente d.el ciudqdano. I\Í. La Información adm¡nistrat¡ua como objeto del derecho de acceso: V. Lo-s excepcíones g los límites al derecho de <¡cceso. VI. El ejercicio del derecln de acceso. VlI. Conclusiones sobre el modelo chileno de transparencía. L lntroducción [.a reforma constitucional operada por la Ley N" 20.050 de 2OO5, introdujo en el nuevo artículo 8 de la Constitución Política, los principios de probidad de la función pública y de publicidad. La ubicación del nuevo precepto contenido en el Capitulo I de las Bases de la Institucionalidad, reconoce a estas directrices de actuación su carácter básico y caracterizador del hacer de los órganos del Estado en su conjunto y no sólo

The abstract critical article discussing the universal and inalienable nature of knowledge and its intrinsic freedom. It emphasizes that knowledge belongs to humanity and should not be commodified. The manuscript highlights how free knowledge mutually benefits both humans and nature, arguing that attempts to confine or sell it are inherently harmful.

Fecha de recepción: 15/06/2020 Fecha de aprobación: 03/10/2020 RESUMEN El proceso de aislamiento social puso de manifiesto la necesidad de generar respuestas innovadoras para afrontar diversas situaciones. Este cambio de paradigma mundial reveló que la vinculación colaborativa de diversos agentes resulta más eficiente y eficaz que buscar soluciones en forma disociada. Es por ello que la vinculación de lo académico-científico con la salud pública pudo resolver carencias de recursos y equipamientos. La vinculación del Estado con las empresas buscó encontrar soluciones inteligentes para los meses improductivos. Y en todos estos procesos, la solidaridad y compromiso de las personas, tanto en forma individual o colectiva, fue el factor fundamental que posibilitó aplanar la curva de contagio y atender las necesidades de los grupos vulnerables, entre las cuestiones más relevantes. En el marco de una investigación que se está desarrollando en colaboración entre docentes

O artigo tem como proposta analisar os saberes teóricos e práticos que envolvem o jornalismo investigativo e sua prática no Brasil. A discussão analisa as quatro reportagens premiadas da Agência Pública em 2014, exclusivamente de autoria feminina. O referencial teórico utilizado pauta-se em deontologias do jornalismo, jornalismo investigativo e métodos de apuração. Escolheu-se a Agência Pública pelo pioneirismo de sua proposta no Brasil.Palavras-Chave: Jornalismo Investigativo;  Métodos de Apuração em Jornalismo investigativo; Agência Pública. ABSTRACTThe article aims to analyze the theoretical and practical knowledge involving investigative journalism, its theoretical and methodological knowledge and practice in Brazil. The discussion analyzes the four reports awarded the Public Agency in 2014, exclusively female authors. The theoretical framework is based on deontology of journalism, investigative reporting and verification methods. We picked up the Public Agency for pioneering it...

E-justice is an electronic records management system aimed at enhancing the availability of electronical court records to support the discharge of justice. Urgent need to assess the relevance of the system was required as statistical information from 2019, indicated that approximately 25440 high court cases could not be finalised between 2015 and 2019 due to a lack of access to reliable court records. This created perpetual embarrassment as suspects who are innocent until proven guilty, remain imprisoned. Towards exploring the enhancement of an e-justice system to expand access to records in the judiciary, the study adopted a qualitative approach in which data was collected through interviews and observation. Twelve participants were interviewed, and numerous high court offices visited, to assess the extent to which improvements to an e-justice system is required. Findings revealed that a lack of specific policies and procedures to govern the management of records impacted negatively on the access to court records. In addition, financial limitations, old ICT infrastructure and poor human resource skill further exacerbate the problem. The solution towards the problem is based on the development and implementation of an e-justice framework where records are captured, categorised, and made accessible to high courts through advanced information and communication infrastructures. Towards this end, it is recommended that the Namibian Judiciary embark on a change management process where updated ICT infrastructure support records management life cycle functions and where all members of the judiciary are well versed in the use of an e-justice system.

This paper presents a preliminary exploration on the status of open government data worldwide as well as indepth evaluation of selected open government data portals. Using web content analysis of the open government data portals from 35 countries, this study outlines the progress of open government data efforts at the national government level. This paper also conducted in-depth evaluation of selected cases to justify the application of a proposed framework for understanding the status of open government data initiatives. This paper suggest that findings of this exploration offer a new-level of understanding of the depth, breath, and impact of current open government data efforts. The review results also point to the different stages of open government data portal development in term of data content, data manipulation capability and participatory and engagement capability. This finding suggests that development of open government portal follows an incremental approach similar to those of e-government development stages in general. Subsequently, this paper offers several observations in terms of policy and practical implication of open government data portal development drawn from the application of the proposed framework.

La administración puede válidamente establecer que el ingreso al campus implica, por política institucional, la solicitud obligatoria del carné. Este enunciado puede demostrarse a partir del marco normativo vigente en la Universidad de Caldas, contenido en el Acuerdo 16 de 2007, y con base en el principio constitucional de autonomía universitaria consagrado en el artículo 69 de la Constitución Política y desarrollado por la Ley 30 de 1992. En primer lugar, el artículo 21, literal l del Acuerdo 16 de 2007, establece expresamente que todo estudiante está obligado a identificarse con el carné cuando le sea solicitado por la institución. Esta disposición configura un deber reglamentario de carácter condicionado: el estudiante no está obligado permanentemente a mostrar su carné, pero sí lo está cada vez que una autoridad universitaria lo requiera. A su vez, el artículo 20, literal k del mismo reglamento

A PIC microcontroller controlled four-digit timer system is constructed by using PIC16F877A microcontroller which determines the main function of the system. Four common cathode 7-segment displays are used to display the timing values. It counts up from 0000 to 9999 in every second. Displays are multiplexed by the transistor switches. The programming language used to control the system is CCS C language. The PIC has an internaloscillator and configure to operate at 4 MHz.

This paper offers a novel analytical framework to enhance understanding of freedom of information (foi) in borders and migration studies. Drawing on scholarship in science and technology studies which understands scientific activity in terms of 'knowledge-control regimes' (Hilgartner 2017), our first section proposes four analytics. These are: a focus on the constitutive power of interactions; a principle of symmetry when it comes to studying what and how things are concealed and how they are made public; a concern with the mediating role of devices and infrastructures; and attention to the cultural as well as legal regimes which shape the conduct and identity of the actors who populate a given field of information control. The second part puts these analytics to work in the study of a particular area of immigration enforcement: the UK's use of charter flights as a political, logistical and symbolic practice that shapes its deportation operations.

Like the detention centre, the deportation charter flight is integral to the way states in the global North conduct deportation. Unlike the detention centre, the charter flight system has received little scholarly attention in its own right. Taking the UK experience as our case study, and combining Freedom of Information research with the analysis of official documents, we examine the deportation charter flight system in quantitative and qualitative depth. We make three contributions. First, we provide a statistical overview of all flights from 2010-2024. Since the UK publishes little systematic information about charter flights, this statistical overview addresses a significant gap in our knowledge of the landscape of immigration enforcement. Second, we show how charter flight operations create deportation routes and we map the changing geography of these routes. In essence, we reveal that it is not only migrants and their facilitators who create migration routes; states do too. Third, we focus on migrants' resistance to deportation on charter flights which results in many empty seats when a plane takes off. We show that some routes are less effective than others at filling planes and carrying out deportations. Reasons for this are unclear; we offer some hypotheses for further research.

Propõe verificar a existência de relação entre as leis de acesso à informação dos países membros e associados do Mercosul. As leis de acesso à informação de sete países (Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia, Equador, Peru e Uruguai), os projetos de lei sobre o assunto do Paraguai e da Bolívia e da Constituição da Venezuela foram estudados sob três pontos de vista: transparência ativa, transparência passiva e sigilo. Identificaram-se sinais de uma agenda comum em torno do tema entre os países membros. Os resultados indicam semelhanças entre as leis nos três aspectos estudados, cada um em maior ou menor grau.

Makalah ini membahas peran sinergis agama dan negara dalam menghadapi PHK massal dan perlindungan tenaga kerja di Indonesia. Selain menyoroti meningkatnya PHK massal, terutama di masa pandemi COVID-19, makalah ini menelaah bagaimana nilai-nilai agama berperan membentuk etika, moral, dan solidaritas sosial dalam penyusunan serta implementasi kebijakan ketenagakerjaan yang adil dan berkeadaban. Negara, melalui regulasi seperti UU Ketenagakerjaan dan program perlindungan sosial, bertindak sebagai fasilitator sekaligus penjamin hak-hak pekerja dan pengusaha. Studi kasus PHK di PT Ramayana Lestari menjadi contoh nyata dampak sosial-ekonomi PHK dan pentingnya peran lembaga keagamaan, media, serta komunitas dalam memberikan pendampingan moral, psikologis, dan pelatihan. Makalah ini menyimpulkan bahwa kolaborasi nilai agama dan aturan negara diperlukan untuk menciptakan sistem ketenagakerjaan yang humanis, adaptif, serta mampu memperkuat keadilan sosial dan kesejahteraan pekerja, terutama di masa krisis dan perubahan ekonomi yang dinamis.

This essay provides an overview of the Hungarian freedom of information practice during Covid-19 pandamics. The essay aims to summarise all major cases related to freedom of information and data of public interest in Hungary during pandemics, with particular reference to the delayed disclosure of regional and territorial data.

This paper analyses the Right to Information Act, 2005 as a transformative legislation promoting transparency and empowering citizens in a democratic setup. It explores the statutory provisions and key judicial pronouncements that define the Act's scope and limitations. The RTI Act not only enforces accountability among public authorities but also strengthens the constitutional guarantee under Article 19(1)(a). The study concludes by asserting the RTI's vital role in participatory governance and the evolving balance between public interest and privacy.

El despliegue que ha tenido internet en los ultimos anos conlleva la creacion de modelos de comunicacion y de negocio que giran en torno a las actividades realizadas por una comunidad de tipo social, comercial, economico, academico o investigativo, permitiendo asi interconectar millones de recursos informaticos sobre la Web mediante tecnologias todavia soportadas a traves de HTML. El siguiente articulo presenta el modelo de desarrollo y operacion de una herramienta de extraccion de datos, para explorar recursos digitales de tipo Open Source a traves de una fuente de recursos mediante una URL empleando como caso de estudio la Biblioteca  Europeana. Se analizara su modelo de desarrollo, analisis de los resultados obtenidos y finalmente se presenta un apartado donde se enmarcan algunas tendencias de analisis y aplicaciones que se pueden abordar en el area de la educacion.

Hak untuk berkomunikasi dan hak memperoleh informasi adalah komponen penting dari hak asasi manusia yang dijamin oleh konstitusi Indonesia, khususnya dalam Pasal 28F UUD 1945. Hak ini sangat krusial di era informasi dan digital saat ini, di mana akses dan penyebaran informasi memegang peranan penting dalam perkembangan individu dan masyarakat. Artikel ini mengupas dasar hukum, tantangan, serta pelaksanaan hak berkomunikasi dan hak atas informasi di Indonesia, dan bagaimana hak-hak ini berkontribusi dalam pemenuhan hak asasi manusia secara umum. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah studi literatur dengan analisis normatif hukum terkait peraturan perundang-undangan dan keputusan Mahkamah Konstitusi. Temuan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun hak ini dilindungi secara konstitusional dan diatur dalam undangundang seperti UU No. 14 Tahun 2008 tentang Keterbukaan Informasi Publik, masih ada berbagai tantangan dalam pelaksanaannya, terutama yang berkaitan dengan perlindungan data pribadi dan batasan terhadap kebebasan berekspresi. Sebagai kesimpulan, negara harus memastikan bahwa hak untuk berkomunikasi dan mendapatkan informasi dijamin dengan seimbang bersamaan dengan perlindungan hak lainnya, demi terciptanya pemerintahan yang transparan dan demokratis.

A más de 15 años de la entrada en vigor de la Ley N°20.285 sobre Acceso a Información Pública en Chile, el modelo de transparencia y acceso a información pública que estableció está superado. Si bien esta ley fue un avance significativo, que permitió consolidar una cultura de transparencia, dado el masivo uso de las herramientas que provee a la ciudadanía para garantizar su derecho de acceso a información pública, respondió a una lógica de gradualidad coincidente con la madurez institucional de la época.
A partir de una revisión de la normativa, jurisprudencia y doctrina aplicable, así como de un análisis estadístico de las principales cifras de los primeros 15 años de funcionamiento del Consejo para la Transparencia, esta investigación describe el modelo de transparencia y acceso a la información chileno y aborda sus principales carencias y oportunidades de mejora. Específicamente, se analizará la necesidad de incorporar al régimen general de transparencia al poder legislativo, judicial y a los órganos autónomos constitucionales; fortalecer la transparencia activa utilizando la tecnología disponible; y regular adecuadamente el régimen de publicidad de las comunicaciones electrónicas de funcionarios públicos.

El objetivo de este artículo es detectar mecanismos, modalidades y dispositivos de participación social relevantes para el cumplimiento de compromisos internacionales de derechos humanos vinculados a la participación social. En esta oportunidad, el análisis se centra en los instrumentos internacionales de derechos humanos suscritos por Argentina que contemplan la participación. Con foco en la temática ambiental, se describirá sucintamente la normativa ambiental interna que incluye la participación social. A continuación, se presentará una tabla que resume el relevamiento y sistematización de dispositivos de participación propuestos por la doctrina especializada, destacando los adaptables a nuestro sistema jurídico institucional. El artículo contrastará entonces los compromisos internacionales en la materia con la normativa interna y las posibilidades de ejercicio del derecho a la participación, para finalmente ofrecer una visión general del desarrollo actual de dispositivos que faciliten diversas instancias y espacios para la participación.