Filter Bubble

Manuel Castells a "tömeges önkommunikációt" a digitális hálózatok által lehetővé tett új kommunikációs formaként határozza meg. Ez "tömeges" abban az értelemben, hogy bármely egyén üzenete potenciálisan elérheti a globális közönséget, és "önkommunikáció" abban az értelemben, hogy az üzenetet maga a felhasználó állítja elő, irányítja és választja ki, nem pedig egy központi média. Castells szavaival élve: "az üzenet előállítása önmaga által generált, [és] a potenciális fogadó(k) meghatározása önirányított". A hagyományos tömegkommunikációval ellentétben (egy a sokhoz a professzionális médián keresztül) a tömeges önkommunikáció sok-sok és peer-to-peer. Ez inkább az interaktív, vízszintes hálózatoktól függ, mint a felülről lefelé irányuló műsorszórástól. Castells megjegyzi, hogy a közösségi hálózatok és az internet térnyerése "a kommunikáció új formájának, a tömeges önkommunikációnak a felemelkedését idézte elő", és a közszféra történelmi eltolódását okozta az intézményekről (médiavállalatok, kormányok) a hálózati kommunikáció felé. Ebben a modellben a közönség "kreatív közönséggé" válik, amely a "jelentés interaktív előállításában" vesz részt, elmosva a régi határokat a küldő és a a fogadó között.

Az információs hadviselés eszközei lehetővé teszik politikai célok elérését anélkül, hogy katonai erőt alkalmaznának, kontrollált káoszt indukálva. Geraszimov hangsúlyozza egy nemzet gazdasági és katonai hatalmának aláásását pszichológiai és információs befolyás révén. A közösségi média, amely mélyen beépült a mindennapokba, ideális közvetítőként szolgál ezekhez a műveletekhez, azonnali visszajelzést kínálva. Azonban a közösségi média platformok nehézségekkel küzdenek a hamis tartalom kezelésében, veszélyeztetve ezzel a demokratikus intézményeket. A technológiai egyenlőtlenség alakítja az emberek bizalmát az információkban, támogatva az IT identitásokat. A korlátozott hozzáférés akadályozza az adatok ellenőrzését és növeli az online fenyegetésekkel szembeni sebezhetőséget, különösen a gazdaságilag hátrányos helyzetű csoportok körében. Az EU elismeri ezeknek a problémáknak az címzésének szükségességét. Oroszország Ukrajna elleni intézkedései után az EU létrehozta az East StratCom Task Force-ot 2015-ben a dezinformáció elleni küzdelem érdekében. 2018ban elfogadtak egy cselekvési tervet, amely a felderítés, elemzés és koordinált válaszlépések hangsúlyozására szólított fel, beleértve a köz-és magánszférát. Azonban kihívások állnak fenn a hibrid konfliktusok bonyolultsága miatt, ami egy integráltabb megközelítést tesz szükségessé. Habár az olyan erőfeszítések, mint a 2019-es Gyorsriasztási Rendszer és a 2020as Demokráciára vonatkozó Cselekvési Terv azzal a céllal törekszenek az együttműködés és ellenállóképesség megerősítésére, kritikákkal szembesülnek a transzparencia és hatékonyság hiánya miatt. Az 2022-es Digitális Szolgáltatási Törvény célja egy biztonságosabb online környezet létrehozása, de kérdéseket vet fel a nem illegális félreinformáció kezelése és a válságkezelési protokoll aktiválásának esetleges késése miatt. Összességében, bár az EU intézkedései előrelépést jelentenek, nem képesek teljes körűen kezelni a hibrid konfliktusok bonyolultságát.

아래는 이전에 작성한 Abstract(초록) 영문 버전입니다:

Abstract

This study empirically investigates how YouTube’s recommendation algorithm shapes filter bubbles and media bias according to users’ topics of interest. Three experimental accounts, focused on political issues, environmental issues, and random interests, were created and programmed to view specific content between March 15 and March 27, 2025. The types, diversity, and bias of recommended content were systematically compared using both quantitative and qualitative analyses.

Results showed that YouTube quickly adapts to users’ primary interests, reinforcing filter bubbles and limiting informational diversity. Accounts focused on political or environmental issues exhibited a strong tendency for repeated recommendations of similar content with notable bias, whereas the random interest account maintained broader variety with a weaker filter bubble effect. These findings suggest that YouTube’s algorithm responds acutely to early viewing behaviors, intensifying topic-focused exploration but risking increased information bias and confirmation bias. This research highlights the need for transparent recommendation algorithms and diversity-oriented design, offering practical insights for improving user information access and media literacy in digital environments.

Keywords: YouTube, recommendation algorithm, filter bubble, media bias, information diversity

Lo studio dello storico Piero Bevilacqua (La Guerra mondiale a pezzi e la disfatta dell'Unione europea, Castelvecchi, 2025), si inserisce tra le molte e autorevoli pubblicazioni che in questi ultimi due anni hanno voluto sottoporre a seria e attenta analisi le vicende drammatiche della politica internazionale. Ma riveste, per la particolarità della sua impostazione, una significativa rilevanza se letto dal punto di vista della professionalità docente. L'analisi dei drammatici eventi affrontati (la guerra russo ucraina e la devastazione della striscia di Gaza) intende soprattutto contestualizzarli sul piano storico, in aperta polemica con il riduzionismo informativo con cui l'apparato mediatico ha impostato la comunicazione su tali temi. D'altronde, per alcuni aspetti specifici, Bevilacqua rimanda a studi altrettanto recenti e più specifici che offrono descrizioni a volte più particolareggiate (da Todd a Pappe, da Abelow a Ganser, da Albanese a Basile). Qual è, dunque, la prospettiva originale con cui Bevilacqua si accosta a tematiche già oggetto di analisi di particolare spessore? Per comprenderlo è forse utile fare riferimento alle conclusioni del volume, tutt'altro che pessimiste, come suggerisce il titolo dell'ultimo capitolo (L'alternativa c'è). Nonostante una paralisi informativa che si propone di produrre un colossale effetto di condizionamento delle opinioni e impedire l'accesso a informazioni corrette, si può constatare con speranza-sulla base di sondaggi d'opinione significativi-come tale manipolazione del consenso non sembra affatto raggiungere i risultati auspicati. Di fronte a un quadro apparentemente così favorevole, manca però un collettore capace di dare rappresentanza a una consapevolezza politica così diffusa presso l'opinione pubblica. Bevilacqua, anche ripercorrendo la sua esperienza di partecipazione attiva in varie formazioni politiche della sinistra cosiddetta "radicale", giunge ad auspicare un'unità che si coalizzi intorno a formazioni d'opposizione già consolidate e stabili, certo con il proposito di condizionarne in senso ancora più progressista la linea politica, ma facendo venir meno le sterili preoccupazioni di carattere identitario, che hanno condannato le pur generose esperienze degli ultimi anni-e a cui lo storico ha con convinzione partecipatoall'insignificanza sul piano della rappresentanza; e dunque all'impossibilità di incidere sulla direzione politica del paese. Quest'ultima dovrebbe sostenere non solo tutte le istanze pacifiste contro i tentativi di riarmo, e di attiva ostilità nei rapporti internazionali, ma dovrebbe rilanciare alcune parole d'ordine diffuse nei tempi in cui il nostro Paese ha conosciuto le maggiori conquiste sociali della sua storia: conflitto innanzitutto, e poi la ricerca di un benessere collettivo (espressione che deve essere contrapposta a quella di sviluppo; termine neocoloniale, precisa lo storico), da realizzarsi anche con una politica ambientale che favorisca il ripopolamento di alcune ricchi territori montani del nostro paese. Attraverso un "reddito di presidio ambientale", una tale politica potrebbe, in modo virtuoso, affrontare anche il tema dell'immigrazione, una risorsa per l'Italia e non certo una minaccia. Ma come potrebbe essere possibile ridare forza a un lessico, tanto necessario nell'attuale fase storica, quando ci si deve scontrare con un colossale apparato mediatico che, attraverso un lavoro di condizionamento dell'opinione pubblica

Hopes for a new abundance of diverse media content have long been tied to the rise of the Internet. Ensuring diversity remains a fundamental objective of media policy. However, media policy is still largely focused on public service media. In this article, we introduce a new theoretical perspective to inform media policy, focusing on the concept of diversity experience and users' motivation, awareness, and ability to seek diverse content in a transforming media environment. We argue that our understanding of and regulatory approaches to media pluralism must be adapted to technological advances. Based on social cognitive theory, we propose an extension of the diversity debate by considering user cognition. We analyze challenges to users' diversity experiences on a motivational, perceptual, and capability level. Given the (over)abundance of content available online, users must be willing and able to seek out diverse and serendipitous information. We derive a user-centric approach to media pluralism and diversity. Based on this framework, we outline criteria for changing the role of public service media in the digital age to focus on empowering users to actually experience media diversity.

The concept of Serendipity, i. e. a useful discovery emerging out of chance encounters, has been increasingly discussed with the rise of personalized search and social media. Little is known, however, about what generates Serendipity, supporting the “accidental sagacity” of individuals. In the present paper, we explore the conditions and dimensions of Serendipity from a quantitative standpoint, relying on data from a representative survey conducted in Switzerland in 2012 (N=1002). Through a Structural Equation Model, we enrich current research on Serendipity by providing quantitative support to the theory, and by including elements which relate to individuals, rather than to the Internet structure, thereby expanding the debate on the effects of personalization on innovation and creativity.

Media massa telah menjadi bagian yang tidak dapat dipisahkan dari kehidupan manusia modern saat ini. Perkembangan teknologi komunikasi yang sangat pesat, telah mengubah cara manusia menerima informasi, berinteraksi, dan membentuk perilaku. Dalam hal ini, psikologi komunikasi massa hadir untuk membantu manusia mahami tentang bagaimana pesan-pesan yang disampaikan melalui media massa, baik konvensional maupun digital dapat memengaruhi cara berpikir, merasakan, dan bertindak individu maupun kelompok dalam masyarakat. Media bukan sekadar tempat menyebarkan informasi, tetapi juga ruang tempat kita membentuk siapa kita, apa yang kita hargai, dan aturan hidup bersama. Dalam masyarakat yang semakin bergantung pada media digital, pesan-pesan yang disampaikan melalui televisi, radio, internet, media sosial, dan bahkan iklan memiliki kekuatan besar dalam mengarahkan opini publik serta membentuk perilaku masyarakat. Arus informasi yang begitu deras dan berkelanjutan dapat memengaruhi keputusan sehari-hari, mulai dari gaya hidup, konsumsi, pola pikir politik, hingga perilaku interpersonal.

This work is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Where *correction services have been used, the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote(s). Other sources are acknowledged (e.g. by footnotes giving explicit references). A bibliography is appended.

本研究は、インターネット動画配信サービスにおけるフィルターバブル現象の社会的功罪について、PlantUML C4モデルを用いて構造的に分析する。
レコメンドシステムの普及により、ユーザーは自身の関心に特化した情報にのみ接触する傾向が強まっており、これが社会に与える正負の影響を体系的に検証した。
C4モデルによる階層的分析により、システムレベルからコンテキストレベルまでの包括的な理解を可能にし、フィルターバブルの構造的課題と利点を明らかにした。
キーワード
フィルターバブル、レコメンドシステム、動画配信、情報多様性、社会的影響、PlantUML、C4モデル

Komunikasi massa merupakan salah satu bentuk komunikasi yang berperan penting dalam penyampaian informasi secara luas melalui media, baik cetak, elektronik, maupun digital. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji secara teoritis definisi komunikasi massa, sistem komunikasi massa, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi reaksi khalayak terhadap pesan media, serta efek-efek komunikasi massa terhadap masyarakat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi pustaka (library research) dengan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Data diperoleh dari berbagai sumber akademik seperti buku teks, jurnal ilmiah, dan dokumen resmi yang membahas komunikasi massa dan psikologi komunikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komunikasi massa memiliki karakteristik khas, yakni bersifat satu arah, publik, serentak, dan menjangkau khalayak luas. Respons khalayak dipengaruhi oleh faktor psikologis, sosial, budaya, serta karakteristik pesan dan media. Selain itu, sistem komunikasi massa modern berperan dalam konstruksi realitas sosial melalui logika institusional media. Efek komunikasi massa dikategorikan menjadi efek kognitif, afektif, dan behavioral, yang dapat berlangsung secara langsung maupun jangka panjang. Studi ini menekankan pentingnya literasi media dan tanggung jawab etis dalam pengelolaan komunikasi massa di era digital saat ini. Kata Kunci: komunikasi massa, reaksi khalayak, sistem media, efek media, psikologi komunikasi

Komunikasi massa adalah proses penyampaian pesan yang dilakukan melalui media seperti televisi, radio, surat kabar, hingga media digital seperti internet dan media sosial. Kemajuan teknologi informasi yang pesat telah menjadikan komunikasi massa sebagai kekuatan dominan dalam membentuk opini publik, membentuk nilai-nilai sosial, dan mengarahkan perilaku masyarakat (McQuail, 2010).

Komunikasi massa merupakan salah satu bentuk komunikasi yang berperan penting dalam penyampaian informasi secara luas melalui media, baik cetak, elektronik, maupun digital. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji secara teoritis definisi komunikasi massa, sistem komunikasi massa, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi reaksi khalayak terhadap pesan media, serta efek-efek komunikasi massa terhadap masyarakat. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah studi pustaka (library research) dengan pendekatan deskriptif kualitatif. Data diperoleh dari berbagai sumber akademik seperti buku teks, jurnal ilmiah, dan dokumen resmi yang membahas komunikasi massa dan psikologi komunikasi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa komunikasi massa memiliki karakteristik khas, yakni bersifat satu arah, publik, serentak, dan menjangkau khalayak luas. Respons khalayak dipengaruhi oleh faktor

Penelitian ini mengkaji peran krusial komunikasi massa dalam pembentukan opini publik di era digital yang dinamis. Dalam lanskap informasi yang masif dan terus berkembang ini, media, baik tradisional maupun digital, telah berevolusi menjadi agen aktif yang mengkonstruksi realitas sosial dan memengaruhi pandangan kolektif. Artikel ini secara spesifik bertujuan menguraikan mekanisme dan dampak komunikasi massa dari perspektif psikologi komunikasi, dengan menyoroti bagaimana proses kognitif, afektif, dan perilaku individu dipengaruhi oleh paparan pesan media. Pembahasan mencakup peran teori-teori klasik seperti Agenda-Setting, Kultivasi, dan Spiral Keheningan, yang menjelaskan bagaimana media memengaruhi prioritas isu, konstruksi realitas, dan ekspresi opini. Lebih lanjut, analisis mendalam diberikan pada tantangan kontemporer seperti misinformasi, disinformasi, dan dampak algoritma yang menciptakan filter bubbles dan echo chambers, yang semuanya memiliki implikasi psikologis mendalam pada polarisasi dan pemahaman sosial. Ditekankan bahwa pemahaman komprehensif ini esensial bagi pembuat kebijakan, praktisi komunikasi, jurnalis, dan masyarakat umum untuk menavigasi arus informasi yang deras, mendorong literasi media, dan mendukung pembentukan opini yang rasional serta terinformasi demi masyarakat yang lebih demokratis dan resilien.

تحلل الدراسة مستوى العلاقة الارتباطية بين غرف الصدى وفقاعات الفلترة وتنامي خطاب الكراهية بين مستخدمي شبكات التواصل الاجتماعي في محافظة حضرموت باليمن.

واعتمدت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي في مقاربة أبعاد المشكلة البحثية كميا وكيفيا استنادا لبيانات ومعلومات تم جمعها عبر الاستبانة الإلكترونية من قبل مكونة من 50 مبحوثا.

وخلصت الدراسة إلى أن غرف الصدى وفقاعات الفلترة عبر شبكات التواصل الاجتماعي في حضرموت كان لها دور في تعزيز الانتماء السياسي والأيديولوجي للمستخدمين، وأن المستخدمين لشبكات التواصل الاجتماعي في حضرموت يميلون إلى التعرض وانتقاء الآراء والمعلومات والمجموعات الافتراضية التي تتطابق مع آرائهم السياسية.

وبينت الدراسة أن غالبية أفراد العينة يقومون بتعديل آرائهم السياسية "أحيانا" بسبب تأثرهم برأي الجماعة في المجموعات الافتراضية المنتمين لها على فيسبوك أو واتساب أو تليغرام، وأن غرف الصدى وفقاعات الفلترة ليست لها علاقة مباشرة بانتشار خطاب الكراهية عبر شبكات التواصل الاجتماعي في حضرموت

Bangladeshi media played a pivotal role during the 1971 Liberation War, framing India as a liberator and Pakistan as an oppressor. However, during the 2025 India-Pakistan war, a surprising trend emerged: segments of Bangladeshi media expressed indirect support or sympathy toward Pakistan. This article investigates this shift, exploring historical, ideological, political, and mediaevolution factors that explain the transformation. Using comparative content analysis and critical discourse methods, the study illustrates how national memory, political polarization, religious identity, and external influence reshaped the media's geopolitical narratives.

As human communication shifts toward multimodal formats, the way individuals engage with social issues is evolving. This paper explores the intersection of multimodal communication, social networks filter bubbles, and student-led protest movements, focusing on recent demonstrations in Serbia. Resting upon psychology and applied linguistics, this research primarily aims to examine the linguistic and multimodal strategies used in student-created protest materials as well as to analyze the role of filter bubbles in shaping online discourse and how they influence linguistic structures and rhetorical strategies. We will further develop an EFL teaching framework that uses protest media to enhance critical thinking, discourse analysis, media literacy, and communicative competence. Following several approaches, the study will include corpus and a brief media and multimodal discourse analysis which assumes collecting student-generated protest materials (posters, memes, social media campaigns), examining text-image interplay and identifying rhetorical patterns (e.g. irony, metaphor, satire, wordplay) in digital activism. One of such examples could be verbal irony, symbolism and performative resistance reflected in a styrofoam snake as a protest prop. Additionally, since we are discussing Serbian slogan in an English classroom, contrastive linguistic analysis will also be taken into account. The study is expected to demonstrate that multimodal teaching strategies significantly enhance students' ability to critically analyze public discourse and that the filter bubble lesson helps students recognize bias, algorithmic influence, and ideological echo chambers. Using protest media as a teaching tool fosters engagement, communicative competence, and social awareness in psychology students. Finally, the integration of multimodal resources into ELT should lead to improved argumentation skills, media literacy, and awareness of digital discourse structures.

L’ingérence numérique étrangère est une notion quelques peu obscure mais qui, néanmoins, demeure cruciale dans la mesure où elle exerce un impact notoire à l’égard de notre démocratie. Il s’agit des ingérences à des fins de manipulation venant de groupe étatiques ou paraétatiques. Si, dans les pays voisins, des structures étatiques et privées sont mises en place pour lutter contre les ingérences numériques étrangères ainsi que la désinformation qui en découle ; la Suisse, quant à elle, n’a pris aucune initiative sur le sujet. En outre, la désinformation est le fait de diffuser “en toute connaissance de cause (l’information a été manipulée), dans l’intention de tromper et de nuire. Les motivations peuvent être économiques, idéologiques, religieuses, politiques ou en faveur d’un programme social, entre autres”1 Pourtant, à l’aune du climat politique global, il paraît primordial de se pencher, d’une part, sur la notion d’ingérence étatique étrangère et, d’une autre, de sensibiliser la population étant au centre et en proie aux guerres d’opinion.

Compliance gewinnt aufgrund von steigenden Wirtschaftsstraftaten zunehmend an Bedeutung.Dennoch zeigt die Studie des Aalener Instituts für Unternehmensführung (AAUF), dass Compliance ein Thema ist, welches nicht ausreichend in den Unternehmen diskutiert wird

The article is devoted to the study of the technique of “reaction stimulation” used to collect the so-called active digital footprints of Ukrainian users on social media. The harmful consequence of this is the “singling out” of user groups among the Ukrainian audience and the formation of information bubbles for them, which become a favourable environment for further implementation of PsyOps on the already identified audience. The purpose of the article is to highlight the manipulative features of the “reaction stimulation” technique used in the process of forming an information bubble during the implementation of PsyOps.
For this purpose, the following tasks are implemented: 1) to interpret the ‘reaction stimulation’ technique; 2) to define the concepts of ‘manipulative influence’ and ‘digital footprint’; 3) to characterise the process of information bubble formation; 4) to classify the posts-stimulators of the studied technique by their thematic focus; 5) the verbal and non-verbal means of manipulating posts are highlighted.
The object of the research is the influential potential of PsyOps, and the subject is the manipulative features of the “reaction stimulation” technique. The research material was based on Facebook posts published in June-October 2024, totalling more than 400 text fragments. The source base of the research was selected as publications that had signs of “reaction stimulation” and were distributed during the implementation of the PsyOps. It is established that the “reaction stimulation” technique involves influencing the user in order to make him or her respond to the manipulator’s calls, requests, orders (leave a comment, like, repost a post, etc.). The article notes that the relevant information bubble is formed under the influence of the following types of stimulant posts: quasi-commemorative, search, military-patriotic, charitable, festive and ritual, self-presentational, sacredly oriented, and combined. The manipulative nature of stimulant posts is ensured by creating an intensified positive/negative emotional background, matching the interests of users, focusing on the psychomental characteristics of the object of manipulation, uncertainty of the described situations or, on the contrary, a large amount of detailed information, and a tendency to increase the number of shared stimulant posts in users’ stacks, which is in line with the law of precedence. It is emphasised that Ukrainian users,
leaving active digital footprints under stimulus posts, not only become victims of current Russian PsyOps, but also automatically join the group of users who become a potential target audience for subsequent operations.

In the digital age, the growing practice of shadow banning and opaque censorship has raised concerns about its impact on free speech, transparency, and democratic discourse. This paper examines the ethical and legal implications of these practices, using Goldman-Hasbun's (2023) ethnographic study of the r/FreeSpeech subreddit as a case study. The study reveals the ideological polarization and the absolutist stances on free speech that dominate digital spaces. The rise of digital platforms has

As the title indicates, the text discusses three related themes: the film Onda (2008), the concept of Sect in social psychology and the notion of Bubble, the result of the post-modern retribalization of groups on social networks. The objective is to compare the three themes showing their interrelationship and the method, critical bibliographic and documentary research. The result is that current virtual bubbles have the same symbolic characteristics as the old in-person sects.

Katedra politológie a euroázijských štúdií, FF UKF; Ústav politických vied SAV; Ústav medzinárodných vzťahov, Praha, Ústav európskych štúdií a medzinárodných vzťahov FSEV UK On the Discussion between the Czech Media Mainstream and its Leftist Alternative from the Perspective of the Left. This paper deals with the quality and the character of the interaction between actors in the Czech media sphere. The research fills the research gap by addressing the specific interaction of ideological opponents between journalists. The analysis begins with a quantitative finding that whereas the alternative media left publishes reactions to the mainstream media in its own media outlets, it does not publish them in the mainstream and the mainstream does not react to the leftist alternative. The factors that contribute to this one-sidedness according to the authors of the collected reactions include the lack of interest to publish opinion reactions on the side of the mainstream, the expectation of this lack on the side of the alternative, easier communication with the alternative leftist outlets, and a lack of space for reactions in the mainstream. The impact of such a disruption in one form of the public debate is according to the alternative left the building of opinion bubbles and a general threat to the democratic public discussion.

This article sets out to argue that social media is affecting the foundations of public discourse in western societies not at the level of content (questions around censorship, hate speech, misinformation, data privacy, etc.) but at the level of form: through the insidious (‘viral’) spread of its internal infrastructure into the political-ethical fabric of the social field. The paper is divided into two parts, with two central propositions being defended. First, I argue that the so-called “crisis in democracy” currently unfolding in some western societies (such as the UK and the USA) is, fundamentally, a crisis of public discourse, an erosion of the essential structures of argumentation. Second, I argue that this process of erosion is rooted in the internal mechanics of social media, an algorithmic architecture which neutralizes and, ultimately, nullifies the free and reasoned exchange of ideas.

Az Európai Unió támogatáspolitikájában jelent ős, egyre növekvő súlya van a területi fejl ődésben tapasztalható különbségek mérséklésének, a regionális versenyképesség erő sítésének. A könyv az Európai Unió regionális és kohéziós politikájának céljait, eszközeit és intézményeit elemzi. Bemutatja a támogatáspolitika fejl ődéstörténetét, a strukturális politikai reformok eredményeit, a Strukturális Alapok felhasználásának szabályait, ismerteti a támogatások hatásait a tagállamok térszerkezetére, a nemzeti regionális politikák támogatásigazgatási rendszereit. Több régióról készített esettanulmányok példáján összegzi a regionális programkészítés tapasztalatait, a programok végrehajtásának szervezését, az eredmények értékelésének módszereit. Értékeli a magyar regionális politikai intézményrendszer felkészültségét a strukturális támogatások fogadására és vázolja az EU-konform irányítási struktúra elemeit. A könyv melléklete a Strukturális Alapok szabályozási dokumentumait adja közre.

Les réseaux sociaux sont des médias en ligne où circulent énormément et avec une forte influence les « fake news ». Conçues à dessein sous forme des fausses nouvelles, propagandes, théories du complot, rumeurs, canulars, mèmes,…les fake news sur Internet abordent tous les faits en les « sensationnalisant » en vue de provoquer des clicks pour au final rentabiliser des recettes publicitaires. Elles ne sont donc pas, souvent, créées

Algoritma media sosial menciptakan "filter bubble", yang mengekspos pengguna hanya pada konten yang sesuai dengan preferensi mereka, yang mengarah pada polarisasi masyarakat dan memengaruhi persepsi terhadap peristiwa politik, seperti jogetan Prabowo Subianto setelah pidato kemenangannya. Penelitian ini menganalisis dampak filter bubble terhadap persepsi publik atas video joget Prabowo di kanal YouTube CNN Indonesia. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif, penelitian ini mencakup wawancara mendalam dengan mahasiswa yang memiliki pandangan pro dan kontra terhadap Prabowo dan menganalisis konten media sosial terkait. Temuan menunjukkan bahwa gelembung filter dapat  membentuk persepsi dan mengekspos pengguna terutama pada konten yang menyenangkan. Keberadaan filter buble juga dapat membentuk opini publik yang terpolarisasi. Ada responden yang merasa terhibur dalam aksi joget Prabowo tersebut, namun ada juga yang tidak menyukainya dan menganggap joget tersebut tidak pantas. Polarisasi menyebabkan ada respon yang pro dan kontra di masyarakat. Untuk beberapa hal filter bubble dapat memperluas polarisasi dan mempersulit terjadinya konsensus pada masyarakat.

Existing echo chamber studies tend to focus on political attitudes within specific online platforms. We broaden this scope by examining social media use and attitudes within a real-world context that resembles an echo chamber: rural areas characterized by low racial/ethnic diversity and low social tolerance. Rural environments often lack conditions conducive to higher social tolerance due to limited cross-group interaction and lower formal education. However, the rural-to-university transition, a major life course event, typically leads to expanded social circles and increased tolerance for young adults who leave, while leaving tolerance unchanged in rural communities. This is attributed to the university experience, which fosters social mixing and education, coupled with reduced contact with former ties from the rural community. We hypothesize that social media alters these traditional trajectories. Using survey data from five cohorts of student-parent pairs, we investigate how shared use of social media platforms relates to network composition and social tolerance. We find that shared social media use constrains network diversity and tolerance among white university students, while conversely expanding ties to people of color and increasing social tolerance for their parents remaining in rural areas. These results offer new insights into the complex relationship between social media and the composition of personal networks, demonstrating how social media can both disrupt and reinforce echo chambers by linking lives across the life course.

The intensification of post-truth politics has alarmingly interrupted political discourse, especially while covering stories where misinformation and emotional appeals surpass evidence-based discussions. In this post-factual era, political actors must navigate a complex media landscape where misinformation, ideological manipulation, and the lack of trust in institutions have become pervasive and propagate rapidly through uncontrolled digital platforms. Political actors must address disinformation, radicalization, and polarization, which threaten the integrity of democratic processes. Hence, this research examines strategies for empowering political actors to navigate and counteract the challenges posed by post-truth politics in the post-factual era. This study aims to identify effective strategies political actors can employ to restore public trust, foster evidencebased discourse, and combat the spread of disinformation. Drawing from existing literature on the rise of disinformation in political campaigns, this research highlights the detrimental effects of post-truth narratives on public opinion and democratic institutions. It also explores strategies such as media literacy, cross-party collaboration, and social media regulation, which can empower political actors to address these challenges. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, the study combines qualitative interviews with political actors, policymakers, and media experts, alongside quantitative content analysis of social media platforms, to assess the prevalence of disinformation and evaluate the effectiveness of current strategies. The findings suggest that a multifaceted approach including promoting critical thinking, enhancing media literacy, and fostering inclusive governance is necessary to balance the impact of post-truth politics. This research offers a roadmap for political actors, policymakers, and civil society organizations to develop comprehensive strategies that restore trust in democratic processes while enhancing public discourse to combat misinformation. By equipping political actors with the tools to engage in transparent, factbased communication, this study contributes to building a more informed and resilient political landscape in the digital age.

The present-day digital media ecosystem is defined by the proliferation of fake news. Although the term has become popular recently, its incidence has been exponential, and its omnipresence in the global news media, undeniable. Digital immigrants occupy an important online demographic. They represent individuals who were born prior to internet services becoming ubiquitous. They are projected to be the primary internet users in India by 2025 Statista (2022). Due to the existence of filter bubbles and algorithmic judgement on social media platforms, users get limited perspectives that reiterate their existing ideologies Baptista & Gradim (2020). This study seeks to investigate how digital immigrants understand, encounter, and respond to fake news. By conducting in-depth interviews with Indian digital immigrants, it was found that selective exposure was a predominant reason for fake news to be consumed. Confirmation bias explained why users sought out and remembered information which r...

The digital sphere provides a space for minorities to empower themselves, while also exposing them to discrimination and online harm. The effects of online harm on minority groups can cause additional traumatic experiences, which affect their experience of the digital realm and how they construct their identity(ies) online. This paper explores cultural minority identity formation online in two ways. The first, unpacking the impact of platform governance failures to protect minorities from online harm through an analysis of platforms' Terms of Service and content moderation practices. And second, through the theoretical frameworks of Intersectional Digital Third Spaces of Belonging, that frame how minority groups have responded to the challenges of the digital realm to form their own strategies of resistance and protection. Ultimately this paper provides insight into how platforms fail to protect minorities from online harm, leading to minorities finding alternative strategies to protect themselves online while creating new and challenging old formulations of their identity(ies) in the digital world.

Faceted Search-mitunter als Zukunft der Suche gehandelt-bezeichnet die Navigationsmöglichkeit, durch Auswahl von Filterkriterien eine große Ergebnismenge sukzessive auf präferierte Ergebnisse einzuschränken. Welche Usability-Probleme bei der Bedienung eines solchen Filters auftreten können, hat usability.de in einer aktuellen Studie untersucht. Hierzu fanden insgesamt 30 Usability-Tests an drei Websites statt. Der vorliegende Beitrag stellt Aufbau und ausgewählte Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchung vor.

Resumo: O artigo analisa a questão da luta político ideológica dentro da comunicação digitalizada. A metodologia utilizada é exploratória bibliográfica, partindo de discussão teórica e análise do Facebook e do WhatsApp e de conceitos-chave como os de "hegemonia", "espetáculo" e "informação-mercadoria". Alguns problemas, no âmbito da questão política, levantados e discutidos são: o surgimento do dado como mercadoria e a questão do algoritmo nas redes sociais. Resultados estão divididos em: 1-a constatação da perda de autonomia individual no âmbito da comunicação, sobretudo nas plataformas digitais; 2-a necessidade de transparência como passo fundamental na democracia digital; 3-a inevitabilidade do uso político e de desinformação na comunicação digital, em decorrência da falta de regulação sobre plataformas e aplicativos de mensagens.

français : Cet article propose de caractériser, par l'étude de la production de vidéos d'actualité, la relation des médias traditionnels aux plateformes numériques. À partir d'entretiens avec les acteurs de la filière, d'observations participantes, et de l'analyse d'une base de données de 9 313 contenus, nous appuierons l'hypothèse d'une dépendance limitée à ces intermédiaires et d'une influence marginale sur les pratiques. Après avoir décrit la place des plateformes dans les stratégies des médias en ligne, nous détaillerons le rôle nécessaire, donc contraignant, de Google, et enfin, le rapport de force direct, bien que contingent, avec les autres acteurs. English summary: By studying the production of news videos, this article proposes to describe the relationship of traditional media with digital platforms. Based on interviews with actors in the sector, participant observations and the analysis of a database of 9,313 contents, we support the hypothesis of a limited dependence with these intermediaries and a marginal influence on practices. After explaining the place of platforms in the strategies of online media, we detail the necessary, and therefore constraining, role of Google, and finally, the direct, albeit contingent, power relationship between them and the other actors.

Nell’ambito dei social media studies si continua a discutere sull’efficacia della filter bubble theory. Tuttavia, è innegabile che l’idea di una rete “balcanizzata” in bolle di filtraggio non comunicanti, seppur non scientificamente provata, rappresenti una paura concreta, che si inscrive in un fenomeno più ampio di polarizzazione e centralizzazione del consenso democratico. Raramente il fenomeno è stato analizzato in prospettiva storica, astraendolo quindi dalle contingenze sociali e tecnologiche del presente. Un buon punto di partenza, in questo senso, può essere lo studio di Anderson sulla relazione tra media di massa e “comunità immaginate”. La “nuova” creazione di comunità online, vista in quest’ottica, non rappresenterebbe infatti che il riemergere di un fenomeno connaturato alla storia dei media: ossia, la nascita, attraverso la stampa, dei sentimenti nazionalisti ottocenteschi.

Le destre contemporanee, e la loro idea organica di popolo, possono essere interpretate, su scala globale, secondo entrambi i paradigmi; da un lato, la figura della bolla sembra suggerire una riconcettualizzazione dei concetti di popolo e di cittadinanza; dall’altro, nonostante le evidenti disuguaglianze sociali e culturali, resta evidentemente importante il richiamo a un contenitore “immaginario” che includa trasversalmente settori ampi e spesso contrastanti della società. Allo stesso tempo, entrambi tali strumenti analitici sembrano evidenziare, storicamente, alcuni elementi di inefficacia: dar vita a bolle non produce necessariamente una maggiore o migliore rappresentanza politica; immaginare comunità non conduce necessariamente a una pacificazione dei conflitti interni a essa.

Il presente saggio si propone di approfondire tali concetti attraverso alcune brevi considerazioni su un caso emblematico: l’ascesa della destra brasiliana e l’elezione del presidente Jair Bolsonaro.

abstract: The article explores the legal perspectives of the human/machine/network/artificial intelligence
interconnection  in the so-called Internet of Bodies (IOB), i.e. in the internet system which, in addition to connecting objects (IOT), does connects, in various ways, to the human body for purposes ranging from entertainment,to medical therapy to Human Enhancement. The evolution of technological network narrative generates a “new anthropology” and leads to redefining paradigms and definitions such as identity, body, subjectivity legal. The challenge for the jurist and the legislator is to “predict the unpredictable” and bringing “the factory of law” into a position to be able to anticipate rather than accompanying evolution, as has happened up to now technique, in which legal and normative categories often derive from previous technical, ethical or philosophical categories.

Dans un monde hyperconnecté, l’Internet et les plateformes de médias sociaux ont bouleversé le paysage médiatique, offrant des opportunités sans précédent pour la liberté d’expression tout en posant de nouveaux défis majeurs à la liberté de presse. Ces défis, notamment la désinformation, la censure en ligne, et la surveillance, analyse Fousseni Togola, professeur de philosophie et journaliste-communicant, mettent à l’épreuve les fondements mêmes de la démocratie et de la liberté d’expression, défendue par des penseurs tels que Karl Popper, philosophe des sciences et un théoricien politique austro-britannique, né en 1902 à Vienne et décédé en 1994.

In this chapter, the authors introduce and define the concept of culturally-inclusive educational technology (CIET) and explore its role in improving teaching and learning outcomes in Nigeria's higher education system. Using Critical Discourse Analysis as an analytical framework, they systematically interrogate existing research outputs on the use of educational technology. They argue that even with the increasing use of educational technologies in Nigeria, challenges such as lack of awareness and resources in adopting educational technologies and poor reflection of students' cultural and cognitive differences limit quality teaching and learning. The findings in this chapter significantly contribute to knowledge by detailing the potential impact of CIET on improving teaching and learning. They provide insights for researchers, policymakers, and practitioners on interactions across culture, technology, and education in a global context.

Since 2016, online social networks (OSNs), especially their “big data” algorithms, have been intensively blamed in popular news discourse for acting as echo chambers. These chambers entrap like-minded voters in closed ideological circles that cause serious damage to democratic processes. This study examines this “echo chamber” argument through the rather divisive case of EU politics among EU citizens. Based on an exploratory secondary analysis of the Eurobarometer 86.2 survey dataset, we investigate whether the reliance on OSNs as a primary EU political news source can lead people to more polarisation in EU-related political beliefs and attitudes than a reliance on traditional media. We found little evidence for this polarisation, lending credence to a rejection of social media’s “echo chamber” effect.

Katedra politológie a euroázijských štúdií, FF UKF; Ústav politických vied SAV; Ústav medzinárodných vzťahov, Praha, Ústav európskych štúdií a medzinárodných vzťahov FSEV UK On the Discussion between the Czech Media Mainstream and its Leftist Alternative from the Perspective of the Left. This paper deals with the quality and the character of the interaction between actors in the Czech media sphere. The research fills the research gap by addressing the specific interaction of ideological opponents between journalists. The analysis begins with a quantitative finding that whereas the alternative media left publishes reactions to the mainstream media in its own media outlets, it does not publish them in the mainstream and the mainstream does not react to the leftist alternative. The factors that contribute to this one-sidedness according to the authors of the collected reactions include the lack of interest to publish opinion reactions on the side of the mainstream, the expectation of this lack on the side of the alternative, easier communication with the alternative leftist outlets, and a lack of space for reactions in the mainstream. The impact of such a disruption in one form of the public debate is according to the alternative left the building of opinion bubbles and a general threat to the democratic public discussion.

Ancaman dibalik Cahaya. mungkin itulah yang bisa digambarkan dari film ini. Film ini mencoba untuk mengungkap apa yang terjadi dibalik segala gemerlap yang ada di sosial media. Adiksi, Polarisasi, dan penjualan data pribadi telah menjadi hal yang lumrah dalam industri ini untuk mencapai kesejahteraan bagi para kapitalis. Semuanya dijelaskan di film ini. Pada tulisan ini, saya akan mencoba review film dokumenter garapan Netflix yang dimaksud sebelumnya, The Social Dilemma.