Environmental Education

The paper aims to reveal one integrated global map which points out the major geographical inequalities in providing basic utilities across the countries using multivariate analysis and thematic cartography. Sixteen indicators with global coverage were selected taking into account the waste collection services, sanitation facilities, drinking water sources, energy, electricity, habitat and demographic conditions. Several data are broken down for the total, urban and rural population in order to outline the rural-urban disparities between and within countries. A special focus is given to waste collection coverage, in order to compute a comprehensive global assessment of this key indicator of public health, which is one of the poorest monitored basic utility. The world countries were divided into 10 classes according to the hierarchical cluster analysis. Each class has particular features outlining the gaps between high, middle and low-income countries with direct impact on quality of life, public health, and environment.

iii Guia de bolso: 100 Aves do Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra -MG O Parque Nacional da Serra da Canastra é um local especial e único, mas somente quando as crianças e jovens de todas as idades desenvolverem o pertencimento por este espaço é que teremos alcançado o objetivo de toda Unidade de Conservação: a participação e envolvimento social.

Indigenous and allied scholars, knowledge keepers, scientists, learners, change-makers, and leaders are creating a field to support Indigenous peoples’ capacities to address anthropogenic (human-caused) climate change. Indigenous studies often reflect the memories and knowledges that arise from Indigenous peoples’ living heritages as societies with stories, lessons, and long histories of having to be well-organized to adapt to seasonal and inter-annual environmental changes. At the same time, our societies have been heavily disrupted by colonialism, capitalism, and industrialization. As a Potawatomi scholar-activist working on issues Indigenous people face with the U.S. settler state, I perceive at least three key themes reflected across the field that suggest distinct approaches to inquiries into climate change: 
1. Anthropogenic (human-caused) climate change is an intensification of environmental change imposed on Indigenous peoples by colonialism. 

2. Renewing Indigenous knowledges, such as traditional ecological knowledge, can bring together Indigenous communities to strengthen their own self-determined planning for climate change.

3. Indigenous peoples often imagine climate change futures from their perspectives (a) as societies with deep collective histories of having to be well-organized to adapt environmental change and (b) as societies who must reckon with the disruptions of historic and ongoing practices of colonialism, capitalism, and industrialization.

In engaging these themes, I will claim, at the end, that Indigenous studies offer critical, decolonizing approaches to how to address climate change. The approaches arise from how our ways of imagining the future guide our present actions. The article is forthcoming in English Language Notes.

Calvert K and Simandan D (2010) Energy, space, and society: a reassessment of the changing landscape of energy production, distribution, and use Journal of Economics and Business Research XVI(1), pp. 13-37.
ABSTRACT: While geography has always mattered for the energy sector, the relative effects of location and distance on the economics of energy regimes are increasing as we begin to deploy more renewable energy technologies. This reintroduction of the friction of distance is leading to an energy landscape that is far different from fossil-based regimes. The new energy paradigm, based as it is upon the physics and the economics of renewable energy, is being reflected in the landscape as distributed, decentralized, and diversified patterns of energy generation. Because the increased use of renewable energy technologies is beginning to change the spatial patterns of political and socioeconomic activities, a thorough understanding of these patterns is crucial to increasing the socio-political acceptability of new technologies and to avoiding the socially costly unintended consequences of policy and investment decisions.  This paper proposes a theoretical foundation upon which economists and economic geographers could scaffold their analyses of the spatial characteristics of the economics of energy use.  To this end, we bring together two complementary conceptualizations of economic geography: firstly, as the study of the effects of location and distance on energy economics, and secondly, as the study of the ways in which political, economic, and technological energy-related practices give rise to particular spatial patterns of socio-economic welfare. We end the paper by developing the concept of energy rationality and showing how it relates to discussions of metarationality, common sense, and wisdom.

Ecocentrism is the broadest term for worldviews that recognize intrinsic value in all lifeforms and ecosystems themselves, including their abiotic components. Anthropocentrism, in contrast, values other lifeforms and ecosystems insofar as they are valuable for human well-being, preferences and interests. Herein, the authors examine the roots of ecocentrism and discuss its mixed history of international recognition. They argue that non-human nature has intrinsic value irrespective of human preferences or valuation, and they refute the claim that ecocentrism is misanthropic. They then summarize four key examples from the academic literature in which anthropocentrism fails to provide an ethic adequate for respecting and protecting planet Earth and its inhabitants. The authors conclude that ecocentrism is essential for solving our unprecedented environmental crisis, arguing its importance from four perspectives: ethical, evolutionary, spiritual and ecological. They contend that a social transformation towards ecocentrism is not only an ethical but a practical imperative, and they urge support for ecocentric understanding and practices.

Addressing the contemporary waste management is seeing a shift towards energy production while managing waste sustainably. Consequently, waste treatment through gasification is slowly taking over the waste incineration with multiple benefits, including simultaneous waste management and energy production while reducing landfill volumes and displacing conventional fossil fuels. Only in the UK, there are around 14 commercial plants built to operate on gasification technology. These include fixed bed and fluidized bed gasification reactors. Ultra-clean tar free gasification of waste is now the best available technique and has experienced a significant shift from two-stage gasification and combustion towards a one-stage system for gasification and syngas cleaning. Nowadays in gasification sector, more companies are developing commercial plants with tar cracking and syngas cleaning. Moreover, gasification can be a practical scheme when applying ultra-clean syngas for a gas turbine with heat recovery by steam cycle for district heating and cooling (DHC) systems. This chapter aims to examine the recent trends in gasification-based waste-to-energy technologies. Furthermore, types of gasification technologies, their challenges and future perspectives in various applications are highlighted in detail.

"Higher education is uniquely placed to play a leading role in the attainment of sustainable development. This catalyst potential needs grounding, however, in a context where universities and colleges are currently seen as contributing to the sustainability crisis. Sustainability challenges the current paradigms, structures as well as predominant practices in higher
education: this is a consistent message found throughout the literature. Universities and colleges are
facing this reality as they seek to meaningfully contribute to sustainability. The paper argues that this requires going beyond the integration of key ideas in existing curriculum; the commissioning of a new sustainable building or supporting the sustainability action projects which often occur in the fringes of the institution. Instead, the sustainability journey engages universities and colleges in a quest for interdisciplinarity, participatory pedagogies, ‘real world ‘ research and the opening of institutional boundaries so that the notion of sustainable communities is extended beyond university and college walls. The paper proposes that a systemic or connected view of sustainability across institutions is required to transform the educational experience of students and lead social change for
sustainability. Through mapping the international declarations and frameworks for higher education, this paper confirms the, in principle, commitment of universities and colleges to transform the higher education experience towards sustainability. The paper then contrasts these public intentions with a review of
global and regional progress in the areas of leadership and strategy; modeling practice; education and learning; partnerships and outreach for sustainability in higher education. It suggests that
achievements have been random and mostly disconnected from the core business of higher education. The paper concludes that if the higher education sector is to be transformative, it needs
to transform itself. This will be a lengthy and ambitious process which will require strong leadership."

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment management (E-waste or WEEE) is a crucial issue in the solid waste management sector with global interconnections between well-developed, transitional and developing countries. Consumption society and addiction to technology dictate the daily life in high and middle-income countries where population consumes large amounts of EEE products (electrical and electronic equipment) which sooner become e-waste. This fraction is a fast-growing waste stream which needs special treatment and management due to the toxic potential of public health and environment. On the other hand, the e-waste contains valuable materials which may be recovered (precious metals, Cu) reused and recycled (metals, plastics) by various industries mitigating the consumption of natural resources. The new challenge of e-waste management system is to shift the paradigm from a toxic pollution source to a viable resource in the context of sustainable development.

In this paper we argue that the use of the communicative theory of Jürgen Habermas in planning theory is problematic because it hampers an understanding of how power shapes planning. We posit an alternative approach based on the power analytics of Michel Foucault which focuses on ‘what is actually done’, as opposed to Habermas’s focus on ‘what should be done’. We discuss how the Foucauldian stance problematises planning, asking difficult questions about the treatment of legitimacy, rationality, knowledge and spatiality. We conclude that Foucault offers a type of analytic planning theory which offers better prospects than does Habermas for those interested in understanding and bringing about democratic social change through planning.

Resumo: Numa perspectiva de reavaliar como as questões ambientais são tratadas no ensino de Ciências, enquanto possibilidade de formar indivíduos conscientes e aptos a exercerem a cidadania, este trabalho objetivou identificar as concepções e práticas pedagógicas dos professores de Ciências no que se refere à educação ambiental no ensino fundamental, fazendo emergir dos discursos desses professores suas possíveis contribuições para uma tomada de consciência quanto às questões socioambientais. Participaram da pesquisa onze professores de Ciências do ensino fundamental, de 5ª a 8ª série, de cinco escolas da rede pública de um município do estado do Paraná (Brasil). É fácil perceber que muitos dos entrevistados enfatizam o meio ambiente como sendo a natureza, o local onde se vive e de onde se extraem recursos. Assim retratam o meio ambiente numa visão antropocêntrica, cuja origem se deu na ética antropocêntrica humanista e no pensamento cartesiano, que situa o homem fora do ambiente natural. Em grande parte das respostas, as concepções de educação ambiental dos entrevistados baseiam-se em conceitos ou informações comumente desvinculadas de uma proposta de trabalho que contribua para a formação de cidadãos críticos, aptos a construírem conhecimento por meio de mudança de valores e de uma postura ética diante das questões ambientais.

E-waste management is a serious challenge across developed, transition, and developing countries because of the consumer society and the globalization process. E-waste is a fast-growing waste stream which needs more attention of international organizations, governments, and local authorities in order to improve the current waste management practices. The book reveals the pollution side of this waste stream with critical implications on the environment and public health, and also it points out the resource side which must be further developed under the circular economy framework with respect to safety regulations. In this context, complicated patterns at the global scale emerge under legal and illegal e-waste trades. The linkages between developed and developing countries and key issues of e-waste management sector are further examined in the book.

Biogas potential was explored for animal manure, wheat straw, food waste and rice straw. Batch experiments were performed at a laboratory scale using potential biomethane assays (BMP) for a period of 50 days. The biogas yield was observed higher when using rice straw (0.40 m3/kg VSadded) as a substrate, as compared to wheat straw (0.33 m3/kg VSadded) and animal manure (0.30 m3/kg VSadded) substrates. Around 10% of biogas was produced in the initial phase of 4 days for manure, wheat straw, and rice straw feedstocks. During the middle phase of 30 days for these feedstocks, 65 – 80% of biogas was produced. Less than 20% of biogas was produced during the final phase of last 16 days of the experiment. The biogas production from food waste was found lowest (0.02 m3/kg VSadded) among all substrates. Therefore, the anaerobic digestion (AD) of both food waste and animal manure is more suited in co-digestion fashion than mono-digestion.

At the same time that case studies are widely used and have produced canonical texts, it may be observed that the case study as a methodology is generally held in low regard, or is simply ignored, within the academy. For example, only 2 of the 30 top-ranked U.S. graduate programs in political science require a dedicated graduate course in case study or qualitative methods, and a full third of these programs do not even offer such a course. In contrast, all of the top 30 programs offer courses in quantitative methods and almost all of them require training in such methods, often several courses. In identifying this paradox of the case study’s wide use and low regard, Gerring rightly remarks that the case study survives in a “curious methodological limbo,” and that the reason is that the method is poorly understood. In what follows, we will try to resolve Gerring’s paradox and help case study research gain wider use and acceptance.

Worldwide, 50% of large mammals are in decline as a result of habitat loss and overexploitation, among other threats. To protect large wildlife, we must identify which management strategies best conserve their populations. Management strategies differ in their regulation of hunting, ownership of wildlife, funding mechanisms, and the biological and socio--political contexts in which they operate. These cross--country differences are so vast that few have undertaken the task of comparing wildlife management strategies on a global scale. This broad comparison speaks to the question of, "What works where, and why?" for wildlife conservation. To answer this question for policymakers and wildlife managers, we conduct a comparative analysis of three distinct "models" of wildlife management found worldwide: the North American Model, the Southern African Model, and the No--Hunting Model. This report conceptualizes, compares and ranks these models based upon their performance, using measurable indicators and also highlighting differences in context. We considered a model to be successful if it sustains and/or increases wildlife populations, generates high revenues compared to costs, and provides benefits to local people living near conservation areas.

The Gulf Cooperation Countries (GCC) consistently rank among the top 10% of per capita waste producers in the world. Collectively around 120 million tons of waste is produced annually in GCC; 55% construction and demolition (C&D) waste, 20% municipal solid waste (MSW), 18% industrial waste, and 7% hazardous waste. Like other GCC nations, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) generates massive amounts of MSW, C&D waste, and industrial waste. This study aims to examine 81 construction companies in the Eastern Province of KSA to determine which factors critically affect the sustainable management of C&D waste in the country. Only 39.5% of the companies studied had a pollution control plan for their projects. It was also found that only 13.6% of C&D waste is recycled and reused every year, whereas the remaining 86.4% C&D waste eventually goes to the landfills. Most of the C&D waste in the country is a promising source of potential recyclable construction materials such as gravel from debris, metals, and sand. This would not only fulfill the requirements of gravel and metal production of the KSA but also solve the waste disposal issues along with generating huge economic benefits. However, to accomplish the goal of sustainable construction waste management, it is critical to underline the various factors that might impact the construction waste management practices in the country. Keywords Construction and demolition (C&D) waste · Municipal solid waste (MSW) · Waste recycling · Landfill sites · Sustainable construction material

This study aims to (1) convert agricultural waste to biochar through pyrolysis, (2) examine its physiochemical characteristics, and (3) investigate its potential role as fuel and catalyst in energy recovery technologies. The produced biochars at 250, 350, and 450 °C showed a wide range of mineralogical composition, high porosity, and thermal stability, and alkaline pH that make biochar suitable for improving the processes of energy recovery technologies such as anaerobic digestion (AD), transesterification and pyrolysis. The alkaline pH of biochars can neutralize the acidic condition and increase the digestibility of the feedstock in AD process for enhanced methane (CH4) production. Biochar favors the transesterification process for biodiesel production due to products separation and high stability under basic and acidic conditions. In pyrolysis process, biochar can act as a catalyst to increase the degradation rates of plastic or biomass wastes or can be used as an adsorbent material during the post-treatment to improve the quality of the liquid oil. The high heating values (HHV) of biochars produced at 250, 350 and 450 °C were 24, 23.64 and 23.08 MJ kg-1. This characteristic of biochar along with the high tendency of slagging indicate that biochar could be used itself as a source of energy. Biochar can also act as a promising low-cost adsorbent for capturing carbon dioxide (CO2) due to its highly porous structure and sorptive capacity and subsequently the conversion of absorbed CO2 to fuel. Research is yet required on the application of biochar in pyrolysis and capturing and catalyzing the conversion reactions of CO2 to fuels.

This book is about hopeful daydreams and their implications for action in the interwoven spheres of culture, environment, and education. In spite and because of the recent significant shift in concern for the environment around the globe, the editors believe there remains the urgent task of restorying the ways we live on this earth. Cultural understandings that value the individual over the collective, humans over other species, concept over experience, and progress as globalizing growth and change, are examples of the sorts of imaginaries that can be traced in the ecological and cultural losses we are currently experiencing and participating in around the world. This collection works across various fields of green, drawing together poetry, philosophy, journalism, sociology, curriculum studies, indigenous scholarship, feminist and social justice work, environmental ethics, and a range of other fields of inquiry and practice. Individually and cumulatively, the contributors search for, theorize, and practice approaches that probe education as an endeavour that imperfectly, yet hopefully, walks the blurred line between cultural determinism and resistance.

The summer/fall 2016 issue of EAP include the following entries: EAP editor DAVID SEAMON reviews architectural historian PETER L. LAURENCE’S Becoming JANE JACOBS, the intriguing story of how her influential urban study, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (1961), came to be written; Egyptian architect and designer TAREK WAGIH offers a critical commentary on the recent death of the controversial Iraqi-born British architect ZAHA HADID; naturalist and educator PAUL KRAFEL draws on the experience of moving a boulder to point implicitly toward a phenomenology of how smaller, order-initiating possibilities can generate constructive, larger-scale change—in this case, erosion repair and landscape restoration; independent researcher STEPHEN WOOD continues his first-person phenomenology of moving to a new home; environmental educator JOHN CAMERON writes an eleventh “Letter from Far South,” which focuses on the question of how one’s relationship with place shifts over time.

The paper examines the biowaste management issues across rural areas of Romania in the context of
poor waste management infrastructure in the last decade (2003-2012). Biowaste is the main fraction of
municipal waste, thus a proper management is a key challenge in order to sustain a bioeconomy in the
near future. The amount of biowaste generated and uncollected by waste operators is generally uncontrolled
disposed if not recovered through home composting. The paper points out the role of home composting in diverting the biowaste from wild dumps and landfills for the regions covered or not by waste collection services. Home composting and the biowaste losses are further assessed based on several scenarios (worse-case, pessimistic, realistic, optimistic) where the net loads of greenhouse gasses (GHG) are calculated at national and regional levels. The transition of home composting techniques, from open piles to plastic bins with respect to standard guidelines will improve the home composting performance in terms of compost quality and net GHG's savings, supporting a bio-based economy which will lead towards a sustainable rural development. Regional disparities are revealed across Romanian
counties and the paper opens new research perspectives regarding which options should be adopted by
counties and rural municipalities in the biowaste management process.

…Ananda Coomaraswamy (henceforth AKC) saw myth as a metaphysical statement of truth to be understood. For him, the myth was always true, providing of course that the myth was genuine and not the creation of 'fallen' man. …'it must be remembered that even the myth is a symbol, a representation ('as in a glass darkly') of the reality that underlies all fact but never itself becomes fact…' [A] myth is either true or worthless… I can and do believe in the myth far more profoundly than in any historical event which may or may not have taken place… 'History' is the least convincing level of truth, the myth and the (genuine) fairy-tale the most convincing.

This special issue of EAP celebrates 25 years of publication and includes 19 invited essays organized in terms of four themes:
1. Place—lived emplacement, place attachment, and environmental design as place making;
2. Nature—the lived constitution of the natural environment and natural world;
3. Real-world applications of phenomenological principles (transit design; virtual reality; environmental education);
4. Broader conceptual issues (the subjectivity-objectivity duality; phenomenology vs. analytic science; phenomenology as practiced by non-phenomenologists; phenomenological understanding vs. practical applications; parallels between real-world and phenomenological pathways).

Contributors and essay titles are as follows:
David Seamon, “Human-Immersion-in-World: Twenty-Five Years of EAP”;
Robert Mugerauer, “It’s about People”;
Jeff Malpas, “Human Being as Placed Being”;
Eva-Maria Simms, “Going Deep into Place”;
Sue Michaels, “Viewing Two Sides”;
Dennis Skocz, “Giving Space to Thoughts on Place”;
Bruce Janz, “Place, Philosophy, and Non-Philosophy”;
Janet Donohoe, “Can there be a Phenomenology of Nature”;
Tim Ingold, A Phenomenology with the Natural World”;
Mark Riegner, “A Phenomenology of Betweenness”;
Bryan E. Bannon, “Evolving Conceptions of Environmental Phenomenology”;
John Cameron, “Place Making, Phenomenology, and Lived Sustainability”;
Lena Hopsch, Social Space and Daily Commuting: Phenomenological Implications”;
Matthew S. Bower, “Topologies of Illumination”;
Paul Krafel, “Navigating by the Light”;
Yi-Fu Tuan, “Points of View and Objectivity: The Phenomenologist’s Challenge”;
Julio Bermudez, “Considering the Relationship between Phenomenology and Science”;
Edward Relph, “Varieties of Phenomenological Description”;
Ingrid Leman Stefanovic, “Phenomenology, Philosophy, and Praxis”;
Elizabeth A. Behnke, “In Celebration of a Conversation of Pathways.”

Back cover text: If the new fin de siècle marks a recurrence of the real, Bent Flyvbjerg’s Rationality and Power epitomizes that development and sets new standards for social and political inquiry. The Danish town of Aalborg is to Flyvbjerg what Florence was to Machiavelli: a laboratory for understanding the real workings of power, and for grasping what they mean to our more general concerns of social and political organization. Politics, administration, and planning are examined in ways that allow  a rare, in-depth understanding. The reader witnesses, firsthand, the classic and endless drama which defines what modernity and democracy are and can be.

Taken together, the works of Jurgen Habermas and Michel Foucault highlight an essential tension in modernity. This is the tension between the normative and the real, between what should be done and what is actually done. Understanding this tension is crucial to understanding modern democracy, what it is and what it could be. It has been argued that an effective way of making democracy stronger is to strengthen civil society. This article contains a comparative analysis of the central ideas of Habermas and Foucault as they pertain to the question of democracy and civil society. More specifically, the discourse ethics of Habermas is contrasted with the power analytics and ethics of Foucault evaluating their usefulness for those interested in understanding, and bringing about, democratic social change.

Affective Ecologies is an exploration of our emotional engagement with environmental narrative. Focusing on the American cultural context, the book develops an ecocritical approach that draws on the insights of affective science and cognitive narratology in order to give us a better understanding of how we interact with such narratives in ways that are both biologically universal and culturally specific. In doing so, it pays particular attention to the thesis that our minds are both embodied (in a physical body) and embedded (in a physical environment), not only when we interact with the real world but also in our engagement with imaginary worlds. How do we experience the virtual environments we encounter in literature and film on the sensory and emotional level? How do environmental narratives invite us to care for human and nonhuman others who are put at risk? And how do we feel about the speculative futures presented to us in ecotopian and ecodystopian texts? These are the central questions that are explored in the three parts of the book, questions that are important for anyone with an interest in the emotional appeal and persuasive power of environmental narratives.

The circumstances that have given rise to the Anthropocene concept require that we reassess our assumptions about human agency and human effects on the earth system. Human activities, and thus human choices, clearly lie at the root of the great environmental predicament of our age, which is not primarily an ecological crisis, though its ramifications are far reaching within ecological systems. Rather, it is a crisis of culture. If the humanities "are a unique repository of knowledge and insight into the rich diversity of the human experience" from which we learn to make sense of our "responses, motivations and actions" in the face of challenges, then it is risky to omit humanities knowledge from scientific assessment and consultation processes informing environmental policy.

The complete article is available for free viewing on the Future Earth site: bit.ly/1QoHPeC .

This essay is written to address conversations about the best ways to engage in knowledge exchange on important sustainability issues between Indigenous knowledges and fields of climate, environmental and sustainability sciences. In terms of sustainability, a crucial facet of the self-determination of peoples such as Indigenous nations and communities is the responsibility and the right to make plans for the future using planning processes that are inclusive, well-informed, culturally-relevant, and respectful of human interdependence with nonhumans and the environment. Indigenous knowledges often play a crucial role in Indigenous planning processes. In my work, I have found that scientists often appreciate what I will call here the supplemental-value of Indigenous knowledges—the value of Indigenous knowledges as inputs for adding (i.e. supplementing) data that scientific methods do not normally track. In the domain of supplemental-value, Indigenous people’s planning processes will improve, in turn, by having access to the supplemented and hence improved science. But it is also the case that Indigenous knowledges have governance-value. That is, they serve as irreplaceable sources of guidance for Indigenous resurgence and nation-building. Scientists should appreciate governance-value because it suggests that for some Indigenous peoples in knowledge exchange situations, we need to be assured that the flourishing of our knowledges is respected and protected. I hope to make the case for why it is important for scientists who work with Indigenous peoples to understand governance value in the hopes that this understanding will improve their approaches to knowledge exchange with Indigenous peoples.

Although currently microalgae biomass is not considered as a sustainable feedstock for biofuel production, future developments of microalgae cultivation and harvest could make the commercial application of such fastgrowing photosynthetic biomass economically and environmentally feasible. This article aims at reviewing
thermochemical conversion of microalgae into bio-crude oil through pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction technologies. Subsequently, possible solutions to overcome the constraints to achieve the sustainable conversion of microalgae biomass are discussed in detail. The drawbacks of bio-crude oil as a transportation fuel and the
technologies required for its upgrading are highlighted. Currently, microalgae-derived bio-crude oil is inferior to biodiesel and diesel in terms of quality, thus cannot be used as a transportation or jet fuel. It requires catalytic upgrading steps and further processing, including durable and cost-effective catalysts with strong regenerative
capabilities.

This project focuses on the causes of poor performance of students in Core Mathematics in Ghana. It was geared to find out the causes of poor performance of students in core Mathematics at second cycle level.
Furthermore, the study was intended to determine the school based factors that affect student poor performance in core Mathematics, as well as identify strategies that can be adopted to improve student poor performance in core Mathematics in the secondary level.
The stratified sampling method was used to collected data from a sample of 50 students and 7 teachers from the Kumasi Anglican Senior High School using questionnaires.
The results were derived using the Statistical Package of Social Science (SPSS) to generate frequency tables and charts.
It was observed from the descriptive statistics that most of the students always study Mathematics corresponding to those who like studying it twice a week, once a week and not at all.
Furthermore, we noticed that repeating of work when it was not clearly explained is very important for the effective performance of students in core Mathematics.
Moreover, the empirical results on students’ performance indicated that the teachers don’t use lecture methods in teaching the students corresponding.

Participation is frequently considered key to any policy response, more often than not with the ambition to orchestrate the comeback of previously established forms of political involvement. At the same time, participation tends to be encumbered with the responsibility to reconnect the politically disenfranchised, overlooking the fact that the mechanisms of exclusion reach far beyond the political domain.

Making a plastic bottle is not the problem, making a plastic bottle with no or minimal damage to the environment is.
Plastic is a substance of infinite shapes, of infinite uses, of infinite possibilities, but also of infinite time. There are 5 major stages involved in the life-cycle of the plastic bottler; raw material extraction, manufacturing, transportation and distribution, product use and disposal and recycling.
The raw materials after when they are extracted go to a manufacturer which then takes everything and makes them into plastic pellets. These pellets are shrunk using heat and pressure and they reshape those pieces of plastics to a stable structured container.
The sheer magnitude of plastic bottle production and its growth rate, contrasted by a worrying inability to dispose of it efficiently, has experts raising the alarm. Despite the growing span of knowledge regarding this biohazard, the world can’t seem to stop demanding it. Growing dependency on the product by populations is raising concern about the future of the world’s ecosystems and the health of emerging economies. There is no other material that has transcends all nations, all modern economies, and all social classes notwithstanding their wealth or way of life in the same manner as plastic has done is continuing to do.

The entry begins with a definition of geography and with a description of what the discipline shares with the other social sciences and what makes it distinctive among them. Terminological clarifications are provided with regard to the relationship between human geography and physical geography, and between human geography and urban geography. After a brief history and overview of human geography’s engagement with social theory, the entry offers a discussion of the politicization of contemporary human geography and of how this phenomenon is reflected in theory building and concept development.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118430873.est0464

One of the significant developments in the interdisciplinary field of judgment and decision making is the classification of environments as a function of (a) their capacity to enable people to learn from experience (kind environments vs. wicked environments) and (b) the consequences of having failed to understand and adapt to them (exacting environments vs. lenient environments). Based on the premise that 'environment' is a key geographical concept, I explore the usefulness of appropriating these classifications in geography and argue that they can stimulate normative work on the possible contours of a better world as well as illuminate in novel ways long-standing geographical concerns with the problematic of fairness. Les figures de l'environnement : ´ eléments de réflexion sur les bases envisageables d'un monde meilleur Parmi les innovations qui ont marqué la recherche interdisciplinaire sur le jugement et la décision, se trouve la classification des environnements définie en fonction : a) d'un mécanisme de base par lequel on peut tirer des enseignements de l'expérience (des environnements sains par opposition aux environnements hostiles) et b) des effets néfastes liés au fait que l'on n'a pasété en mesure de comprendre et de s'adapter (des environnements rigoureux par opposition aux environnements permissifs). En partant du principe selon lequel « l'environnement » est un concept central en géographie se pose la question de la pertinence de situer ces classifications dans une perspective géographique. Cetté etude fait valoir qu'elles peuvent en effet dynamiser les travaux afin de formuler des normes permettant d'´ etablir les bases envisageables d'un monde meilleur et de jeter un nouveí eclairage sur les enjeux géographiques autour de la problématique de l'´ equité. Mots clés : environnement, normativité, néolibéralisme, géographies de la moralité, apprentissage, ´ equité

Pyrolysis based biorefineries have great potential to convert waste such as plastic and biomass waste into energy and other valuable products, to achieve maximum economic and environmental benefits. In this study, the catalytic pyrolysis of different types of plastics wastes (PS, PE, PP, and PET) as single or mixed in different ratios, in the presence of modified natural zeolite (NZ) catalysts, in a small pilot scale pyrolysis reactor was carried out. The NZ was modified by thermal activation (TA-NZ) at 550 • C and acid activation (AA-NZ) with HNO 3 , to enhance its catalytic properties. The catalytic pyrolysis of PS produced a higher liquid oil (70 and 60%) than PP (40 and 54%) and PE (40 and 42%), using TA-NZ and AA-NZ catalysts, respectively. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of oil showed a mixture of aromatics, aliphatic and other hydrocarbon compounds. The TA-NZ and AA-NZ catalysts showed a different effect on the wt% of catalytic pyrolysis products and liquid oil chemical compositions, with AA-NZ showing higher catalytic activity than TA-NZ. FT-IR results showed clear peaks of aromatic compounds in all liquid oil samples with some peaks of alkanes that further confirmed the GC-MS results. The liquid oil has a high heating value (HHV) range of 41.7-44.2 MJ/kg, close to conventional diesel. Therefore, it has the potential to be used as an alternative source of energy and as transportation fuel after refining/blending with conventional fuels.

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to examine the availability and utilization of laboratory resources and achievement of students in Senior Secondary School Chemistry. Participants were 120 SS  III students and five Chemistry teachers in the selected Secondary Schools in Ijebu Ode Local Government Area of Ogun State. Participants completed the availability and utilization of laboratory inventory-type questionnaires. Correlation research design was adopted for the study. The data were analyzed on the basis of the two hypotheses, using Pearson Product Moment Correlation. Result shows that there is significant relationship between the utilization of laboratory resources and students’ achievement in Chemistry. The result obtained revealed that most Secondary Schools do not have adequate resources for chemistry instruction and the few available resources are not properly utilized for chemistry instructions in schools. This has a strong influence on their academic achievement in the subject.
The researcher therefore concluded that when chemistry teachers made used of laboratory resources adequately and  presenting his teaching in a less abstract manner,  the achievement of students in the subject will improved exponentially and this will increase the number of students that will apply to science related courses in higher institutions. Thereby leading  to the attainment of scientific and technological advancement of the state and the Nation at large. Based on this, it was strongly recommended  that Student should be encouraged to fully involve in the practical class activities so that the teaching and learning of chemistry will real and effective not only for passing an examinations but for the acquisition of skills that will be needed in future. Government and other stakeholders in education should aso assist in ensuring that adequate facilities for teaching and learning of Chemistry in our Senior Secondary Schools are provided and that Chemistry teachers should always make requisition for the materials needed and ensure proper utilization of the materials for Chemistry teaching.
Keywords: Laboratory resources, exponentially, and technological advancement

The study is on the reflections of rural development in Nigeria. Rural development is the integrated approach to food production as well as physical, social and institutional infrastructural provisions with an ultimate goal of bringing about both quantitative and qualitative changes which result in improved living standard of the rural population. Embarking on rural development is very important considering the fact that more than two-third of the Nigeria’s population are living in rural areas, and they experience a lot of misery, poverty, morbidity and under-development. Reflection on the Nigerian Government experiences in rural development showed that not much has been achieved even before and after independence. There exists a sharp contrast between policy formulation and its implementation. The resultant effect becomes more hardship and poor standard of living among the rural dwellers. This paper also x-rayed the various approaches to rural development by highlighting the strengths and weaknesses of each. The government’s failure in the various rural development strategies emanated from lack of national philosophical base, lack of cohesive identity, inadequate community participation, lack of grassroots planning and inability of the government to optimize local resources, among other problems. Finally, the study postulated that there should be adequate supply of infrastructural facilities, small and medium-scale industries and political empowerment of the rural people by government. These measures would go a long way improving their living conditions.

Rapid urbanization has greatly increased the volume of runoff generated in many developed areas and subsequently resulting in flooding. This study evaluated the flood prone area of Igbokoda town in Ondo State and developed a flood risk map to facilitate proper planning and future flood mitigation. Scientific technique of GIS was used to identify flood risk areas within the study area. The Landsat 5 (TM), Landsat 7 (ETM+) and Landsat 8 (LC) images for 1986, 1999 and 2013 coupled with STRM 90 m DEM data of the area were used to identify three categorized risk zones. A total of 339 basins were delineated and stream network on the landscape of this area were carved. Hydrological and vegetation cover analyses were conducted using the satellite imageries obtained from United States Geological Surveys Archive online over the study area for three different epochs 1986, 1999 and 2013. There was a sharp decrease in area of vegetation cover from 1986 (19,630 ha) to 1999 (16,527.36 ha) and in 2013 (12,246.80 ha). The hydrological analysis results revealed that a major part of the residential area within the largest basin delineated was associated with low elevation and high slope angle. The combined stream network and slope of the area were used in developing flood risk zones. Three zones were specified: high, medium, and low flood risk zones. The total area covered by the high risk zone was 28.5615 km 2 while the area of the medium and small risk zones were 15.94759 km 2 and 31.3619 km 2 respectively. It is recommended that an increased awareness on flood risk zone should be created among the populace of Igbokoda to guide them in further development.

Background: European and national policies on citizenship education stimulate the implementation of a participative approach to citizenship education, fostering active citizenship. The reason given for fostering active citizenship is the decline of participation in political and social life jeopardizing democracy. Schools have to implement a participative approach through stimulating participation within school and its direct environment, while fostering a certain kind of political literacy, critical thinking and analysing skills, certain kind of values, attitudes and behaviours. Purpose: The purpose of this article is to problematise the participative approach of citizenship education advocated by policy makers and several researchers. In order to do so, four different categories that citizenship education has to cover will be theoretically and empirically analysed: political knowledge, critical thinking, values, attitudes and behaviours, and active participation. The practical implications for educational practice will be discussed.
Source of evidence: Two types of documents have been analysed: The 2005 and 2012 Eurydice reports and the 2009 International Civic and Citizenship Education Study (ICCS) research reports. These documents are exemplary of the mainstream idea of citizenship and citizenship education held by policy makers and many researchers on citizenship education. The Eurydice reports have analysed citizenship education in more than 30 countries while promoting a certain concept of citizenship education, namely active citizenship. The ICCS has researched pupils’ competencies on citizenship education and school practices in 38 countries. It is an interesting source because it had to define and operationalise the different constituents of citizenship education.
Main argument: In jurisdictions where citizenship education is compulsory, schools have to implement this participative approach and account for it. We suggest that this educational approach to citizenship education may be problematic because each aspect – political literacy, critical thinking and analysing skills, values, attitudes and behaviours, and active participation – presents challenging demands on the curricu- lum, head teachers and teachers. We argue three kinds of constraints that make the implementation of such a participative approach unrealistic: (1) insufficient specialist knowledge on the part of teachers and head teachers, (2) time and budget constraints and (3) an overcrowded curriculum. We demonstrate that the broad range of themes that political literacy has to cover demand specific knowledge on the part of teachers regarding each of the themes. Then we argue that critical thinking skills are hard to learn and demand continuous practice. Implementing and sustaining active participation structure within school and in the direct environment, again, require specific skills and curricular organisation. The demands made by values, attitudes and behaviours on teachers and pupils could not be explored because of the lack of conceptual clarity in the documentation under scrutiny.
Conclusion: The feasibility of a participative approach to citizenship education has been questioned through theoretical and empirical critical analysis. On this basis, we suggest that the scope of the citizenship education curriculum should be reconsidered or that teacher and head teacher should receive the necessary and adequate training, and support to implement such a participatory structure.

This study discusses the production of briquettes as an alternative household fuel. Briquettes were produced from sawdust collected from one of the saw-mills in Akure, Ondo State. Water and cow dung were used both as binders in the production. Five briquettes were produced at 100%, 120%, 140%, 160% and 180% weight of water to sawdust while the other five were produced at water to cow dung ratios of 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100 percentages added to 1.5kg of sawdust. Combustion related properties of the briquettes viz: moisture content, dry density, percentage volatile matter, percentage fixed carbon and heating values were determined. Also, the cost analysis of producing 1000 briquettes was carried out. The results show that briquettes made from sawdust using solely water as binder has good combustion capacity than those produced from sawdust using the mixture of water and cow dung as binders. The cost analysis carried out shows the economic viability of using briquettes as a good substitute of the current ever increasing conventional cooking fuels available. Therefore, the use of wood residues for briquette production will reduce deforestation and environmental degradation by minimizing waste in the sawmill industry

O presente trabalho traz uma discussão sobre a inserção da Educação Ambiental (EA) no ensino superior,
especificamente no curso de Licenciatura em Ciências Biológicas da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro (UFRJ).
O objetivo geral do presente trabalho foi investigar como estudantes e recém-formados do presente curso significam
a inserção e a reprodução da EA em sua formação docente.
Palavras-chave: Educação Ambiental; Ensino de Ciências e Biologia; Formação de Professores; Inserção Curricular.

This paper draws on the work of Michel Foucault in order to analyze the constellation of political strategies and power at the US/Mexico border wall. These strategies, however, are incredibly diverse and often directly antagonistic of one another. Thus, this paper argues that in order to make sense of the seemingly multiple and contradictory political strategies deployed in the operation of the US/Mexico border wall, we have to understand the coexistence and intertwinement of at least three distinct types of power at work there: the sovereign exclusion of illegal life, the disciplinary detention of surveilled life, and the biopolitical circulation of migratory life. By doing so this paper offers an original contribution to two major areas of study: in Foucault studies this paper expands the existing literature on Foucault by analyzing the crossroads of power particular to the US/Mexico border wall, which has not yet been done, and in border studies this Foucauldian approach offers a unique political analysis that goes beyond the critique of sovereignty and toward an analysis of coexisting strategies of power.