Right to Information

Background: Governments and major platforms increasingly portray online discourse as a "misinformation" crisis, justifying far-reaching controls that risk eroding free expression rooted in scriptural and constitutional principles. Purpose: The article develops a biblically grounded, constitutionally coherent framework that protects truthful speech while restraining coercive uses of the misinformation label. Design/methodology/approach: Using mixed-methods secondary research, the study integrates three analytical lenses-agenda-setting and propaganda theory, the political economy of platform regulation, and Christian public theology (imago Dei, sphere sovereignty, subsidiarity). It triangulates doctrinal legal analysis, a systematic scoping review (2015-2025), documentary scrutiny of United Nations and platform policies, a cross-jurisdictional policy matrix, and computational discourse analysis. Findings: Regulatory trends align with global governance agendas, foster state-platform collusion, and frequently misclassify dissenting yet factual claims as "misinformation." The proposed framework shows that upholding truthful speech, mandating radical transparency, decentralising content moderation, and investing in digital literacy better curb harms without enabling authoritarian control. Implications: An accompanying impact matrix equips lawmakers, platforms, and civil society to test legislation and moderation rules against constitutional free-speech guarantees and the biblical conviction that humans created in the imago Dei (Genesis 1:27) are called to seek and speak truth. Originality/value: By uniting media theory, legal scholarship, and Christian ethics, this study offers the first interdisciplinary blueprint that both diagnoses the power dynamics behind misinformation policy and sets out actionable, faith-informed remedies for a resilient digital public square.

In the matter of an Appeal and/or Revision, under and in terms of Section 34 (1) of the Right to Information Act No. 12 of 2016 read with Court of Appeal (Appellate Procedure) Rules, 1990 in relation to the Decision of the Right to Information Commission as dated 14.12.2022.

Las excepciones al derecho de acceso a la información pública comprenden información secreta, reservada y confidencial. Estas limitaciones, basadas en seguridad nacional, defensa democrática, negociaciones internacionales, secreto bancario y protección de datos personales, se interpretan restrictivamente. Su finalidad es resguardar la seguridad del Estado, derechos individuales y la integridad institucional. "Porque al servir a los demás seremos libres" (José María Pacori Cari).

The Right to Information Act, 2005 was enacted with the objective of achieving greater accountability and transparency in the government. Section 4(1)(b) of the Act requires suo moto disclosure of prescribed information to be published and updated annually by Public Authorities to enable easier access to information. This remains a positive one-sided obligation of the Public Authorities. The Government has through several directives added to these obligations and inserted compliance mechanisms. They have provided for mechanisms such as appointment of Transparency Officers, requirement of third-party audits and annual reports to encourage compliance with Section 4(1)(b) by Public Authorities. The first section of the paper gives a brief review of all the measures taken by the Government of India towards ensuring compliance with Section 4(1)(b). These directives issued serve as guidelines for medium of disclosure, further explain the obligations under Section 4(1)(b) and encourage compliance. Yet these mechanisms fail to create accountability structures that would make Public Authorities comply with Section 4(1)(b).  The Right to Information Cell of the Legal Aid Clinic of Jindal Global Law School undertook a study of 220 Public Authorities to check their compliance with Section 4(1)(b) of the Right to Information Act, 2005. This includes 70 central ministries and departments, 70 Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs), and 80 colleges of the Delhi University. The methodology employed is given in the second section of this study. Whether these Public Authorities disclosed all the information required by Section 4(1)(b) and updated it was an integral part of the study. The disclosure of details of Public Information Officer, First Appellate Authority and Transparency Officers were also checked. The third section is an analysis of the research findings. Sub-section 11 which requires disclosure of budget allocation had the highest non-compliance rate of 56.3%. Public Sector undertaking fared the worst with disclosure of budgetary data. It was found that 86.3% of the sample did not disclose details of their Transparency Officer. 61.8% of the organisations studied failed to update the disclosure of information flouting old information as compliance. The fourth section of the paper gives recommendations for ensuring compliance in purview of the data collected through the study. Non-compliance rate of over 70% shows that there is a flaw in the system. The role of the Transparency Officer should be further defined and used to get Public Authorities to disclose information. The creation of a central portal for monitoring compliance is imperative.  Non-compliance must be penalized to ensure accountability. The fifth and final section of the paper concludes with the importance of Section 4(1)(b). An average of 15.6% of cases dealt by the Central Information Commission are for information that should be disclosed under Section 4(1)(b). Non-disclosure of information leads to wastage of resources, time, and is against the mandate of the Right to Information Act, 2005. The government needs to take stronger steps towards ensuring accountability and transparency.

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Fundamental rights are an integral part of the general principles of Union law. This rights are the central point of the legal construction as enshrined in the Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU- the protection of the rights of suspected or accused persons in criminal proceedings, including the stage preceding the criminal proceedings and the stage of the criminal proceedings. Specific measures on procedural rights are necessary so that the fairness of the criminal proceedings is guaranteed.

L'esigenza di riservatezza nel pubblico impiego costituisce un limite per molti altri diritti costituzionalmente garantiti, tra cui quello della trasparenza della pubblica amministrazione indicato nell'art. 97 Cost. The expectation of privacy of the public employees is a limitation for several other rights that are grant by the Constitution, such as transparency of the public administration, indicated by art. 97 of the Italian constitution. SOMMARIO: 1. Riservatezza dei lavoratori e trasparenza delle amministrazioni.-2. Accesso agli atti e riservatezza.-3. Dati relativi a concorsi e selezioni.

© 2025 IJRAR August 2025, Volume 12, Issue 3 www.ijrar.org (E-ISSN 2348-1269, P- ISSN 2349-5138)
IJRAR25C2502 International Journal of Research and Analytical Reviews (IJRAR) www.ijrar.org 12
EXAMINING THE ROLE OF CRIMINAL
JUSTICE PLAYERS IN THE DISPENSATION
OF JUSTICE
Evans Momanyi Getembe
Jesse Daniel Oloo
PREFACE
The justice system is often perceived as complex and inaccessible, especially to those who do not
engage with it regularly. This book aims to change that perception by demystifying the key players and
mechanisms within the criminal justice system. It provides accessible knowledge for legal professionals, law
students, and laypersons who seek a better understanding of how justice operates in practice.
Our mission is to illuminate the roles, responsibilities, and ethical boundaries of key legal actors —
from lawyers and judges to prosecutors and law enforcement. This book also addresses the foundational
principles that guide legal processes, emphasizing fairness, accountability, and the rule of law. Ultimately,
this work invites readers to reflect on the justice system not simply as a punitive institution, but as a societal
framework through which fairness, equity, and social order are achieved.
Beyond professional arenas, the justice system affects everyday life in subtle but powerful ways
shaping the rights we exercise, the protections we enjoy, and the social norms we uphold. A deeper
understanding of this system empowers individuals to become more informed citizens, equipped to critically
engage with legal processes and advocate for systemic reform where needed.
In a world where legal outcomes often intersect with questions of race, class, gender, and power, it is
vital to examine justice through both a practical and moral lens. By tracing how laws are applied, contested,
and interpreted, this book seeks to foster thoughtful dialogue and civic consciousness. Whether you're an
experienced practitioner or a curious newcomer, this journey offers an opportunity not just to learn about
justice, but to consider its evolving role in shaping society.

O texto pretende relacionar a analise da liberdade, a partir da ideia de autonomia de Kant, tendo como base a dimensao real e circunstancial da liberdade, em geral, e da liberdade de imprensa, em particular. A intencao e reenquadrar a discussao do conceito de liberdade, articulando-o ao conceito de liberdadede imprensa, fundamentada na relacao comunicativa e no livre-arbitrio.

Durante el último año se registró en varias partes del mundo un fenómeno comunicativo conocido como “noticias falsas” o fake news. Esta práctica consiste en la difusión de información estructurada en forma de noticia, la cual se distribuye a través de las nuevas tecnologías de la comunicación. El tema cobró relevancia en Estados Unidos en las pasadas elecciones, y en México durante las protestas civiles a causa del aumento de los combustibles. Los primeros análisis —elaborados principalmente en Estados Unidos y en Europa— dan cuenta que los hechos falsos pueden afectar el derecho que tiene la sociedad a estar informada. Durante 2017 circularon en Facebook una gran cantidad de noticias falsas en el estado de Zacatecas, México. Para comprender el fenómeno comunicativo, en el presente artículo se realiza un estudio empírico mediante un monitoreo a nueve páginas que difunden noticias falsas, así como una encuesta en línea a 470 usuarios de Facebook. Los resultados arrojaron elementos qu...

To explore the deviant behaviours of Information Commission, we must know it's goals and responsibilities. Information Commission is a statutory body, established under Right to Information Act, 2009, and has mainly quasi-judicial responsibilities regarding preservation and implementation of Right to Information for every citizen. It has the power to receive complaints from any person, inquire into and dispose off complaints, if a person is refused any information, or not given within specified time limit, given false or misleading information by any public institution of Bangladesh. Based on inquiry on the complaints, the Commission can take punitive measures regarding any individual or a office. Information Commission has not joined in APA, and traditional ACR is it's main performance management tool.

রাষ্ট্র, সমাজ, পরিবার, রাজনৈতিক দলগুলো একটি গুরুত্বপূর্ণ বিষয়, যা সকলেই এড়িয়ে যায়। আর সেটা হচ্ছে রাজনীতির অর্থনৈতিক বাস্তবতা। হাতে গোনা কয়েকজন নেতা টাইপের রাজনীতিবিদ ছাড়া বেশীরভাগ রাজনৈতিক কর্মীদের স্থায়ী আয়ের কোন বন্দোবস্ত নেই। বিভিন্ন রাজনৈতিক মহড়া বা দলীয় সমাবেশে লাখো মানুষের আসা- যাওয়া, খাওয়া, থাকা, চিকিৎসাসহ অন্যান্য টুকিটাকি খরচের জন্য বিরাট অংকের টাকার প্রয়োজন। এই টাকার যোগন হয়ত দল থেকে ব্যবস্থা করা হয়। কিন্তু কর্মসূচী শেষ হওয়ার পরে আবারো সেই স্থানীয় রাজনীতির মাঠের অপ্রয়োজনীয় সৈনিক হিসাবে নিজের জীবনের গুরুত্বপূর্ণ সময়টাকে ক্যাসিনো বোর্ডের কার্ড রুপে নিজেকে সপে দেয়। এটা অর্জনের জন্যই যেন সে বাপ- মায়ের খেয়ে পড়ে বড় হয়ছে।

The study examines the impact of information cocoons on democratic engagement in the social media era by analysing the stories, perceptions, and behaviours of individuals. The rapid evolution of digital communication platforms and social media provides users with easy access to information while simultaneously creating information cocoons. The study examined the phenomenon of personalised and algorithmic news recommendations and their impacts on society, such as the erosion of diverse viewpoints, misinformation, and the development of audience-centred news values. Furthermore, tailored news consumption also impacts individuals, leading to a decrease in knowledge and bias, a reduction in critical thinking, and a decrease in concentration levels. Based on a comprehensive analysis of online resources and thematic evaluation of conversations and interviews with 20 respondents, the study indicates that people are inclined to seek out and embrace information that aligns with their pre-existing views, and simultaneously, social media platforms employ algorithms that populate users' news feeds with content matching their existing views, aiming to boost user engagement on the site.

There is a long history of struggle behind the implementation of the RTI Act in India. Since its inception, there have been various attempts to dilute the Act in several ways. There have also been studies that have evaluated its effectiveness. This study aims to determine how the act is sought to be used by citizens in Shimla and their success in doing so. The study explores the nature of information sought under the RTI Act, along with the rate of success or failure in information seeking under RTI. Additionally, the study determines if the information seekers felt satisfied with the information received under the RTI Act. The study acts as feedback for the champions of freedom of information, the government, and the judiciary. It may help bring improvements in the Act, which may lead to transparency and accountability in governance and help in citizen empowerment.

India is not only the largest democracy in the world but also the fastest growing economy. That is why it has attained a specific position and role in international arena. However, the constraints faced by the Indian Republic cannot be overlooked, particularly due to prevailing malgovernance and corruption. Accordingly. the demand and need of RT/ took place and it became instrumental in addressing a hove miseries on one hand and achieving the goals of good governance on the other. The present article focuses on a correlation between the RT/ Act and good governance. How the RT/ Act has paved the way for good governance and what are the main constraints and how can these be overcome so that the RT/ can desirably contribute to good governance and quality democracy?

This paper analyses the Right to Information Act, 2005 as a transformative legislation promoting transparency and empowering citizens in a democratic setup. It explores the statutory provisions and key judicial pronouncements that define the Act's scope and limitations. The RTI Act not only enforces accountability among public authorities but also strengthens the constitutional guarantee under Article 19(1)(a). The study concludes by asserting the RTI's vital role in participatory governance and the evolving balance between public interest and privacy.

Not long after the 2016 U.S. presidential election, journalists, librarians, and academic scholars displayed a notable lack of curiosity toward significant investigative works on digital censorship, such as the "Twitter Files." These reports, which claimed to expose potential collusion between government officials and big tech companies, were largely overlooked by traditional media and information professionals, raising ethical concerns about censorship through selective omission. This paper examines how such incuriosity has limited public access to critical information and driven content creators to independent platforms like Substack. These platforms have become a sort of modern equivalent of samizdat. In addition, we argue there has been a failure of academic and library systems to integrate these non-traditional sources into the public record via indexed and accessible collections, which weakens intellectual freedom and the discoverability of diverse perspectives. A renewed commitment by journalists and librarians is needed wherein they engage with alternative media and content to uphold their roles as impartial gatekeepers of information that can foster a more inclusive discourse.

Digital material holds particular significance for scientific research in archives. Digitization of archival material enables researchers worldwide to access archival material without the need to physically visit the archives. Digital material allows for faster searching and identification of relevant information in archival holdings and collections through keywords, metadata, or even text recognition technologies. This facilitates researchersʾ efficient access to the information they need for their work. Digital material enables the sharing of archival material with other researchers or institutions, fostering collaboration and knowledge exchange. Through digital platforms, researchers can easily access, review, and utilize archival material in their research. In short, digital material transforms the way archival material is accessed and used in scientific research, enabling broader availability, better searchability, more efficient analysis, and greater collaboration among researchers. This contributes to the advancement of scientific research and the preservation of cultural heritage.
The author will try to point out the importance of digital records for scientific and research work in archives, with special reference to the Archives of the Tuzla Canton. Data on the number of researchers who used the archives’ services for scientific research purposes for the period 2020 2023 will be presented and with all the difficulties the researchers encountered. Also, based on the survey, we will present data on researchers from other archives in Bosnia and Herzegovina, who used digital records in their research, in order to be able to compare the scientific-research component in the archives of Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Legal Opinion ini disusun sebagai respons atas permintaan KLHK untuk memberikan pandangan hukum terkait status hukum putusan Mahkamah Agung terhadap PT Bumi Mekar Hijau (BMH) dalam kasus kebakaran gambut tahun 2014, serta konsekuensi eksekusi, kewajiban pemulihan lingkungan, potensi litigasi lanjutan, rekomendasi administratif terhadap izin usaha, dan urgensi partisipasi masyarakat dalam proses pemulihan. Mahkamah Agung telah menjatuhkan putusan inkracht yang menghukum PT BMH membayar ganti rugi Rp 16,2 triliun dan memulihkan lingkungan, namun hingga kini eksekusi belum tuntas. Legal Opinion ini menyajikan analisis berbasis hukum acara perdata lingkungan, peraturan lingkungan hidup, dan prinsip-prinsip hukum lingkungan internasional serta memberikan rekomendasi konkret untuk optimalisasi penegakan hukum dan perlindungan masyarakat terdampak.

Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) merupakan aspek krusial dalam sistem peradilan pidana, khususnya pada tahap penyidikan. Penyidik sebagai ujung tombak dalam proses penegakan hukum memiliki kewenangan penting untuk menjamin bahwa hak-hak dasar tersangka tidak dilanggar selama proses hukum berlangsung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana kewenangan penyidik digunakan dalam menjamin perlindungan HAM terhadap tersangka serta tantangan yang dihadapi dalam praktiknya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan studi pustaka sebagai metode pengumpulan data. Berdasarkan analisis terhadap Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana (KUHAP), Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia, dan UUD 1945, penyidik diharuskan menjunjung tinggi prinsip-prinsip keadilan dan hak asasi dalam setiap tindakan hukum. Namun demikian, masih banyak pelanggaran yang terjadi di lapangan, seperti penyiksaan, intimidasi, hingga penahanan sewenang-wenang. Mekanisme pengawasan seperti praperadilan, Divisi Propam Polri, dan Komnas HAM memiliki peran penting dalam mengontrol tindakan penyidik, meskipun efektivitasnya masih dipertanyakan. Diperlukan penguatan sistem pengawasan internal dan eksternal, peningkatan pemahaman aparat terhadap prinsip-prinsip HAM, serta perbaikan kebijakan kelembagaan agar proses penyidikan benar-benar menjadi instrumen penegakan hukum yang adil dan beradab. Penegakan hukum yang menjunjung tinggi HAM akan meningkatkan kepercayaan publik dan mewujudkan negara hukum yang demokratis.
Kata Kunci : Kewenangan Penyidik, Perlindungan, Hak Asasi Tersangka

Perlindungan Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM) merupakan aspek krusial dalam sistem peradilan pidana, khususnya pada tahap penyidikan. Penyidik sebagai ujung tombak dalam proses penegakan hukum memiliki kewenangan penting untuk menjamin bahwa hak-hak dasar tersangka tidak dilanggar selama proses hukum berlangsung. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis bagaimana kewenangan penyidik digunakan dalam menjamin perlindungan HAM terhadap tersangka serta tantangan yang dihadapi dalam praktiknya. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan yuridis normatif dengan studi pustaka sebagai metode pengumpulan data. Berdasarkan analisis terhadap Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana (KUHAP), Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia, dan UUD 1945, penyidik diharuskan menjunjung tinggi prinsip-prinsip keadilan dan hak asasi dalam setiap tindakan hukum. Namun demikian, masih banyak pelanggaran yang terjadi di lapangan, seperti penyiksaan, intimidasi, hingga penahanan sewenang-wenang. Mekanisme pengawasan seperti praperadilan, Divisi Propam Polri, dan Komnas HAM memiliki peran penting dalam mengontrol tindakan penyidik, meskipun efektivitasnya masih dipertanyakan. Diperlukan penguatan sistem pengawasan internal dan eksternal, peningkatan pemahaman aparat terhadap prinsip-prinsip HAM, serta perbaikan kebijakan kelembagaan agar proses penyidikan benar-benar menjadi instrumen penegakan hukum yang adil dan beradab. Penegakan hukum yang menjunjung tinggi HAM akan meningkatkan kepercayaan publik dan mewujudkan negara hukum yang demokratis.

This paper advocates a proactive role for courts in the electronic media’s coverage of courts. Presenting this paper in January 2001 to author refers to the very recent court cases relating to the disputed 2020 US Presidential election, in which courts permitted audiovisual (or just audio in the case of the US Supreme Court) coverage of arguments and evidence.  He points out that in contrast the media’s reporting was not as enlightening. He posits reasons why the courts need to assist media’s coverage of proceedings and reporting of decisions, and how such assistance can minimise inadvertently inaccurate or misleading reporting. He stresses that misreporting may undermine respect for the judiciary and ultimately lead to a loss of public confidence in the judicial system. While acknowledging that in 2001 the technology is only gradually becoming accessible to courts, the author argues that the Internet appears to have the potential to permit courts to provide the media and public with direct access to public documents and recordings of public hearings. In lauding the benefits of learning from the experiences of other common law jurisdictions he observed that the experiences of other courts suggests that proactive steps by courts to assist media’s reporting of proceedings and the guidelines for such coverage developed in consultation with the media are most likely to promote open justice by facilitating public understanding and informed criticism of judicial proceedings.

In today's increasingly competitive global business landscape, employee branding has emerged as a strategic approach for companies to build and maintain a positive public image through their workforce. In the digital era, particularly with the rise of social media, every action and communication by employees-both online and offline-can influence the company's reputation. This study aims to examine the legal consequences for employees who fail to uphold employee branding in line with corporate standards and expectations, especially within the framework of Indonesian labor law. The research focuses on clarifying the legal boundaries, employee obligations, and protections for individual rights, including freedom of expression. Using a normative-juridical approach, this study seeks to provide a balanced understanding between a company's interest in safeguarding its reputation and the rights of employees in the employment relationship. The findings are expected to contribute to the development of fair corporate policies aligned with national labor law principles.

This article explores a significant constitutional controversy within the Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), focusing on the unilateral proposal by Acting Chairman Tarique Rahman to delay the national election timeline from December 2025 to February 2026 without prior approval of the party’s Standing Committee. The analysis evaluates whether this act constituted a violation of Articles 12(a) and 9(c) of the BNP Constitution, which mandate collective decision-making through quorum-based sessions of the Standing Committee. The article also discusses potential disciplinary measures permissible under party rules, while highlighting the internal political realities that often hinder accountability. The case underscores the tension between symbolic leadership and procedural democracy, calling for urgent institutional reform within BNP to preserve its constitutional integrity and democratic legitimacy.

À Deus, Princípio Criador e Sustentador de todas as coisas, minha rendição e louvor! À Geraldo e Heloisa (meus grandes amores), pela tolerância e paciência para com as minhas ausências. À Geraldo pela pausa em seus estudos e cuidado com a casa. À Heloisa, pelas palavras contidas e silêncios durante os meus dias de estudo. Aos meus pais, pela dedicação e exemplo de vida. Às minhas irmãs, família e amigos que ansiosamente esperam o desfecho desse rito de passagem. À amiga especial Eugênia Magna pela presença e otimismo diário, pelo apoio e incentivo incansável. À amiga mineira Rosária de Pompéa pelos anos de apoio e presença crítica no meu processo de crescimento intelectual. Aos amigos que ganhei na turma do Mestrado. À Coordenação e aos Docentes do Mestrado em Política Social pela qualidade e vigor teórico da formação. À Maria Beatriz Lima Herkenhoff, minha orientadora, pela pontual, respeitosa e incansável orientação na construção da pesquisa. À Banca Examinadora pelas contribuições e honrosa presença. Ao Departamento de Ciências da Informação (UFES) pelo apoio e disponibilidade de estrutura material para a pesquisa. Aos docentes e colegas do Departamento de Ciências da Informação (UFES) por acreditar no meu trabalho, pela colaboração na reflexão dos conteúdos, no empréstimo de material informacional e pela paciência em ouvir as minhas queixas. À Biblioteca Central da UFES pelo precioso acervo, pela luta e resistência diária por uma biblioteca pública e de qualidade. Aos alunos especiais que diariamente aguçam minha vontade de conhecer mais! Onde está a vida que perdemos vivendo? Onde está a sabedoria que perdemos com o conhecimento? Onde está o conhecimento que perdemos com a informação? (T. S. Eliot) RESUMO Analisa, através de pesquisa bibliográfica, o direito à informação no contexto dos direitos sociais como um recurso contributivo para a efetivação dos direitos sociais sob a ambiência do capitalismo contemporâneo, junto à realidade brasileira. Delinea o percurso da pesquisa sob uma abordagem interdisciplinar, entre os campos da Ciência da Informação e Serviço Social cobrindo três contextos (da sociedade, do capitalismo e do Estado) ambientadores para as categorias informação e controle social. Define como proposição norteadora a informação e o conhecimento como um fenômeno social, produto e componente determinante nos processos de reprodução social. O valor social da informação e a sua efetividade na criação de oportunidades de transformação determinam a aproximação entre o direito à informação e os direitos sociais, justamente pela potencialidade dessa informação em favorecer as oportunidades de autonomia, os processos de participação, e as escolhas dos sujeitos e de seus coletivos. Compreende o direito à informação, como um recurso simbólico que reproduz e representa a atuação da informação como um operador de relação ou mediador das relações sociais de natureza informativa. Analisa a relação entre capitalismo e informação a partir de três eixos temáticos articulados entre si: a gênese da relação entre capitalismo e informação a partir do conceito de revolução tecnológica trabalhado por ; os efeitos e impactos das tecnologias da informação e da comunicação sobre os processos sociais; e a emergência da Sociedade da Informação como uma proposta política de manutenção da hegemonia dos interesses capitalistas. Caracteriza essa relação como uma perspectiva para dimensionamento da informação sob a lógica da apropriação capitalista, uma das forças produtoras da potencialização e hegemonia dos interesses capitalistas e por consequência desencadeadora da desigualdade social. Concebe o Estado social como Estado-Informação provedor das demandas de natureza informativa oriundas dos sujeitos de direitos (individual ou coletivo). Analisa o poder local como campo de efetivação da governança informacional, sob um regime de informação, para atendimento da necessidade comunicacional e informacional da sociedade, como condição de legitimação do direito à informação e forma de estabelecimento como valor estratégico para a sociedade civil. Apresenta a categoria controle social, aplicada ao campo da informação como um mecanismo para: viabilizar a efetiva gestão e socialização da informação local fundada no direito à informação; viabilizar canais de participação da sociedade civil sob um regime de informação e promotor da governança informacional.

Some of the largest frauds the world has seen in the last five years have been detected by whistleblower complaints and tip-offs. Despite global recognition for whistleblower India has had very little success in harnessing this channel to detect frauds. People at dominant positions in Corporate often adopt practices which are corrupt or unethical to satisfy their selfish motives. Such malpractices should be reported to the higher authorities by the members of the organization. The present paper deals with the concept and importance of whistle blowing in an organization. The article highlights the status of whistle blower in Indian scenario and throws light on the miserable treatment of whistle blower. The article also tries to inculcate some of the suggested remedies in whistle blower protection program to safeguard the position of whistle blower.

A informação urge como insumo basilar na construção discursiva e na gerencia administrativa, na qual permeia as atividades diárias dos atores sociais na modernidade. Em outros termos, as tarefas mais simples do cotidiano, tais como, o planejamento estratégico das empresas, às decisões governamentais, os valores familiares, os fenômenos científicos, as inovações da ciência, maximizam as necessidades informacionais na contemporaneidade. O presente artigo tem por objetivo identificar as ações implementadas pelo Instituto Federal do Rio Grande do Norte para atender as exigências da Lei nº 12.527/11, Lei de Acesso a Informação. Nessa perspectiva, destaca-se o termo accountability que vem sendo bastante utilizado vinculado à transparência das ações dos governantes, coibindo, de certo modo, a corrupção e possibilitando a participação da população nas decisões do governo. O estudo caracterizou-se como uma pesquisa descritiva, utilizou-se o método observacional, com abordagem qualitativa. No que se refere à coleta de dados, optou-se pela entrevista semiestruturada. Concluiu-se, portanto, que a Lei de Acesso à Informação ainda está em fase de implementação no IFRN, mas a comissão responsável pelo SIC no IFRN vem atendendo as solicitações recebidas. Todavia, esse cenário não contempla a realidade da lei, já que atinge um público restrito, e, portanto, não garante a ampla participação social através da transparência. Uma das ações implementadas pelo IFRN, para atender as exigências da LAI, foi à criação de um link na página oficial do IFRN. O estudo realizado possibilita alguns desdobramentos e continuidade da pesquisa, como a avaliação dos usuários quanto ao serviço desempenhado pela instituição ou até mesmo, como os outros servidores percebem a efetivação deste canal no IFRN.

Uvriježeno je mišljenje da je začetak osnivanja arhiva u Hrvatskoj bila odluka Hrvatskog sabora iz 1643. godine o izradi posebne škrinje (Cista privilegiorum Regni Sclavoniae) u kojoj su se čuvale povlastice Kraljevine Hrvatske, Slavonije i Dalmacije te je ona povjerena na čuvanje zagrebačkom Kaptolu. Do sredine 19. stoljeća Sabor je pokušavao inicirati prikupljanje i čuvanje najvažnijih povijesnih dokumenata, a prvi stvarni institucionalni obrisi Zemaljskog arhiva Kraljevine Hrvatske, Dalmacije i Slavonije javljaju se 1848. godine kada je arhiv počeo nositi to ime, a nadležnost nad ustanovom, koja je do tad djelovala kao ustanova Sabora, prešla je pod nadležnost izvršnih tijela vlasti te je počela s prikupljanjem i čuvanjem arhivalija nastalih djelovanjem i drugih stvaratelja.1 Donošenjem Općeg zakona o državnim arhivima2 1950. godine počinju se osnivati, uz državne arhive narodnih republika, i gradski arhivi – stoga je u Varaždinu 1950. godine osnovan Arhiv u sastavu Gradskog muze...

Elections play a fundamental role in democratic governance because it is the best way to establish Universal Adult Franchise. Aam Aadmi Party (AAP) is a political party in India which was founded and formed for the benefit of people. It came into power to help the Aam Aadmi which is the general public to get all the amenities and services which they are entitled to. Through this political party, the general public has got their rights and services like improving education, healthcare etc. This research paper will show how a relatively new anti-corruption political party in India, the Aam Aadmi Party (AAP), defeated the two national parties, the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) and the Congress Party, in the 2015 and 2020 Delhi assembly elections. The Indian National Congress (INC), which ruled Delhi for fifteen years, was unable to establish a presence in these elections. Despite Modi's stronghold at the Centre, the BJP's communal politics failed to capitalize on the Delhi struggle. After putting an end to hate politics, AAP's unexpected triumph in the Delhi Assembly established the presence of development and good governance politics. Despite repeated appeals to voters to adopt the parties' development programmes, the Delhi poll results signified a shift in electoral politics that might help other parties gain momentum across the country. The focus of the paper will be to comparatively analyze the victory of AAP in 2015 and 2020 Delhi assembly elections and to discuss in detail the ideology and the factors responsible for the winning of AAP.

শশাঙ্কের মৃত্যুর পর প্রায় শতবর্ষ ব্যাপী চলমান মাৎস্যন্যায়মের অবসানের পর অষ্টম শতাব্দীর মধ্যভাগে গোপালদেবের মাধ্যমে বাংলা-বিহারে পাল সাম্রাজ্যের উত্থান ঘটে। তিনি আনু, ৭৫০-৭৭৪ খ্রি. পর্যন্ত শাসন করেন। মদনপাল (আনু. ১১৪৩-১১৬১ খ্রি.) ছিলেন এ রাজবংশের শেষ শাসক। তবে বিহারে আঞ্চলিক পর্যায়েও ১২০০ খ্রি. পর্যন্ত গোবিন্দপালদেব ও পলপালের শাসনকার্য পরিচালিত হয়েছে। ও পাল রাজবংশ দ্বারা এই দীর্ঘ রাজত্বকালীন সময়ে প্রতিষ্ঠিত শাসক কর্তৃক তাম্রশাসনের মাধ্যমে ভূমিদান, ধর্মীয় প্রতিষ্ঠান নির্মাণ, কোনো বিশেষ বিষয়ের পৃষ্ঠপোষকতা ইত্যাদি কার্য সম্পাদিত হয়েেেছ। আবার তৎকালীন সমাজের বিভিন্ন শ্রেণির ব্যক্তি কর্তৃক শাসকের রাজ্যাঙ্ক উল্লেখপূর্বক বিভিন্ন মূর্তি প্রতিষ্ঠিত হয়েছে যেগুলো আমরা মূর্তিলেখ হিসেবে পাই। আবার কিছু অভিলেখে রাজপ্রশন্তিও উৎকীর্ণ করা হয়েছে। সাম্প্রতিক একটি গবেষণায় বর্তমান প্রবন্ধের গবেষকগণ পাল রাজবংশের ও তাদের সময়ের মোট ১৩৫টি অভিলেখের তালিকা লিপিবদ্ধ করেছেন, যেটি এ সময়ের লিপিতাত্ত্বিক গবেষণার অন্যতম একটি মাইলফলক। এই অভিলেখের বিষয়বস্তুর মধ্যে যেমন বৈচিত্রতা রয়েছে তেমনি এর লক্ষ্য-উদ্দেশ্যেও ভিন্ন ভিন্ন। কিছু অভিলেখ ভূমিদানের উদ্দেশ্যে, কিছু ধর্মীয় উদ্দেশ্যে, কিছু ব্যবসায়িক উদ্দেশ্যে প্রভৃতি কারণে উৎকীর্ণ করা হয়েছে। অভিলেখ জারি করার সময় কখনো শাসক নিজে করেন আবার রাজা নিজের তত্ত্বাবধানে স্থানীয় শাসক, দূতক (বার্তা-বাহক) কিংবা রাজ পরিবারের সদস্য দিয়েও করিয়েছেন। ধর্মীয় কার্য বিশেষ করে মূর্তিলেখ যুক্ত মূর্তি প্রতিষ্ঠার ক্ষেত্রে রাজা, রাজপরিবারের সদস্য, স্থানীয় শাসক, জনসাধারণ প্রায় সকল শ্রেণির ব্যক্তি সম্পাদনা করেছেন। কিছু অভিলেখে তারিখ উৎকীর্ণ করা হয়েছে আবার কিছু তারিখবিহীন। অভিলেখ উৎকীর্ণ করার ক্ষেত্রেও ব্যবহৃত হয়েছে ভিন্ন ভিন্ন উপাদান। তাম্রশাসন উৎকীর্ণ করা হয়েছে তাম্রফলকে, মৃৎ-সীলে, প্রস্তরের তৈরি স্তম্ভ ও ফলকে কিংবা মূর্তিলেখ প্রস্তর ও ধাতু উভয়েই পাওয়া যায়। পাল অভিলেখসমূহের এই বিষয়বস্তুগত, উপাদানগত প্রভৃতির যে বৈচিত্রতা পরিলক্ষিত হয় তার বিভাজন এবং প্রত্নতত্ত্ব ও ইতিহাস চর্চায় এর গুরুত্ব বিশ্লেষণ বর্তমান প্রবন্ধের মূল বিষয়বস্তু।

El articulo trata del respeto a la autonomía, que se fundamenta en la consideración de la pertenencia del cuerpo, entendido como cuerpo pensante, al que solo se puede acceder con la voluntariedad de los sujetos sobre los que se interviene. En la legislación mexicana adquiere la categoría de derecho para la participación en intervenciones clínicas o como sujetos de investigación, es importante fomentar la investigación

As part of Thailand's ongoing administrative reform, the objective of this study is to identify appropriate transparency measures for the public sector. Constructing a conceptual framework based on David Heald's anatomy of transparency complexity and Bauhr & Grimes' study, as well as practices widely accepted around the world in countries such as the United States of America, Thailand FOIA, and transparency assessment tools in Thailand, to derive appropriate measures for assessing transparency practices in Thai public agencies with regard to the term's foundation, applicability in practice, and comprehensibility. The author provides seven primary indices for evaluating the transparency of Thai government agencies.

The growing reliance on digital and forensic evidence in the modern criminal justice system has introduced various challenges related to authentication, the prosecution of cybercrime, and ensuring fair trials. The rapid evolution of technology magnifies these challenges, the complexities of cross-jurisdictional issues, and the need to balance privacy rights with the pursuit of justice. This research addresses these issues by analysing the vulnerabilities of digital evidence to tampering, the intricacies involved in prosecuting cybercrimes, and the risks to fairness in trials where such evidence plays a key role. The study employs a mixed-methods research methodology, combining qualitative analyses of existing legal frameworks, academic literature, and case law with direct stakeholder engagement through structured questionnaires. Stakeholders include legal practitioners, forensic experts, law enforcement officials, policymakers, and academics, forming a global community united in the pursuit of justice. Their perspectives offer valuable insights into both the practical and theoretical dimensions of the challenges associated with digital and forensic evidence. Additionally, the research integrates interdisciplinary data from forensic science, cybersecurity, and legal studies to understand the topic comprehensively. A comparative analysis of international legal practices enhances the recommendations, ensuring they are relevant and adaptable globally. Key challenges in authenticating digital evidence include its susceptibility to tampering, maintaining an unbroken chain of custody, and possessing advanced technical expertise. These factors are crucial for ensuring the admissibility and reliability of evidence in court. Conversely, cybercrime prosecution faces obstacles such as jurisdictional disputes, the anonymity of perpetrators, and the inability of legal systems to keep pace with rapidly evolving technologies. Furthermore, managing large volumes of digital evidence across multiple jurisdictions requires significant resources and, most importantly, international cooperation. This need for collaboration underscores the urgency and importance of our challenges. Ensuring fair trials also presents difficulties, including the risk of misinterpreting digital or forensic evidence, potential bias resulting from overreliance on its perceived infallibility, and limited access to independent experts for defendants. Privacy concerns emerge as investigators often need access to sensitive personal data, creating a need to balance individual rights with societal security. This research suggests that updating legal frameworks at both national and international levels is essential to address these challenges effectively. Additionally, strengthening the technical expertise of legal practitioners and law enforcement personnel through targeted training is vital. Implementing robust authentication protocols, such as blockchain technology, can enhance the integrity of digital evidence. Moreover, ensuring

In Court Reform on Trial: Why Simple Solutions Fail, Malcolm Feeley identified a number of obstacles that undermine reforms of the United States court system. Feeley's proposed solution was to adopt a problem-oriented "rights strategy"-letting the courts themselves solve their problems through litigation. This is because litigation is a forum in which courts are well placed to identify specific problems and devise pragmatic solutions. This Article takes a look at this proposition in the context of court reforms in China and concludes that courts (and law) are also a reflection of national goals and identity. Any reforms to a court system must not only take into consideration expectations and realistic goals, but also the fundamental identity of a particular legal system. In a top-down society like China, national goals-and hence, national identity-are defined by the Chinese Communist Party. Chinese courts have come a long way in their reforms and court reforms in China have often been couched in the language of national goals. Any proposed court reforms that challenge national goals and identity are doomed to fail.

The last twenty years of Chinese legal reforms have been particularly interesting to scholars and activists alike. During this period, Chinese legal reforms have moved from purely substantive changes in economic laws to the realm of domestic structural reforms of the court system. Today, legal reformers are discussing the use of open trials, adversarial advocacy, and even judicial independence. This Article explores how far some of these reforms may go by considering the path of structural and procedural changes adopted by the Chinese courts in the past twenty years. It includes an analysis of the tension faced by all legal systems in balancing law and predictability with equity and discretion. It focuses on how the Chinese have utilized an ideology of supervision in maintaining this balance, and predicts the future course of legal reforms in China.

NTENTAR adentrarse en el análisis del denominado" derecho al secreto profesional de los periodistas" plantea ciertas dificultades, derivadas algunas de la falta de desarrollo legal. Sin embargo, este vacío normativo puede ser aprovechado también desde un punto de vista teórico, ya que hace que el investigador posea unos márgenes de díscrecionalidad amplios, sólo restringidos por los principios y normas que presiden nuestro Ordenamiento. En todo caso, conviene no olvidar el carácter normativo de la Constitución, en virtud del ...

A tecnologia CRISPR utilizada para enfrentar demandas de produção de alimentos levanta questões importantes de biossegurança e adequação jurídica. Na busca de dados sobre a utilização da tecnologia, observou-se uma grande escassez de pesquisas publicadas envolvendo a utilização da tecnologia CRISPR e os seus potenciais riscos ou focos de atenção. Assim, evidenciando uma lacuna a ser analisada e sanada. Este estudo realiza uma revisão da literatura sobre a utilização de CRISPR em produções agrícolas, se há regulamentação e quais os dados que são repassados aos consumidores. Assim, adota a pesquisa exploratória e descritiva, utilizando o método dedutivo, suportado por revisão bibliográfica, pesquisa bibliométrica e análise documental. A flexibilização da legislação envolvendo material geneticamente modificado pode criar ameaças transgeracionais e transterritoriais, aos quais não é possível criar mecanismos de prevenção, já que não se sabe de fato seus riscos, devido à baixa quantidade de estudos científicos publicizados. Diferentemente da transgenia, outros métodos de alteração genética não necessitam de avisos em suas embalagens, o que fere o direito do cidadão à informação. É essencial estabelecer diretrizes regulatórias e fomentar a responsabilidade ética dos pesquisadores para garantir um uso seguro e sustentável do CRISPR.
The use of CRISPR technology to address food production
demands raises significant questions regarding biosafety and legal adequacy.
During the data collection phase about the use of this technology, a
notable scarcity of published research addressing its potential risks or
areas of concern was observed, highlighting a gap that needs to be
analyzed and addressed. This study conducts a literature review on the
application of CRISPR in agricultural production, examining whether
regulations exist and what information is shared with consumers. The
research adopts an exploratory and descriptive approach, using the
deductive method supported by bibliographic review, bibliometric analysis,
and document analysis. The easing of legislation related to genetically
modified materials may pose transgenerational and transboundary threats,
for which preventive mechanisms cannot be created due to the lack
of comprehensive scientific studies. Unlike transgenics, other genetic
modification methods do not require labeling on packaging, violating
the citizen’s right to information. It is imperative to define regulatory
standards and to foster ethical responsibility among researchers to ensure
the safe and sustainable use of CRISPR.

Aktivis lingkungan memainkan peran penting dalam melindungi lingkungan dan mengadvokasi keadilan ekologis. Namun, mereka sering menghadapi ancaman, kekerasan, intimidasi, dan kriminalisasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis regulasi yang ada, mengidentifikasi tantangan dalam implementasinya, dan merumuskan rekomendasi kebijakan untuk memperkuat perlindungan hukum bagi aktivis lingkungan di Indonesia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif dengan analisis normatif-empiris, melibatkan studi literatur, analisis regulasi, dan wawancara dengan aktivis lingkungan, aparat penegak hukum, serta LSM. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa meskipun terdapat beberapa instrumen hukum yang dapat digunakan untuk melindungi aktivis lingkungan, seperti Undang-Undang No. 32 Tahun 2009 tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup dan Undang-Undang No. 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia, implementasinya di lapangan masih belum optimal. Tantangan utama meliputi kurangnya kesadaran hukum, lemahnya penegakan hukum, dan minimnya mekanisme perlindungan khusus bagi aktivis lingkungan. Berdasarkan temuan tersebut, penelitian ini merekomendasikan pembentukan mekanisme perlindungan khusus, peningkatan kapasitas aparat penegak hukum, dan penguatan partisipasi masyarakat dalam pengawasan lingkungan. Dengan demikian, penelitian ini diharapkan dapat memberikan kontribusi bagi upaya mencapai keadilan ekologis dan perlindungan hak asasi manusia di Indonesia.

The finalization of the first stage of any criminal case obliges the prosecutor to check up on the legality and the validity of the criminal investigation acts performed by the police authority whose activity is monitorized by him. This obligation considers first the verification of the constituent documents of the criminal accusation -the beginning of the criminal accusation, the start of the criminal action, the presentation of the criminal accusation material of the defendant and the completion of the account containing the proposal to finalize the criminal accusation by the police authority. Within this context, it is verified if the criminal accusation documents have been drawn up with the compliance of the legal stipulations, followed by the finding if all the evidence have been collected, necessary to find the truth in the respective case and if all implying criminal or civil aspects have been elucidated . According to the established deficiencies in the police investigation activity, the prosecutor can entail : the reference to the competent authority, the return of the case with a view to complete or to remake the accusation, the resumption of the criminal accusation. These solutions can be entailed by the prosecutor ex officio or on the occasion of solutioning the complains against criminal investigation documents formulated by those interested due to drawn illegal documents. At the same time, by initiating the procedure of complaining against the prosecutor's acts, the legality and the validity of a solution adopted in the criminal accusation stage can be analyzed by the court.