Papers by AGBAGHARE D A N I E L Enajeme
The global depletion of fossil fuel reserves, environmental degradation, and the urgent need for ... more The global depletion of fossil fuel reserves, environmental degradation, and the urgent need for sustainable energy solutions have accelerated research into bioethanol as a renewable, lowcarbon alternative. This review examines recent advances in feedstocks, pretreatment methods, and fermentation technologies for bioethanol production, highlighting their potential to enhance process efficiency, economic viability, and environmental sustainability. First-generation (1G) bioethanol, derived from edible sugar and starchbased crops, faces food security challenges, while second-generation (2G) lignocellulosic biomass is hindered by recalcitrance and high processing costs. Third-generation (3G) feedstocks, such as algae, offer high yields and low land competition but face cultivation and scale-up barriers. Innovations in feedstock utilization including agroindustrial wastes, pulp residues, marine macroalgae, and fruit peels, demonstrate improved conversion efficiency, reduced pretreatment severity, and enhanced coproduct valorization. Advanced pretreatment methods, such as surfactant-assisted hydrolysis, organosolv fractionation, and combined low-severity chemical and enzymatic approaches, significantly improve enzymatic digestibility, minimize inhibitor formation, and reduce chemical consumption. Fermentation advancements, from conventional Separate Hydrolysis and Fermentation (SHF) to integrated approaches like Simultaneous Saccharification and Fermentation (SSF), Simultaneous Saccharification and Co-Fermentation (SSCF), Simultaneous Saccharification, Filtration, and Fermentation (SSFF), and Direct Microbial Conversion/Consolidated Bioprocessing (DMC/CBP), enable higher ethanol yields, efficient pentose utilization, and reduced operational costs. Collectively, these technological developments pave the way for more sustainable, scalable, and economically competitive bioethanol production systems.
This work examined the comparative potential of starch and flour obtained from two non-edible tub... more This work examined the comparative potential of starch and flour obtained from two non-edible tuberous plants Anchomanes difformis blume (ADB) and Icacina trichantha oliv (ITO) for glucose and bioethanol production. Acid hydrolysis using sulfuric and hydrochloric acids, alongside enzymatic hydrolysis using α-amylase and amyloglucosidase, was employed to convert the biomass into fermentable sugars. The optimal glucose yield from acid hydrolysis was recorded with 0.25 M sulfuric acid at 120 °C for 45 minutes, with ADB starch yielding 28.41 g/L, the flour yielded 20.69 g/L and ITO starch yielding 22.09 g/L while flour yielded 20.42g/L. Fermentation using Saccharomyces cerevisiae showed maximum ethanol yields of 9.6 g/L and 8.92 g/L from ADB and ITO, respectively. While starch samples consistently yielded higher glucose and ethanol concentrations, flour samples demonstrated greater economic efficiency due to reduced processing requirements and higher net output per gram of raw biomass. Enzymatic hydrolysis further enhanced yields, with ADB and ITO achieving up to 26.09 g/L and 23.62 g/L ethanol, respectively. Overall, both ADB and ITO, particularly in flour form, offer viable alternatives to conventional starch feedstocks for sustainable bioethanol production.
This study demonstrates the importance of understanding the thermodynamic and kinetics aspects of... more This study demonstrates the importance of understanding the thermodynamic and kinetics aspects of adsorption processes considering the attention drawn towards improving the adsorptive behaviours of fattyacids soaps onto calcite. In view of the nexus between the surface tension of solutions of fatty acid soaps, traveling microscope was used to measure the concentrations of adsorbate filtrates with which parameters for five adsorption isotherm models namely; Langmuir, Fruendlich, D-R, Temkin and Elovich were employed in assessing the adsorption behaviour of sodium palmitate on calcite in aquous solution. Despite the high correlation R 2 values of 0.9466 and 0.9732 shown by Langmuir and Fruendlich isotherms respectively, the Temkin isotherm having the highest R 2 value of 0.9821 indicates an excellent fit between the experimental data, suggesting that the model accurately describes the adsorption process of palmitate on calcite. The Temkin isotherm assumes a uniform adsorption energy, implying that the adsorption process occurred with a consistent energy distribution with the AT value of 0.205 L/mg signifying a moderate adsorption capacity and that palmitate molecules were effectively adsorbed from the solution. The bT value (0.986 L/g) point to a strong interaction between palmitate and calcite, suggesting that the adsorption process is favorable and the adsorption process occurred with a consistent energy distribution. The initial rate increased with increase in initial concentration. The high frequency factor and the low activation energy values determined were 8.58 x 10 6 s-1 and 9.14 J/mol.K respectively inferring that the the reaction proceeds relatively fast due to increased collision and low steric hindrance in the adsorption reaction. Palmititate therefore, is a reliable adsorbate for the concentration of calcite in mineral beneficiation and/or flotation.
This study investigated the effects of the degree of substitution (DS) on the characteristics of ... more This study investigated the effects of the degree of substitution (DS) on the characteristics of acetylated starches and reviewed the kinetics and thermodynamics of starch acetylation. Kinetics of starch acetylation may be highly correlated for zero, first, or second order. Also covered was the speculative use of pseudo pseudo-first and second order models. Negative entropy and enthalpy mathematical mechanisms were examined, and their use is pertinent in exposing the catalystdependent spontaneity of acetylation reactions. Following pseudo-first and second order kinetics with a correlation coefficient and the Arrhenius law to determine the effect of temperature on the rate constant, the process was considered a surface reaction in which hydroxyl groups might be substituted with acetate groups.Deep insights into the spontaneity of the starch acetylation reaction were provided by the application of strategic determination of thermodynamic parameters, which was evaluated equally hypothetically. Knowing these procedures makes it easier to optimize starch acetylation industrially, producing modified starches with better qualities for a range of uses.
This study comparatively investigated the sorption of sodium laureate, sodium palmitate and sodiu... more This study comparatively investigated the sorption of sodium laureate, sodium palmitate and sodium oleate on barite in aqueous solution taking into consideration the effect of molecular architecture (hydrocarbon chain length and degree of unsaturation) on the sorption mechanism. The effects of initial concentration, pH, adsorbent dosages, temperature and contact time for each of the adsorbates were investigated and the results obtained were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms and Pseudo first and Second orders. Adsorption of sodium laureate, sodium palmitate and sodium oleate on barite increases with increase in contact time, pH, temperature and initial concentration while increase in adsorbent dosage decreases spontaneously in all cases. Values of the correlation coefficients, shows that Langmuir isotherm is best for describing the adsorption of sodium laureate and sodium oleate onto barite in aqueous solution as compared to the Freundlich isotherm. For sodium palmitate, the Freundlich isotherm is best for describing the adsorption. From the R 2 values of pseudo-first and pseudo-second orders, it can be observed that pseudo-second order is the best fit kinetic model for describing the adsorption of all three soap molecules on barite. Specifically, in terms of correlation, Napalmitate>Naoleate>Nalaureate. The adsorption capacity qe values for the pseudo-second order are 1.02, 2.05 and 1.13 for each of the soap similar to the K2 respectively. It has been confirmed in this study that molecular architecture of fatty acids (specifically sodium laureate, palmitate and oleate) significantly influences their adsorption behavior on barite surfaces in aqueous solutions. Chain length promotes stronger hydrophobic interaction, while unsaturation introduces (cisdouble bonds) structural kinks that reduce packing density. Palmitic acid, due to its long, saturated chain, exhibits the highest adsorption affinity and stability, while oleic acid offers a balance of surface activity and molecular flexibility. Lauric acid, though more soluble, demonstrates lower adsorption potential due to its short chain and weaker interactions. The positive change in ∆H o showed that the reactions were endothermic and the increasing randomness of soap molecules is driven by the positive values of ∆S o with the highest form of randomness in pamitate>oleate>laureate. The values of the standard free energy are beyond 0 and-20 kJ/mol, asserting that the adsorption is physico-chemical sorption mechanism, reflecting the influence of physico-chemical interactions between the soap molecules and barite. This can also be asserted to the molecular architecture which favours the adsorption of the three acids in order of palmitate>oleate>laureate due to the influence of chain length and degree of saturation. The finding of this study underlines the importance of understanding the interaction between different surfactants and barite surfaces, which can have implication in mineral.
Adsorbates adsorption on adsorbent is a complex process and this study analyzed critically adsorp... more Adsorbates adsorption on adsorbent is a complex process and this study analyzed critically adsorption mechanisms
using theoretical perspectives. Although considerable advances have been made in understanding the isolated role
played by various system properties, theoretical developments have not been rigorous and they lag behind
experimental and conceptual developments. Some of the experimental difficulties and theoretical complexities that are
responsible for the slow development of a unifying adsorption model covering a range of adsorbates-adsorbent
combinations have been analyzed critically from adsorption principle, experimental algorithms for obtaining
adsorption and adsorption kinetics parameters as well as the adsorption parameters analysis using different
adsorption, kinetic and thermodynamic models. the sudden decrease of adsorption densities of pH, temperature and
adsorbent dosage after successive increase as been explained to be as a result of the effect of H+ and/or OH- ions,
intermolecular forces and/or weakening of the attractive forces due to excessive heat energy at higher temperature.
The nexus between existing adsorption models such as Stern-Grahame and Equilibrium Constant (𝐾𝑐), Henry and
Arrhenius laws, Langmuir isotherm and thermodynamic variables (𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑒𝑞,∆𝐺𝑜, ∆𝐻𝑜𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑆𝑜), Langmuir and Stern
Grahame’s isotherm equations and pseudo first and second kinetic models were analyzed. The major individual
contributions to the overall energy of adsorption have been identified and discussed for effective analysis of adsorption
mechanisms and systems.
American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2025
Background: The differences in time and geographical locations has significant effect on the mine... more Background: The differences in time and geographical locations has significant effect on the mineral and phytochemical compositions of plants. Dacryodes Edulis obtained in June at Idu market, Abuja, FCT Nigeria, is a plant wildly grown in Nigeria especially in the tropical and semi tropical region and humid climate. The proximate, mineral, and phytochemical components of Dacryodes Edulis was examined in this study. Methods: The proximate constituent analysis was carried out using the Association of Official Analytical Chemist method. The mineral and phytochemical analyses were carried out using Flame Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy and standard procedures respectively. Results: The result of proximate analysis showed that Dacryodes Edulis consists of 1.96±0.01% moisture, 4.22±0.27% crude protein, 33.74±0.66% for crude fat, 9.67±0.29% ash and 50.41±0.61% carbohydrate. The mineral constituents showed that Dacryodes Edulis contains 272.0+3.00mg/g Iron, 10072.45+1.00mg/g Potassium, 8.40+0.20mg/g Copper, 4461.95+1.01mg/g Calcium and 756.67+0.90mg/g Magnesium. Conclusion: The results of African pear pericarp showed favorable comparisons in terms of moisture content, crude fat, crude protein, ash content, and carbohydrate content with the African pear seed. The findings indicated that eating enough African pear fruit pericarp could significantly help meet human nutritional needs for healthy growth and sufficient defense against diseases brought on by malnutrition.
American Journal of Applied Chemistry, 2025
Background: The differences in time and geographical locations has significant effect on the mine... more Background: The differences in time and geographical locations has significant effect on the mineral and phytochemical compositions of plants. Dacryodes Edulis obtained in June at Idu market, Abuja, FCT Nigeria, is a plant wildly grown in Nigeria especially in the tropical and semi tropical region and humid climate. The proximate, mineral, and phytochemical components of Dacryodes Edulis was examined in this study. Methods: The proximate constituent analysis was carried out using the Association of Official Analytical Chemist method. The mineral and phytochemical analyses were carried out using Flame Atomic Adsorption Spectroscopy and standard procedures respectively. Results: The result of proximate analysis showed that Dacryodes Edulis consists of 1.96±0.01% moisture, 4.22±0.27% crude protein, 33.74±0.66% for crude fat, 9.67±0.29% ash and 50.41±0.61% carbohydrate. The mineral constituents showed that Dacryodes Edulis contains 272.0+3.00mg/g Iron, 10072.45+1.00mg/g Potassium, 8.40+0.20mg/g Copper, 4461.95+1.01mg/g Calcium and 756.67+0.90mg/g Magnesium. Conclusion: The results of African pear pericarp showed favorable comparisons in terms of moisture content, crude fat, crude protein, ash content, and carbohydrate content with the African pear seed. The findings indicated that eating enough African pear fruit pericarp could significantly help meet human nutritional needs for healthy growth and sufficient defense against diseases brought on by malnutrition.
Oxides assessment of different brands of cement in Nigeria, 2024
The composition of Portland cement largely depends on the raw mix design consisting majorly of li... more The composition of Portland cement largely depends on the raw mix design consisting majorly of lime (CaO), silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3) and ferrite (Fe2O3) which configurations largely defines the quality of the final product. In this study, ten different brands of cement (labelled A-J) randomly obtained from different Nigerian markets were assessed for their physicochemical properties in accordance with the Nigerian Industrial Standard. The results obtained were compared to the Nigerian Industrial Standard (NIS), British Standard (BS) and others. Most of the samples met required specifications with the exception of few. Sample D with 2-and 7-days compressive strengths of 1.5N/mm2 and 9.8N/mm2 respectively is below standard specifications of NIS. In similar vein, the 28 days compressive strengths for samples D (25.9N/mm2), E (42.0N/mm2) and F (40.7N/mm2) are similarly below the BS and NIS. This can be attributed to the low amounts of CaO in the respective samples. The high levels of additives (above NIN specification) as indicated in the Loss on Ignition (LOI) of samples A (8.09%), C (7.43), D (14.56%), E (10.99%), F (11.22%), G (7.83%), H (7.74%), I (7.70%) and J (9.16%) could be responsible for the relatively low values of SiO2 in the samples. The variation of aluminum oxide in the different brands are within advisable range. It is imperative therefore to recommend that use of additives in cement production be applied with moderation and compliance to standards by cement manufacturers should be a paramount objective with optimal consistency.
Management Strategies for Net-Zero Emissions for Nigeria's Sub-National Level
Achieving net-zero emissions at the Nigeria's subnational levels begins with the adoption of Nige... more Achieving net-zero emissions at the Nigeria's subnational levels begins with the adoption of Nigeria's commitment at the UNFCCC COP 21 and COP 26 which translate into the Nationally Determined Contributions towards a global temperature increase below 20C, and Carbon Neutrality by 2060. Given that the Climate Change Act (2021) and Energy Transition Plan are in place, the gap is clearly viewed in terms of implementation strategies. The sub-national regions require an intricate balance of innovative management strategies tailored to their individually unique local contexts. This paper explores the multifaceted improvement in energy efficiency, reforestation initiatives, and the promotion of smart, sustainable mining activities, regenerative and sustainable agricultural practices. Integrating these strategies involves enhancing policy frameworks, leveraging technology, and promoting inclusivity through community enlightenment, education, awareness creation and engagement. In addition, the study emphasises multi-stakeholder collaboration between government, private sector, and civil society as an essential pathway to ensuring effective and measurable implementation and scalability. By adopting and revising the comprehensive management strategies proposed by this study, Nigeria's sub-national entities approach necessary to address the diverse economic, environmental, and social landscapes that must be considered as key strategies for nationwide net-zero attainment. These include the adoption of renewable energy sources, can significantly contribute to the national goal of achieving net-zero emissions, while also fostering economic development (through innovation and adaptation) and building resilience to the impacts driven by climate change.
Levels and quality impacts of additives in cement brands in Nigeria
Ten cement samples (labeled A-J) commonly used for construction works in Nigeria were taken from ... more Ten cement samples (labeled A-J) commonly used for construction works in Nigeria were taken from different parts of the country. Their physicochemical parameters were tested in accordance with the Nigerian Industrial Standard, NIS 445-2003, and other associated standards. From the results obtained, all the samples, except B, indicated presence of various levels of additives. Samples (C, I, H, G, A, J, and F) with additive levels manifesting in the form of loss on ignition (LOI) between 5% and 11.2% were still able to satisfy the standard requirements for strength classes of 32.5N/32.5R and 42.5N/42.5R. None of the 10 samples tested met the standard requirements for strength class of 52.5N/52.5R. However, the study revealed that as from LOI above 9.2%, the LOI increases with decreasing compressive strength. In line with this trend, Sample D with LOI = 14.56% came up with a 28 days compressive strength of 25.9 N/mm 2 which is clearly below the minimum standard requirement of 32.5 N/mm 2. D is, therefore, a substandard sample. Application of substandard cement in building construction can lead to structural failure.
Federalism and Water Management in Nigeria, 2024
Nigeria is a Federation of 36 states, 774 local governments, and the Federal Capital Territory (F... more Nigeria is a Federation of 36 states, 774 local governments, and the Federal Capital Territory (FCT). The country is divided into 8 hydrological areas drained mainly by the Rivers Niger and Benue and their numerous minor tributaries as well as inland lakes. In addition, the country has an annual rainfall of about 4000mm in the southeast and 300mm in the extreme northeast as well as surface and groundwater resources of about 267.3 billion cubic metres and 51.9 billion cubic metres respectively. However, Nigeria's abundance water potential has remained largely untapped, leading to underutilization of the resources and unmet water and sanitation needs, with only about half of Nigerians having access to safe drinking water and about 32% having access to sanitation. Water resource management in Nigeria faces enormous challenges including weak institutional framework, weak data, increasing population growth, and climate change. These problems are further complicated by the Federal structure of the country which vests the three levels of government (Federal, State and Local Governments) with overlapping responsibility for water resource management, thus leading to fragmentation, duplication and lack of inter-sectoral coordination. This paper examines these issues, focusing on water policies, laws and reforms; institutional and regulatory frameworks; and the intergovernmental ramifications of these interactions, including Federal interventions, and politics of water related to states' and groups' rights.
Kinetic Analysis of the Sorption Removal of Copper (II) from Aqueous Solution by Plantain Peel, 2024
Introduction: In this study, the removal of toxic metals Cu (II) from aqueous solution has been i... more Introduction: In this study, the removal of toxic metals Cu (II) from aqueous solution has been investigated with the aim of detoxifying industrial effluents before their safe disposal onto land or into the river. Method: A low-cost natural adsorbent, plantain peel was used to remove Cu (II) ions from the aqueous solution. The effects of initial concentration, pH, contact time, and adsorbent dosage rate of adsorption on adsorption efficiency were investigated. Results: Generally, the result showed an increase in removal efficiency with an increase in contact time and a decrease in initial concentration. The kinetic study revealed that the pseudo-second-order model is suitable to explain all our experimental data. The adsorption equilibrium data correlate well with the Langmuir adsorption model, having a higher regression coefficient (R 2) value than the Freundlich model. The results showed that the adsorption capacity of plantain peel powder for Cu (II) ion removal is 217 mg/g. Conclusion: The high adsorption capacity of the tested adsorbents makes it a preferable, very cheap, and environment-friendly alternative adsorption material.
Electrochemical Cell and Arrhenius Law: A Hypothetical Dimension, 2024
This study looked at potential hypothetical mathematical correlations between the activation ener... more This study looked at potential hypothetical mathematical correlations between the activation energy in Arrhenius' concept of how temperature affects equilibrium constant and the standard electrode potential of a redox reaction in an electrochemical cell. The investigation also revealed further connections between a cell's standard electrode potential and the activation energy, rate constant, enthalpy change, and Gibbs free energy. Therefore, in order to improve the analysis of scientific data, particularly in the fields of bioelectrochemical, electrophoretic, and photoelectric research, this study suggests expanding on electrochemical equations.
Concern has been raised about the necessity of separating barite from other minerals. When barite... more Concern has been raised about the necessity of separating barite from other minerals. When barite needs to be separated from other minerals, sodiumoleate, also known as napoleate, works well as an adsorbate. The purpose of this work is to examine the impact of temperature, pH, and contact duration on different Na-oleate adsorption methods onto barite. The change in the oleate concentration was used to determine the adsorption of sodium oleate on barite. In a batch adsorption experiment, sodium hydroxide and NaOH solution were combined with oleic acid in different flasks to create sodium oleate. To flasks containing Na-oleate, 1g of purified barite was added. A mechanical shaker was used to shake the specimen flasks and their contents for one hour. After stirring, the contents of each flask were given another 30 minutes to settle. Filter paper was used to filter the contents of the flask. Following filtering, the concentration of each filtrate was red-marked from the calibration graph by measuring the surface tension of each filtrate using a traveling microscope. The investigation's findings demonstrate that the first-order reaction kinetics are followed by the initial rate of Na-oleate adsorption onto barite. This study indicates that adsorption of Naoleate onto calcite increases at low pH values than higher pH. The amount of Na-oleate adsorbed onto calcite increases gradually as temperature increases from 303K to 313K. Beyond optimum temperature 322K, adsorption of Na-oleate on barite decreases rapidly. This study indicates optimum contact time of 80 min on adsorption process of Na-oleate onto calcite. Also this study indicates that adsorption of Na-oleate onto barite is pH dependent. Barite-oleate formation first increases with increasing Na-oleate concentration. At low pH 4, adsorption of Na-oleate onto barite increases, whereas adsorption decreases at high pH 9. Result also demonstrates that pseudo 2nd order offered an excellent fitting in the adsorption of oleate on barite, furthermore, the Langmuir adsorption isotherm favors the interaction between oleate ions and barite more than the Freundlich's isotherm, with the Langmiur isotherm's correlation coefficient (0.9728) being greater than the Freundlich's isotherm (0.9626). The trend of decreasing ∆G O negative values as temperature rises suggests that a higher temperature will more effectively promote oleate adsorption on barite.
Book Reviews by AGBAGHARE D A N I E L Enajeme
World Journal of Advanced Research and Reviews, 2025
Adsorbates adsorption on adsorbent is a complex process and this study analyzed critically adsorp... more Adsorbates adsorption on adsorbent is a complex process and this study analyzed critically adsorption mechanisms using theoretical perspectives. Although considerable advances have been made in understanding the isolated role played by various system properties, theoretical developments have not been rigorous and they lag behind experimental and conceptual developments. Some of the experimental difficulties and theoretical complexities that are responsible for the slow development of a unifying adsorption model covering a range of adsorbates-adsorbent combinations have been analyzed critically from adsorption principle, experimental algorithms for obtaining adsorption and adsorption kinetics parameters as well as the adsorption parameters analysis using different adsorption, kinetic and thermodynamic models. the sudden decrease of adsorption densities of pH, temperature and adsorbent dosage after successive increase as been explained to be as a result of the effect of H + and/or OH-ions, intermolecular forces and/or weakening of the attractive forces due to excessive heat energy at higher temperature. The nexus between existing adsorption models such as Stern-Grahame and Equilibrium Constant (𝐾 𝑐), Henry and Arrhenius laws, Langmuir isotherm and thermodynamic variables (𝑙𝑛𝐾 𝑒𝑞 , ∆𝐺 𝑜 , ∆𝐻 𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑆 𝑜), Langmuir and Stern-Grahame's isotherm equations and pseudo first and second kinetic models were analyzed. The major individual contributions to the overall energy of adsorption have been identified and discussed for effective analysis of adsorption mechanisms and systems.
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Papers by AGBAGHARE D A N I E L Enajeme
using theoretical perspectives. Although considerable advances have been made in understanding the isolated role
played by various system properties, theoretical developments have not been rigorous and they lag behind
experimental and conceptual developments. Some of the experimental difficulties and theoretical complexities that are
responsible for the slow development of a unifying adsorption model covering a range of adsorbates-adsorbent
combinations have been analyzed critically from adsorption principle, experimental algorithms for obtaining
adsorption and adsorption kinetics parameters as well as the adsorption parameters analysis using different
adsorption, kinetic and thermodynamic models. the sudden decrease of adsorption densities of pH, temperature and
adsorbent dosage after successive increase as been explained to be as a result of the effect of H+ and/or OH- ions,
intermolecular forces and/or weakening of the attractive forces due to excessive heat energy at higher temperature.
The nexus between existing adsorption models such as Stern-Grahame and Equilibrium Constant (𝐾𝑐), Henry and
Arrhenius laws, Langmuir isotherm and thermodynamic variables (𝑙𝑛𝐾𝑒𝑞,∆𝐺𝑜, ∆𝐻𝑜𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∆𝑆𝑜), Langmuir and Stern
Grahame’s isotherm equations and pseudo first and second kinetic models were analyzed. The major individual
contributions to the overall energy of adsorption have been identified and discussed for effective analysis of adsorption
mechanisms and systems.
Book Reviews by AGBAGHARE D A N I E L Enajeme