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Figure 7. Correlation between LST with vegetation, built-up, water-body and bare soil (2001, 2021)

Figure 7 Correlation between LST with vegetation, built-up, water-body and bare soil (2001, 2021)

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Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI_TIRS were used to calculate LST, NDVI, and SMI for the study purpose. The digital data sets used in the present study were created by the USGS and were acquired in GeoTIFF (Nasar and Minallah, 2020). The optical bands of satellite Landsat 7 and 8 were utilized in developing NDVI and SMI. Georeferencing was done using the UTM projection method for Landsat images (WGS 1984, Zone 43N). Moreover, the nearest-neighbor algorithm was used for resampling with the size of a pixel of30m*30m. ERDAS Imagine and ArcGIS 10.6 were used to analyze the satellite data and acquire the concluding product during the whole study.
Landsat 7 ETM+ and Landsat 8 OLI_TIRS were used to calculate LST, NDVI, and SMI for the study purpose. The digital data sets used in the present study were created by the USGS and were acquired in GeoTIFF (Nasar and Minallah, 2020). The optical bands of satellite Landsat 7 and 8 were utilized in developing NDVI and SMI. Georeferencing was done using the UTM projection method for Landsat images (WGS 1984, Zone 43N). Moreover, the nearest-neighbor algorithm was used for resampling with the size of a pixel of30m*30m. ERDAS Imagine and ArcGIS 10.6 were used to analyze the satellite data and acquire the concluding product during the whole study.
Table 1. Table showing LULC types and their area in sq. km. The increasing population has changed ivelihood because the population resid depends on valuable timber for forest (Bhattacharjee and Nayak 2003; Das and pressure of increasing population and un practices has a great impact on natural the land cover pattern through overexploitation of land resources for their ing near forests and agriculture Joshi 2013). The planned land use land cover. The change in land use and land cover also d biodiversity, air quality, and water isturbs the other natural components of soil fertility, soil erosion, ecology, regime of the
Table 1. Table showing LULC types and their area in sq. km. The increasing population has changed ivelihood because the population resid depends on valuable timber for forest (Bhattacharjee and Nayak 2003; Das and pressure of increasing population and un practices has a great impact on natural the land cover pattern through overexploitation of land resources for their ing near forests and agriculture Joshi 2013). The planned land use land cover. The change in land use and land cover also d biodiversity, air quality, and water isturbs the other natural components of soil fertility, soil erosion, ecology, regime of the
Figure 2. Flowchart of Methodology
Figure 2. Flowchart of Methodology
Figure 5. NDVI Map of 2001 and 2021 The distribution of SMI in Fig.6 illustrates a value near | with black representing high SMI, greyresenting medium SMI, and white representing low SMI with avalue near 0. High SMI was observed in agricultural lands, aswell as forested areas. Low SMI prevails in the settlement and fallow land areas.
Figure 5. NDVI Map of 2001 and 2021 The distribution of SMI in Fig.6 illustrates a value near | with black representing high SMI, greyresenting medium SMI, and white representing low SMI with avalue near 0. High SMI was observed in agricultural lands, aswell as forested areas. Low SMI prevails in the settlement and fallow land areas.
2001 (pre-monsoon)and 2021 (pre-monsoon). The results indicated that the eastern zone with barren hilly rugged hills and fallow lands in the southwestern zone is distributed by high Land Surface Temperature (LST) and the central zone and the northeastern zone are distributed by low LST owing to the existence of high vegetation as agriculture is practiced in settlement areas as well as areas adjacent to rivers and water bodies. It is also noticed that vegetation and water body is inversely related to LST and built-up and bare soil has a positive relationship with LST. Furthermore, it is crucial to note that LST is impacted by urban growth and that vegetation is seen as a key role in reducing the intensity of urban heat islands. The Correlation is depicted in Fig. 7 TI COPIPCIGUOH DCUWCOM LO WILE IND? VE aiid OlVil. In 2001 high value of LST was observed to be 58.33 °C and the low value was 21.90 °C. In 2021 the high value of LST changed to 60.84 °C and the low va 24.71 °C. In the case of NDVI in 2001 the ue changed to high value was recorded as 0.38 and the low value as -0.59 and in 2021 the high value changed to 0.55 and the low to -0.35. The high value of SMI was 1 and value changed the low value was 0 in 2001. The high value of SMI was 0.99 and the low value was 0 in 2021. In 2001 mean LST was 36.33°C and mean NDVI was -0.23 and the mean va ue of SMI was 0.51 whereas in 2021 mean LST increased to 39.76. On the other hand, the mean value of NDVI increased from -0.23 to 0.19. Moreover, the mean value of SM 0.68. This study has analyzed the I increased to Land Surface Temperature of the Vadodara district of Gujarat in the years
2001 (pre-monsoon)and 2021 (pre-monsoon). The results indicated that the eastern zone with barren hilly rugged hills and fallow lands in the southwestern zone is distributed by high Land Surface Temperature (LST) and the central zone and the northeastern zone are distributed by low LST owing to the existence of high vegetation as agriculture is practiced in settlement areas as well as areas adjacent to rivers and water bodies. It is also noticed that vegetation and water body is inversely related to LST and built-up and bare soil has a positive relationship with LST. Furthermore, it is crucial to note that LST is impacted by urban growth and that vegetation is seen as a key role in reducing the intensity of urban heat islands. The Correlation is depicted in Fig. 7 TI COPIPCIGUOH DCUWCOM LO WILE IND? VE aiid OlVil. In 2001 high value of LST was observed to be 58.33 °C and the low value was 21.90 °C. In 2021 the high value of LST changed to 60.84 °C and the low va 24.71 °C. In the case of NDVI in 2001 the ue changed to high value was recorded as 0.38 and the low value as -0.59 and in 2021 the high value changed to 0.55 and the low to -0.35. The high value of SMI was 1 and value changed the low value was 0 in 2001. The high value of SMI was 0.99 and the low value was 0 in 2021. In 2001 mean LST was 36.33°C and mean NDVI was -0.23 and the mean va ue of SMI was 0.51 whereas in 2021 mean LST increased to 39.76. On the other hand, the mean value of NDVI increased from -0.23 to 0.19. Moreover, the mean value of SM 0.68. This study has analyzed the I increased to Land Surface Temperature of the Vadodara district of Gujarat in the years
Related topics:
Environmental ScienceGeomaticsNormalized Difference Vegetation Index
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