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Table 5 Statistically relevant construction waste plan use comparisons indications for company grade (x”= 10.41, p=.028), num- ber of employees (x” =7.852, p =.045), duration of the project (x* =7.923, p=.038), structure type (x* = 13.789, p=.002), and building code used Q?= 10.221, p=.003). Pollution control plan answers have insignificant varia- tion from expected levels for areas of practice, project values, and project owner. These results are shown in Table 3. Companies with Grades 2 and 4 certifications show a greater tendency to have pollution control plans; companies with Grade 3 certification are much less likely. Companies with 50-100 employees indicate lower than expected number of pollution control plans, while companies with more than 1000 employees tend to use pollution control plans more. Projects that last 1-2 years are less probable to have a pollution control plan; however, projects that are under construction for 2—4 years and more than 4 years are more likely. Buildings with concrete and steel structures tend to follow pollution plans more often, but buildings with structures made of a combination of steel and concrete are less than expected. Construction sites following ASCE building code demonstrate a higher use of pollution control plans whereas those using the Saudi Arabian code show fewer than expected use of pol- lution control plans.

Table 5 Statistically relevant construction waste plan use comparisons indications for company grade (x”= 10.41, p=.028), num- ber of employees (x” =7.852, p =.045), duration of the project (x* =7.923, p=.038), structure type (x* = 13.789, p=.002), and building code used Q?= 10.221, p=.003). Pollution control plan answers have insignificant varia- tion from expected levels for areas of practice, project values, and project owner. These results are shown in Table 3. Companies with Grades 2 and 4 certifications show a greater tendency to have pollution control plans; companies with Grade 3 certification are much less likely. Companies with 50-100 employees indicate lower than expected number of pollution control plans, while companies with more than 1000 employees tend to use pollution control plans more. Projects that last 1-2 years are less probable to have a pollution control plan; however, projects that are under construction for 2—4 years and more than 4 years are more likely. Buildings with concrete and steel structures tend to follow pollution plans more often, but buildings with structures made of a combination of steel and concrete are less than expected. Construction sites following ASCE building code demonstrate a higher use of pollution control plans whereas those using the Saudi Arabian code show fewer than expected use of pol- lution control plans.

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considered more reliable than a standard Chi square [21]. The Chi square tables as shown in this study list both Fish- er’s exact test and Pearson’s Chi square for comparison. However, results were based on the Fisher probabilities. Survey Count and Expected Count are essentially the same, then the results of the comparisons do not differ from statis- tically expected activities, or there is a limited association between the variables.
considered more reliable than a standard Chi square [21]. The Chi square tables as shown in this study list both Fish- er’s exact test and Pearson’s Chi square for comparison. However, results were based on the Fisher probabilities. Survey Count and Expected Count are essentially the same, then the results of the comparisons do not differ from statis- tically expected activities, or there is a limited association between the variables.
fable 2 Questions related to (a) company background survey, (b) construction site waste management survey, and (c) project specific surve'
fable 2 Questions related to (a) company background survey, (b) construction site waste management survey, and (c) project specific surve'
Fig. 3 Site construction waste management protocols and practices
Fig. 3 Site construction waste management protocols and practices
Table 3 Statistically relevant pollution control plan use comparisons
Table 3 Statistically relevant pollution control plan use comparisons
Table 4 Statistically relevant mandatory pollution control plan use comparisons
Table 4 Statistically relevant mandatory pollution control plan use comparisons
Table 6 Statistically relevant mandatory construction waste plan use comparisons
Table 6 Statistically relevant mandatory construction waste plan use comparisons
Table 8 Summary of construction waste management practices
Table 8 Summary of construction waste management practices
Fig.4 An integrated C&D waste management plan in KSA The sustainable recycling of C&D waste is critical from an environmental and strategic point of view. The C&D waste recycling is less expensive than landfill costs and thus saves land areas and natural resources. In addition, it eliminates the environmental problems like GHG emissions, water and soil contamination, and odor [26]. In many coun- tries like Australia and United States of America (USA), the market for recycled C&D waste materials is growing substantially. For example, in the USA, around 85% of dem- olition waste is recycled that totals more than 1/2 million tons of waste [29]. According to Nazar [4], around 98% of C&D waste is recycled every day in Abu Dhabi on the Mas- dar project. Whereas in Kuwait, recycled gravel and sand is used in making roads and other infrastructure projects [30]. The examples of such recycled C&D waste materials, their potential applications, and challenges in their recycling Excavation and construction are the two primary sources of C&D waste in KSA. It consists of solid debris composed of marble, paper, petrochemical materials, used concrete, paint products, asphalt, and small pieces of steel and gravel. For instance, the Jeddah city disposal site, located on the east of the city, contains bulky pieces of marble, ceramics, gypsum and ceiling boards that can be reused as it is without further recycling process [1]. According to Nazar [4], there is no data available on C&D waste characterization in KSA. Therefore, there is a strong need for integrated C&D waste management system in KSA to achieve sustainable C&D waste management practices that include reducing, reus- ing and recycling of C&D waste materials. All the related Therefore, there is a strong need for integrated C&D waste
Fig.4 An integrated C&D waste management plan in KSA The sustainable recycling of C&D waste is critical from an environmental and strategic point of view. The C&D waste recycling is less expensive than landfill costs and thus saves land areas and natural resources. In addition, it eliminates the environmental problems like GHG emissions, water and soil contamination, and odor [26]. In many coun- tries like Australia and United States of America (USA), the market for recycled C&D waste materials is growing substantially. For example, in the USA, around 85% of dem- olition waste is recycled that totals more than 1/2 million tons of waste [29]. According to Nazar [4], around 98% of C&D waste is recycled every day in Abu Dhabi on the Mas- dar project. Whereas in Kuwait, recycled gravel and sand is used in making roads and other infrastructure projects [30]. The examples of such recycled C&D waste materials, their potential applications, and challenges in their recycling Excavation and construction are the two primary sources of C&D waste in KSA. It consists of solid debris composed of marble, paper, petrochemical materials, used concrete, paint products, asphalt, and small pieces of steel and gravel. For instance, the Jeddah city disposal site, located on the east of the city, contains bulky pieces of marble, ceramics, gypsum and ceiling boards that can be reused as it is without further recycling process [1]. According to Nazar [4], there is no data available on C&D waste characterization in KSA. Therefore, there is a strong need for integrated C&D waste management system in KSA to achieve sustainable C&D waste management practices that include reducing, reus- ing and recycling of C&D waste materials. All the related Therefore, there is a strong need for integrated C&D waste
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