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Figure 5: (A) Relationship between Stream numbers with Stream Orders (B) Stream Length and Stream Orders (C) Bifurcation Ratio with Stream Orders (D) Mean Stream Length with Stream Orders

Figure 5 (A) Relationship between Stream numbers with Stream Orders (B) Stream Length and Stream Orders (C) Bifurcation Ratio with Stream Orders (D) Mean Stream Length with Stream Orders

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second largest narrowing of the gender gap in any zone. The narrowing was due to a.
second largest narrowing of the gender gap in any zone. The narrowing was due to a.
on space and time, as well as the connection between the urban heat island and changes in land use.
on space and time, as well as the connection between the urban heat island and changes in land use.
Table 1 Information about Satellite Data
Table 1 Information about Satellite Data
Table 2: Results of Temperature Related Statistics of Land Surface Temperature During 1989, 1999, 2010 & 2020
Table 2: Results of Temperature Related Statistics of Land Surface Temperature During 1989, 1999, 2010 & 2020
Table 3: Area Covering (Sq. Km) Of Land Surface Temperature Zones On Kolkata Metropolitan Area During 1989, 1999, 2010 & 2020
Table 3: Area Covering (Sq. Km) Of Land Surface Temperature Zones On Kolkata Metropolitan Area During 1989, 1999, 2010 & 2020
URBAN HEAT ISLAND(UHI) ZONES OF KOLKATA METROPOLITAN AREA DURING 1989,1999,2010,2020 Figure 3: Urban Heat Island (UHI) Kolkata Metropolitan Area During 19889, 1999, 2010 & 2020
URBAN HEAT ISLAND(UHI) ZONES OF KOLKATA METROPOLITAN AREA DURING 1989,1999,2010,2020 Figure 3: Urban Heat Island (UHI) Kolkata Metropolitan Area During 19889, 1999, 2010 & 2020
ones. SO, Main developed region OF Kolkata Metropolitan Area has been created mostly hot spot regic 1 the year of 1989, which is represented here a symbol. Here some dispatched hot spot is originated lis region. Actual mainly clustered hot spot region has been originated from the year of 1989. Th 1is area has been increased in the year of 2010 and 2020. In the year of 2010, Urban Heat Island | 0t has been spread in some developed parts of Hooghly River region, some parts of Nadia distri nd rapidly and mostly spread in Kolkata and Howrah region. But the increasing trend of Urban H sland regions are slowly spread than next other years. And mostly changes have been noticed in t ear of 2010 to 2020 decades. So, mostly higher than 35°C has been faced in 2020. year of 2010 to 2020 decades. So, mostly higher than 35°C has been faced in 2020.
ones. SO, Main developed region OF Kolkata Metropolitan Area has been created mostly hot spot regic 1 the year of 1989, which is represented here a symbol. Here some dispatched hot spot is originated lis region. Actual mainly clustered hot spot region has been originated from the year of 1989. Th 1is area has been increased in the year of 2010 and 2020. In the year of 2010, Urban Heat Island | 0t has been spread in some developed parts of Hooghly River region, some parts of Nadia distri nd rapidly and mostly spread in Kolkata and Howrah region. But the increasing trend of Urban H sland regions are slowly spread than next other years. And mostly changes have been noticed in t ear of 2010 to 2020 decades. So, mostly higher than 35°C has been faced in 2020. year of 2010 to 2020 decades. So, mostly higher than 35°C has been faced in 2020.
Table 4: Results of Calculated Mean of LST from 1989 — 2020 Table 5: Results of Calculated Mean of LST from 2021-2030
Table 4: Results of Calculated Mean of LST from 1989 — 2020 Table 5: Results of Calculated Mean of LST from 2021-2030
2020 were classified into equal classes. So, it should be run to show for possibility of area extension in
2020 were classified into equal classes. So, it should be run to show for possibility of area extension in
Figure 5: Prediction of Urban Heat Island of Kolkata Metropolitan Area for 2030
Figure 5: Prediction of Urban Heat Island of Kolkata Metropolitan Area for 2030
86°15’ East to 88°15’ East. It occupies an of about 6099.45 square kilometers.
86°15’ East to 88°15’ East. It occupies an of about 6099.45 square kilometers.
Table 1: Methods of Calculating Morphometric Parameters of Drainage Basin
Table 1: Methods of Calculating Morphometric Parameters of Drainage Basin
Figure 4: Stream Order and Stream Number is flowing according to the regional slope (Figure 3). Table 3: Linear Aspects of Ajay River Basin
Figure 4: Stream Order and Stream Number is flowing according to the regional slope (Figure 3). Table 3: Linear Aspects of Ajay River Basin
Figure 7: (A) Relative Relief (B) Absolute Relief (C) Dissection Index of the Study Area
Figure 7: (A) Relative Relief (B) Absolute Relief (C) Dissection Index of the Study Area
Table 4: Result of Morphometric Analysis in Aerian and Relief Aspects
Table 4: Result of Morphometric Analysis in Aerian and Relief Aspects
Figure 8: (A) Contour Map (B) Hillshade Map (C) Slope Map (D) Aspect Map of the Study Area slope of the basin is low in the lower part of the basin.
Figure 8: (A) Contour Map (B) Hillshade Map (C) Slope Map (D) Aspect Map of the Study Area slope of the basin is low in the lower part of the basin.
“The urbanization process Fig 1. The form of the city minimal, and it gradually merges into the rural hinterland Fazal, 2016). Changes in the situation of an urban fringe often precede changes in its physical location. lower land costs. The urban shadow is the area where the physical evidence of urban influence is
“The urbanization process Fig 1. The form of the city minimal, and it gradually merges into the rural hinterland Fazal, 2016). Changes in the situation of an urban fringe often precede changes in its physical location. lower land costs. The urban shadow is the area where the physical evidence of urban influence is
(Bryant et. al., 1982). yetween India and Bangladesh. The city along with its Rural Urban Fringe is located between th« oordinates 34° 33'36" N - 22° 46'48 "N and 88°46'12"E- 88°57'00"E. It is also a fast-growing city 11 Nest Bengal, with a population of 125,254 (2011). This growth has led to significant populatior ncreases in the region, particularly in the rural-urban fringe. As a result, there is a need for improvec nfrastructure to support this population growth, including better transportation, healthcare, anc ducation facilities. Moreover, the city is also known for its fertile agricultural land, which has attractec armers from all over the region. The area is experiencing an influx of new residents seeking jot ypportunities and improved living standards. The existing infrastructure in the area is struggling to mee
(Bryant et. al., 1982). yetween India and Bangladesh. The city along with its Rural Urban Fringe is located between th« oordinates 34° 33'36" N - 22° 46'48 "N and 88°46'12"E- 88°57'00"E. It is also a fast-growing city 11 Nest Bengal, with a population of 125,254 (2011). This growth has led to significant populatior ncreases in the region, particularly in the rural-urban fringe. As a result, there is a need for improvec nfrastructure to support this population growth, including better transportation, healthcare, anc ducation facilities. Moreover, the city is also known for its fertile agricultural land, which has attractec armers from all over the region. The area is experiencing an influx of new residents seeking jot ypportunities and improved living standards. The existing infrastructure in the area is struggling to mee
the development plan. These are generally grouped into two major categories: growth align with the desired spatial development. Several indicators are considered when formulating
the development plan. These are generally grouped into two major categories: growth align with the desired spatial development. Several indicators are considered when formulating
Table 2: Source of drinking water among sample households
Table 2: Source of drinking water among sample households
In the inner fringe zone, most households (67.50%) obtain their drinking water from tubewells. Within
In the inner fringe zone, most households (67.50%) obtain their drinking water from tubewells. Within
Table: 3 Types of drainage among sample households of drainage systems. There are different types of drainage systems that are used depending on the topography and urbar
Table: 3 Types of drainage among sample households of drainage systems. There are different types of drainage systems that are used depending on the topography and urbar
Fig. 3 Distance of the nearest source of clean water from sample households obtain their drinking water from tube wells (Table: 2).
Fig. 3 Distance of the nearest source of clean water from sample households obtain their drinking water from tube wells (Table: 2).
Table: 4 Waste disposal sites among sample households In the urban fringe area, solid waste generation mainly stems from households, cow dung, agricultural 1 the urban fringe area, solid waste generation mainly stems from households, cow dung, agricultural vastes, and industries (Arif and Gupta, 2020). Inadequate waste collection and treatment systems result 1 improper waste disposal practices, such as littering streets, empty land, swamps, and drains (Table: ). Both Inner and Outer fringe areas lack designated waste dumping sites, with 40% of households isposing of waste in abandoned swamps and 15.68% dumping waste beside roads. The region urgently squires improved waste management practices, in the area with concentrated waste disposal sites.
Table: 4 Waste disposal sites among sample households In the urban fringe area, solid waste generation mainly stems from households, cow dung, agricultural 1 the urban fringe area, solid waste generation mainly stems from households, cow dung, agricultural vastes, and industries (Arif and Gupta, 2020). Inadequate waste collection and treatment systems result 1 improper waste disposal practices, such as littering streets, empty land, swamps, and drains (Table: ). Both Inner and Outer fringe areas lack designated waste dumping sites, with 40% of households isposing of waste in abandoned swamps and 15.68% dumping waste beside roads. The region urgently squires improved waste management practices, in the area with concentrated waste disposal sites.
Table: 5 Frequency of city visits among sample households This indicates that the frequency of daily visits to the city depends on the distance. In India, a higher percentage of commuters from the rural-urban fringe travel to the city for work,
Table: 5 Frequency of city visits among sample households This indicates that the frequency of daily visits to the city depends on the distance. In India, a higher percentage of commuters from the rural-urban fringe travel to the city for work,
Table: 7 Means of transportation for city visits among sample households reflects the greater distance from the city centre and lower population density.
Table: 7 Means of transportation for city visits among sample households reflects the greater distance from the city centre and lower population density.
better and more specialized educational Fig. 6 Frequency of power outage among sample households the urban fringe.
better and more specialized educational Fig. 6 Frequency of power outage among sample households the urban fringe.
Fig. 7 Percentages of primary schools among sample Fig. 7 reveals that among the sample villages in the Inner fringe of Basirhat city, Jirakpur has the highest
Fig. 7 Percentages of primary schools among sample Fig. 7 reveals that among the sample villages in the Inner fringe of Basirhat city, Jirakpur has the highest
g. 9 Distance of secondary schools from sample Fig. 10 Distance of degree collages from sample In the inner fringe, 66.67% of secondary schools are situated within a distance of less than 1 km from in the inner fringe, 66.67% of secondary schools are situated within a distance of less than 1 km from he sample villages. In contrast, the availability of secondary schools in the outer fringe is more lispersed. Approximately one-third of schools are located within 1-5 km, while another one-third are situated within 5-10 km from the sample villages (Fig. 9). Regarding degree colleges, in the inner fringe Fig. 10), 66.67% of villages have colleges located within 5 km. In the outer fringe, 50% of villages are situated more than 10 km away from colleges.
g. 9 Distance of secondary schools from sample Fig. 10 Distance of degree collages from sample In the inner fringe, 66.67% of secondary schools are situated within a distance of less than 1 km from in the inner fringe, 66.67% of secondary schools are situated within a distance of less than 1 km from he sample villages. In contrast, the availability of secondary schools in the outer fringe is more lispersed. Approximately one-third of schools are located within 1-5 km, while another one-third are situated within 5-10 km from the sample villages (Fig. 9). Regarding degree colleges, in the inner fringe Fig. 10), 66.67% of villages have colleges located within 5 km. In the outer fringe, 50% of villages are situated more than 10 km away from colleges.
ess, while in the outer fringe, most villages have centres located within 1-5 km (Fig. 11). Similarly, for
ess, while in the outer fringe, most villages have centres located within 1-5 km (Fig. 11). Similarly, for
centre from sample villages
centre from sample villages
Fig. 13 Distance of Govt. hospitals from sample Fig. 14 Distance of family welfare centre from facilities is comparatively better in the inner fringe than in the outer fringe.
Fig. 13 Distance of Govt. hospitals from sample Fig. 14 Distance of family welfare centre from facilities is comparatively better in the inner fringe than in the outer fringe.
Table: 8 Distance of ICDS centre from sample villages
Table: 8 Distance of ICDS centre from sample villages
Table: 9 Distance of Regular Market from Sample Villages
Table: 9 Distance of Regular Market from Sample Villages
Table: 10 Distance of Weekly Haat from Sample Villages
Table: 10 Distance of Weekly Haat from Sample Villages
3.10 Infrastructural Facility Index To assess the infrastructural facilities only for sampled villages in the urban fringe Basirhat city, a
3.10 Infrastructural Facility Index To assess the infrastructural facilities only for sampled villages in the urban fringe Basirhat city, a
Table 7.1 Infrastructural Facility Index for Sample Villages of Inner Fringe
Table 7.1 Infrastructural Facility Index for Sample Villages of Inner Fringe
Table 7.2 Infrastructural Facility Index for Sample Villages of Outer Fringe
Table 7.2 Infrastructural Facility Index for Sample Villages of Outer Fringe
Fig. 15 Infrastructural facilities in sample villages of Rural — Urban Fringe of Basirhat city The index data indicates that only two sampled villages, one from the Inner Fringe and one from the he index data indicates that only two sampled villages, one from the Inner Fringe and one from 1 ter Fringe, have a very high score, indicating better infrastructural facilities. Among the three villas ‘ith a medium score, two belong to the Inner urban fringe and one to the Outer urban fringe. In contre le remaining four villages in the Outer urban fringe have a very low score, suggesting pc \frastructural facilities. This demonstrates that distance from the city centre significantly impacts | ifrastructural facilities provided in the sampled villages within the urban fringe (Table- 7.1 & 7. ven, Krishna and Bajpai in 2011 also stated that the disadvantages of distance have been compounc y public policies.
Fig. 15 Infrastructural facilities in sample villages of Rural — Urban Fringe of Basirhat city The index data indicates that only two sampled villages, one from the Inner Fringe and one from the he index data indicates that only two sampled villages, one from the Inner Fringe and one from 1 ter Fringe, have a very high score, indicating better infrastructural facilities. Among the three villas ‘ith a medium score, two belong to the Inner urban fringe and one to the Outer urban fringe. In contre le remaining four villages in the Outer urban fringe have a very low score, suggesting pc \frastructural facilities. This demonstrates that distance from the city centre significantly impacts | ifrastructural facilities provided in the sampled villages within the urban fringe (Table- 7.1 & 7. ven, Krishna and Bajpai in 2011 also stated that the disadvantages of distance have been compounc y public policies.
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission website Fig.1: Flow Diagrams of Research Methodology The present research work involves the delineation of Morphometric analysis in the Gandheswari River 2. DATA CONSIDERATION AND METHODOLOGY:
Shuttle Radar Topography Mission website Fig.1: Flow Diagrams of Research Methodology The present research work involves the delineation of Morphometric analysis in the Gandheswari River 2. DATA CONSIDERATION AND METHODOLOGY:
The basin exhibits a varied geological composition. The Gandheswari river basin is located on Pre-
The basin exhibits a varied geological composition. The Gandheswari river basin is located on Pre-
such as erosion, nutrient depletion, and soil compaction, and take appropriate measures to address them 3.3 Soil: )verall, a soil map is an essential tool for understanding the soil resources of a study area and making good potentiality for groundwater. informed decisions about land use and management practices. For this study, a soil map of the study
such as erosion, nutrient depletion, and soil compaction, and take appropriate measures to address them 3.3 Soil: )verall, a soil map is an essential tool for understanding the soil resources of a study area and making good potentiality for groundwater. informed decisions about land use and management practices. For this study, a soil map of the study
Table 1: Results of Morph Metric Analysis
Table 1: Results of Morph Metric Analysis
measured along a stream channel. In the case of the river basin under Fig. 6: Stream Ordering Map o the Gandheswari River Basin consideration, the total stream length has been calculated to be 399.25
measured along a stream channel. In the case of the river basin under Fig. 6: Stream Ordering Map o the Gandheswari River Basin consideration, the total stream length has been calculated to be 399.25
4.1.4 Bifurcation Ratio (Rb):
4.1.4 Bifurcation Ratio (Rb):
4.2.1 Stream Frequency (F): Drainage density is a measure of the number of stream channels
4.2.1 Stream Frequency (F): Drainage density is a measure of the number of stream channels
Relative Relief is a significant morphometric parameter that describes the difference in elevation plan activities such as hiking or construction. It can also be used to analyze geological processes, such
Relative Relief is a significant morphometric parameter that describes the difference in elevation plan activities such as hiking or construction. It can also be used to analyze geological processes, such
Table No: (2) Areas of Land Use & Land Cover in Gandheswari River Basin has witnessed an increase of approximately 13% in the settlement area.
Table No: (2) Areas of Land Use & Land Cover in Gandheswari River Basin has witnessed an increase of approximately 13% in the settlement area.
1¢ available data indicates that there has been a significant decrease in vegetation area over a cer ne period. Specifically, the data shows that vegetation area has been reduced by approximately 4. 1e of the main reasons for this reduction is the conversion of vegetation areas into settlements or bi ) areas. This trend is concerning, as it can lead to various ecological issues, such as loss of biodiver: creased carbon emissions, and reduced air quality. In contrast to the decreasing trend in vegeta ea, barren land has shown a decreasing trend, while sand area has remained relatively constant. 1 formation is relevant as it helps to provide a more complete picture of the changes in land cover ad use over the given time period. It is important to analysis these trends and take action to pre\ rther degradation of natural ecosystems. The available data indicates that there has been a significant decrease in vegetation area over a certain
1¢ available data indicates that there has been a significant decrease in vegetation area over a cer ne period. Specifically, the data shows that vegetation area has been reduced by approximately 4. 1e of the main reasons for this reduction is the conversion of vegetation areas into settlements or bi ) areas. This trend is concerning, as it can lead to various ecological issues, such as loss of biodiver: creased carbon emissions, and reduced air quality. In contrast to the decreasing trend in vegeta ea, barren land has shown a decreasing trend, while sand area has remained relatively constant. 1 formation is relevant as it helps to provide a more complete picture of the changes in land cover ad use over the given time period. It is important to analysis these trends and take action to pre\ rther degradation of natural ecosystems. The available data indicates that there has been a significant decrease in vegetation area over a certain
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