Early Modern Cartography

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Waldseemüller's Cosmographiae Introductio (1507) keeps with Ptolemy's Geography (2nd century CE) a relationship appointed as traditio, meaning a line of continuity and complementation with the Ptolemaic project of drawing a map of the earth's surface. The process by which this affiliation is shaped implies, however, the epistemological shifting of the concept of γῆ (gē, earth) and its convergence with that of cosmos; a process which, on the one hand, is possible thanks to the homogenizing of these two concepts through the hinge concept of sphere, and, on the other, has its source in a geometrically based interpretation of Ptolemy's Geography intending as a systematic body of technical procedures (a guide, instructions or handbook), leaving aside its ontological and political aiming.

Cet article s'intéresse aux descriptions émerveillées des monuments de Constantinople par les sources de la Quatrième croisade. Ces descriptions servent à donner un sens historique à l'événement. La deuxième partie de l'article traite de l'exécution spectaculaire d'Alexis Mourtzouphlos, précipité du haut d'une colonne de Constantinople.

Este capítulo se volta ao processo de separação entre o Velho e o Novo Mundo nas geografias medievais-renascentistas, tomando como plano de análise a instância em que essa cisão foi propriamente concebida: o espaço cosmográfico e cartográfico. Através das conflitantes imagens de mundo propostas pelas epistemologias ocidentais no contexto do albor moderno, a intenção é demonstrar a permanência de modelos de mundialidade continuados das tradições antigas e medievais, e também as metamorfoses espaciais que foram próprias das relações da colonialidade moderna. Sem desconsiderar as nítidas diacronias, procura-se construir uma perspectiva transversal daquilo que se pode compreender como um constante exercício de autoimagem geográfica no pensamento ocidental.

Osmanski interes za kartografiju datira još od vremena vladavine sultana Mehmeda II (vl. 1444-1446. i 1451-1481), koji je aktivno sakupljao i naručivao izradu geografskih karti te bio poznat po tome što je angažirao bizantske i evropske geografe na prevođenju Ptolomejevih radova i pripremi atlasa. 1 Iako su do današnjih dana sačuvani samo rijetki primjerci premodernih osmanskih karti, njihov kvalitet i raznolikost sugeriraju da je postojao značajan stupanj kartografske osviještenosti u visokoj osmanskoj kulturi. 2 Kako u osmanskoj državi nije postojao zvanični kartograf, u historiografiji još uvijek nije precizno utvrđeno da 1 Franz Babinger, "An Italian map of the Balkans, presumably owned by Mehmed II, the conqueror (1452-53)",

This volume is a comprehensive analysis of the Atlas of the Principality of Polatsk (1580), one of the oldest cartographic representations of the military conflict between Russia (Muscovy) and the Western world. Its author, the Polish royal cartographer Stanisław Pachołowiecki, drew the maps at the beginning of the Livonian War (1579–1582) when the The Mapping of a Russian War focuses on the military aspects of the maps, their political and propaganda use, and the Early Modern construction of the past through maps. Polish-Lithuanian army liberated the Lithuanian and Livonian lands from Muscovian occupation. The authors present an innovative approach to these maps, rarely examined by the international research community.

U radu se na temelju objavljenih i neobjavljenih osmanskih arhivskih izvora i relevantne literature utvrđuje koje je administrativno nazivlje osmanska vlast koristila za osvojeni prostor donjeg međurječja Drave i Save, odnosno ranonovovjekovne osmanske Slavonije i za tamošnje stanovništvo, te kako se općenito odnosila prema predosmanskoj toponimiji na spomenutom prostoru. Pojam Slavonije koji se koristi u ovom radu odnosi se na današnji prostor Slavonije, odnosno na područje između rijeka Ilove, Drave, Save i Dunava, ovdje ne uključujući područje Srijema. Tijekom vlasti Osmanskog Carstva na navedenom području od 1526. do 1691. godine horonim Slavonija rijetko se pojavljuje u osmanskim administrativnim izvorima. U onim prilikama kada se pojavljuje, pak, nikad se ne odnosi na područje Slavonije u njezinim današnjim granicama, nego na područje srednjovjekovne Slavonije. Za područje osmanske Slavonije, pak, osmanske su vlasti koristile nazive novoosnovanih administrativnih jedinica (sandžaka, kadiluka i nahija). Postupna „seoba“ imena Slavonije sa zapadnog na istočni dio savsko-dravskoga međurječja tijekom ranoga novog vijeka može se iščitavati jedino u hrvatskim i drugim europskim izvorima iz onoga vremena. Za osmanske administrativne dokumente karakteristična je raspodjela spomenutog prostora na tri sandžaka (Čazmanski/Pakrački/Cernički i Požeški sandžak te zapadni dio Srijemskog sandžaka) i nazivanje tamošnjega stanovništva Mađarima i ponajviše Vlasima.

The number of abandoned mines is continuously increasing in the world. The sustainable exploitation of these abandoned mines is a top priority globally. Pit lakes created in abandoned mining sites provide benefits and present risks for the mining region. This paper presents a methodology to assess the mining and natural hazards related to pit lakes. The proposed methodology framework is based on well-established and internationally accepted risk management standards and allows the assessment of the long-term stability of pit lakes. Potential ground movements, water pollution, fire hazards are presented, and their impact evaluated based on feedback and international experience. The methodology was applied for 13 European pit lakes created in former European coal and lignite mines. A risk assessment of the Most lake was carried out, using qualitative and a weighted probabilistic approach that considers the overall and the individual effect of identified mining and natural hazards. Results showed that the main potential hazards are the ground movements, slope stability, and flooding.

The number of abandoned mines is continuously increasing in the word. The sustainable exploitation of these abandoned mines is a top priority globally. Open-pit lakes created in the abandoned mining site provide benefits and present risks for the mining region. The paper presents a methodology to assess the hazards (mining and natural). The proposed methodology framework is based on well-established and internationally accepted risk management standards and allows the assessment of the long-term stability of pit lakes. Ground movement, water pollution, fire hazards are presented, and their impact evaluated based on feedback and international experiences. The methodology was applied for 13 European open-pit lakes created in former European coal and lignite mines. A risk assessment of Most lake, using qualitative and a weighted probabilistic approach that considers the overall and the individual effect of identified mining and natural hazards, shown that the main potential hazards are...

Decentralization of governance and natural resource management is an ongoing process in many parts of Africa and Asia. Natural resource management requires spatial land resource data for planning. However, currently the financial and human capacity for natural resource mapping, monitoring and modelling remains low in local governments. In this context, this paper explores how new opportunities provided by the increasing availability of free satellite imagery, digital elevation data and open source spatial analysis software, can be applied by local government and NGOs to conduct sophisticated natural resource mapping and modelling in ways that meet their needs and incorporates local knowledge. Reported are cases of a local government using free geospatial data and GIS software to improve evidence-based natural resource management in the developing world with a focus on raster data applications for satellite image analysis and terrain modelling. It is argued that, through removing barriers to uptake, such applications provide a means of decentralizing landscape analysis skills to improve local natural resource management. This hypothesis is supported through examples of a local government applying these tools in eastern Indonesia, and within this context barriers to wider adoption are explored.

Decentralization of governance and natural resource management is an ongoing process in many parts of Africa and Asia. Natural resource management requires spatial land resource data for planning. However, currently the financial and human capacity for natural resource mapping, monitoring and modelling remains low in local governments. In this context, this paper explores how new opportunities provided by the increasing availability of free satellite imagery, digital elevation data and open source spatial analysis software, can be applied by local government and NGOs to conduct sophisticated natural resource mapping and modelling in ways that meet their needs and incorporates local knowledge. Reported are cases of a local government using free geospatial data and GIS software to improve evidence‐based natural resource management in the developing world with a focus on raster data applications for satellite image analysis and terrain modelling. It is argued that, through removing bar...

One of the most valuable approaches in spatial analysis for a better understanding of the hydrological response of a region or a watershed is certainly the analysis of the well-known land use land cover (LULC) dynamicity. The present case study delves deeper into the analysis of LULC dynamicity by using digital Landsat TM and Landsat OLI data to classify the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) into seven classes with over 90% classification accuracy for decadal level assessments of 30 years (for the years 1989, 1999, 2009, and 2019). The change index, the Dematel method for analyzing the cause-effect relationship among the LULC classes, the Jaccard Similarity Index for measuring the nature of similarity among the LULC classes, and the Adherence Index for measuring the consistency of the LULC classes after the transition was used in this study to analyze the LULC transformation. In more detail, the present study considers how urban land use is altering at the expense of...

The Federal University of Technology at Akure (FUTA) in Nigeria is experiencing ongoing development that is leading to the replacement of agricultural and forestry land cover types. This study aimed to assess and predict changes in land use/land cover (LULC) types and their impact on crop characteristics in 17 plots of FUTA from 1991 to 2031. Crop characteristics were evaluated using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), normalized difference water index (NDWI), normalized difference moisture index (NDMI), vegetation condition index (VCI), watershed delineation, and spectral characteristics using Landsat imageries. The land change modeler in TerraSet software was used to predict future LULC scenarios. Results showed an increase in built-up areas (15%) and bare land areas (14%), but a reduction of 19% in light vegetation cover from 1991 to 2021. The predicted LULC map illustrated a decrease in light vegetation area (11%) and an increase in built-up area (19%) from 1991 to 2031. NDVI values denoting vegetation health and coverage extent, and NDWI & NDMI values indicating water stress in vegetation and soil showed that palm tree (Plot 1) had the highest average indices values (0.31, 0.34, and 0.06, respectively), while mixed cropping of cassava, cashew, and potatoes (Plot 6) had the lowest average indices values (0.23, 0.28, and − 0.029 respectively). This indicates that Plot 1 (palm tree) had better vegetation health with higher green canopy coverage and lower water stress in vegetation and soil compared to Plot 6 (cassava, cashew, and mixed potato vegetation). Drought analysis (VCI) showed that light drought areas became severe drought areas during 2001-2021 in Plots 4 and 6. The reduction of green cover and growing built-up areas accelerated the increase in drought severity. This study advocates for sustainable land use management to manage water stress and drought at the field level.

One of the most valuable approaches in spatial analysis for a better understanding of the hydrological response of a region or a watershed is certainly the analysis of the well-known land use land cover (LULC) dynamicity. The present case study delves deeper into the analysis of LULC dynamicity by using digital Landsat TM and Landsat OLI data to classify the Kolkata Metropolitan Development Authority (KMDA) into seven classes with over 90% classification accuracy for decadal level assessments of 30 years (for the years 1989, 1999, 2009, and 2019). The change index, the Dematel method for analyzing the cause-effect relationship among the LULC classes, the Jaccard Similarity Index for measuring the nature of similarity among the LULC classes, and the Adherence Index for measuring the consistency of the LULC classes after the transition was used in this study to analyze the LULC transformation. In more detail, the present study considers how urban land use is altering at the expense of...

In semi-arid regions, which are characterized by seasonal rainfall, wetlands play vital roles such as ground water recharge, improvement of water quality, reduction of seasonal flood impacts. However due to several natural and anthropogenic activities such as urbanization, agricultural activities, wetlands are facing drastic changes. The present study deals with the monitoring of wetlands changes using multitemporal Landsat data. The study area is Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu, India, which is a semi-arid region that is characterized by rapid urbanization over last decade, is facing a decline in the areal extent of wetlands. The study has been done from the year 1991 to 2014 for the changes in wetlands in which wetland mapping is performed by geospatial technique and their corresponding changes have been observed. The decade wise and then the changes for 23 years has been shown in the different thematic. Thus decreases in the areal extent of wetlands have been observed which is due to decline in the annual rainfall and rapid urbanization over decades. From the change detection, the conversion of wetlands to different other land use covers have been identified and the severity of this results in severe flooding and rapid depletion of ground water. IndexTerms-Wetland Mapping, Multitemporal Images, Land use and Land Cover.

Mangrove ecosystem has many economic and ecological benefits, but the presence of mangrove forests is increasingly threatened. Information about the damage of mangrove ecosystems is very much needed in mangrove rehabilitation activities. This study aims to get information about the level of damage to the mangrove ecosystem in Percut Sei Tuan for the period 2006-2016. The approach of the methodology used is overlain technique by giving weight and scores to the types of land use factors, canopy density and soil resistance to abrasion. The use of Geographic Information System (GIS) technology and remote sensing is used as a tool to determine the distribution of mangrove damage in the period 2006 to 2016. The results of the study indicate that the level of damage of the mangrove ecosystem in Percut Sei Tuan tends to increase. In 2006 it was identified 3,217.59 ha (70.55%) and increased in 2016 by 3,648.71 ha (80.01%). While the mangrove ecosystem that experienced a high level of damage to mangrove damage increased from 292.77 ha (6.42%) to 452.33 ha (9.92%).

Continuous urban-rural migration between 1991 and 2001 has caused significant land use land cover (LULC) changes around core urban areas in Indian Urban areas. These expansions, through outgrowths and developments in urban-rural fringe areas, significantly impact the environment; therefore, it is essential to monitor LULC changes to promote sustainable urban growth. It is also imperative to identify significant factors driving such LULC changes. This study explores land use changes and transitions occurring in India's South 24 Parganas district, which forms a part of Kolkata Urban Agglomeration (KUA) and surrounds the core city of Kolkata in the East and South. It is the largest district of West Bengal, located in a highly eco-sensitive zone of the country. The rising urbanization in the district makes LULC research important. Using spatiotemporal and network analyses, this study tracks LULC trends in South 24 Parganas from 1991 to 2021. The study examines urban growth in South 24 Parganas from 1991 to 2021, corresponding to major access roads and elevation from the Mean Sea level. The built-up area (BUA) increased by 716.63% between 1991 and 2021, causing a tremendous loss of agricultural and natural ecosystems. Significant urban growth has been observed along the east bank of the Hooghly River near Kolkata Municipal Corporation (KMC) in South 24 Parganas. Over the last 30 years, this transformation has defined the future of urban planning and legislation to promote sustainable growth. The study has found a positive association between urbanization and changes in BUA with land elevation and access through major roads.

The expeditious extension of LULC in the name of development is the root cause of global warming. Replacement of natural resources due to the expansion of manmade erections is accountable for the increase in LST of Earth's topography. The impression of change in LULC is reflected in LST. To seize the rising temperature, the lamentation of a new plan of action for urbanization is of utmost requisite. This paper examines the change in LULC and its spatiotemporal impact on LST in Vadodara, which is situated on the bank of river Vishmamitri river. Vadodara an arid region has three main seasons and these are summer, monsoon, and winter. The climate is characterized by hot summer and dryness in the non-rainy seasons. May is the hottest month while January is the coldest month. The annual rainfall of the district is 475.2 mm. Hence, to analyze we used multi-spectral and multi thermal Landsat TM and ETM+ satellite images to monitor the evaluation of LULC and its impact on LST from 2001(pre-monsoon) to 2021(pre-monsoon). The study explores to what extent observed LST can be examined by vegetation cover measured through NDVI from2001 to 2021. To achieve this an analysis of co-relation is performed between LULC and LST and by using spectral indices comprising NDVI with the help of software like ArcGIS 10.2 and Erdas Imagine 2014. It had been observed that a considerable increase in LST in Vadodara was 58.338°C (Max) and 21.9014°C (Min) in 2001(pre-monsoon) to 60.844 °C (Max) and 24.6784 °C (Min) in 2021(pre-monsoon) which is just about 2°C increase in Max and 3 degrees increase in Min for LST in past 20 years. It was also observed that there is an inverse relationship between LST and NDVI. The value of NDVI is observed that change from 0.380711(H) and-0.59322(L) in 2001 to 0.551(H) to-0.351193(L)in 2021. Moreover, SMI places a vital role to investigate and verify the relation between LST and NDVI. Henceforth, to verify SMI was also calculated and it was noticed that places with high LST value and low NDVI value contained less soil moisture and places with less LST value and high NDVI values contained more soil moisture. Thus, it can be concluded that, if urban planners and decision-makers implement suitable land-use strategies then Earth's topography can be protected from adverse effects of urban heat by planting adequate and appropriate trees in bare soil and beside the impervious areas, thus the expansion of UHI can also be controlled. Moreover, with the help of SMI values, it will also be beneficial for the agricultural sector.

Urbanization is the primary driver of Land Use/ Land Cover (LULC) changes throughout the world. It is arguably the most dramatic and prevalent form of irreversible land transformation. In a fast growing city like Delhi, land use changes are tremendous. Therefore, it is imperative to analyze the driving forces of such change. Along with Delhi, the South West District of Delhi has been chosen for a comparative study of LULC change from 1977 to 2014. Landsat and Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) satellite scenes were used to perform both supervised and unsupervised classification and an overall accuracy of over 90 % was achieved for all the years. In Delhi, net percent change from 1977 to 2014 was found to be ?30.61 % for built-up area,-22.75 % for cultivated area,-5.31 % for dense forest,-2.76 % for wasteland and ?2.41 % for road/rail network. No major net percent change was seen in open forest, scrubs/degraded forest, plantations and river/ waterbody. The LULC results provide evidence of relationship between built-up area, agricultural land and wasteland over the past four decades. The effect of economic reforms of 1991 has manifested itself as a change in LULC. Overall it illustrates a characteristic picture of LULC change and its dynamics.

The following article aims to demonstrate the significance of distance from the urban centre in shaping
the infrastructure transformation in the peripheral areas of cities, known as the urban fringe of Basirhat
city. The distribution pattern of infrastructure indicators reveals a gradual decline in their values as we
move away from the city towards the outskirts of the urban fringe. With increasing distance from the
city centre, there is a noticeable decrease in the availability of infrastructure facilities. The
characteristics of the urban fringe vary significantly based on the level of urbanization, economic
factors, and geographical proximity to the urban centre. It is widely acknowledged that urban growth
not only impacts the natural and built environment but also influences the structure of infrastructure in
the urban fringe. Urbanization provides people living in the urban fringe of Basirhat with employment
opportunities and improved access to urban services and infrastructure

Soil fertility constrains were studied in three representative villages i.e. Tushkhali, Duchnikhali and Korakati with collecting and interpreting a large number of geo-referenced soil samples of Sundarbans. The Global Positioning System based soil reaction, salinity and nutrient maps were prepared by Inverse Distance Weighted (IDW) spatial interpolation method using ArcGIS Ver. 10 software. Soils were mostly heavy in texture (clay > 50%), highly acidic to neutral in reaction and associated with marginal salinity. Although an extreme acidity (< 4.8) or higher salinity level > 4.0 dS m-1 was detected in some of the pockets. Among the three villages, Tushkhali showed comparatively higher electrical conductivity (EC) with highest value of 5.23 dS m-1. There was a decreasing trend in EC recorded with higher level of organic C with irrespective of sampling sites. On an average, organic C of the studied area was medium to high in nature. Soils were poor in available nitrogen and m...

Summary The paper presents an overview of how dynamics changes of erosive landforms of the Volyn Upland (North-Western Ukraine) can be evaluated. For this, the satellite imagery by Google Earth, EOS Landviewer, and Sentinel-2 is used. The research provides examples of how ravines are represented on images with different spectral ranges. There are significant differences in remote identification of erosion forms for forested areas, cultivated and uncultivated lands. For each of these types, the images from different spectral channels during both growing and non-growing periods are analyzed. The results are presented in a table: it shows informative and practical value of different channels and indexes to detect and evaluate the dynamics of erosion landforms. Visible and near-infrared channels are found to be the most informative. Combining vegetation index, moisture index, and thermal infrared channel proved to be less informative. It is possible to extract some additional informatio...

Population growth, desire for more income, transportation facilities and rural to urban migration have increased the rate of urbanisation and complicated its pattern over Purulia district, West Bengal, India. This situation obstructs the organised and planned urban development provoking the sprawl like phenomenon within the urban locality. As the district belongs to a socioeconomic deprived region, most of the researchers mainly concentrate on the physical and socioeconomic problems of the district neglecting the scenario of urbanisation over the district. So, the present study is an attempt to assess the urban growth modelling over the Purulia Municipality which is a dominating city in terms of population and urban functions in the district. Images from Landsat-5 Thematic mapper (TM) and Landsat-8 Operational Land Imager (OLI) were used to prepare land use land cover (LULC) maps of 1998, 2008 and 2018. Supervised classification with maximum likelihood classifier was applied. Direction-based relative Shannon's entropy model has been used for quantification of urban expansion in the last 20 years. The LULC changing condition shows that 65.41% vegetation coverage, 47.63% water body, 31.55% bare land and 10.79% agricultural land have been diminished within this time due to increasing demand for artificial man-made land. Besides, the built-up area has grown by 122% within the 20 years which proved that urban physical expansion is going on over the municipality. The results show that the pattern of urban growth of this municipality is a compact one, and the built-up areas are mostly oriented towards North, Northeast , East, Southeast and South directions than the other quadrants. Besides, the percentage of built-up area has been rapidly decreasing from CBD to periphery area due to increasing distance. For the planning purpose of balance development in a socioeconomic deprived region like Purulia district, the outcomes of this study can best be utilised by the local planners and administrators.

The remote sensing dictionary is an up to date work in the context of spatial analysis development and especially of satellite images usage in the most various domains, from agriculture and underground resources to meteorological applications The dictionary is a useful tool for the growing number of specialists to work with remote sensing data, photogrammetric applications and image analysis. Being the first encyclopedic work dedicated to remote sensing in Romanian, it is written not only for the specialists in Remote Sensing, Photogrammetry, Geography, Earth Science, Environmental Sciences, but also for the

The study was performed on two former sulphur mines located in Southeast Poland: Jeziórko, where 216.5 ha of afforested area was reclaimed after borehole exploitation and Machów, where 871.7 ha of dump area was reclaimed after open cast strip mining. The areas were characterized by its terrain structure and vegetation cover resulting from the reclamation process. The types of reclamation applied in these areas were forestry in Jeziórko and agroforestry in the Machów post-sulphur mine. The study investigates the possibility of applying the most recent Sentinel-2 (ESA) satellite imageries for land cover mapping, with a primary focus on detecting and monitoring afforested areas. Airborne laser scanning point clouds were used to derive precise information about the spatial (3D) characteristics of vegetation: the height (95th percentile), std. dev. of relative height, and canopy cover. The results of the study show an increase in afforested areas in the former sulphur mines. For the enti...

Monitoring the locations and distributions of land cover changes is important for establishing linkages between policy decisions, regulatory actions and subsequent land use activities. Given the importance of land cover changes in conservation plans, adequate scenarios and efficient multi temporal remote sensing techniques were desired for implementation in the study area. The study is located at the south western corner of Crete Island, Greece. Two temporal Landsat images acquired in 1984 (Landsat TM-5) and 2006 (Landsat ETM-7) were used to generate Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) change detection map. Visual interpretation of color composite Landsat images is used to obtain suitability map. To keep the concept of sustainability, the involvement of human dimension in landscape multi dimension space is considered. Spatial Decision Support System (SDSS) is then implemented to assure to guide the selection of the most satisfactory alternatives. Multi Criteria Analysis (MCA) is used for compromising conflicts and to show how two different criteria are diverge or converge according to the analysis. Different suitability maps were produced and the most suitable areas for the two different practices were conducted. Areas less than 1800 m 2 were neglected and the areas with common interest were buffered with 100 m.

The number of abandoned mines is continuously increasing in the word. The sustainable exploitation of these abandoned mines is a top priority globally. Open-pit lakes created in the abandoned mining site provide benefits and present risks for the mining region. The paper presents a methodology to assess the hazards (mining and natural). The proposed methodology framework is based on well-established and internationally accepted risk management standards and allows the assessment of the long-term stability of pit lakes. Ground movement, water pollution, fire hazards are presented, and their impact evaluated based on feedback and international experiences. The methodology was applied for 13 European open-pit lakes created in former European coal and lignite mines. A risk assessment of Most lake, using qualitative and a weighted probabilistic approach that considers the overall and the individual effect of identified mining and natural hazards, shown that the main potential hazards are...

Geospatial techniques can be used to assess the dynamic conditions of coastal land use and land cover in order to make informed decisions about future management strategies for sustainable development through a combination of remote sensing data with field observations of shoreline characteristics along coastlines worldwide. Geospatial techniques offer an invaluable method for analyzing complex coastal systems at multiple scales. The coastal land use and land cover from the Subarnarekha (Orissa) to the Rasulpur estuaries (West Bengal) along the Bay of Bengal are dynamically modified by a complex interaction between land and sea. This is due to various dominating factors of physical and anthropogenic activities, which cause changes in the landscape. The main objective of this study was to identify the periodical transformation and changes in land-use/land-cover (LULC) features by the USGS-LULC classification method using a maximum-likelihood classifier (MLC) algorithm and satellite i...

Purulia, identified in the category of semi-arid regions of West Bengal with a population of more than twenty nine lakhs, has been experiencing the problem of water scarcity irrespective of seasons. The problem becomes more pronounced during the dry season, when ground water level goes down. Rapid population growth, urbanization and growing economic activities have led to the incessant decrease in the level of ground water in recent times. Depletion of ground water level at a fast rate has contributed to an overall increase in demand for water. Purulia falls under Ecological Region-2 .IWMP Batch-IV Project started in Purulia in the year 2012-13 covering 7 Projects with treatable areas of 31,000Ha. 2. Location, Bagmari,Neturia CD Block The captioned site is located in the Forest Guest House complex,Bagmara Mouza,under Kalipathar Watershed Project-IWMP-17, Garpanchakot (Panchet Hill) under Kangshavati Forest Division North Neturia CD Block under Raghunathpur Subdivision. Garh Panchkot (Panchet) Hill, Garh Panchkot or Panchet hill has maximum altitude of 650 m above MSL, The lush dense green hill stands amidst the lateritic landscape of Neturia Community development Block, of Raghunathpur subdivision , Purulia district. The block comprises of seven gram panchayats viz., Vamuria, Digha, Guniaria, Janardandi, Raibandh, Saltore and Sarbari. Ramkanali, is the head quarter of this block. In this area, the temperature drops down to 7˚C in winter and rises up to 40˚C in summer. The annual rainfall is approximately 1170 mm. The hill stands on the south bank of Damodar river, near the Panchet dam, which demarcates the border of West Bengal and Jharkhand. This hill has 2 distinct faces, one which is steep, faces an Eto-N direction, looking over the State Highway-5 (Asansol-Purulia), while the other face is a S-to-SE direction and comparatively more gentle. 9. Replicability-The above model of GNPKT Butter fly model is an exemplary joint venture of Forest Department-KNFD, Raghunathpur, Purulia and IWMP/PMKSY-GoWB in promoting Bio diversity conservation and /ecotourism under the holistic framework of Integrated Watershed development in ensuring inclusive development of the local economy. This unique model of Wasteland Development initiative would have an spiral impact among the local areas as well as in the neighbouring districts of the Region for its unique collaboration and converged attempts of two departments effective collaboration to yield synergistic impact on the rural economy of this red laterite region of Paschimanchal.

Land use and land cover (LULC) change is considered among the most discussed issues associated with development nowadays. It is necessary to provide factual and up-to-date information to policymakers to fulfil the increasing population’s food, work, and habitation needs while ensuring environmental sustainability. Geographical Information System (GIS) and Remote sensing can perform such work adequately. This study aims to assess land use and land cover changes concerning the Barapukuria coal mine and its adjacent areas in Bangladesh by applying remote sensing and GIS (geographical information system) techniques. This research work used time-series satellite images from the Landsat 7 ETM+ satellite between 1999 and 2009 and the Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS satellite for 2019. Supervised classification maximum likelihood classifier matrix was implemented using ERDAS Imagine 2018. The images were categorised into four definite classes: settlement, agricultural land, forest land, and waterbody. A...

This publication was created within the project TEXMIN (The impact of extreme weather events on mining operations) co-financed by the European Union within the scope of the Research Fund for Coal and Steel (RFCS) under Grant Agreement 847250 and co-financed by the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education.

Soil erosion and degradation, water pollution and biodiversity loss, cause by intensive crop farming, have resulted in degradation of 1/4 of the global farmland, while almost 1/2 have moderately or slightly degraded. Land Use and Land Cover Change Analysis was conducted to determine the level of farmland degradation in Igabi Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Nigeria. The study area was delineated into 9 zones (A to I) for the assessments. Classified Objects Change Detection which involved comparing vector map and satellite imagery was adopted. The data used were Land-use and Landcover map in vector format, produced in 1995 and a NigeriaSat-X satellite imagery with 20 meter spatial resolution captured in 2015. The satellite imagery was converted to vector format. The extracted land features were categorized into seven classes, namely; settlements, farmland, barren surfaces, forest plantation, natural vegetation, distorted vegetation and waterbodies. Rural Land Consumption Rate (RLCR) and Absorption Coefficient were computed. The change analysis revealed that 83.3% of the total farmland were rendered barren, 8.5% became distorted vegetation, while 8.2% were consumed by the growing settlement. The locations of the losses to the barren surfaces were mostly in zone E accounting for 76.5% of the total loss. Those converted to distorted vegetation are mostly in zone B (39.1%) where farmland became grasses of very low height. Human settlement in the area had increased between 1995 and 2015 by 31%. The RLCR revealed that the consumption rate was higher in 1995 than 2015 in all the 9 zones, instead of being higher in 2015 since the population has increased significantly. The rapid depreciation of the green vegetation to barren surfaces pose alarming threat to the environment.

This paper investigated a methodology for locating suitable sites for establishing mangrove plantations along the south Saudi Arabian Red Sea coast based on Geological characteristics, geomorphology and discharge of drainage effluents as primary sitting criteria. Remote sensing Satellite imagery and digital elevation models were interpreted to determine most of the parameters, the rest were measured in field. In the study, it was found that some healthy mangrove stands now exist along the Red Sea coast near the city of Jizan although many stands have been destroyed in recent years due to rapid development, infilling and over-grazing and use of the mangroves as fuel. Remote sensing satellite imagery was used to map exiting Mangrove stands of different densities along the study area. The study determined that mangrove stands are primarily concentrated in the southern part of the study area and that they are sparsely found northward. Interpretation of A Landsat Thematic Mapper panchromatic band image and DEM showing that red sea coast along the study area are mainly covered by fans of ten drainage basins where the Flood potentiality of these basins was determined. The study was able to determine that three areas, which have a moderate to low flash flood potential, have the necessary environmental elements necessary to support mangroves. One, in particular, would be the best site to establish a mangrove plantation project.

This paper describes a method to locate suitable sites for mangrove plantations along the southern Saudi Arabian Red Sea Coast based on the geological setting of the area. Geological characteristics such as soil type, geomorphology and drainage were considered as siting criteria. Satellite imagery and digital elevation models were interpreted to determine most of the parameters. The study determined that mangrove stands are primarily concentrated in the southern part of the study area and that they are sparsely found northward. Using data provided by satellite imagery, topographic maps and soil samples, the study was able to determine that three areas now barren of vegetation have the environmental elements necessary to support mangroves. One, in particular, would be especially suitable for establishing a plantation. In this paper, we describe the methods we used to make this determination and show the results of the analysis.

Summary The paper presents an overview of how dynamics changes of erosive landforms of the Volyn Upland (North-Western Ukraine) can be evaluated. For this, the satellite imagery by Google Earth, EOS Landviewer, and Sentinel-2 is used. The research provides examples of how ravines are represented on images with different spectral ranges. There are significant differences in remote identification of erosion forms for forested areas, cultivated and uncultivated lands. For each of these types, the images from different spectral channels during both growing and non-growing periods are analyzed. The results are presented in a table: it shows informative and practical value of different channels and indexes to detect and evaluate the dynamics of erosion landforms. Visible and near-infrared channels are found to be the most informative. Combining vegetation index, moisture index, and thermal infrared channel proved to be less informative. It is possible to extract some additional informatio...

In India, groundwater is very crucial natural resources that are extensively used in both urban and rural regions for irrigation and drinking purpose. In the present research work, the potential manganese contamination zones (PMCZ) within Burdwan district was investigated using GIS approach by considering various controlling factors, i.e., geology, soil, rainfall and land use land cover. Frequency ratio modeling was implemented to assign the scores to various input factors and their sub-classes. Model output based on PMCZ is classified into two broad classes, i.e., 'suitable' and 'unsuitable' where, 63% (4432 km 2) and 37% (2607 km 2) of the study area account for suitable and unsuitable category, respectively. The PMCZ model output was further validated with 654 reported manganese (Mn) occurrence in groundwater from different location in Burdwan district and it is observed that the model achieved an accuracy of about 75%. Success and prediction rate curve also show an accuracy of 83 and 77%, respectively which indicates that the prediction rate and accuracy rate of model in the prediction of PMCZ is quite high. The ground-truth verification of predicted zones shows an accuracy of 80% in prediction which was carried out by means of groundwater sampling in the study area followed by the Mn estimation in groundwater samples. Majority of high Mn contaminated area fall along the flood plain (Neogene-Pleistocene sediment) of Burdwan district. The outcome of the research work can be helpful in better planning and management of groundwater resources in future.

This study investigated the impact of the coastal industrialization policy which began in 2015 in Indonesia. Because this policy has effected physical change on the environment, it requires quantification to determine its driving factors, and to formulate solutions to its problems. In doing so, this research used remote sensing and machine learning techniques. Satellite data from Sentinel-2A were acquired for the years 2015 and 2019 for LULC model, and Landsat 8 OLI for industrial growth model in coastal area. The data were processed using QGIS 3.8 software with machine learning techniques, the Random Forest algorithm, and sci-kit learn library from Dzetsaka tools. The results showed that changes in land use and land cover areas significantly contributed to the loss of blue carbon storage of more than 20%. This finding confirms that the industrialization policy on the coastal area needs to be reviewed, and land use monitoring must be more strictly regulated.

Short article on probably the earliest visitor from the Low Countries to the coast of America and Canada, and his mappa mundi of ca. 1507, the first map of the world added to a printed edition of Ptolemaeus. Its creator, a learned monk, was also a designer of astronomical instruments, a painter of miniatures and one of Raphael's collaborators in the Vatican Library

The dossier that we present is intended to reflect on the Portuguese trio-oceanic voyage of the Renaissance centuries, not only from the perspective of the evident complexity of the encounter with other cultures, but also from that of the difficulty in understanding the plurality of observed realities. A difficult dialogue is then established, which needs time and space for assimilation and changes the idea of the world that Western thought had built over the centuries.

For assisting in the effective utilization of land resources at the regional level, Land Suitability (LS) evaluation can be employed. If proper gauges and implementations are made, then the LS assessment can well be attained, which is useful for credible development. In the Land-Use (LU) analysis, a powerful means for taking care of spatial data is the Geographical Information Systems (GIS). Whilst attempting to assign comparative significance to the numerous criteria pondered in a suitability evaluation, this tool's application can't singly trounce the scarcity of the opinions' constancy offered by experts. The aim of the presented research study is the assessment of LS for Sustainable Development (SD) of Peri-Urban (PU) areas of Coimbatore city, in Tamil Nadu, India. For resolving the issue of individually using the GIS tool, this analysis uses the combination of GIS, Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM), along with Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Here, the mandatory aspects function as a key for a long SD, and the requirement for ecological planning was highlighted. Additionally, to envisage the LS of the Coimbatore PU area for SD utilizing weighted overlay analysis by means of integrating '7' thematic layers, geo-visualization technology was implemented. The presented study's result implies that only 49.80% and 31.86% of the area are highly suitable for Urban Development (UD) in the future.

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Wetlands are the submerged or waters saturated lands, both natural and man-made, permanent or temporary, with water that is static or flowing, fresh, brackish or salt, including areas of marine water, the depth of which at low tide does not exceed 6 meters. Effective wetlands management and protection are critical. Accurate and comprehensive wetland classification maps as well as spatiotemporal change information are essential for ecological protection and local government decisions. Wetland mapping and classification help to preserve and improve wetland quality. A study was conducted on wetland mapping, inventory and change detection wetlands of Thavanur Grama Panchayath in Malappuram district of Kerala using multispectral satellite imageries of high resolution (2.4x2.4m) during the year 2020-2021. The image processing was carried out by Visual Interpretation Technique. The accuracy of mapping was assessed by kappa coefficient. The various wetland classes found in Thavanur Grama Pa...

The Medveščak Stream used to be very important for the economic development of Zagreb. Water from the stream and its confluent, the artificial mill canal of Pretoka (Melinski potok) was used for centuries to power mills, bathing areas, manufacture and industrial objects. Due to frequent floods and summer droughts, the stream's unregulated course was problematic, resulting in a need to move it to a new and partly covered basin. Stream regulation caused many objects to close down and change the environment and development of the modern city of Zagreb. By applying Quantum GIS to written historical sources and cadastral plans from different periods (plan sheets of the 1 st cadastral survey from 1 862 to 1 864 on which the entire course of the stream is visible and plan sheets of the 2nd cadastral survey from 1 909 to 1 91 3, representing the situation after stream regulation), analyses were done of changes resulting from stream regulation and represented as thematic maps and attribute tables.

The Medveščak Stream used to be very important for the economic development of Zagreb. Water from the stream and its confluent, the artificial mill canal of Pretoka (Melinski potok) was used for centuries to power mills, bathing areas, manufacture and industrial objects. Due to frequent floods and summer droughts, the stream's unregulated course was problematic, resulting in a need to move it to a new and partly covered basin. Stream regulation caused many objects to close down and change the environment and development of the modern city of Zagreb. By applying Quantum GIS to written historical sources and cadastral plans from different periods (plan sheets of the 1 st cadastral survey from 1 862 to 1 864 on which the entire course of the stream is visible and plan sheets of the 2nd cadastral survey from 1 909 to 1 91 3, representing the situation after stream regulation), analyses were done of changes resulting from stream regulation and represented as thematic maps and attribute tables.

dott.ssa Rossana MANAGLIA dott.ssa Pascale CHAMPEYROL-madrelingua francese dott. Colum FORDHAM-madrelingua inglese dott. Ennio CIRNIGLIARO dott.ssa Giulia OLIVERI dott.ssa Monica SCHIANCHI direttore scientifico direttore editoriale comitato editoriale Archeologia Arte Architettura comitato scientifico Archeologia Arte Architettura redattore editoriale traduttori editoriali Revisori testi e referenti peer-review © Edizioni dell'Orso s.r.l. via Urbano Rattazzi,