Communication and Media Law

• articolo sottoposto a peer review • pubblicato in anteprima il 11 lug. 2025 licenza Creative Commons Attribuzione-Non commerciale-Condividi allo stesso modo (CC BY NC SA) 4.0 Internazionale Simone Calzolaio Il principio del pluralismo rovesciato. Alla riscoperta dell'ordinamento costituzionale della politicità Obiettivo del contributo è descrivere alcuni significativi mutamenti che connotano il principio costituzionale italiano ed europeo del pluralismo informativo e offrire elementi di carattere giuridico e costituzionale per inquadrare quanto sta avvenendo e per rilevare le difficoltà che l' ordinamento liberaldemocratico incontra nel costruire nuovi istituti, e/o anticorpi, per proteggersi dalla forma assunta dal virus della carenza di informazione, della difficoltà di approfondimento affidabile del contesto informativo e della difficoltà di promuovere e mantenere rapporti sociali vivaci e significativi-cioè un contesto verace della politicità-in assenza dei quali la stessa democrazia costituzionale diventa un simulacro di se stessa, artificiale, artificiosa, artefatta: un deep fake del pluralismo appunto.

[IT] Il contributo, connotandosi per la sua interdisciplinarietà, propone un'analisi delle moderne tecniche di profilazione della persona mediante i c.d. Big e Smart Data, finalizzate non soltanto alla "ricerca", ma ad una vera e propria "costruzione" del consenso politico-elettorale. Lo scritto, in particolare, intende offrire al lettore delle nozioni tecniche preliminari per comprendere come oggi, nell'epoca dell'onlife, i dati personali rappresentino un vero e proprio valore economico e le tecniche di profilazione impiegate per la loro rielaborazione e il loro utilizzo possono produrre importanti conseguenze rispetto ai diritti e alle libertà della persona. Sul punto, ci si sofferma dapprima sulla divaricazione tra identità personale e profilo digitale-alla base di quello che Stefano Rodotà già tempo addietro aveva definito «il rischio di fraintendimenti dell'identità per effetto del divorzio tra mondo delle determinazioni consapevoli e mondo dell'elaborazione automatica»-per poi passare all'utilizzo della profilazione a scopi elettorali e concentrandosi, quindi, sul diritto-dovere di voto. L'attenzione, infine, sarà rivolta, in una prospettiva sistematica, alle origini del sistema politico nonché al crescente indebolimento del potere pubblico, all'affermazione di nuovi poteri privati (ancora una volta legati all'ambito del digitale) e alla c.d. disintermediazione democratica, con il rischio concreto di una perdita di coordinate dell'azione politica. Title: The construction of the political-electoral consensus and the use of social media in the "democratic disintermediation" era Abstract

[EN]: The paper, characterized for its inter-disciplinary nature, suggests an analysis of modern techniques of person profiling through the so-called Big and Smart Data, aimed not only at "research", but at a real politicalelectoral consensus "building". The paper, in particular, intends to offer the reader some preliminary technical notions in order to understand how today, in the onlife era, personal data represent a true economic value and the profiling techniques employed for their reprocessing and use can produce important consequences with respect to the rights and freedoms of the individual. Further to this point, this paper first dwells on the separation between personal identity and digital profile-the basis of what Stefano Rodotà long ago defined "the risk of misunderstanding of identity as a result of the divorce between the world of conscious determinations and the world of automatic processing"-and then moves on to the use of profiling for electoral purposes, consequently focusing, on the voting right/duty. Finally, the attention will turn, in a systematic perspective, to the origins of the political system as well as to the weakening of public power, the affirmation of new private powers, once again linked to the digital sphere, and the so-called "democratic disintermediation", with the real risk of losing the coordinates of the political action.

La digital economy rimane dipendente da una rete capillare di infrastrutture, fatta di cablaggi, tralicci e scavi, da cui nemmeno le tecnologie più innovative – come le connessioni satellitari – riescono per ora a prescindere. Dopo una lunga stagione di privatizzazioni, poteri pubblici e imprese sono improvvisamente tornati a competere per il controllo degli asset nodali per la sovranità tecnologica degli Stati, la sicurezza nazionale e la competitività dei sistemi economici.
Il presente volume analizza il ritorno dell’investitore statale, le competenze delle autorità locali, gli spazi della pianificazione urbanistica, i procedimenti autorizzativi, gli strumenti per la condivisione e l’accorpamento delle infrastrutture, la normativa vincolistica, i poteri espropriativi e la disciplina dei canoni. In definitiva, s’interroga sull’idoneità del vigente apparato normativo “emergenziale” (sviluppato, non a caso, con frequente ricorso alla decretazione d’urgenza ex art. 77 Cost.) a consolidare il settore sul medio-lungo termine, garantendo un proporzionato bilanciamento degli interessi di rilievo costituzionale e – per quanto riguarda il mercato – un’equa redistribuzione di valore lungo tutta la filiera industriale delle telecomunicazioni.

Language generators are AI systems capable of creating and processing knowledge that bears a resemblance to natural language. Their capabilities make them the ideal tools for use in disinformation practices. At the same time, they are a technology that is set to change the way society accesses, processes and uses in- formation. This prompts the emergence of intricate legal concerns, particularly given the potential for AI systems to produce erroneous, false, or seemingly accu- rate outputs. The present essay addresses these issues in the context of the regula- tions recently introduced by the European legislator, taking into account the roles and responsibilities of the various socio-economic actors involved, not only the providers of language generators, but also those who use them and, finally, the end users of their output. This study focuses on the utilisation of this technology in the context of digital services, encompassing both those provided by intermediary ser- vice providers as outlined in the Digital Services Act and language generation ser- vices directed towards a broad and undifferentiated audience. The latter, in partic- ular, give rise to issues concerning consumer rights when users are natural per- sons who use the output for purposes unrelated to any professional activities they may carry out.

In the book The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, Shoshana Zuboff explains the existence of a reorganization of the capitalist system, which appropriates human experience and transforms it into behavioral data that, by their nature, is monetized and used as tools of dominance of those who have the power to prosecute them. This system is based on the use of what Nick Srnicek called "Digital Platforms" and the concept of "Surveillance Culture", exposed by David Lyon, which contribute to the individual being always under the influence of transnational technology companies holding the power to process data. Such interventions in the human will reinforce the colonial bases of capitalism, contribute to the process called by Nick Couldry and Ulises Mejías of Data Coloniality and infringe on individuals' human rights, requiring a critical analysis of the issue through TWAILs (Third World Approaches to International Law).

Kenya's urban youths in Nairobi's informal and low income settlements have had to contend with an identity crisis, economic deprivation, marginalization in leadership and governance and general stigmatization. Moreover, they have borne a heavy burden both as victims and perpetrators of crime, wanton sex trade and drug abuse. This has led to the emergence of a special language variety in the form of an urban slang (Sheng) that the youth initially used to exclude their parents and the authorities from their perceived criminal acts. However, since the enactment of a new constitution that has expanded the democratic space and created broader awareness of individual rights and liberties, Kenya's urban youth in Nairobi have given new roles to Sheng by making it a symbol of youth's autonomy and creativity. This article uses the case of the youth-initiated Koch FM which is a model urban community radio station that primarily uses urban slang in its presentations. Through this station, the socio-economically disadvantaged youths create and maintain social networks in the form of support groups, theatre and income generating clubs with the objective of creating wealth, thereby boosting identity through assertive self-expression. The youth can then articulate and influence policy on social, political and economic affairs by sharing information on health, HIV/AIDS, political representation and governance roles. This case study demonstrates that a common language can be an effective unifier since it transcends social, economic, religious, ethnic, political and gender barriers. La jeunesse urbaine kenyane des quartiers défavorisés de Nairobi est confrontée à une crise d'identité, à

This paper uses the case of the youth-initiated Koch FM as a model of an urban community radio station that primarily uses urban slang in its presentations. Through this station, the socio-economically disadvantaged youths create and maintain social networks in form of support groups, theatre and income generating clubs with the objective of creating wealth thereby boosting identity through assertive self-expression. Hence, the popular call-in programs facilitated by mobile phones expedite the dissemination of information while the virtual communities enabled by the internet promote faster mobilization and stimulate development wherein the youth haverecruited peers and sustained networks with other like-minded Kenyan youth in the Diaspora who speak the same slang. This case study demonstrates that a common language can be an effective unifier since it transcends social, economic, religious, ethnic, political and gender barriers. The youth language therefore encodes the practical daily challenges of youth in more practical terms by seeking solutions to local problems, and the formation of networks by appealing to similar youth initiatives globally.

The European Union (EU) has been trying to have a common asylum and migration policy since the 1970s. However, member states’ differentiated interests and policies prevent the Union from producing a functioning asylum and migration policy. From the perspectives of refugees, the diverse policies create inequality between the host community and refugees in terms of the protection of human rights. In addition, the nationality of refugees seems to matter to the EU, which results in inequality among refugees. This paper seeks to identify the unequal treatment of the EU for refugees, with a comparison between the perceptions of Syrians and Ukrainians in the eyes of European political elites. The paper argues that discourses of European political elites in the digital platforms show that Ukrainians are regarded as the victims of Russian attacks, but Syrians are considered potential terrorists. The EU has searched for third states, namely safe third countries like Turkey to send back the Syrians; but Ukrainians are welcomed and granted temporary protection status. Methodologically the paper follows discourse analysis over the speeches of EU political elites on digital platforms. It also analyzes the public opinion polls to enlighten the impact of migration policies on European citizens. It aims to analyze the speeches and public opinion polls between 2015 and 2022 since the migration flows from Syria to Europe have been more intensive since 2015 and the war in Ukraine started in 2022.

VERY IMPORTANT
This book is a heartfelt tribute to my great friends, professors, and lifelong mentors: Martha Minow, Guido Calabresi, Thomas Sargent, Lawrence Lau, Thomas C. Südhof, Harold E. Varmus, Edvard Moser, Ariel Furstenberg, Carlos Zambrano Encalada, Santos Vera Sandoval, Román Faustino Fernández Adriano, Federico Fernández Adriano, Robert Langer, Enrique Verástegui Peláez, Luis Alberto Pinchi Fasanando, Joachim Frank, Luis Amparo Grimaldo Zapata, Óscar Santamaría Barreto, and Víctor Raúl Yactayo Castillo; as well as Adolfo Pérez Esquivel, Sonia Winer, Roger Petersen, Janet Yellen, Ricardo Gelpi, Alberto Barbieri, Dennis Thompson, Sally Kornbluth, Ítala Andrea Preguntegui Garrafa, Magda Portal, Dalia Elizabeth Zurita Espinoza, Jhanela Brigite Aguirre Obando, Josefina Miró Quesada Gayoso, Daniel Chapán, Daniel Elía, Miguel Aguilar, Teresa Zamudio Ojeda, Richard Lovera Herrera, Martín Isla, César Chambergo Rojas, Jesús Rojas, Ángel Atuncar Gutiérrez, Leandro Vergara, Ana Arias, Víctor Raúl Haya de la Torre, José Carlos Mariátegui La Chira, Luis Alberto Félix Sánchez Sánchez, Bernardo Houssay, César Milstein, Luis Federico Leloir, Tomás Várnagy, and Francisco Miró Quesada Cantuarias.
It also pays homage to the brilliant and inspiring educators of youth and distinguished legal scholars Miguel Ángel Ciuro Caldani and Martha Minow.
Above all, it is dedicated to Jesus Christ and Almighty God, Hashem, to whom I will always give thanks for His blessings and protection in difficult times.
Shalom!
Respectfully,
Luis David Fernández Zambrano
חשוב מאוד
ספר זה הוא מחווה כן מכל הלב לידידיי הגדולים, פרופסוריי והמורים המלווים אותי כל חיי: מרתה מינואו, גוידו קלברזי, תומס סרג'נט, לורנס לאו, תומס ס. סודהוף, הרולד א. וארמוס, אדוורד מוסר, אריאל פורסטןברג, קרלוס זמברנו אנקלדה, סנטוס וֵרה סנדובאל, רומן פאוסטינו פרננדס אדריאנו, פדריקו פרננדס אדריאנו, רוברט לנגר, אנריקה ורסטגי פלאס, לואיס אלברטו פינצ'י פאסאננדו, יואכים פרנק, לואיס אמפארו גרימלדו ספאטה, אוסקר סנטאמריה בארטו, ויקטור ראול יקטאיו קסטיו; וכן אדולפו פרס אסקיבֵל, סוניה ווינר, רוג'ר פיטרסן, ג'נט ילן, ריקרדו גלפי, אלברטו ברבירי, דניס תומפסון, סאלי קורנבלות, איטלה אנדראה פרגונטגי גארפה, מגדה פורטל, דליה אליזבת סוריטה אספינוסה, ג'נלה בריגיטה אגירה אובנדו, חוספינה מירו קסאדה גיוסו, דניאל צ'אפאן, דניאל אליה, מיגל אגילאר, תרזה זמוידיו אוחדה, ריצ'רד לוברה הררה, מרטין איסלה, סזאר צ'מברגו רוחאס, חסוס רוחאס, אנחל אטונקר גוטיירס, ליאנדרו ורגרה, אנה אריאס, ויקטור ראול האיה דה לה טורה, חוסה קרלוס מריאטגי לה צ'ירה, לואיס אלברטו פליקס סנצ'ז סנצ'ז, ברנרדו הוסאי, סזאר מילשטיין, לואיס פדריקו לֶלוֹאר, תומאס ורנג'י, ופרנסיסקו מירו קסאדה קנטואריאס.
הספר מוקדש גם למחווה למורים המבריקים והמַשְׁרִים השראה לנוער ולמשפטנים הדגולים מיגל אנחל סיורו קלדאני ומרתה מינואו.
מעל לכל, הספר מוקדש לישוע המשיח ולאל הכול יכול, השם יתברך, אשר לו אודה תמיד על ברכותיו והגנתו בזמנים קשים.
שלום!
בכבוד רב,
לואיס דויד פרננדס זמברנוAugust 22, 2025

The essay aims to apply the dogmatic category of private power to digital
platforms, reflecting on the status of subjective legal situations in light of the growing “proceduralization” and “administrativization” of digital constitutionalism.
The “proceduralization” of the exercise of private power, in fact, seems to represent an interesting signal for a tendency towards “administrativization” of the private sector, so that
it may be useful to recover in the legal reflection – both for the needs of dogmatic coherence and for guarantee purposes – the notion of the “legitimate interest of private law” (as an interest in the achievement or maintenance of a good of life depending on the exercise of a
power, in this case a private power): a conceptualisation, on which the Italian civil doctrine has often made important reflections, that also draws the attention of public law experts, because, in light of the letter of the art. 24 of the Italian Constitution, it does not seem necessary to limit the field of action of “legitimate interest” to the sphere of the relations
between private individuals and public administrations.
This theorical proposal, as it will be showed, seems to correspond to certain tendencies of positive law (and, in particular, EU law), especially with regard to the “right to be forgotten” and to the procedural guarantees of the freedom of expression provided by the Digital Services Act.

Elaboramos neste texto um estudo de caso sobre a cobertura feita pelos órgãos de comunicação social portugueses de um duplo homicídio cometido em 1999. O autor do crime (“Tójó”) era filho das vítimas e membro de uma banda musical de death metal, um género por vezes associado ao satanismo. Esta relação seria aproveitada por vários meios de comunicação social durante quase duas décadas. Após um levantamento exaustivo de notícias, procedemos a uma análise de conteúdo seguida de uma análise do discurso, salientando as implicações éticas e sociais das práticas jornalísticas observadas.

L'ascesa del potere tecnocratico nell'era della smaterializzazione digitale La peculiarità di questo nuovo potere risiede proprio nella sua capacità di operare attraverso quella che Byung-Chul Han chiama "psicopolitica", ovvero un controllo che non si esercita più sui corpi ma sulle menti, attraverso la seduzione dell'interfaccia digitale e la manipolazione del desiderio. 5 Febbraio 2025 Nel panorama contemporaneo assistiamo a una profonda trasformazione delle dinamiche di potere tradizionali, dove i cosiddetti "tecnoligarchi"-i proprietari delle maggiori piattaforme digitali-stanno emergendo come attori politici di primaria importanza, sfidando apertamente le istituzioni democratiche tradizionali. Questo fenomeno si inserisce in quello che Byung-Chul Han definisce come l'era delle "noncose", dove il potere non si esercita più attraverso il controllo degli oggetti materiali, ma attraverso la gestione delle informazioni e dei flussi digitali. La smaterializzazione del potere, secondo Han, non lo rende meno reale o meno pervasivo; al contrario, la sua natura intangibile lo rende più capillare e più difficile da contrastare. Come evidenziato nel pensiero di Stefano Rodotà, ci troviamo di fronte a un fenomeno che sfida le tradizionali categorie giuridiche della dicotomia pubblico-privato.

The paper presents methodological instructions on how to deal with the definition of unreasonable conditions in the food commerce sector in § 3 par. 5 letter ab) of the Act no. 91/2019 Coll. It is a definition of an indeterminate concept by another indeterminate concept. However, legal methodology offers several tools for the interpretation of indeterminate terms - either provided by the legislator or by the application practice and previous case law. However, the responsibility for the correct interpretation in such a case primarily falls onto lawyers working in the food law sector.

Il presente articolo enuclea il tema del contrasto alla disinformazione online nell'ambito di contesti elettorali, muovendo dalle vicende che hanno portato all'annullamento delle elezioni presidenziali della Romania del dicembre 2024. In particolare, si propone di riflettere sul contributo della Corte costituzionale rumena alla raffinazione della nozione di disinformazione online, al fine di comprenderne la potenziale influenza sul processo decisionale avviato dalla Commissione europea ai sensi del Digital Services Act.

This study explored the trends in newspaper circulation and the impact of digital technologies on newspaper distribution in Southwest Nigeria. It investigated the trend in circulation and patronage of five common newspapers between 2018 and 2021, in the Southwest zone, and the factors affecting newspaper demand and patronage in the region. Anchored on the Mediamorphosis theory, the study adopted a mixed-methods approach to generate its data. It adopted a documentary analysis through examination of distributors' logbooks for circulation records of five leading newspapers at distribution offices in Lagos, Oyo, Ogun, Osun, Ekiti, and Ondo States. The quantitative data was analysed using simple percentage tables to show year-by-year trends in performances by the newspapers. Qualitative data was generated through in-depth interviews with 12 newspaper distributors at two in each of the six states in the zone. The interview data were transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis, aided by NVivo 14 software. Key findings revealed that digital disruption has significantly eroded newspaper circulation across Southwest Nigeria. It was also discovered, through analysis of the in-depth interviews, that beyond digital transformation, socioeconomic factors and infrastructure gaps critically hinder newspaper circulation. Poor road networks, unreliable transportation, and weak distribution systems, especially in rural areas, affected the timely delivery of newspapers, while the nation's economic challenge eroded individuals' purchasing power, which affected newspaper demands and patronage. In addition, the availability of free news on the internet and newspaper reviews on radio affected printed newspapers. The study concluded that newspaper circulation in Southwest Nigeria is on a sustained decline due to the combined effects of digital disruption, economic hardship, and infrastructural limitations. It is recommended that, to remain relevant and profitable, newspapers should adopt a hybrid model that blends print with robust digital platforms and enter into partnerships with logistics firms and community-based distribution hubs to overcome delivery challenges.

This research paper examines the multifaceted legal, ethical, and industry-specific dimensions of disclosing trade secrets by whistleblowers across various jurisdictions, with a comparative historical analysis of trade secret evolution in ancient Indian texts. It explores legal frameworks in the European Union, United States, Ukraine, and Nigeria, highlighting protections and gaps for whistleblowers under laws such as the EU Whistleblowing Directive and the U.S. Defend Trade Secrets Act. The paper delves into motivations driving whistleblowers, ethical dilemmas balancing public interest and proprietary rights, and industry-specific challenges, particularly in the extractive and technology sectors. Additionally, it traces the historical development of trade secrets in ancient Indian texts like the Arthashastra and Manusmriti, analyzing their implications for commerce, social structures, and cultural norms, with comparisons to other ancient civilizations. Key trade secret case studies, such as DuPont v. Christopher and Pepsico v. Redmond, underscore evolving legal doctrines. The paper also addresses contemporary challenges in protecting trade secrets in the health and food industries amidst digitalization and reverse engineering. It concludes with recommendations for harmonizing legal protections to foster transparency while safeguarding innovation.

Pride Month, celebrated every June, is an annual event dedicated to honoring the LGBTQ+ (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender, Queer/Questioning, and others) community. Its origins trace back to the Stonewall Riots of June 1969, a pivotal moment when LGBTQ+ individuals in New York resisted systemic police oppression. What began as a moment of defiance has evolved into a global movement championing equality, visibility, and justice. Why Pride Month Matters in 2025: 1. Visibility and Representation: Despite progress in some regions, LGBTQ+ individuals continue to face societal invisibility. Pride

I social media sono sempre più brodo di coltura della propaganda politica, a opera soprattutto dei soggetti della nuova destra. Attraverso strategie opache e non di rado fraudolente-come account falsi, campagne di disinformazione, deepfake e propaganda mascherata-creano un ecosistema comunicativo parallelo, che scavalca i media tradizionali e svuota la sfera pubblica.

In Italia, come in altri paesi, il settore dell'influencer marketing è regolato
principalmente dalle norme sulla pubblicità e tutela dei consumatori, che si estendono
anche al mondo digitale.
Tra le fonti giuridiche in materia quelle di maggior rilievo sono il Codice del Consumo,
le linee guida dell'Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato (AGCM) e le
normative europee come il Regolamento Generale sulla Protezione dei Dati (GDPR).
Si tratta come appare evidente di una serie di normative che, pur non essendo
specificamente pensate per questa categoria, risultano applicabili alle loro attività. Ciò
non dovrebbe stupire chi – come chi scrive – ritiene che non abbiamo bisogno di nuove
norme sempre più specifiche, ma di norme scritte meglio, più ampie, generali, e tali che
il singolo davvero non possa dirsi “ignaro”.

Lubango, Novembro/2024 Resumo O presente trabalho enquadra-se no âmbito da Prova Pública de Aptidão Pedagógica e Científica para provimento nas Categorias da Carreira Docente, concretamente na categoria de Assistente, com o fito de abordar a figura do arguido e do coarguido enquanto sujeitos processuais que será submetido à uma aula de apresentação para a respectiva avaliação. Neste sentido, apresentamos de forma singela os sujeitos processuais, com maior destaque para as figuras do arguido e do coarguido, embora, este último, não esteja especificamente previsto, isto é, não tem um capítulo exclusivo contemplado na lei Processual Penal, tampouco um estatuto próprio, diferente do que acontece com o arguido. Entretanto, é considerado como um meio de prova, à semelhança do arguido e de maneira esporádica é 1 mencionado ao longo do CPP. Outrossim, a figura do coarguido é típica nos megaprocessos que culminam necessariamente com a constituição de vários arguidos, sendo cada um portador de conhecimento probatório a respeito do outro, e se tem verificado massivamente no âmbito da criminalidade organizada. Todavia, enquanto meio de prova, legalmente aceite, o conhecimento probatório de um arguido sobre o outro constitui um grande incentivo à negociação processual que deturpa a pureza da prova processual, trazendo-a e considerando no processo uma prova maculada. Deste modo, nos propusemos a abordar a figura destes sujeitos processuais, realçando o seu estatuto, bem como o enquadramento legal e doutrinal da figura do co-arguido.

Este artículo se apoya en los trabajos realizados por el Grupo de Estudios sobre Afecciones al Planeamiento (GREAP) del que forman parte los autores. Una información más detallada sobre los informes sectoriales que se examinan pueden consultarse en

Article Type: Research Article Supervising administrative contracts is necessary for an administrative system to provide efficient services to the public. It is important to note that administrative contracts are the most significant gate to corruption in governmental administrations. Therefore, controlling this kind of corruption is essential for increasing the efficiency of the government and protecting the rights of the public. Supervising administrative contracts is a legal mechanism which prevents corruption by high-ranking officials and guarantees public rights. In this paper, the characteristics of administrative contracts and the methods and bodies for their oversight within the Iranian legal system will be examined. The findings of the study show that in Iranian legal system, the oversight of administrative contracts is insufficient due to ambiguities in the relevant laws and regulation and the lack or weakness of exclusive supervisory authorities. It seems that the enactment of a specific law on the oversight of administrative contracts will solve this problem.

Seminario internazionale nell’ambito della settimanadi riflessione (26-30 maggio 2025) promossa dall’Associazione Italiana dei Professori di Diritto Penale (AIPDP) su "politica criminale e principi costituzionali, a margine del decreto-sicurezza (d.l. n.48/2025), in collaborazione con le Associazioni dei professori di diritto penale di Spagna, Argentina, Brasile, Cile

Después de la aplicación intensiva del modelo de comunicación populista por el gobierno de la Cuarta Transformación a partir de 2018 y las secuencias ocasionadas sobre la opinión pública, fue indispensable la intervención del sistema de justica establecido en la República mexicana para poner un mínimo orden legítimo en el funcionamiento de la dinámica mediática del gobierno de la izquierda nacionalista. La implementación de la “estrategia sanadora” de la comunicación política nacional por el régimen lopezobradorista ocasionó graves excesos y transgresiones a los derechos humanos y a las garantías constitucionales ciudadanas básicas que viciaron radicalmente la dinámica de difusión gubernamental.

The introduction of the new Copyright (Amendment) Act 2022 in Malaysia aims to combat digital piracy and strengthen copyright law in the digital sphere. This aligns with Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16 which promotes peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable development and calls for effective, accountable, and inclusive institutions at all levels. By improving copyright law, Malaysia is taking steps to build effective institutions that can protect the intellectual property rights of individuals and businesses. The new Copyright Act (Amendment) 2022 introduced in Malaysia Act aims to provide access to justice for all and promote accountability in the enforcement of copyright law. The result indicated that while copyright law in Malaysia plays its role in combating digital piracy, improvements of the provisions through the Copyright (Amendment) Act 2022 such as the introduction of current new offenses aimed at tackling the latest trends of digital piracy on the internet and conferment new investigative powers to assistant copyright Controllers are needed to review to further support copyright enforcement mechanism in Malaysia. These improvements to the law are needed to further support copyright enforcement mechanisms in Malaysia and promote legal sustainability, which is a key aspect of SDG Goal 16. Hence, this article aims to explore how the Copyright Act (Amendment) Act 2022 Malaysia can be used to fight digital piracy and provide access to justice for rights holders at all levels through a new copyright enforcement measure introduced in the Act. This article employs library-based research which collects data from statutes, journals, books and case law.

Il progetto editoriale, significativamente denominato "Diritto moderno e interpretazione classica", muove dalla convinzione fondamentale secondo la quale ancor oggi -quando l'esperienza giuridica presenta una moltiplicazione, spesso confusa, di norme, dottrine, posizioninon sia possibile svolgere una critica autentica all'attività del legislatore e dell'interprete senza ricorrere a quei principi risalenti che hanno costituito la formazione del diritto in Occidente. Sono i principi che concernono la coerenza o la contraddittorietà tra i detti, la ragione deduttiva e dialettica, i limiti della conoscenza e del potere; sono i principi che diciamo classici non già, e non tanto, perché prodotti in una determinata epoca, quanto perché capaci di rivelare la loro attuale efficacia in ogni momento storico e segnatamente in quello presente. Continuando dunque un sapere antico, i testi del "progetto" tenteranno di distinguere "il troppo e il vano" di fronte a nuove tesi e nuovi problemi. In particolare, in alcuni saggi appartenenti alla serie Principî di filosofia forense, si cercherà di dare una versione organica, corredata di opportuni riferimenti culturali, della filosofia che gli attori del processo producono implicitamente nello sforzo di addivenire, attraverso il contraddittorio, a una conclusione vera per tutti.

La tesi principale del volume, che nasce da un lavoro di circa sette anni di ricerca, è che vi sia una tensione fondamentalmente irrisolta tra la capacità delle piattaforme di facilitare la partecipazione e il sistema della rappresentanza politica, la cui funzione è invece di garantire la governabilità attraverso la riduzione della partecipazione popolare al momento del voto. Come è noto, la tecnologia amplifica, estende e potenzia alcune capacità del cor- po umano, come la capacità di spostarsi nello spazio, di modifi- care le temperature di un ambiente o di estrarre risorse dal sottosuolo. Nel caso delle piattaforme, ad essere estese e potenziate so- no alcune capacità cooperative della specie umana, come la capacità di comunicare socialmente e di assumere decisioni comuni.

This article explores the role of X (formerly known as Twitter) as a modern digital space that mirrors courtroom dynamics, where public opinion often determines guilt or innocence before legal systems do. X poses issues regarding trial by public opinion even while it permits freedom of expression and offers a forum for advocacy, awareness, and social justice movements. The dual character of X as a forum for the voiceless and a place where the idea of "innocent until proven guilty" is regularly undermined is examined in this paper.

Nel caso Sky ECC, i problemi tipici della raccolta transnazionale delle prove attraverso l'ordine europeo di indagine penale si sono incrociati con la complessità delle indagini informatiche. In un contesto così intricato, diviene ancora più difficile individuare il corretto punto di equilibrio fra la tutela dei diritti fondamentali e la salvaguardia delle esigenze investigative. La sfida è di consentire agli organi inquirenti di svolgere i loro compiti evitando di compromettere in modo irreparabile il diritto alla riservatezza, le garanzie difensive e l'attendibilità delle prove acquisite

The widespread use of online social media has led to increased online harassment. This article examines the dynamics of online harassment, focusing on the creation of a “hierarchy of defamation”. It centers on the case of Roman Zadorov, initially convicted then acquitted in a 2023 retrial for the murder of Tair Rada in Israel. This study is part of a broader investigation into the Zadorov affair and social media campaigns advocating for his justice, notable for their extensive reach, reliance on primary sources, and impact. The research highlights the defamation suffered by teenagers falsely linked to the murder case. It outlines a hierarchy of defamation: (1) Individuals who voluntarily expose themselves to media attention face the most significant defamation. (2) Those who post content perceived as suspicious by activists on social media are next. (3) People whose names appear in legal materials but lack a visual presence experience milder harassment. (4) Those with concealed identities due to publication bans or investigative errors face the lowest level of harassment. Understanding this hierarchy sheds light on the dynamics of obstruction of justice campaigns and their impact on individuals’ lives.

Mi fanno quasi tenerezza, pensano di essersi liberati di noi. Ma noi sappiamo quale compagnia aerea sceglieranno per tornare a casa, quale posto e tariffa. Sappiamo chi contatteranno appena arrivati nel loro paese, di cosa hanno bisogno per essere felici, oppure tristi. Noi sappiamo tutto di loro, il passato, presente e il futuro. E sai chi ci ha dato il permesso di accedere a tutti questi dati e li ha condivisi con noi? Voi. Noi abbiamo bussato e voi ci avete fatto entrare nella vostra vita.

The first implantation of a brain chip into a human paralysis patient by Neuralink demonstrated much potential for treating debilitating neurological diseases and injuries. Nevertheless, brain chips can also be implanted in healthy people to provide an interface between the human brain with computers, robotic machines, and novel artificial intelligence platforms, which generates new ethical issues. The focus here is on the development of brain chip implants that can significantly improve memory, intelligence, and cognition, thereby boosting performance in national examinations for university admissions and securing civil service jobs, thus providing a “game-changer” and “shortcut” for many students and parents. Given that Islam is a major world religion, constituting a significant portion of the global population, it is crucial for the biomedical industry to comprehend Islamic perspectives on emerging medical technologies, which will enable it to more effectively cater to a substantial and growing demographic. We thus critically examine whether the application of brain chip technology to enhance academic performance in highly competitive examinations is consistent with Islamic principles. Based on the Islamic jurisprudential framework, such an application for intellectual enhancement of normal and healthy people without any mental impairment may conflict with the injunction to preserve intellect (Hifz al-Aql) and “consideration of consequences” (murāʿāt al-ma'ālāt) in Islam. It may also be viewed as tampering with Allah’s creation (Taghyir Khalq Allah). Gaining such unfair advantages in competitive examinations will likely be viewed as unethical, by transgressing the core Islamic precepts of Amanah (trustworthiness), Al-‘Adl (justice), Ikhlas (sincerity), and Mujahadah (striving).

This study examines whether freedom of speech in Pakistan is a genuine democratic right or merely a political slogan. While Article 19 of the Constitution guarantees free expression, it also imposes broad restrictions on speech in the name of national security, morality, and public order. By analyzing historical and contemporary instances of media censorship, this research identifies legislative restrictions, economic pressures, and violent coercion as primary 1 tools for controlling media narratives. Using a mixed-methods approach-combining archival research, journalist surveys, and expert interviews-the study evaluates the extent of press freedom in Pakistan. The findings indicate that successive governments, regardless of their political affiliations, have systematically suppressed dissent through legal frameworks such as the Pakistan Electronic Crimes Act (PECA) 2016, the Pakistan Electronic Media Regulatory Authority (PEMRA), and other coercive measures. Furthermore, digital censorship has emerged as a dominant trend, restricting free speech online. The paper suggests comprehensive legal reforms, strengthened journalistic protections, and increased international oversight to enhance press freedom in Pakistan.

RESUME: L’objet de cette étude porte sur la définition des autorités administratives indépendantes, sa genèse et son évolution au Maroc et au sein des systèmes comparés. L’étude démontre également que certaines analyses tentent de donner une définition étroite aux autorités administratives indépendantes et ne voient que celles qui s’attardent sur les décisions administratives est la seule qui peut être considérée comme une autorité administrative indépendante. Alors que d’autres analyses lui donnent une définition large estimant que le simple fait d’émettre des avis, des propositions et des recommandations suffit de la considérer comme une autorité administrative indépendante. Enfin, l’étude se focalise sur la délégation du pouvoir réglementaire aux autorités administratives indépendantes ainsi que leur participation à la décision publique

The object of this study concerns the definition of the independent administrative authorities, its genesis and its evolution in Morocco and within the compared systems. The study also demonstrates that some analyzes try to give a narrow definition to independent administrative authorities and only see those who dwell on administrative decisions as the only one that can be considered an independent administrative authority. While other analyzes give it a broad definition, estimating that the mere fact of issuing opinions, proposals and recommendations is enough to consider it an independent administrative authority. Finally, the study focuses on the delegation of regulatory power to independent administrative authorities as well as their participation in public decision-making.

l'I.R.D.A Résumé L'expression artistique participe, selon la Cour européenne des droits de l'homme, de l'échange d'idées et d'opinions indispensable à une société démocratique. L'approche fonctionnelle de la liberté d'expression n'a cependant pas conduit la Cour à reconnaître à l'artiste une liberté formelle spécifique. Il en est résulté une faible protection de l'expression artistique dans les domaines où la Cour européenne reconnaît aux Etats une certaine marge d'appréciation. Justifiée par la diversité des communautés culturelles, la marge d'appréciation trouve cependant sa limite dans la reconnaissance d'un patrimoine culturel commun. Protégée au titre de la liberté d'expression par l'article 10 de la Convention européenne des droits de l'homme, l'expression artistique a néanmoins longtemps constitué une forme d'expression peu valorisée par la Cour européenne relativement à la liberté d'expression journalistique. La conception fonctionnelle de la liberté d'expression, dont le rôle primordial est souligné par la Cour dans une société démocratique, ainsi que les critères posés afin d'apprécier la nécessité et la proportionnalité d'une ingérence, conduisent en effet à privilégier certains contenus politiques, informatifs, por-(*) L'arrêt peut être consulté, avec d'autres documents, par un lien sur la page correspondant au présent article sur le site www.rtdh.eu («Documents proposés»). this Jurisquare copy is licenced to 50221-0 2d89cddc-057a-415c-9d72-165641c9d3d3 918 Rev. trim. dr. h. (84/2010) (1) Voy. «Condamnation d'une entrave à l'accès du public à une oeuvre du patrimoine littéraire européen», zoom par M.

The paper describes EU standards, which set out the rules of applying one of the most effective tools used for combating online piracy, namely blocking injunctions issued against various types of online intermediaries due to copyright infringements. The author analysed the rules which have been shaped in European law and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). Against this backdrop, the differences which have emerged in the process of applying injunctions in some EU Member States have been discussed. The paper also describes the specific nature of Polish circumstances in this respect, based on the judgments of Polish courts, referring directly or indirectly to injunctions issued against online intermediaries.