E-Procurement

This study offers a comprehensive analysis of Nigeria's policies and programmes for poverty alleviation over a period of more than six decades, from 1960 to 2024. The research provides a meticulous examination of the historical context, policy structures, and implementation methods utilized across different government administrations, evaluating their effects on poverty reduction, economic expansion, and human development. The study assesses the efficacy of a wide range of initiatives, encompassing social welfare schemes, economic development projects, and interventions targeted at specific sectors. The analysis pinpoints crucial obstacles that impede poverty alleviation efforts, including insufficient funding, flawed implementation, corruption, a lack of coordination, and inadequate participation from stakeholders. Additionally, the research delves into the various factors that shape poverty, covering economic, social, political, and institutional dynamics. By synthesizing the lessons learned, identifying best practices, and highlighting persistent obstacles, this study puts forth actionable recommendations for policymakers, development professionals, and other involved parties to improve the effectiveness of poverty alleviation strategies in Nigeria. The

Abstract. The construction industry in its heterogeneity has a need for better communication and process coordination among stakeholders. This lack of coordination is due to barriers in interoperability in strategic, conceptual and technological perspectives. Interoperability is the ability for agents to communicate and exchange data, information and knowledge. Around this definition, literature suggests that Building Information Modelling (BIM) will play an important role in the development of interoperability in the Architecture, Engineering and Construction (AEC) industry. Considering that barriers in interoperability can cause difficulties in the AEC industry (such as design overlapping, coordination issues and many kinds of financial loss), the need for a specific method and tools to assess the level of maturity in this field was perceived. This paper provides an approach to assess interoperability in the AEC domain. It is based on the concerns suggested by the main interoperab...

It is almost twenty years since when a general process of organizational change has started in the Italian Public Administration. What results have been achieved? What lessons can be learned from the experience? Dealing with these questions, this essay tries to identify the problems that make the change an hard journey for public organizations and what approaches can improve their chance of success. Sono passati ormai quasi venti anni dal D.L. 29/93, il provvedimento legislativo che segnò una discontinuità di portata storica, almeno nelle intenzioni, per la Pubblica Amministrazione del nostro paese, dando il via ad un processo di profondo rinnovamento nel suo modo di organizzarsi e di funzionare. Da allora la P.A. è divenuta, come mai in precedenza, oggetto di indagine e studio sul piano scientifico, teatro di innumerevoli dibattiti, campo di infinite sperimentazioni e iniziative di cambiamento. È sicuramente difficile, se non impossibile, tentare di formulare un bilancio attendibile dei risultati a cui ha condotto il dispiego delle ingenti energie intellettuali e risorse finanziarie che sono state profuse nella P.A. all'insegna della parola cambiamento. Nondimeno, è opportuno o forse addirittura doveroso interrogarsi in merito agli insegnamenti che dalle esperienze realizzate si possono trarre. Tra l'altro, numerosi segnali di allarme continuano a risuonare: ad esempio, Giorgio Donna La gestione del cambiamento nella Pubblica Amministrazione Impresa Progetto -Electronic Journal of Management, n. 1, 2011 ________________________________________________________________________ 2 accade di frequente di imbattersi in casi dove nulla sembra essere accaduto, in ricerche che dimostrano che tanti dei problemi denunciati sono ancora aperti, in dichiarazioni che mostrano una diffusa percezione che "si stia tornando indietro". Sono la prova almeno del fatto che il tema è assai complesso e il percorso della trasformazione e del cambiamento tutt'altro che facile e lineare. Se nel mondo delle imprese il cosiddetto change management (si potrebbe definire "il Cambiamento con la C maiuscola") si è rivelato una chiave estremamente efficace per mantenere competitive o rivitalizzare organizzazioni complesse, dimostrandosi al tempo stesso una sfida impervia e rischiosa (il change management vanta forse più insuccessi dei pure tanti ragguardevoli successi), il trasferimento dei suoi principi e delle sue logiche al mondo della P.A. non può trascurare variabili e peculiarità tali da ulteriormente amplificarne le problematiche. Sulla base di queste premesse, le pagine che seguono intendono svolgere qualche considerazione in merito ad alcuni nodi che, nell'esperienza di chi scrive, costituiscono una robusta insidia al successo del cambiamento e alle chiavi che possono risultare più efficaci per riuscire a scioglierli 1 . Non si può sostenere che prima del D.L. 29/93 la P.A. fosse un corpo totalmente trascurato da concetti e pratiche di ispirazione manageriale. La letteratura in argomento era già sterminata, la quantità di dibattiti e convegni ragguardevole, e non mancavano esempi lodevoli di enti impegnati a migliorare la qualità del proprio funzionamento agendo sul cambiamento dei modelli organizzativi e sull'introduzione di tecniche manageriali più evolute. È indiscutibile tuttavia che il panorama complessivo fosse semplicemente desolante, tale da non poter rappresentare una buona referenza per la numerosa popolazione di coloro che a vario titolo (come studiosi, come consulenti, come dirigenti, come politici) se ne erano occupati. Divenne così quasi un assioma, in ambienti sempre più vasti e nella stessa pubblica opinione, la convinzione che la qualità della macchina pubblica fosse nel suo complesso fortemente insoddisfacente in termini sia di efficacia che di efficienza: in pratica, servizi di inadeguata qualità realizzati a costi eccessivamente elevati.

The Supply Chain Management (SCM) has emerged as a new field of study which received much attention by the business houses and the researchers. Research shows that efficient SCM ensures on time arrival of raw materials at the production plant, prevents the need to source additional materials from alternative sources, avoids higher prices and guarantees higher profitability for the manufacturing company. This research develops a conceptual framework of the impact of SCM practices on operational performance in RMG industry of Bangladesh through literature review. In this study, six most important SCM practices and eight metrics for operational performances have been adapted from the prior literatures. This study found that there is a positive relationship between SCM practices and operational performances of RMG companies in Bangladesh.

The implementation of e-procurement systems in government agencies has become a critical component of the public sector reform process, with the objective of enhancing the transparency, efficiency, and accountability of the procurement processes. The significance of examining the effects of digital transformation and its impact on the foundations of public procurement (in differentially inclusive terms) is realised when examining the impacts and issues of the policy surrounding the adoption of eprocurement in government Institutions. Despite the potential benefits of reduced corruption, reduced time utilisation, and cost savings, a significant number of government agencies continue to face challenges in fully implementing e-procurement systems. The primary challenges are the result of inadequate infrastructure, inadequate skilled personnel, inadequate policy implementation, and resistance to change. This research, which was conducted using the qualitative research method, summarises the articles and policy reports in order to investigate the stimuli and obstacles associated with the integration of e-procurement. The results suggest that there are policies in numerous countries that provide support for e-procurement practices; however, their implementation is often inconsistent due to institutional inertia and a lack of political will. The digital divide and the impact of cybersecurity also complicate the process of adoption. The paper emphasises the necessity of stakeholders' involvement, capacity development, and consistent policy frameworks in order to establish sustainable eprocurement systems. It also underscores the necessity of aligning technological advantages with institutional restructuring to optimise their potential. By providing information regarding the efficacy of e-procurement implementation in the government region, this study will contribute to the ongoing discussion on digital governance..

Emerging nations aiming to transform their governance institutions into engines of equal prosperity can learn from Ghana's two-decade-long public procurement reform. This mixed-methods study uses econometric analysis of national procurement data, spatial regression modeling, and extensive fieldwork across 15 districts to show how the Public Procurement Act (Act 914) and the Ghana Electronic Procurement System (GhEPS) have delivered significant fiscal efficiencies despite implementation challenges. Research reveals that institutional improvements resulted in 12.7% savings on public contracts from 2015 to 2022, freeing up nearly GH₵500 million for regional economic development projects. Multiplier effects caused each percentage point increase in procurement efficiency to raise GDP by 0.2-0.5%, especially in SME-focused areas like Ejisu-Juaben, where agricultural logistics contracts boosted employment by 18%. SME involvement accounted for up to 43% of contract value, but payment delays over 12 months led enterprises to take out predatory loans at 30% interest, risking inclusion targets. Officials in Sefwi-Wiawso use shared bicycles to collect tenders, demonstrating a 30% efficiency gap between urban and rural districts. Digital solutions alone cannot resolve governance disparities. Permanent reform requires more than compliance; it involves a fundamental rethink of how implementation aligns with the political economy, according to this research. A practical District Capability Framework with mobile training clinics, guaranteed payments to subject matter experts, and regional integrity tribunals turns procedural improvements into meaningful development outcomes. These findings show that transparency and value for money are essential for economic progress and give African policymakers evidence-based solutions to turn procurement from a mere administrative task into a strategic development instrument.

This research explores inventory purchase and production management practices at Shirodkar Preci Comp Pvt. Ltd. (SPC), a leading manufacturer of precision components. The study highlights key challenges and optimization opportunities in inventory control, procurement processes, and production planning. Employing a mixed-methods approach, primary data was gathered through interviews and observations, complemented by secondary data from company records. Analysis of inventory control methods, procurement KPIs, and production scheduling uncovered inefficiencies and areas for improvement. Recommendations are made for enhanced ERP integration, lean inventory practices, and automation to increase operational efficiency. Keywords include: Inventory Control, Procurement, Production Management, ERP, Optimization. Effective inventory purchase and production management are critical to ensuring the profitability, operational efficiency, and sustainability of any organization. This study explores the strategies and optimization techniques for inventory purchase and production management to minimize costs, enhance productivity, and maintain a balance between supply and demand. By leveraging advanced forecasting methods, just-in-time (JIT) inventory practices, and integrated production planning tools, businesses can reduce wastage, avoid stockouts, and streamline their supply chain processes.

This study investigates the adoption and efficacy of innovative procurement methods in promoting sustainability and efficiency within Nigeria's public infrastructure sector. Utilizing a mixed-methods approach, it combines survey data with interviews and document reviews across key Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs). Statistical analyses, including descriptive statistics and ANOVA, alongside thematic analysis, reveal that while Public Private Partnerships (PPPs) and e-procurement demonstrate potential, traditional procurement methods prevail due to institutional inertia, capacity gaps, and regulatory deficiencies. The findings indicate moderate engagement with sustainability, predominantly focused on environmental objectives, while economic and social dimensions are largely neglected. Barriers such as bureaucratic inefficiencies, inadequate training, financial constraints, and political interference persist across MDAs. The study concludes that a comprehensive reform agenda-emphasizing regulatory modernization, digital procurement infrastructure, and capacity building-is essential. Recommendations include targeted legal reforms, expanded training programs, promotion of inclusive sustainability metrics, and improved PPP frameworks. This research provides novel insights into procurement reform in developing economies, offering a data-driven framework to enhance transparency, innovation, and developmental impact in Nigeria's public sector.

In 2016, the total spend in public procurement in Norway was NOK 500 537 billion. The purchases were 16% of the GDP, and an increase of 4.8% compared with the previous year. This spend signifies the importance of public procurement. With increasing population and defragmentation of the public sector to better provide public goods, public spending on procurements is bound to rise. This research found that public procurement professionals in the studied organizations are good to operationalize contracts but fail to match the same enthusiasm to monitor and manage suppliers. Contract management strategy is well formulated but poorly implemented, yet it is in the contract management phase of procurement that consumption of procurement takes place. It is in contract management that 95% of procurement budget is spent. Poor purchasing strategy, understaffing in procurement departments, lack of competence and skills among procurement staff, inability to understand contracts, duplicated contr...

The study reviews the effectiveness of public procurement methods in Ghana as enshrined in the Public Procurement Act. The study adopted a Systematic Literature Review for the purpose of reviewing the repeated challenges and current reforms within the procurement scenery. The aim of the review was to identify the challenges that undermine efficiency, transparency, and accountability within the public sector. Empirical and conceptual insights were synthesized from the 39 pools of selected sources. These sources include peer-reviewed journal articles, reports from government institutions, and policy reports published between 2012 and 2025. Thematic analysis is employed to identify recurrent challenges and reforms. The discussion presents a bleak image of the situation in the public procurement system in Ghana that is still struggling with structural problems. There is a lack of institutional capacity, absence of adequate regulation enforcement, and rampant political favors. Fiscal discrepancy, a lack of developed digital framework, and the absence of stakeholder participation also add to the complications. The introduction of Ghana Electronic Procurement System and projects based on blockchain technology with the potential of enhancing transparency and efficiency are impeded by lack of infrastructural and human capital. The comprehensive legal framework is characterized by poor implementation and monitoring. There is the need for holistic policy intervention that integrates law reforms with capacity building, techno-upgrade and participatory governance. Particular attention should be given to investing in anti-corruption, in digital infrastructure, and in training procurement workforce are essential to operationalize these reforms and achieve value-for-money procurement.

Nigeria has faced continual conflicts in recent decades, involving not only state actors but
also non-state actors such as armed groups, religious leaders, and community militias.
Despite these actors’ significant roles, traditional state-led approaches, which rely heavily on
military operations, have failed to address the root causes of conflict, leaving social and
political grievances unresolved. This study examines peace-building as an alternative
approach to conflict resolution, with a focus on the potential of engaging non-state actors in
conflict resolution. The study builds upon key theoretical frameworks, including Lederach’s
conflict transformation theory, which advocates addressing underlying structures and
relationships that fuel violence. Drawing on secondary data from journals, books, internet
sources and relevant literature, the study highlights how peace-building transcends state
centric methods by prioritizing dialogue, reconciliation, and local participation. By
integrating non-state actors who possess local authority, knowledge, and influence peace
building can bridge gaps between communities and formal state structures. However, the
study also identifies challenges, such as the dual role of non-state actors as both peace
builders and spoilers and the lack of trust between the state and local communities. Despite
these challenges, the study argues that an inclusive, community-based peace-building
approach can break cycles of violence and promote social cohesion, offering a more
legitimate and effective pathway to lasting peace in Nigeria. The findings underscore the
urgent need for policymakers and peace practitioners to shift from exclusive, state-led
security responses to participatory frameworks that recognize the vital roles of non-state
actors in addressing the complex roots of conflict.

Faced with increasing environmental destruction in Nigeria, the need to get public and private sector purchasing practices to act in alignment with principles of sustainable development imperatives becomes quite urgent. This study examined the environmental effect of green procurement (GP) on national development in Nigeria, using a mixed-method research design. Drawing on a survey of 200 procurement professionals and using SPSS multiple regression models, it is found that GP's environmental dimensions have universally significant effect on development outcomes (p < 0.05), but the social dimension does not. The study reveals the implications of standardizing green measures in a form of environmental auditing, ISO 14001 certifications, and laws in the industries. Policy considerations are made with reference to the Climate Change Act 2021 and Nigeria's Energy Transition Plan. The research provides a pathway for incorporating sustainability in procurement for resilient, inclusive, and environmentally sustainable national development.

Public procurement plays a pivotal role in shaping economic development and governance, particularly within emerging economies such as Nigeria. The Public Procurement Act (PPA) of 2007 was instituted to reform Nigeria's procurement system by enhancing transparency, competitiveness, and accountability. This study employs a mixed-methods approach to evaluate the Act's effectiveness, integrating survey data from 200 procurement stakeholders across federal Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs) in Abuja with in-depth interviews and focus group discussions. Quantitative analyses, including regression and chisquare tests, indicate moderate awareness of the Act but underscore significant implementation challenges, notably political interference, capacity gaps, weak legal enforcement, and limited adoption of digital tools. The Bureau of Public Procurement (BPP) is constrained by insufficient autonomy and resources, leading to inconsistent compliance. Although PPA provides a robust legal framework, its practical impact is impeded by systemic institutional weaknesses and informal practices. The study recommends enhancing enforcement capacity, increasing the adoption of e-procurement, and developing a specialized procurement cadre. The findings contribute to the literature on procurement governance and propose reform pathways to improve procurement efficiency and public trust in Nigeria.

Technology development information is very fast, it has been changed by the process administration government offices education, as an evidenced by the use of information system package management application administration school in the process .The important things for using of information system package management application school is that this system can work out successful in use, One of indicators for successfull use the information system package management application school had been done effectively, by examined a neccesary variables, because whatever can be influenced by detect the effectiveness, extent of signification causal relationships between variables and influence diversity sex, education, age, and long use to benefit model the effectiveness of information system package management application school. This research adopt the successfull with delone and mclean model . Model delone and mclean have six variables that to success information system, consist of (1) the quality of information, (2) the quality of system, (3) the quality of services, (4) satisfaction users, ( ) intent the use of, and ( ) the net benefits. For Sample are taken by using quetionaire hosted by 210 respondents. Data processing uses the structural equation model ( SEM ) with the software AMOS v.20. The results of the study, it can be explianed causal relationships between quality information ( KI ) and quality of services ( KPL) with the use of (P) it is insignificant, the quality of information ( KI ) and quality of services ( KPL ) with satisfaction using (KP) center is also insignificant .The relationship between quality system and quality of services of User amount 47.8 % , the quality of system to satisfaction users of 56.2 % , the direct effect of the use of and satisfaction users to clean benefits of 47.8 %.

This guideline contains food for thought to conceive a more sustainable building stock. Traditional construction must give way to a more modern approach. The preliminary project cannot only look at the project as an end but must be conceived as a step in a continuous cycle. This means that the author of the preliminary project must consider the consequences of his decision throughout the life cycle of the building. To do his job in the best possible way, he must share information and decisions with all those involved in the renovation of the building.

This study investigates the role of artificial intelligence and machine learning technologies in fostering economic growth in Tanzania. It investigates the present level of technology adoption in various industries, analyses problems and possibilities, and makes policy suggestions to maximize the benefits of AI and machine learning for sustainable development. The study finds that Tanzania is embracing AI and ML technologies to enhance productivity, improve decision-making, and drive innovation across sectors. The country's ICT infrastructure and government initiatives promote digital transformation, with applications in agriculture, health, and finance. AI and machine learning have a positive economic impact by increasing productivity, creating jobs, innovating, and attracting foreign investment, making Tanzania an appealing tech investment location. The study finds that Infrastructure restrictions, skill shortages, ethical issues, legal frameworks, as well as a lack of qualified experts, data privacy concerns, and biases, all pose hurdles to AI and ML implementation. On the same vein, the study comments that Opportunities for economic growth include public-private partnerships for AI solutions, educational initiatives to create AI capabilities, and international cooperation to exchange expertise with other nations. The study recommends that Policy ideas include expanding investment in technological infrastructure, encouraging AI-focused courses at universities, assisting businesses with incubation programs and funding, and creating a regulatory framework to encourage innovation while protecting people's rights.

Pengelolaan dokumentasi pada sebuah perusahaan bukan pekerjaan mudah, pekerjaan ini akan baik dilakukannya jika memiliki aturan / mekanisme dan alat bantu yang tepat. Business Proses Improvement (BPI) merupakan kerangka sistematis yang dibangun untuk membantu organisasi dalam membuat lebih efisien, efektif dan adaptif dalam mekanisme kerjanya. Proses bisnis Pengelolaan dokumen merupakan salah satu proses yang memiliki peran dalam organisasi PT Kereta Api. Peran yang dimaksud adalah membantu perusahaan dalam mendokumentasikan kontrak yang sudah disepakati. BPI diperlukan untuk membuat proses pengelolaan dokumenya bisa lebih baik performansinya, sehingga saat dokumen tersebut diperlukan, baik untuk proses pengecekan perjanjian ataupun pengecekan target pekerjaan, maka akan mudah ditemukan. Penelitian ini menggunakan tahapan dari BPI, yang kemudian mengusulkan sebuah teknologi yang dapat mebantu mekanisme kerjanya.

Online markets have dramatically decreased costs of search and communication for buyers. By contrast, costs of evaluating purchasing alternatives have become critical due to an overwhelming range of available options. When high, evaluation costs can offset potential gains from transactions and cause inefficiencies, e.g. by forcing buyers to abandon transactions without allocating contracts. While most previous studies treat evaluation costs as an exogenous factor, this study considers them endogenous. We identify several tactics (search, request for proposal preparation, budget announcement, bid filtering, and negotiation) that buyers at online markets can use to reduce their evaluation costs and hence influence project allocation. Using data from nearly 10 thousand transactions at a leading online marketplace for IT services, we show that buyers who use these tactics are more likely to allocate their project to a winner than buyers not using these tactics. Buyer experience also has a positive effect on allocation and, in addition, moderates the effectiveness of some of the tactics. As experience grows, budget announcement be-comes more effective in coping with evaluation costs and increases the likelihood of allocation, while the effectiveness of request for proposal preparation decreases. Together, these results shed more light on the buyer side of online reverse auctions, which leads to guidelines for improving the efficiency of online marketplaces.

Sommario: 1. Determinanti e dimensioni di complessità del cambiamento organizzativo generato dal PNRR: il vincolo esterno di risultato e il problema organizzativo affrontato dal d.l. 77/2021. -2. I nuovi «equilibri organizzativi di base» delineati dall'assetto istituzionale e dall'apparato organizzativo del PNRR. -3. Alle radici dell'analisi organizzativa del «to be» della pubblicazione amministrazione procurato dal PNRR: a) tra public governance, NPM e burocrazia professionale. -4. (Segue): b) …e change management tra tentativi di integrazione multiprospettica e fattori critici di successo. 1. Determinanti e dimensioni di complessità del cambiamento organizzativo generato dal PNRR: il vincolo esterno di risultato e il problema organizzativo affrontato dal d.l. 77/2021. È noto che il nuovo corso dell'UE nella programmazione economico-finanziaria, avviato con il programma Next Generation EU (NGEU) e concretizzato nel Recovery and Resilience Facility (RRF) di cui al reg. (UE) 2021/241 1 , già oggi determina rilevanti ricadute sul modo di formazione dell'agenda economica a medio termine dei Governi che hanno richiesto e ottenuto l'accesso ai sussidi e ai prestiti del RRF 2 . Verrebbe da dire, infatti, che stavolta si è in presenza di uno stringente "coordinamento" ex ante nella programmazione economico-finanziaria delle riforme e degli investimenti da approntare e di un costante monitoraggio in itinere su stato di attuazione e puntuale realizzazione dei medesimi nelle tempistiche stabilite da Commissione e Consiglio dell'Unione, al cui conseguimento poter richiedere il pagamento delle rate del RRF di spettanza 3 . Non a caso, il Governo italiano, nel proprio PNRR, ricalca a piè pari i 6 pilastri della proposta della Commissione di istituire il RRF (poi formalizzati nell'art. 3 e resi vincolanti dagli artt. 17 e 18 del reg. 241) e recepisce molteplici CSRs negli Assi delle Missioni e delle Componenti del PNRR descritti nell'Annex riveduto alla decisione di esecuzione del Consiglio dell'Unione dell'8 luglio 2021, tra cui spicca anche l'(ennesima) riforma orizzontale della PA.

E-Government merupakan suatu upaya untuk memanfaatkan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi yang dimaksudkan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi, efektivitas, transparansi dan akuntabilitas penyelenggaraan pemerintah dan pelayanan publik. Pengembangan E-Government di Indonesia semakin bergulir dan berjalan seperti penerapan E-Budgeting, E-Procurement, E-Audit, E-Catalog, E-Payment, E-Controlling bahkan hingga E-Health. Kini proses rekrutmen Aparatur Sipil Negara (ASN) pun bisa dilakukan melalui online untuk memudahkan proses pendaftaran dan memilih instansi. Sejauh ini, masih terdapat beberapa kendala yang dialami para pelamar CPNS dalam penggunaan website SSCN. Oleh karena itu, untuk mengetahui tingkat kesuksesan website SSCN dimata pengguna, maka perlu dilakukan pengukuran kesuksesan website dengan menggunakan model DeLone dan McLean (2003). Data yang didapat kemudian diolah dan didapatkan 201 responden dengan data valid. Diperoleh hasil yang menunjukkan terdapat beberapa variabel berpengar...

I have been exceedingly blessed to be surrounded by people who have encouraged and supported me in my endeavours. I have enjoyed overwhelming support from family, mentors and friends especially in the creation of this work -I say a big thank you to you all and God bless! I am particularly grateful to the following: Dr. David S. Root: My sincere gratitude for the wonderful supervision and guidance you provided me throughout this study. It took up a lot of your time but, I always got feedback and looked forward to our interesting 'chats'! I have benefited a great deal from the interaction which has helped me develop a greater appreciation of the research process. Associate Professor Dr. Winston Shakantu: Thanks for being an 'unofficial co-supervisor' and for assisting me so graciously -including reading and commenting on my interview transcripts and draft thesis. I appreciate our numerous and exciting brain-storming sessions …at the office, in the car and at home. Dr. Kai Rintala: for the input during the early stages of the research and for making me think hard about the 'best card' to use in justifying my work.

I have been exceedingly blessed to be surrounded by people who have encouraged and supported me in my endeavours. I have enjoyed overwhelming support from family, mentors and friends especially in the creation of this work -I say a big thank you to you all and God bless! I am particularly grateful to the following: Dr. David S. Root: My sincere gratitude for the wonderful supervision and guidance you provided me throughout this study. It took up a lot of your time but, I always got feedback and looked forward to our interesting 'chats'! I have benefited a great deal from the interaction which has helped me develop a greater appreciation of the research process. Associate Professor Dr. Winston Shakantu: Thanks for being an 'unofficial co-supervisor' and for assisting me so graciously -including reading and commenting on my interview transcripts and draft thesis. I appreciate our numerous and exciting brain-storming sessions …at the office, in the car and at home. Dr. Kai Rintala: for the input during the early stages of the research and for making me think hard about the 'best card' to use in justifying my work.

In most mechanical and civil engineering firms, drafting drawings have traditionally been prepared manually on drafting boards using table papers, set-scale drafting instruments, and typing materials. The use of this method of preparation produced tedious work which is quite vulnerable to errors and mistakes. Later, the growth of technology brought about the use of drafting consoles where electronics manipulation of the plotting styli gave rise to the advantage of producing neat paper drawings quickly and with automatic plotting speed. With the computerized system came the on-line graphic input interface for capturing the features of the mechanical system. This brought about a drastic change in the production of drawings in engineering design activities (Anton Kivits & Furneaux, 2013). However, the challenges of producing a large volume of drawings remained even with the use of the computerized system. Manually creating drawings as well as manually using CAD system-based models hinders utilization of the model and require labor intensive generation of plan as well as detailed drawings at each stage. As a result a need was felt to develop an intelligent system that will enable the automatic generation of pipe isometric drawings, piping plans, and mechanical equipment layout drawings from the computer-based 3D solid models. This also necessitates a need to replace conventional and more dated designs in a model from which drawings are being generated.

Analisis Harga Satuan Pekerjaan bidang cipta karya dan perumahan yang selanjutnya disingkat AHSP bidang CKP adalah perhitungan kebutuhan biaya Tenaga Kerja, bahan, dan peralatan untuk mendapatkan harga satuan untuk satu jenis pekerjaan lingkup cipta karya dan perumahan. Dan sesuai dengan ketentuan Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Nomor 8 Tahun 2023 Pasal 17 Ayat (1), dalam menggunakan AHSP bidang CKP ini belum terdapat AHSP yang diperlukan, maka dapat menggunakan: a. Seluruh AHSP yang tercantum dalam Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Nomor 8 Tahun 2023; b. AHSP bidang sumber daya air dan AHSP bidang bina marga yang tercantum dalam Surat Edaran ini; c. Referensi lain berdasarkan pendekatan Standar Nasional Indonesia; dan Perhitungan teknis dan analisis produktivitas berdasarkan kaidah teknis yang diusulkan melalui pimpinan tinggi madya kepada pimpinan unit Organisasi yang membidangi Jasa Konstruksi, termasuk dalam hal perhitungan teknis dan analisis produktivitas yang disusun berdasarkan ketentuan Poin c. Lampiran AHSP bidang CKP ini merupakan AHSP yang disusun berdasarkan perhitungan teknis dan analisis produktivitas pekerjaan yang terdiri atas: No.

Analisis Harga Satuan Pekerjaan bidang cipta karya dan perumahan yang selanjutnya disingkat AHSP bidang CKP adalah perhitungan kebutuhan biaya Tenaga Kerja, bahan, dan peralatan untuk mendapatkan harga satuan untuk satu jenis pekerjaan lingkup cipta karya dan perumahan. Dan sesuai dengan ketentuan Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Nomor 8 Tahun 2023 Pasal 17 Ayat (1), dalam menggunakan AHSP bidang CKP ini belum terdapat AHSP yang diperlukan, maka dapat menggunakan: a. Seluruh AHSP yang tercantum dalam Peraturan Menteri Pekerjaan Umum dan Perumahan Rakyat Nomor 8 Tahun 2023; b. AHSP bidang sumber daya air dan AHSP bidang bina marga yang tercantum dalam Surat Edaran ini; c. Referensi lain berdasarkan pendekatan Standar Nasional Indonesia; dan Perhitungan teknis dan analisis produktivitas berdasarkan kaidah teknis yang diusulkan melalui pimpinan tinggi madya kepada pimpinan unit Organisasi yang membidangi Jasa Konstruksi, termasuk dalam hal perhitungan teknis dan analisis produktivitas yang disusun berdasarkan ketentuan Poin c. Lampiran AHSP bidang CKP ini merupakan AHSP yang disusun berdasarkan perhitungan teknis dan analisis produktivitas pekerjaan yang terdiri atas: LAMPIRAN VI SURAT EDARAN DIREKTUR JENDERAL BINA KONSTRUKSI NOMOR 68/SE/Dk/2024

This study addresses the critical need for tax modernization in Ghana, where outdated manual systems continue to impede efficiency, transparency, and revenue mobilization-costing the country over GHS 3.2 billion annually in lost taxes. Motivated by this gap, the research evaluates how Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Blockchain technologies can transform Ghana's tax accounting systems between 2019 and 2023. Using a descriptive design and secondary data from institutional records and empirical studies, the study employs Pearson correlation, chi-square, t-tests, and regression analyses to assess the impact of AI and Blockchain on accuracy, compliance, and revenue outcomes. Key findings reveal that AI adoption reduced audit time by 50%, tax filing error rates dropped from 15% to 6%, and revenue increased from GHS 20 to 25 billion, with a strong correlation coefficient of r = 0.91 between technology adoption and improved tax performance. Blockchain integration reduced fraud incidents from 120 to 50 and improved fraud detection from 45% to 80%, while smart contracts enhanced withholding tax accuracy from 78% to 92%. The regression model (R² = 0.87) further confirms that every 1% increase in AI and Blockchain usage corresponds to revenue increases of GHS 230 million and GHS 310 million, respectively. These results underscore the transformative synergy of AI and Blockchain in optimizing public finance systems. The study recommends policy reforms, expanded digital infrastructure, and targeted training to fast-track national adoption. This research offers a novel framework for emerging economies seeking to digitize tax systems effectively.

Sommario: 1. Premessa. -2. L'amministrazione condivisa come attuazione dei principi di omogeneità, responsabilità ed unicità dell'amministrazione. Riflessi sulla dimensione organizzativa. -3. Amministrazione condivisa e trasformazioni dell'organizzazione amministrativa: la nascita di strutture organizzative stabili. -4. (Segue.) La spinta all'aggregazione fra amministrazioni e all'unicità degli uffici. -5. Conclusioni. «L'organizzazione non è un corpo estraneo e sovrapposto rispetto al territorio delle relazioni e delle relazioni di vita del gruppo, ma è uno sviluppo logico di esse e si pone nei loro confronti come un elemento integratore e potenziatore: non cioè un ricamo che giunge dall'esterno al tessuto sociale, ma il rinforzamento di alcune trame di questo stesso tessuto» (M. nigro)

1,2 Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture & Technology, Kenya Abstract: Across the World e-procurement has gained popularity due to the ever developing technology. Technology has made the world a global village where customers search and order anything they want easily. The purpose of the study was to investigate the factors influencing the adoption of e-procurement in Public entities in Kisii town based on a study scope of Kenya power, national hospital insurance fund and national social security fund organisations. The study objective was to identify the effect of employee competence on the adoption of-procurement in the Kenya power, National Hospital Insurance Fund (NHIF) and National Social Security Fund (NSSF) as per the case study.

The aim of this study was to explore the extent of current sustainable procurement (SP) practices, including barriers and opportunities, within Malaysian industry contexts. Analysis of the data uncovered three major findings. Firstly both public and private Malaysian organizations emphasised various dimensions of sustainable procurement that contradict the results from similar studies in other more developed countries. Secondly, the study uncovered significant variations between public and private organizations in their sustainable procurement practices. Finally, in both the public and private sector, financial pressures posed the most significant barrier to SP implementation, whilst issues of organizational efficiency and transparency provided optimal opportunities for implementing sustainable procurement practices.

El problema de investigación fue: ¿Cuál es la relación entre el nivel de conocimiento del uso de la Plataforma y el grado de cumplimiento de los Establecimientos Farmacéuticos en el envío de su información a la Plataforma del Observatorio de Precios de una Dirección de Redes Integradas de Salud de Lima, 2021? Objetivo General: Determinar la relación entre el nivel de conocimiento del Uso de la Plataforma y el grado de cumplimiento del reporte en el Observatorio de Precios. Hipótesis: Existe una relación significativa entre el nivel de conocimiento del uso de la plataforma y el grado de cumplimiento de los Establecimientos Farmacéuticos. Investigación prospectiva y correlacional. Muestra de 310 Establecimientos Farmacéuticos. Instrumentos: Cuestionarios. Contrastación de la hipótesis mediante la prueba Kolmogorov-Smirnov. Resultados: Los Establecimientos farmacéuticos del estudio tiene un nivel de conocimiento medio de la plataforma del observatorio de precios (45%), así como un grad...

This study examines risk management strategies in electronic procurement (e-procurement) within public institutions in COMESA countries, focusing on key risks, existing mitigation strategies, and policy recommendations. A mixed-methods approach was used, incorporating qualitative interviews with procurement officers and IT experts alongside quantitative analysis of procurement fraud cases, compliance rates, and financial variances from 2020 to 2024. The results indicate a strong negative correlation (-0.82) between e-procurement adoption and procurement fraud, highlighting the effectiveness of digital platforms in reducing financial risks. Regression analysis revealed that a 10% increase in risk mitigation efforts correlated with a four-case reduction in fraud (p = 0.002), while time series analysis showed a steady annual e-procurement adoption growth of 5%. Despite these improvements, cyber security threats, inconsistent regulations, and limited technical expertise remain significant challenges. The study recommends strengthening cyber security measures, harmonizing regulatory frameworks, expanding training programs, increasing investment in digital procurement systems, and fostering transparency. These findings provide valuable insights for policymakers to enhance e-procurement risk management in public institutions.

Researchers have called for more research on the causal relationships between IT investments and organizational performance. The findings of empirical studies have been inconclusive alongside the existence of the mixed conclusions on the relation between IT investment and organizational performance; this is partly caused by the neglecting of the role of sustainable strategic IT-business alignment as a construct supports the organizations in improving the positive effect of IT on organizational performance. Also, the lack of empirical attention to the antecedent factors affecting sustainable strategic IT-business alignment. Moreover, the elusive relationship between strategic IT-business alignment and performance requires more research into intermediate variables that could impact organizational performance. Although there is respectable literature on antecedents and consequences of strategic alignment; insignificant progress has been made in developing an overall theoretical understanding of the way organizations can leverage strategic alignment to impact performance positively within the dynamic business environment. This research develops a theoretical framework by using the theory of dynamic capability and Resource based view theory to investigate the impact of antecedent factors (i.e. shared domain knowledge between IT and business, and strategic IT flexibility) on sustainable strategic alignment. Also, the impact of sustainable strategic IT-business alignment on organizational performance through business excellence enablers (i.e. leadership excellence, process excellence, employees' excellence, partnership and resources excellence, and policy and strategy excellence) as intermediary variables. This research adopts a quantitative methodology along with the positivist philosophical approach to investigate the hypothesized relationships within the theoretical framework. This research used a survey completed by IT and business managers and applied the structural equation modelling to analyze and validate the data. The result indicates there is a significant relationship between shared domain knowledge and sustainable strategic alignment, while strategic IT flexibility has no impact on sustainable strategic alignment. There are significant relationships between sustainable strategic alignment and business excellence enablers. Business excellence enablers have significant relationships with organizational performance. Thus, sustainable strategic alignment has, both directly and indirectly, a significant relationship with performance. The overall findings of this research indicate that business excellence enablers partially mediated the relationship between sustainable strategic alignment on performance. The contribution to the knowledge of this research is the development of a sustainable strategic IT-business alignment and organizational performance Framework for the IT and business managers, and practical guidelines for its effective implementation. The researcher recommends that future research should conduct a longitudinal investigation of the presented framework to support the theoretical underpinnings of this research. Also, it would be motivating to realize how far the finding is IV Declaration I, Nour Qatawneh, hereby declare that the materials contained in this thesis are fully independently developed by me towards the fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Brunel University London. I also declare that all information in this research has been obtained and presented under academic rules and ethical conduct. I also declare that my thesis has not been previously submitted in whole or in part in any other institution. Some of the materials reported in my thesis have been proposed in the following:

Perusahaan ini merupakan perusahaan di bidang manufaktur yang memproduksi sparepart tower dan sparepart mesin industri. Perusahaan ini masih dapat dikembangkan karena sistem yang sudah ada belum berjalan secara maksimal, sehingga harus dilakukan perbaikan proses bisnis. Proses bisnis kritis yang diperbaiki adalah proses penangan order, proses produksi dan evalusi & seleksi supplier . Hasil yang didapat dari penelitian ini adalah berupa proses bisnis usulan, yang dibuatkan prosedur pelaksanaan terstandarisasi dan ditunjang oleh form, instruksi kerja serta perancangan prototype khusus untuk proses bisnis penanganan order. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan Business Process Improvement dapat membantu dalam perbaikan proses bisnis di perusahaan ini. Kata kunci: Proses Bisnis, Business Process Improvement , Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) ABSTRACT This company is manufacturing companies that produce spare parts of tower and spare parts of industrial machines. The company was still able to ...

Despite years of research into e-business systems, still little is reported on how various factors affect the ways local government councils experience benefits from e-procurement systems. We thus present the experience of a Melbourne-based council that has been using an e-procurement system for some time, and discuss the factors that the council perceives to have influenced the benefits arising from the use of that system. Senior management support, presence of e-catalogues, employee training in e-procurement systems, and willingness of suppliers to participate in council's e-procurement implementation initiative, are found to be key factors. The implications of these factors are outlined.

This study examined the effects of electronic procurement on building construction projects in Rivers State, Nigeria. The objectives were to assess the level of adoption of eprocurement, identify barriers to its adoption, and develop strategies to overcome these barriers. A mixed-methods approach was employed, involving descriptive statistics, relative importance index, severity index analysis, factor analysis. surveys, principal component analysis (PCA) and correlation analysis to analyze data from 180 respondents in the construction industry. This research found out that there is a high Relative Importance Index analysis (RII) for awareness to the tune of (0.734) and system integration to the tune of (0.776), which suggests that while there is a strong understanding of e-procurement's benefits and its integration with existing systems, its actual usage is somewhat less frequent showing a relative importance index of (RII= 0.689[]. However, significant barriers were identified, using Severity Index analysis, the result revealed that the cost security concerns (73.6%), lack of expertise (67.2%), and technical challenges (66.6%[]. Resistance to change, while notable, has a lower severity index (61.0%[]. The high cost and security concerns are major hurdles for adoption. PCA results indicated that change management and cost management are the most significant factors influencing e-procurement adoption, followed by technical support and security measures. The correlation analysis revealed significant relationship between efficiency, cost and time metrics in both systems. Recommendations include enhancing training and education programs, implementing cost management strategies, addressing security concerns, providing technical support, and fostering change management, which aims to overcome the identified barriers and fully leverage the benefits of eprocurement systems in the construction industry.

View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by UAJY repository ii iii iv Laut Indonesia memiliki luas lebih kurang 5,6 juta km2 dengan garis pantai sepanjang 81.000 km2 memiliki sumber daya perikanan laut yang cukup besar, baik dari segi kuantitas maupun diversitasnya. Propinsi Maluku merupakan bagian dari negara Indonesia yang memiliki luas wilayahnya 90% adalah lautan. Potensi daerah sebagian besar berasal dari sumber daya alam lautan. PT Jatropha Indah merupakan sebuah industri perikanan yang beroperasi di daerah Desa Eri-Kecamatan Nusaniwe, Kota Madya Ambon, Propinsi Maluku. Produk perikanan yang dihasilkan merambah hingga pasar internasional.Untuk dapat beroperasi secara optimal diperlukan suatu stategi bisnis yang baik, alat ukur yang sejauh ini efektif untuk menganalisa dan menghadapi kondisi peningkatan daya saing dan efisiensi produk adalah melalui strategi supply chain management (SCM). Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk menganalisis faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja supply chain management PT.Jatropha Indah, menganalisis pola supply chain pada PT Jatropha Indah serta mengembangkan aplikasi e-Supply Chain Management. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi kepustakaan, observasi, wawancara, dan analisis strategi portofolio IS/IT sedangkan untuk pengembangan aplikasi e-Supply Chain Management menggunakan metodologi pengembangan perangkat lunak yang bersifat sekuensial, yaitu dengan menggunakan Classic Life Cycle atau Waterfall Model sebagai tahapan penelitian sistem. Dengan adanya aplikasi e-SCM yang dibangun dapat mempercepat aliran informasi didalam perusahan terkait informasi pasokan bahan baku dan produk.

View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk provided by UAJY repository ii iii iv Laut Indonesia memiliki luas lebih kurang 5,6 juta km2 dengan garis pantai sepanjang 81.000 km2 memiliki sumber daya perikanan laut yang cukup besar, baik dari segi kuantitas maupun diversitasnya. Propinsi Maluku merupakan bagian dari negara Indonesia yang memiliki luas wilayahnya 90% adalah lautan. Potensi daerah sebagian besar berasal dari sumber daya alam lautan. PT Jatropha Indah merupakan sebuah industri perikanan yang beroperasi di daerah Desa Eri-Kecamatan Nusaniwe, Kota Madya Ambon, Propinsi Maluku. Produk perikanan yang dihasilkan merambah hingga pasar internasional.Untuk dapat beroperasi secara optimal diperlukan suatu stategi bisnis yang baik, alat ukur yang sejauh ini efektif untuk menganalisa dan menghadapi kondisi peningkatan daya saing dan efisiensi produk adalah melalui strategi supply chain management (SCM). Tujuan dari penulisan ini adalah untuk menganalisis faktor yang mempengaruhi kinerja supply chain management PT.Jatropha Indah, menganalisis pola supply chain pada PT Jatropha Indah serta mengembangkan aplikasi e-Supply Chain Management. Metode yang digunakan adalah studi kepustakaan, observasi, wawancara, dan analisis strategi portofolio IS/IT sedangkan untuk pengembangan aplikasi e-Supply Chain Management menggunakan metodologi pengembangan perangkat lunak yang bersifat sekuensial, yaitu dengan menggunakan Classic Life Cycle atau Waterfall Model sebagai tahapan penelitian sistem. Dengan adanya aplikasi e-SCM yang dibangun dapat mempercepat aliran informasi didalam perusahan terkait informasi pasokan bahan baku dan produk.

Im diesem Dokument werden Aspekte der formalen zeitlichen Planung bzw. des Scheduling für Bauprojekte anhand ausgewählter Literatur diskutiert. Auf allgemeine Aspekte des Scheduling soll dabei nicht eingegangen werden. Hierzu seien als Standard-Referenzen nur Brucker (2004) und Pinedo (1995) genannt. Zu allgemeinen Fragen des Projekt-Managements sei auf Kerzner (2003) verwiesen. Im Abschnitt 1 werden einige Anforderungen und Besonderheiten der Planung von Baustellen diskutiert. Diese treten allerdings auch in zahlreichen anderen Bereichen der Produktionsplanung und des Projektmanagements auf. In Abschnitt 2 werden dann Aspekte zur Formalisierung von Scheduling-Problemen in der Bauwirtschaft diskutiert, insbesondere Ziele und zu berücksichtigende Restriktionen. Auf eine mathematische Formalisierung wird dabei allerdings verzichtet. Abschnitt 3 bietet eine Übersicht über Verfahren und grundlegende Techniken für die Berechnung von Schedules. In Abschnitt 4 wird ein Überblick über vorhandene Software, zum einen verbreitete Internationale Software, zum anderen deutschsprachige Branchenlösungen, gegeben. Anschließend werden Schlussfolgerungen gezogen und es erfolgt eine Auflistung der Literaturquellen. 1 Diese Studie wurde im Rahmen des Forschungslab »Produktionsplanung für regionale KMU« unter Mitwirkung der Projektpartner FSM! GmbH und Horst Zimmermann GmbH erstellt. Wir danken den Herren Heil und Zimmermann für die interessanten und fruchtbaren Diskussionen zum Thema Scheduling. Das Forschungslab ist Teil der mathematischen Forschungsplattform für regionale kleinere und mittlere Unternehmen (KMU), deren Aufbau mit Mitteln des Europäischen Fonds für regionale Entwicklung (EFRE) und aus Mitteln des Landes Rheinland-Pfalz gefördert wurde.

Many organizations in the global market have realized that branding is an important initiative that they can put in place to ensure survival in the market. The sugar industry especially in Kenya has increasingly become saturated, attracting new and retaining old customers has not only become difficult but also costly in terms of marketing. The purpose of the study was to establish the effect of branding strategies namely, brand awareness and personality on performance of public sugar manufacturing firms in Western Kenya. The target populations of the study were members of the four (Muhoroni, Nzoia, South Nyanza and Chemilil) public sugar manufacturing firms in Western Kenya. Purposive sampling technique was used to select the 12 managers while simple random sampling was used to select the 43 supervisors and 119 clerks. The data was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics and the findings indicated that, Brand awareness and Personality had a positive and significant ...

Il contributo si propone di analizzare l'architettura della governance pubblica dell'innovazione digitale e di mettere in evidenza come la 'materia' del coordinamento informatico dei dati (ex art. 117, c. 2, lett. r) Cost.), sempre più rilevante per l'offerta di servizi pubblici e la tutela dei diritti, se non inserita in un chiaro progetto di collaborazione multilivello, possa ridefinire le competenze legislative e le funzioni amministrative per via 'tecnica'.

Purpose-This research examines the enterprise resource planning system (ERP) SAP implementation in SMEs. Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) are challenged by their use of manual working style and operations preparations. Human errors in the preparation and execution of important documents such as financial statements, invoices, purchase orders, and internal sales orders have been overcome by business Intelligence processes that computerize every document, efficiently store, Retrieved, and quickly send or receive copies.
Methodology – This research proposed solution is an ERP theoretical proposed solution
and information evaluation pertinent to the investigation of how to continue and monitor
the performance of the ERP SAP procurement process in SMEs. This research technique
examines difficulties and suggests solutions. It also includes the stages of the
procurement process and the benefit of the enterprise resource planning process, use
cases and tables were used to represent the findings generated. Other elements
contributing to the ERP procurement process are examined, including the challenges and
solutions SMEs face. Furthermore, research on enterprise resource procurement and
business intelligence (ERPBI) is conducted to gain in-depth knowledge on how the performance of ERP procurement, including ERP SAP, has been monitored in the
existence of SMEs.
Findings - ERP implementation and SMEs' outcomes were studied using the explorative
approach. To validate the model being created, eight individuals from Business and
academia with experience in ERP systems were contacted during the development of the
tools. The overall findings offer helpful hints on how organizational and operational
elements interact to ensure the successful implementation of ERP. Implementing ERP
systems is considered both from the process and organizational learning and knowledge
management perspectives. 
Practical Implications – ERP companies concentrate more on SMEs due to the near
saturation of ERP adoptions in Large Enterprises (LE). Additionally, many SMEs are
implementing ERP systems due to globalization, collaboration, value networks, and the
massive information flow between and within SAMEs today. Adoption risks stem from
SMEs' limited resources and unique qualities that set them apart from Large Enterprises
(LE). This article's primary goal is to highlight the aspect of the ERP in the SME domain
that needs further research, suggest future research directions, and give the most recent
research findings that could help buyers, suppliers, and SMEs when starting ERP projects.
More so, there are advantages to implementing an ERP system successfully. However,
there is already evidence of substantial failure risks in ERP implementation projects. The
non-technical parts of the implementation project are frequently neglected or given less
attention by the project managers, who, instead, concentrate primarily on the technical
and financial aspects of the project. Therefore, the study of ERP deployment success is
one of the key research topics in ERP systems today.
Research Limitations – This study contributes to the knowledge of SMEs' ERP intelligence and procurement process implementation.

The global supply chain landscape is undergoing unprecedented transformation,
driven by technological advancements and an increasing emphasis on sustainability. As the
world moves towards digitalization, businesses are faced with the challenge of integrating
modern technologies while maintaining ethical and sustainable practices. In this book, The
Future of Supply Chains: Navigating Digital Transformation and Sustainable Procurement,
we explore how these trends are reshaping the way companies manage procurement,
logistics, and supply chain operations.
This book is intended for supply chain professionals, business leaders, students, and
anyone interested in understanding the evolving dynamics of modern supply chains. It aims
to provide readers with insights into cutting-edge technologies such as artificial intelligence,
blockchain, the Internet of Things, and sustainable procurement practices. Through practical
examples, case studies, and expert analysis, we hope to shed light on the future direction of
supply chain management and equip readers with the tools to navigate the complexities of
digital transformation.
We would like to express my deepest gratitude to all the professionals and academics
who have contributed to the research and development of the concepts discussed in this book.
Their expertise and experience have greatly enriched the content and provided valuable realworld perspectives.

The U.S. government has recently passed legislation to encourage government-to-business (G2B) transactions to be conducted over the Internet. As a result, the U.S. Treasury initiated a series of pilot projects in support of e-procurement and e-payments. One of these initiatives, the Internet Payment Platform (IPP), is currently nearing the end of its pilot test which is scheduled to end summer, 2004. In this paper, we present an overview of the technical, data utility and data security issues inherent in the IPP. Some of these issues result from the unique relationships forged when government agencies interact with for-profit businesses. Other issues stem from the adoption of a system architecture in which transaction-related data is accumulated in an "appreciating database." The paper provides a comprehensive review of the benefits and problems that an appreciating database can bring about.

Artikel ini membahas kontroversi yang muncul dari penerbitan Surat Edaran (SE) LKPP No. 5 Tahun 2024 dan SE No. 8 Tahun 2024 yang bertujuan mencegah korupsi dalam pengadaan barang/jasa pemerintah. Penulis mengkritisi kurangnya rujukan hukum yang jelas, penggunaan narasi yang ambigu, serta formulasi yang tidak sesuai dengan prinsip tata naskah dinas yang formal, logis, dan efektif. Contoh-contoh klausul dalam SE tersebut dianggap menimbulkan interpretasi luas dan meningkatkan risiko hukum bagi pelaku pengadaan, khususnya di tingkat daerah.

Artikel ini juga menyoroti perbedaan pendekatan antara SE ini dengan SE LKPP lainnya, yang biasanya berbasis regulasi lebih tinggi seperti Perpres No. 16 Tahun 2018 dan Perpres No. 12 Tahun 2021. Masalah tata bahasa, kesalahan teknis, serta ketiadaan panduan operasional pada SE tersebut menambah ketidakpuasan dan kritik dari berbagai pihak. Penulis menyarankan perbaikan kualitas pengawasan dan penulisan dokumen resmi agar tidak menimbulkan keributan dan memperburuk citra lembaga pemerintahan.

Kata Kunci: Pengadaan barang/jasa, Surat Edaran LKPP, Pencegahan korupsi, Risiko hukum, Tata naskah dinas.