Human Rights

Sexual and Gender based violence against women including refugees in Uganda is a cause for serious concern. The Second World Conference on Human Rights in Vienna in 1993 and the Fourth World Conference on Women in 1994 gave priority to this issue, which jeopardizes women’s lives, bodies, psychological integrity and freedom. This paper is a critical analysis of the forms, causes, effect and prevention strategies of sexual and gender- based violence against women in Uganda. The doctrinal research method was utilized. The findings were that certain aspect of Ugandan culture subject women to unequal treatment and make them prone to sexual abuse and gender violence. The research confirmed there is sexual violence among refugees which is contrary to the Standard Operating Manuals by the United Nations Humanitarian Commission on Refugees (UNHCR) for caregivers. The government should work at removing negative cultural, social, and traditional practices that encourage the perpetuation of sex...

As the PSPP judgment's dust has settled down, the alleged priority of Union law reveals an intimately fragile background, which threatens the constitutional balance of the Union as a whole. This work recalls the Europe's constitutionalisation path and delves into the recent BVerfG's case-law on the EU integration to uncover early traits of a legal principle -essentiality -that can be regarded as a general principle of Union law and has potential to promote equality among States and citizens as laid down in Arts. 4(2) and 9 TEU. Rooted in the BVerfG's Wesentlichkeitstheorie and tied to a specific conception of human dignity as self-determination of free and equal persons, this principle entails that norms stemming from a mandate that is interpreted too extensively in relation to the political sensitivity of the effects sought cannot claim legal 'bindingness' until provided with an adequately renovated legal basis, duly backed by political responsibility.

A lot of Regional Acts offer attention to minors with social dispute, with social maladjustment or with disruptive behavior. This ambiguous term permits to include the minors with psychical disorders, because some of these are social disorders. However, its therapy only needs a subsidiary intervention of the public power. Some Regional Acts clearly put on the same level minors with social dispute and criminal minors. Nevertheless, the State's exclusive competence on criminal legislation impedes to regional legislator the possibility to sanction the dangerous conducts when these behaviors are criminal offences. The regional legislators have competence ex art. 148.1.20.ª CE to delimit the dangerous situations that demand a preventive action, but its legal competence is limited to legislate about the children's residential centers when the protection can originate an eventual infraction of the minor's human rights.

Derneği. Platform, uluslararası düzlemde insan hak ve özgürlüklerine yönelik ihlal ve tehditlere karşı alanda çalışan sivil toplum kuruluşlarının güçlü bir karşı duruş sergileyebilmek için bir araya geldiği bağımsız bir paylaşım ve faaliyet ortamı. Üyelerinin çeşitliliği, Platform'un ilgisini ve alanla etkileşimini de çeşitlendiriyor. Platform, protesto hakkı, sosyal medya, insan hakları savunuculuğu, cezasızlık, ifade özgürlüğü, ayrımcılığın önlenmesi, engelli hakları, çocuk adalet sistemi, toplumsal

São feridas que permanecem abertas. No Brasil, o período entre 1964 e 1985 é visto através de uma catarata construída pelo Regime Militar, que impede o conhecimento completo da História. Os documentos que contém informações sobre os chamados "Anos de Chumbo" estão sob custódia do governo, que desde o processo de democratização se mostra reticente em trazê-los a público. O resgate à memória é de suma importância para que as marcas deixadas pela ditadura não sejam varridas pelo esquecimento, e o povo brasileiro não seja submetido novamente a um regime repressor e desumano. Movimentos. -Durante o governo Lula, o Ministério dos Direitos Humanos propôs a criação da Comissão da Verdade e Justiça, que visa o esclarecimento de crimes cometidos durante o período ditatorial. No mandato de Dilma Rousseff o projeto ainda não saiu do papel: depende da aprovação do Congresso, que articula sua implantação ainda neste semestre. A Comissão, segundo o Ministro da Defesa, Nelson Jobim, não é um processo de retaliação nem de investigação: "É a recomposição da memória histórica para que também nós tenhamos segurança em relação ao futuro". Existem vários movimentos regionais e de âmbito nacional em prol da abertura dos arquivos do Regime Militar. O grupo Tortura Nunca Mais, criado no final de 1985 por ex-presos políticos e seus familiares, combate toda e qualquer violação aos direitos humanos, promovendo campanhas para o esclarecimento dos crimes cometidos pelo governo contra a sociedade brasileira. Não são somente pessoas afetadas diretamente pela ditadura que lutam por transparência e justiça em relação ao ocorrido no período entre 1964 e 1985, Marcelo Ramos, estudante e membro da Federação do Movimento Estudantil de História, FEMEH, conta que em 2011 já peregrinou por norte, nordeste, sul e sudeste brasileiro promovendo debates e articulando adesões de centros acadêmicos de diversas universidades na luta pela implantação da Comissão da Verdade. A campanha nacional pela abertura dos arquivos da ditadura promovida pela FEMEH realizou vários atos e debates durante esse ano, mas Ramos diz que os arquivos disponíveis ainda são poucos e de baixa relevância quando se trata de responsabilizar os culpados. O Centro de Referência das Lutas Políticas no Brasil-Memórias Reveladas, sob administração do Arquivo Nacional colocou em rede documentos referentes às décadas de 60 a 80. Porém, o acesso aos arquivos pessoais é restrito a quem está diretamente envolvido, seus familiares, ou através de uma procuração. O portal trabalha apenas com documentos estaduais e nacionais não protegidos por leis e que não pertencem ao Centro de Inteli-gência do Exército, serviço do governo militar que foi parte importante na máquina da repressão.

In front of an international context of humanitarian crises, more than ever before, it is noticeable the wave of migrants and refugees who, fleeing war, hunger and misery, are seeking new destinations and realities in countries with less drastic political and social conjectures. However, when they reach new lands, their reception is not always hospitable. Because they are vulnerable, from their point of origin, fleeing violence and extreme poverty, desperate to gain stability in a new country, refugees and especially illegal immigrants are in “perfect” conditions to be introduced in extremely precarious labour situations, or even analogous to slavery. Thus, from bibliographic survey, through the hypothetical-deductive method, this article aims to point out how the crises of capitalism are cyclical, being created by itself, to the point of reinventing itself while workers, especially under the above conditions, are even more harmed. Therefore, it demonstrates the conditions under whi...

The availability of limited funds from international agencies for the purchase of antiretroviral (ARV) treatment in developing countries presents challenges, especially in prioritizing who should receive therapy. Public input and the protection of human rights are crucial in making treatment programs equitable and accountable. By examining historical precedents of resource allocation, we aim to provoke and inform debate about current ARV programs. Through a critical review of the published literature, we evaluate 4 precedents for key lessons: the discovery of insulin for diabetes in 1922, the release of penicillin for civilian use in 1943, the development of chronic hemodialysis programs in 1961, and current allocation of liver transplants. We then describe current rationing mechanisms for ARVs.

. A reprodução e a adaptação são permitidas para fins não comerciais, com a devida atribuição de crédito e a aplicação da mesma licença. logias queer aplicadas à crítica jurídica. As autoras defendem que, no Direito Previdenciário, pessoas não binárias permanecem invisibilizadas pela legislação e que a ausência de critério jurídico nítido e seguro impede seu reconhecimento, criando obstáculos a um envelhecimento digno. O capítulo seguinte, "Mulheres, teletrabalho e desconexão", de Maria Clara

Digital technologies are transforming democratic life in conflicting ways. This article bridges two perspectives to unpack these tensions. First, we present an original survey of software developers in Silicon Valley, interrogating how coders’ worldviews, ethics, and workplace cultures shape the democratic potential and social impact of the technologies they build. Results indicate that while most developers recognize the power of their products to influence civil liberties and political discourse, they often face ethical dilemmas and top-down pressures that can lead to design choices undermining democratic ideals. Second, we critically investigate these findings in the context of an emerging “new digital divide”, not of internet access but of information quality. We interrogate the survey findings in the context of the “slop economy”, in which billions of users unable to pay for high-quality content experience an internet dominated by low-quality, AI-generated ad-driven content. We find a reinforcing cycle between tech creator beliefs and the digital ecosystems they spawn. We discuss implications for democratic governance, arguing for more ethically informed design and policy interventions to help bridge the digital divide to ensure that technological innovation supports rather than subverts democratic values in the next chapter of the digital age.

This article discusses the main characteristics of the phenomenon known as «criminal Law of the Enemy». Likewise, with the purpose of identifying the elements for which the Spanish lifetime imprisonment must be rejected, given that it is a response incompatible with the democratic political-criminal model, are described the most relevant elements of this new penalty. Finally, it is concluded that this penalty constitutes the paradigmatic example of criminal Law of the Enemy because it is a punitive reaction aimed at intensifying in perpetuity the selective and discriminatory treatment that terrorists and murderers were already receiving, the most characteristic enemies from public opinion, the media and the legislator.

Food security has been an important part of global discourse concerning development and poverty reduction. Despite the fact that there is enough food produced to feed the entire population, 1 billion people still go to bed hungry. The amount of food produced in the world continues to rise rapidly and throughout the whole human history, the quantity of food produced has not been larger. Hence, the concept of food security shifted from focusing on food availability to accessibility. This study"s main objective is to evaluate sustainable food management and food security in Kenya by Millennium Development Goal"s achievement between 1996 to 2015. More specifically the study will aim; to establish the influence of national food security policies on sustainable food management and food security in Kenya, to determine the influence of global liberal trade system on sustainable food management and food security in Kenya and to ascertain the influence of climate change in sustainable food management and food security in Kenya. The study has been underpinned on Neoliberalism Theory. For the purposes of this study, the appropriate research design utilized was descriptive. Only the secondary sources was used throughout the research. Collected data consisted of research articles and books with the focus on the topic in question, reports conducted by the international organizations, such as FAO, WFP, IFAD International Monetary Fund"s International Financial Statistics, the Central Banks of Africa, the World Bank, UNDP, Ministry of Agriculture, KNBS as well as national policy plans drafted by the Kenyan government. The qualitative data collected from the secondary sources was analyzed thematically using conceptual content analysis. Once the data was collected, it was checked for completeness ready for analysis. The data was analysed in common themes and reported according to the study objectives. The study shows that even though foreign food aid is meant to provide the food supplies only if any food emergencies appear, to compensate for the domestic production shortfalls, it became constant and is considered by the majority of the Kenyan population as ever-lasting. Food security policies implemented by the Kenyan government throughout the analysis were found to be ineffective. Lastly, climate change impacts were analyzed on the food security in Kenya. The study findings show that over the past 40 years, per capita world food production has grown by 25%, and global food prices have fallen by 40% in real terms. Good governance supported by good metrics needs to direct the transformation process. Planning for success requires an implementation plan that provides a roadmap to realize strategic goals. While the high level SDGs for the post 2015 era will galvanize the global community to work towards shared development goals, country by country as well as local implementation plans will be required to achieve the targets. National and local governments need to take the lead in developing and implementing their own sustainable development strategies and action plans at different levels, based on the proposed principles and the four dimensions of sustainable development. Action planning needs to be goal oriented and systematic. National and local governments should apply structured assessment and business planning methodologies to analyze how various solutions could contribute to meeting one or more specific targets, and what the cost of different options is.

espanolLa COVID-19 ha dejado noqueada a la UE tras la division inicial entre los Estados miembros. Si la respuesta a la crisis sanitaria y economica no es contundente con un plan de reconstruccion creible, los desafios de politica exterior en la vecindad empeoraran, el vuelco geopolitico se inclinara mas hacia Asia, las tendencias nacionalistas y populistas iran al alza y la globalizacion y el multilateralismo se ralentizaran mas todavia. EnglishCOVID-19 has knocked out the EU after the initial split between Member States. If the response to the health and economic crisis is not conclusive with a credible reconstruction plan; foreign policy challenges in the neighbourhood will worsen, the geopolitical shift will lean more towards Asia, nationalist and populist trends will rise; and globalization and multilateralism will slow down even further

prepared this report as independent consultants to the International Organization for Migration (IOM), Regional Office, Bangkok, Thailand. Opinions expressed in this document are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the member organizations of the Thematic Working Group on International Migration in Thailand.

As the advisory committee notes stated, "Illustrative [of a (b)(2) class] are various actions in the civil rights field where a party is charged with discriminating unlawfully against a class ... " Id. 4. FED. R. Civ. P. 23(b)(2). 5. As goes the famous joke: A Cubs fan, a Cardinals fan, a Yankees fan, and a Red Sox fan are climbing a mountain and arguing about who loves their team the most. The Cubs fan insists that he is the most loyal. He yells "This is for the Cubs" and throws himself off the side of the mountain. Not to be outdone, the Cardinals fan shouts, "This is for the Cardinals!" and jumps off the side of the mountain. The Red Sox fan is next to profess his love for his team. "This is for everyone!" He yells and shoves the Yankees fan off the side of the mountain.

Este livro apresenta os resultados das ações de ensino, pesquisa e extensão realizadas no Programa de Educação Tutorial em História da Universidade Estadual de Ponta Grossa no período de abril de 2022 a abril de 2024, os dois anos em que o grupo está sob a Tutoria das Professoras Georgiane Garabely Heil Vázquez e Angela Ribeiro Ferreira. Os textos que compõem o livro são dos projetos desenvolvidos que contaram com a participação de todos os acadêmicos e acadêmicas petianos/as do período, alguns que já se formaram no curso, mas que retornaram para refletir sobre a experiência. Entretanto, para elaboração dos textos, os projetos foram divididos entre todos para a redação dos textos, ficando cada dupla ou trio responsável pela reflexão final de um dos projetos. No capítulo um as Tutoras apresentam o Projeto "Educação e Diversidade" que foi o tema escolhido para essa gestão do PET e que abriga e direciona todos os demais projetos desenvolvidos. Explicamos quais são os conceitos centrais da temática do Programa e as possibilidades de desdobramento. No capítulo dois, intitulado" Mapeando o assédio na UEPG", de autoria de Brayan Gaudêncio Rocha, Eduardo José Vieira Cesto, Manuela de Oliveira Marcondes apresentamos reflexões sobre o projeto de mesmo nome que propôs discutir o tema do assédio dentro da universidade e, para isso, o grupo elaborou um formulário em que estudantes, servidores e docentes pudessem narrar histórias de assédio sexual e moral de forma anônima. Outra forma de narrar foi através de uma caixa disponibilizada na universidade e que as pessoas pudessem depositar por escrito. Os dados apresentados no texto são resultado do formulário online. O capítulo três, intitulado "Uma análise da exposição Mulheres de Ponta Grossa -200 anos", de autoria de Camille Machado Bahri, Jeferson Osni de Souza Junior, Sara Bomfim Cinque surgiu do projeto "Mulheres de Ponta Grossa: 200 anos" que foi concebido no ano de 2023 ano de comemoração dos 200 anos de Ponta Grossa. Para além de todas as comemorações oficiais, o projeto propôs uma pesquisa e produção de uma exposição em que tratássemos da história de mulheres da cidade, algumas ainda do século XIX e outra recentes, são professoras, benzedeiras, enfermeiras, prostitutas, médicas, donas de casa, etc que constituem a história nesses 200 anos. A exposição foi feita na universidade e em vários Colégios estaduais ao longo de 2023 e início de 2024. No capítulo quatro, Jeferson Osni de Souza Junior e Sara Bomfim Cinque escrevem "Pessoas comuns, histórias marcantes: Dirce Maria Alves, a Xuxa do calçadão, na exposição do PET História". Essa é a história de uma das mulheres escolhidas para a exposição "Mulheres de Ponta Grossa: 200 anos", uma figura muito conhecida, já falecida, mas que despertou bastante a atenção durante a exposição, até mesmo da imprensa local. No capítulo cinco apresentamos "Cine diversidade: PET História (UEPG) e a abordagem da diversidade por meio do cinema", por Lucas Gabriel Silva e Jeferson Osni de Souza Junior. O cine diversidade é um dos projetos permanentes do Programa, que procura abordar os temas da Educação e Diversidade através de filmes e documentários, sempre aberto ao público em forma de atividades extensionistas. No capítulo seis, "Um exercício de garantia da dignidade menstrual: o projeto 'Absorva essa ideia' na UEPG" o texto foi organizado por Lorenzo Prioto dos Santos, Ana Luiza Rosa Severo e Gustavo de Jesus Silva. Esse projeto surgiu da observação das dificuldades que algumas acadêmicas relatavam em relação ao acesso à absorventes em período menstrual, além do fato de serem pegas de surpresa com a menstruação enquanto estavam no campus e não terem a quem recorre. Entre as principais ações, estava a coleta de absorventes e a disponibilização nos banheiros. Além disso, o tema foi abordado mais recentemente em um Cine Diversidade com o Documentário "Absorvendo o tabu", dirigido e lançado por Rayka Zehtabchi em 2019, que trata do estigma em torno da menstruação na Índia. E, no último capítulo, "PET História e o Clube de Leitura" escrito por Felipe Lomba Ferreira e Milena Borcoski, apresentamos mais um Projeto permanente do Programa. Esse projeto prevê a seleção de livros e textos com as temáticas da Educação e Diversidade para leitura e debate em sessões abertas ao púbico. Boa leitura e que os projetos possam inspirar outras ações dentro da temática da Educação e Diversidade. Ponta Grossa, abril de 2025. CAPÍTULO 1 Educação e Diversidade no Curso de História -Uepg: Reflexões sobre o grupo PET.

El presente documento tiene como objetivo aportar, desde la perspectiva de genero y la Teoria Finalista del Derecho Penal, un analisis del caso de la senora Clara Tapia Herrera, acusada por el delito de corrupcion de menores en contra de sus dos hijas y su hijo, todos ellos menores de edad.

The article aims to reflect on the setbacks in the field of social rights from the advancement of mercantilization promoted in the international context of adoption of austerity policies. It conducts a survey of normative constructions that reconfigure the market society and the world of work, widening the inequalities that permeate them, focusing on the 2017-2019 biennium. It places special emphasis on mechanisms that reinforce cross-vulnerabilities in the fields of labor and consumption under the sign of precariousness. It argues that austerity measures, particularly fiscal adjustment, labor reform, and unprotected credit markets, are elements of the precariousness dynamics, a process that is substantially advancing in contemporary Brazil, and which do not find a safe containment dam in the courts. In a scenario of aggravation of vulnerabilities, in which state action would be required to promote social rights and respect the structuring principles of the consumerist and labor mic...

El abuso sexual infantil es una de las formas más graves de violencia contra la infancia que atenta contra la integridad sexual de los/as niños/as y adolescentes ocasionando efectos devastadores en el psiquismo. Entendemos al abuso sexual infantil como un suceso traumático el cual muchas veces crece en la oscuridad del secreto y la impunidad donde el silencio intensifica las consecuencias y el ocultamiento las agrava. Este produce consecuencias psicológicas que frecuentemente no son asociadas al mismo pero que a largo plazo dejan huellas importantes en el psiquismo. Es en este contexto, donde el cuerpo se presenta como escenario de lo no dicho, de aquello no elaborado, traumático que irrumpe en el psiquismo trayendo consigo síntomas o patologías durante el desarrollo. Las consecuencias del abuso sexual infantil serán más graves cuanto mayor sea la magnitud del estímulo traumático, la implicación afectiva y la autoridad simbólica que el abusador represente, relacionado además con la prolongación en el tiempo de dichos sucesos y su impacto en la temporalidad psíquica. Las investigaciones demuestran que entre las patologías más frecuentes producto del abuso encontramos: trastornos de alimentación, depresión y trastornos por estrés postraumático.

This paper critically examines the Architects Act, 1969 (NLCD 357), the principal legislation regulating the architectural profession in Ghana. Now over five decades old, the Act has become increasingly misaligned with contemporary constitutional, democratic, and professional realities. Through a forensic and comparative legal analysis, the study interrogates the Act’s provisions, highlighting inconsistencies with the 1992 Constitution—particularly in areas relating to freedom of association, democratic governance, and institutional representation. It further identifies gaps in regulatory scope, including the exclusion of allied architectural professions such as technologists, interior designers, and draughtsmen. Comparative insights are drawn from modern legislative frameworks in the United Kingdom and South Africa, demonstrating how these jurisdictions have evolved to reflect inclusivity, accountability, and international best practices. The paper concludes that several provisions of NLCD 357 are obsolete, constitutionally problematic, and in need of urgent reform. It recommends a comprehensive review of the Act, driven by broad stakeholder engagement, to establish a modern, equitable, and forward-looking legal framework for the regulation of architectural practice in Ghana.

Objetivo: Analizar grosso modo, desde la óptica la ciencia de la información, los principios que explican la generación, compilación, organización y uso de la información en los OPAMs en su consolidación institucional como órganos públicos del Estado. Los organismos públicos autónomos (OPAMs) son ya parte de fundamental de la estructura de los estados contemporáneos. difícilmente podemos entender el funcionamiento del Estado actual sin agencias, institutos, comisiones, consejos y otras entidades públicas que siendo parte del Estado, mantienen una autonomía necesaria que cumple la función vital de contrapeso ante las entidades públicas y los órganos de gobierno. El poder omnímodo que han adquirido no pocos estados a lo largo de la historia, la concentración de las decisiones de gobierno en castas políticas, económicas y administrativas o en aparatos partidistas, han obligado a la creación de entidades que limiten, vigilen, orienten el uso de los recursos públicos, la gestiones de los recursos y los bienes nacionales; o bien, que sean intermediarios eficaces entre la población civil y los aparatos de gobierno.

In the last two years those followers, sympathisers, and believers of Zionism, Israelism, and Anti-Semitism, kept blaming for the October 7 th , 2023, and straight away started to blaming the horrific attacks by Hamas. They shut their ears and close their eyes and keep repeating the 7 th October, 2023, as massacre, but failed to see how was Gaza till October 6 th 2023. They have been pretending as if not seeing things happening and shut their mouth to utter ruthless killings and massacre in Gaza City. Israel has the right to defend, but no right to annexe and the lands of the Palestinians. The genocidal acts of Israel for the last two years have exposed Jewish and Christian Zionists across the world prompting more than 150countries have recognised the State of Palestine. Most of the Western nations that supported Israel till recently have changed their positions. It did not happen automatically. People across the world relentlessly held protest marches and demonstrations in thousands and lakhs. The power of the politicians and leaders had to bow down to the voices of people, except the far-right government being led by Trump. Israel is totally isolated and being looked upon as a pariah state. When Zionism, Judaism, and Israelism get twisted by far-right nationalism, the outcome will obviously be manifested in lunatic and absurd ways. Those who believe in freedom, sovereignty, rule of law, and self-governance shall never accept captivity and annexation at any cost. If we go back to history, many died and imprisoned to dismantle apartheid in South Africa. Nelson Mandala had to stay behind the bars for about 27-years to break the chains of apartheid and yoke of slavery. He consistently voiced strong support for the Palestinian people's right to self-determination by drawing parallels between their struggle and South Africa's fight against apartheid. A core aspect of his position was that his own country's freedom was incomplete without the freedom of the Palestinians. For freedom and justice human lives have to be sacrificed. Pursuing justice is not abstract, but real and concrete. What's happening in Gaza City is genocide. It has aroused the conscience of global citizens. It is gaining momentum.

We rise in Solidarity

I welcome all good humans and see my efforts to help change others, helping them see the values leftists support. I do outreach to non-leftists and non-anarchists and have converted many to my thinking because I offer friendship. I am not saying all must be like me, but there are many who don’t welcome anyone unless they think exactly like them. This is, to me, counter-solidarity and ensures we don’t fight for what we claim. There will be no revolution without solidarity, which is a value we not only express but also demonstrate in our behaviors, and this behavior inspires others. I feel this is discouraging to a message of solidarity. How can we have an anarchist society in the future if the loudest voices are not the ones actually practicing solidarity? I feel any revolution that leaves solidarity as a lesser value is ensuring failure or more war, like we have now.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo analisar as praticas da Justica Restaurativa no âmbito da reinsercao sociofamiliar de adolescentes que estao no fim do cumprimento de medida socioeducativa, em especial, no regime de internacao. Foi utilizada como fonte para a coleta de dados concretos que ilustram o presente trabalho a intervencao realizada pelo Projeto "Alem da Culpa - Justica Restaurativa para Adolescentes", uma iniciativa da Defensoria Publica do Estado de Minas Gerais. Foi possivel observar atraves dos casos analisados que a Justica Restaurativa e de grande valia quando aplicada aos adolescentes que sao reinseridos no contexto social apos o cometimento de um ato infracional e o cumprimento da respectiva sancao a ele atribuida. Entretanto, existem desafios a serem superados e questoes que precisam ser melhor trabalhadas pela equipe do Projeto afim de garantir que o adolescente seja verdadeiramente reintegrado na comunidade da qual ficou afastado e nao sofra qualquer ...

Este documento pretende motivar una discusion informada sobre la utilizacion del Convenio 169 como un punto de discusion en materia de reivindicacion de derechos de los pueblos indigenas en Chile y las posibilidades que presenta este instrumento que aun no han sido exploradas en nuestro pais.

Background: India's rapidly aging population faces increasing health, social, and economic vulnerabilities. Although several laws and welfare schemes exist, gaps in implementation and awareness continue to undermine their effectiveness. Aims: This article examines the existing legal framework for the rights and welfare of older persons in India, evaluates its strengths and shortcomings, and recommends reforms for a more inclusive, rights-based approach. Method: An analysis of primary legislation, such as the Maintenance and Welfare of Parents and Senior Citizens Act, 2007, the Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016, and personal laws, was conducted, supported by comparative insights and policy literature. Results: Findings reveal that while legal provisions reflect progressive intent, they suffer from fragmentation, poor execution, and a lack of geriatricspecific healthcare integration. Conclusions: Stronger enforcement, unified elder-care legislation, and a shift in perspective from welfare to legal entitlement are necessary to ensure older adults in India live with dignity, autonomy, and full participation.

Розділ 1. ЦИВІЛІЗАЦІЙНИЙ ВИБІР ГЕОПОЛІТИЧНОГО ВЕКТОРУ УКРАЇНИ ЗА РОКИ НЕЗАЛЕЖНОСТІ (Алла Міщенко) …………………………………………………………….7 1.1. Історичні особливості геополітичного вибору України…………….8 1.2. Східна цивілізаційна модель…………………………………………10 1.3. Західна цивілізаційна модель…………………………………….…..17 Розділ 2. ГІБРИДНИЙ КОНФЛІКТ І ГІБРИДНА ВІЙНА: ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКИ ТА ОСОБЛИВОСТІ У СУЧАСНОМУ СВІТІ (Костянтин Семчинський) …………………………………………….…32 2.1. Особливості гібридного протистояння у сучасному світі ………....32 2.2. Гібридна війна як фактор нестабільності міжнародної системи ..………………………………………………………………….…39 Розділ 3. ПРАВА ЛЮДИНИ В ЗБРОЙНИХ КОНФЛІКТАХ: ПОЛІТИКО-ЮРИДИЧНІ АСПЕКТИ (Дар'я Лікарчук) ……………………………………………………….….62 3.1. Світова практика запобігання конфліктам………………………….62 3.2. Права людини в збройних конфліктах: практика Європейського Союзу, ОБСЄ та ООН…………………………………………………………..63 3.3. Права людини в рамках міжнародних договорів…………………...68 3.4. Права людини в збройних конфліктах……………………………....73 Розділ 4. ХРИСТИЯНСЬКА ЦЕРКВА ТА УКРАЇНСЬКИЙ ФАКТОР В ЦИВІЛІЗАЦІЙНИХ ТА ГЕОПОЛІТИЧНИХ ПРОЦЕСАХ (Валерій Ластовський)…………………………………………………….86 4.1. Вплив християнської Церкви на міжнародні процеси ………….….86 4.2. Християнська Церква і міжнародне право …………………………103 Розділ 5. КУЛЬТУРНА ДИПЛОМАТІЯ В УМОВАХ ГЛОБАЛІЗАЦІЇ, ВІЙНИ І СОЦІОКУЛЬТУРНОЇ РЕАЛЬНІСТІ (Інна Костиря) …………………………………………………………...113 5.1. Культурна дипломатія і глобалізація…………………………….…113 5.2. Культурна дипломатія в умовах трансформації українського суспільства……………………………………………………....125 5.3. Україна і Європа в пошуках дипломатичного консенсусу………...130

This essay elaborates and compares the role of women in two political movements-the Maoist movement in Nepal and the Telengana people's struggle in India. The first is an ongoing struggle while the latter is a struggle which started in the middle of 1946 and lasted for five years until it was called off in October 1951 after the involvement of the Indian army. This paper is confined to the scenario of women's participation, their feelings and some push and pull factors for joining in the struggles. Apart from that, this paper explores the participants' views on the movement, their leaders, policy, and the programme of their parties for favouring their participation. The women's condition after the end of Telangana movement after the party forgot it's earlier promise has also tried to bring it out as concerned matter for discussion. This paper concludes by bringing out some bitter experiences of the women participants of Telengana movement, and tries to make the M...

A könyv elsődleges célja, hogy hozzájáruljon az új típusú autoriter rendszerek jobb megértéséhez, különös tekintettel a társadalmi kontrollfunkciót ellátó civil társadalmi szervezetekre. Társadalomelméleti keretben elemzi a CSO-k demokratikus nyilvánosságban betöltött szerepét, valamint összehasonlító alkotmányjogi szempontból vizsgálja a társadalmi kontrollfunkciót ellátó CSO-k létrehozására, működésére és tevékenységeire vonatkozó korlátozási mechanizmusokat. Célja továbbá, hogy megkülönböztesse az autoriter rendszerek autonómiát felszámoló intézkedéseit a demokratikus rendszerekben előforduló, autonómiát szűkítő szabályozásoktól. Ez az elkülönítés azért fontos, mert a CSO-k elleni rendszerszintű, egymásra épülő korlátozások egyfajta jelzőrendszerként szolgálnak, amely arra utal, hogy egy adott ország az autokratizálódás útjára lép. Így a CSO-kat korlátozó jogszabályok terjedése
összefüggésbe hozható a demokrácia minőségének globális romlásával.

The National Report on the Drug Situation in Estonia has been drafted by the Estonian Drug Monitoring Centre for the submission to the Ministry of Social Affairs of Estonia and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA). All EU REITOX National Focal Points of the Central and Eastern Europe (CEEC) countries are subject to reporting responsibility and have been submitting an annual report since 2001. The present report is the second report, which gives an overview of the drug situation in Estonia in 2001. The structure of the report is based on the EMCDDA Guidelines for National Reports, which are the same for all EU and CEEC countries. This report provides an outline of the political and legal framework, epidemiological situation and demand reduction interventions in Estonia in 2001. The data presented in the report is key information to be used by the Ministry of Social Affairs of Estonia and the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction. Every year the EMCDDA outlines specific key issues national reports have to focus on; demand reduction expenditures, drug use among young people aged 12-18, social exclusion and re-integration have been defined as key issues in 2002. From May 2001 the Estonian National Drug Monitoring Centre (EDMC) has been responsible for the collection and analysis of epidemiological and statistical data in the drug field. EDMC was established in the Institute of Experimental and Clinical Medicine (IECM) and is functioning as the National Focal Point (NFP) for the EMCDDA. The EDMC is collecting information from different institutions related to the drug field. The main information channels are the same as in the previous reporting period (Figure ).

The Universal Periodic Review (UPR) is a regular review of the human rights record of all States in the world. Continuously conducted by the UN Human Rights Council, each State is reviewed every four and a half years on the basis of information submitted by NGOs, the United Nations and the State concerned. In March 2019, RASHID International submitted a report concerning the Republic of Iraq as part of the third cycle of the UPR, to be the basis for the 2019 review of Iraq. The report discusses the neglect of cultural rights in the UPR, the death penalty for antiquities trafficking, the Iraqi implementation of international law for the protection of cultural property in armed conflict, the illicit trade in antiquities, the right to cultural heritage in Iraq, the equal enjoyment of cultural rights by women and uncontrolled urban development. This report is a publication of the non-profit organization RASHID International e.V. We are a charitable organization registered in the Federal...

This volume represents more than the outcome of an international academic conference, it is the concrete expression of an institutional commitment to critical thought, the integrity of legal systems, and the cultivation of plural dialogue in times of normative fragmentation and democratic dissonance.
The organization of the conference that gave rise to this publication required an intense collaborative effort between the Graduate Program in Law at the Faculty of Law of Vitória (PPGD/FDV), the Federal University of Maranhão (UFMA), and a broad international network of research centers, universities, judicial institutions, and organizations committed to the protection of fundamental rights and the renewal of democratic practices worldwide. More than the sum of names and logos, this collective endeavor was guided by a shared ethos: the belief in legal scholarship as a field of resistance and reinvention in the face of emerging challenges. Within this context, it is equally significant to celebrate thirty years of legal education provided by the Faculty of Law of Vitória, whose enduring contributions have decisively shaped Brazilian society through academic excellence and civic engagement.
This book brings together critical reflections that engage with urgent issues confronting the contemporary world, democracy, constitutionalism, technology, representation, governance, and rights, offering not only deep analysis but also constructive perspectives. It is a work addressed to a broad audience, while maintaining the rigor and integrity that academic production committed to transformation
must uphold.
The voices assembled in these pages come from diverse legal traditions, geopolitical regions, and institutional experiences. Rather than fragmenting the whole, this diversity strengthens it, providing a record of collective construction that transcends national borders and rigid doctrinal categories. By facilitating an encounter between legal languages, critical epistemologies, and differing worldviews, this work reaffirms the value of active listening as a foundation of both democratic processes and scientific reflection oriented toward justice.

This study examines Nigeria’s efforts to leverage StratComs as part of its COIN response to Boko Haram and Islamic State West Africa Province (ISWAP). Anchored in Strategic Communication Theory and Framing Theory, the research explores how communication has been systematically integrated into Nigeria’s asymmetric warfare strategy through the NCTC, OSC, PPP, and confidence-building initiatives. Drawing comparative insights from the US, UK, Egypt, and Morocco, the study highlights Nigeria’s progress in institutionalising counter-messaging, rehabilitating ex-combatants, expanding international partnerships, and experimenting with multi-stakeholder engagement. However, four major challenges undermine the credibility and sustainability of these efforts: inter-agency fragmentation, weak community trust in reintegration, underdeveloped PPP frameworks, and persistent deficits in building durable public confidence. The findings demonstrate that while Nigeria has embedded StratComs in its COIN architecture, its effectiveness is constrained by human rights abuses, inadequate oversight, and insurgent counter-narratives that exploit government missteps. The paper concludes that for StratComs to deliver sustainable impact, Nigeria must prioritise transparency, civilian-led oversight, rights-compliant operations, and inclusive community engagement, supported by clearer legislation and stronger public–private partnerships..

In a digital context that is profoundly transforming social interactions in different domains and at different levels, the label "communication rights" (CRs) has emerged in recent years suggesting the need to better articulate the principles and rights pertaining to communication processes in society: principles and rights which should be recognized as guidelines to set normative standards of behavior in such a transformed communicative environment. A plurality of reflections and initiatives have evolved around this concept, many of which stressed the need for a democratization of media systems, discourses and practices in a glocal environment that is more and more characterized by the diffusion and use of information and communication technologies that can be both democracy enabling -thanks to their potential in fostering transparency, publicity, and participation -but also democracy constraining, if we consider the several challenges posed by the possibility to interfere with and control individual data and personal communications, individual and collective access to information and people's freedom to express their views and ideas. Yet, the CRs concept remains controversial and further efforts are needed to contribute to a conceptual clarification that is required if such concept and related principles are to inform policy-making processes. We therefore propose a contribution that focuses on evolving discourses concerning fundamental rights and freedoms in communication societies, bringing our different disciplinary perspectives into a dialogue; we look at different settings where the discourse on human rights and communication is being elaborated, and we build on a shared constructivist approach to assess if we are in fact witnessing the emergence of communication rightsrelated norms in the transnational context.

W 2024 r. ukazało się drugie wydanie polskiego przekładu monografii Gustava Radbrucha "Wstęp do prawoznawstwa (Einführung in die Rechtswissenschaft). Wydarzenie to stanowi okazję do ponownej analizy „pozytywistycznego” spojrzenia autora na prawo rzymskie. Nie bez powodu, gdyż Radbruch kilkakrotnie odwołuje się w swym dziele do ius Romanum. Raczej nie jest jego sympatykiem (pokazuje swoją niechęć zwłaszcza do spuścizny szkoły historycznej Savigny’ego), ale dostrzega też zasługi antycznych rozwiązań w procesie kształtowania się nowożytnego prawa niemieckiego. Ze względu na wyrazistość poglądów i oryginalność powinna zainteresować szczególnie polskich badaczy prawa rzymskiego.

Wie aan twintigste-eeuwse politieke filosofie denkt, kan moeilijk om het werk van Hannah Arendt (1906-1975) en Claude Lefort (1924-2010) heen. Op het eerste gezicht staat Lefort erg dicht bij Arendt. Beiden bekritiseren het totalitarisme, verdedigen pluraliteit en trachten politiek te incorporeren in de fenomenologische traditie waar ze deel van uitmaken. Wanneer het echter gaat om de moderne samenleving, politiek, democratie, gelijkheid en mensenrechten blijken hun visies grondig te verschillen. In wat volgt beargumenteer ik dat Lefort daarbij een rijkere analyse van democratische samenlevingen biedt dan Arendt. Vanuit een lefortiaans perspectief gezien staat Arendt – ondanks haar kritiek op Marx’ werk – daarnaast veel dichter bij Marx dan men zou vermoeden. Gezien Arendts werk in het Nederlands nog steeds veel vaker vertaald en becommentarieerd wordt dan Leforts œuvre, is het niet onbelangrijk om de meerwaarde van Leforts benadering te tonen

This paper attempts to outline some theoretical motifs from B.R. Ambedkar's political thought for the purposes of throwing some critical light on the broader framework of methodological nationalism that defines colonial and postcolonial Indian diplomacy. It examines Ambedkar's comparative analysis of caste and race, his engagement with anti-racist movements and thought, and his non-national internationalism and diplomacy. It argues that Ambedkar's political thought challenges traditional diplomatic frameworks by underlining how the Indian nation-state's diplomatic concerns are historically inflected by the ideology of Brahmanism. A critical focus derived from Ambedkar's political thought provides for a crucial-if not foundational-theoretical framework for interrogating the category of Brahmanism or casteism as inflecting the international engagements of India's diplomatic elites.

This study examines the role of civil society in refugee policy by comparing and contrasting refugee protection in two neighboring Asian democracies, namely Japan and South Korea. It argues that, despite their seemingly similar refugee protection trajectories, including their burden-shifting and non-recognition policies, civil societies have led the two countries to take divergent paths in the shape of refugee protection. While the Japanese civil society has taken the lead in adopting global refugee norms at the regional level, the Korean civil society has challenged the government's refugee policies through robust domestic advocacy efforts.

Dies ist der geringfiigig iibemrbeitete Text cines Referates, das die Autorin anHilllich der Deutschlehrer-Tagung der Arbeitsgemein schafl dcr Deutschen Schulvereine in Namibia am 24./25. juli 1999 in Arandis gehalten hat. l. Einleilung und Hintergrund Namibia ist ein lliichenmiiBig grnfks Lmd (824,295 km2), das aber zu den am dlinnsten besiedelten Uindem der Welt ge hiirt (0,5H Einwolmerlkm2). L<!Ut der Volks ziihlung von I 991 Ieben in Namibia runJ I ,4 Millionen Menschen, die unter der Ohcr;,chrift ,Population by language spo ken" folgendermaf.kn aufgeglieden wer den: Bushman Languages Capri vi Languages llerero Languages Kavungu Languages Nama/Damnm Ov<Jmbu Languages

This book is dedicated to the fond memory of our late colleague Dr Abdou Salam Ouédraogo (1957Ouédraogo ( -2000)), who died in the Kenya Airways crash on the night of Sunday 30 January 2000. A citizen of Burkina Faso, Abdou was well known throughout Africa and the scientific community as a distinguished scientist and leader in his field. In 1995 he was awarded a PhD in conservation biology by the University of Wageningen, the Netherlands. He was the founding director of the Forest Tree Seed Centre in Ouagadougou and co-ordinator of the regional forest genetic resources programme at the Food and Agriculture Organization/Permanent Interstate Committee for Drought Control in the Sahel (FAO/CILSS). During his tragically curtailed career, he was an active member of several panels and committees for international organisations. He served as a member of the FAO Panel of Experts on forest genetic resources, representing Africa. He was part of the International Tropical Timber Organization (ITTO) Panel of Experts advizing on forest genetic resources while also a member of the programme committees of the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF) and the forestry department of the Centre de coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD-Forêt). He fulfilled leadership roles in key conservation bodies as the deputy leader of the Research Group on Biodiversity (for Africa) of the International Union of Forestry Research Organization (IUFRO) and as chair of the Species Survival Commission African Tree Specialist Group, part of the International Union on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN). He was a member of external review panels for key international forestry organizations such as the Forest Seed Centre of the Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) in 1996, and IUFRO and CIRAD-Forêt (both in 1999). Abdou joined the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) in 1993 as Senior Scientist, Forest Genetic Resources, leading IPGRI's global project on forest genetic resources. These years of 'hands-on' experience gave him a thorough understanding of the complex realities and needs of the developing world in the area of plant genetic resources, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. It was in this capacity that he and others conceived the project 'Conservation, management and sustainable use of forest genetic resources with reference to Brazil and Argentina', presented in this book. He also gained an excellent knowledge of the modus operandi of international organizations, including the centres of the Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR), the FAO, IUFRO, CIRAD-Forêt and DANIDA, in addition to experience in leadership and management. In October 1999 he was promoted to the position of Regional Director for sub-Saharan Africa based at IPGRI's office in Nairobi, Kenya. During the short time that he was in this position, he demonstrated unique vision, leadership, an engaging personality and good humour. We will remember him particularly for his great ability to work with people and instil team spirit, and for his vitality and his positive attitude towards life, even when faced with enormous challenges. He was a unique individual, loved by everyone who knew him. His life was a continuous endeavour to make the world a better place. May God rest his soul.

Eduardo Demetrio Crespo & Faustino García de la Torre García
University of Castilla-La Mancha (Toledo, Spain)
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The most recent discoveries in neuroscience have an impact on the basic assumptions of criminal liability, as they address the subjective aspects of human behaviour. The neurosciences are yielding new and revealing insights thanks to the development of “neurotechnologies,” which may prove beneficial to the justice system but could also be used to commit crimes. This contribution sets out the main challenges for Criminal Law systems in the wake of advances in the neurosciences and the development of technologies applied to the study of the human brain. Some relevant questions about the epistemological and axiological status of criminal law in the era of neurotechnologies are addressed.
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This publication is part of the Research Project ‘Neuro-Human Rights and Criminal Law’ (Neuro-Derechos Humanos y Derecho penal) (PID2023-149978NB-I00), funded by MICIU/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 and by ERDF/EU.
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Под расовой или этнической дискриминацией исследова-
тели и правозащитники понимают сегодня проведение различий
по расовому, этническому или сходным признакам, носящее про-
извольный и необоснованный характер и причиняющее любой
вред одной из сторон (физических лиц или коллективных обра-
зований), между которыми проводится различие. Международ-
ные документы по правам человека запрещают дискриминацию
прежде всего как элемент государственной политики, направ-
ленной на исключение представителей определенной этниче-
ской, религиозной группы из правовой и социальной сферы или
неоправданное ограничение прав лиц, принадлежащих к опре-
деленной группе.
Наиболее очевидными случаями проявления дискримина-
ции в обществе являются язык вражды (hate speech) и престу-
пления на почве ненависти (hate crime).

Derogation of treaty obligation is one of the critical moments, which opens the door to possible abuses of human rights in times of crises like coronavirus. Under this paper, the writer by using the comparative methodology as an instrument of critique evaluates and scrutinizes the roles and reponses of major regional human rights systems to protect and promote human rights in times of coronavirus crises. Besides, the paper addresses the normative frameworks to the question of how the regional human rights systems allow the suspension of treaty obligations in times of crises like the pandemic coronavirus. Accordingly, the paper marks an attempt at a regime level of comparative analysis. However, among the regional systems, the African Charter on Human and Peoples' rights doesn't have a derogation clause. Therefore, the paper tries to draw inspiration from other regional human rights systems and construct a derogation clause under the African Charter. Accordingly, special emphasis is given to the African human rights system. In terms of scope, the paper is limited to the legislative framework and the institutional responses of the three regional human rights systems. To put it differently, the paper-based on qualitative comparative approach-evaluates the derogations of human rights treaty obligations in times of coronavirus crises under the regional human rights systems and highlights how the institutional organs have sprung into action.

View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by Yale Law School Legal Scholarship Repository * Stephen Lewis is the United Nation's special envoy for HIV/AIDS in Africa. 1. The editors of thisJournal would like to thank the staff of CIRA for transcribing Mr.

Si considera il modo con il quale erano compiuti i censimenti a Roma tra II e I secolo a.C. Si esamina specificamente il caso dei proletarii, che non avevano particolare interesse a essere censiti, sia perché normalmente non intendevano votare nei comizi centuriati, ove il loro voto aveva un valore marginale, sia a causa delle spese e delle difficoltà cui dovevano andare incontro per recarsi a compiere la professio nella capitale, se abitavano fuori Roma. D’altronde anche i censori non dovevano cercare di censirli con particolare attenzione, dato che essi non prestavano servizio nell’esercito, né pagavano il tributo. Del resto, la regola che disponeva la vendita in schiavitù degli incensi era probabilmente caduta in desuetudine già dal V secolo a.C. Questo creava molte imprecisioni nei censimenti romani e apriva la possibilità ad abusi.

This report is the outcome of national, regional and local consultation events that were held to inform the development of the HSE National Intercultural Health Strategy. A range of minority ethnic organisations, community based and advocacy organisations, individuals, migrant workers, refugees, asylum seekers and Travellers contributed to these consultation sessions and, equally importantly, we also consulted with a wide range of health sector & HSE clinicians and staff. I want to acknowledge and thank the many organisations, individuals and staff who worked with us -contacting communities, facilitating sessions, outreaching to vulnerable groups and generally providing us with fantastic support from start to fi nish. A number of the key messages are not confi ned to health but are pertinent to many providers of public services either statutory, community or in the voluntary sector. The richness of the many contributions I hope are refl ected in this document and work has already begun on implementation. We are keen to continue the process we begun so if you have any comments on this report please let us know at the address on the back cover.