Supply Chain Management

A centralized multiechelon, multiproduct supply chain network is presented in a multiperiod setting with products that show varying demand against price. An important consideration in such complex supply chains is to maintain system performance at high levels for varying demands that may be sensitive to product price. To examine the price-centric behavior of the customers, the concept of price elasticity of demand is addressed. The proposed approach includes many realistic features of typical supply chain systems such as production planning and scheduling, inventory management, transportation delay, transportation cost, and transportation limits. In addition, the proposed system can be extended to meet unsatisfied demand in future periods by backordering. Effects of the elasticity in price demand in production and inventory decisions are also examined. The supply chain model is formulated as a convex mixed-integer nonlinear programming problem. Reformulations are presented to make t...

Energy, a fundamental entity of modern life, is usually produced using fossil fuels as the primary raw material. A consequence of burning fossil fuels is the emission of environmentally harmful substances. Energy production systems generate steam and electricity that are served to different process customers to satisfy their energy requirement. The improvement of economical and environmental performance of energy production systems is a major issue due to central role of energy in every industrial activity. A systematic approach to identify the synergy among different energy systems is addressed in this paper. The multi-period and discrete-continuous nature of the energy production systems including investment costs are modeled using MILP. The proposed approach is applied on two examples that are simplified versions of an industrial problem. It is shown that the approach presented in this paper is very effective in identifying the synergy among different companies to improve their economical and environmental performance significantly.

The objective of this paper is to identify the general panorama of sustainability in textile industry, and an overview of sustainable practices in supply chain management (SCM) in fashion sector. This study was developed through global literature review of both aspects mentioned above. Between the findings of this paper, it is important to mention that companies and consumers in textile industry must adopt sustainable practices (both are responsible that the textile sector is the second most polluting industry in the world), it is urgent to develop new technology and changing business model strategies inside the industry; and companies should stablish a common assessing method on sustainability in the sector.

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Machine scheduling traditionally is the study of the sequencing of tasks on a single or several parallel or dedicated machines, with possibly different characteristics, subject to a set of constraints. Constraints commonly capture the limited availability of resources, reflect precedence relations between tasks or generally express some restrictions of processing tasks over time. Beyond satisfaction of the constraints, there is generally the goal to optimize an objective as a criterion of the quality of the solution delivered by some search method. There is a vast literature on this area of study, and it has led to numerous sophisticated heuristics, approximate and exact algorithms. Many of these problems are computationally intractable, and problems have been classified by their varying degrees of complexity. The motivation of many problems has come from applications in staff rostering and personnel planning, scheduling in parallel and distributed systems and production plan-

Sharing the different types of information among Supply Chain (SC) agents has often been cited as a way to reduce the SC risks. In this paper, an agent-based representation of the Beer Game Model (BGM) is used to demonstrate how disruptions, occurring to the factory of a SC, can negatively affect its overall performance, and how sharing the factory disruption information can effectively help blocking the evolution of risk in the SC and improve its performance. The BGM is extended in this research to include two factories. The concept of Reverse Information Sharing (RIS) is introduced as a mechanism for sharing the breakdown information. The results show a significant reduction in the cost of the SC and each of its agents due to the RIS. In addition, the analysis shows that the RIS significance is getting larger with the increase of the disruption frequency.

Game-based learning has proven to be an effective teaching method in a variety of fields, including supply chain management (SCM). This paper discusses the use of simulation-based business games for training and education in SCM by evaluating the complexity of SCM games. The main contributions of this study are twofold. (1) Creation of a database of available games used for training and education in SCM. For the first time, 40 games were selected, and a comprehensive review of the complexity elements included in these games is presented. (2) Development of a game complexity index to classify, evaluate and order the selected games according to their complexity. The findings of this study will be useful to academics and practitioners interested in logistics and SCM professional training and education. It helps educational institutions how to choose the best game for specific SCM topics.

Humanitarian supply chains involve a very high degree of uncertainty in terms of timing, magnitude, location and scope. Commercial supply chain management concepts have shown good potential to address some of these issues. However, there is minimal knowledge available in humanitarian logistics to address these issues. The present paper surveys the relevant literature, outlines the main features of humanitarian logistics operations and compares and contrasts them with the commercial supply chains. The paper also explores ways in which the public sector operations research can help the humanitarian relief operations.

Humanitarian supply chains involve a very high degree of uncertainty in terms of timing, magnitude, location and scope. Commercial supply chain management concepts have shown good potential to address some of these issues. However, there is minimal knowledge available in humanitarian logistics to address these issues. The present paper surveys the relevant literature, outlines the main features of humanitarian logistics operations and compares and contrasts them with the commercial supply chains. The paper also explores ways in which the public sector operations research can help the humanitarian relief operations.

Humanitarian supply chains involve a very high degree of uncertainty in terms of timing, magnitude, location and scope. Commercial supply chain management concepts have shown good potential to address some of these issues. However, there is minimal knowledge available in humanitarian logistics to address these issues. The present paper surveys the relevant literature, outlines the main features of humanitarian logistics operations and compares and contrasts them with the commercial supply chains. The paper also explores ways in which the public sector operations research can help the humanitarian relief operations.

This dissertation consists of two complementary essays that investigate current product recall strategies in the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulated food sector. These studies address operations and supply chain factors that influence recall effectiveness with two theoretically-based, empirical approaches. The first essay examines recall effectiveness as measured by time to recall, a proxy for potential consumer exposure to hazardous products (Hora, Bapuji & Roth, 2011) using duration analysis techniques. The unit of analysis is a recall event as documented by the product recall press release. Essay 1 addresses the following question: how do supply chain competencies related to integration and monitoring systems between supply chain partners, in addition to supply chain complexity factors, relate to time to recall? The second essay investigates individual consumer perceptions of operational and supply chain information in the context of a product recall announcement. Consumer perceptions of product recalls are important indicators of recall effectiveness since they are linked, theoretically and empirically, with future consumer behavior; and therefore can affect future market share . The unit of analysis is the consumer and a behavioral experiment is implemented to capture the effects of salient factors on consumer perceptions. Essay 2 examines the following question: how does information provided regarding operational and supply chain management aspects of product failure affect consumer perceptions and repurchase intent when a product is recalled? iii The first essay, "An Econometric Analysis of Product Recall Strategies and Time to Recall in the Food Industry," subjects firms' proactive versus reactive product recall strategies to rigorous empirical scrutiny. In addition, we operationalize supply chain recall detection competence (SCRDC), which reflects the combined operational monitoring, integration and coordination systems across supply chain business partners. We use detection entity as a proxy for SCRDC, with the notion that superior SCRDC will be reflected, in part, by recall defects that are detected internally (i.e., by a supplier or the firm conducting the recall) rather than externally (i.e., by a consumer or a regulatory agency). We integrate multiple secondary data sources and apply duration analysis methods to test our model. Time to recall is an important aspect of recall effectiveness, since perishable products have a finite shelf life; consequently, there is a small window of opportunity in which a recall can be conducted in a way that actually reduces consumer exposure. We find that internal detections (i.e., defects detected by a supplier, or the recalling firm, rather than a consumer or a regulatory agency) have a shorter time to recall than external detections. In addition, our proxy for a firm's quality process maturity (i.e., the number of days of production affected by a particular defect) has a direct effect on time to recall (i.e., longer affected production periods are related to a longer time to recall). These findings have significant implications for future research, practice and policy, in part, because they suggest what types of supply chain strategies and governmental regulations might be implemented to reduce time to recall. Essay 1 contributes to operations and supply chain management theory and product recall research by extending quality management theory Roth,

Research on interorganizational partnerships (IOPs) points to high levels of information-sharing, mediated by interorganizational systems (IOS), as a determinant of value creation. However, it is widely acknowledged that such interactions are characterized by opportunism, leading to transaction costs. Interfirm trust has been posited as one mechanism for reducing transaction costs and promoting rich information sharing. In this research-in-progress, we seek to understand the role of trust in facilitating information sharing in one form of IOS-electronic market access forums (EMAFs). We draw on transaction cost economics (TCE) to suggest that the dominant trust-based mechanism in an EMAF exchange is contingent upon the nature of information exchanged. This study will enhance understanding of how different types of trust influence information sharing in IOPs, and, potentially, offer guidelines on how EMAF providers can improve their margins by fostering different forms of trust-based governance.

In the late 1990s responsiveness has become a key differentiator for manufacturing companies aiming to better support their customers with more timely deliveries and more appropriately customised products. In addition, significant internal improvements in cost and stock reductions can be achieved through a more responsive operation. This paper firstly reports on a responsiveness auditing tool that has been developed and refined over the last four years and used within a range of industries. The audit provides a framework for examining the ability of a production operation to respond to current external and internal production disruptions or response needs. It has been developed to help manufacturing companies assess and improve their ability to respond to those influences on operational performance, which they cannot readily control. The paper begins with a set of clarifying definitions which position (production) responsiveness in line with established concepts in agility and flexibility. It then introduces the audit process as a means of allowing a production operation to systematically assess response capabilities and the impact of responding or not responding. It then demonstrates how the audit can be used as a means of directing response improvement actions. Case study examples are used as a means of illustrating the developments. Finally, the paper introduces current developments in which the audit is being extended to apply to the entire order fulfillment process.

and 85 industrial partners (www.autoidcenter.org). In addition to his academic work, Dr McFarlane spent 14 years working in the Australian steel industry. Dr McFarlane's work is focused in the areas of response and agility strategies for manufacturing businesses, distributed supply chain automation and control, and integration of manufacturing information systems. Yossi Sheffi is a Professor of Engineering at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology where he leads the School of Engineering's Center for Transportation and Logistics as well as the newly launched Masters in Logistics Engineering program. He received his Ph.D. from MIT and is an expert on logistics and supply chain management, carrier management, and electronic commerce. Dr. Sheffi is the author of a textbook and over 50 technical publications. He also founded several successful software, logistics and electronic commerce companies. In 1997, Dr. Sheffi was awarded the Council of Logistics Management's Distinguished Service Award.

Automated Identification(Auto-ID) technologies such as barcode and RFID can have significant impact on the management of the product lifecycle, and on the effectiveness with which product life-cycle data is generated and shared among suppliers, manufacturers, maintenance providers, remanufacturers etc [1]. The introduction of such Auto-ID technologies has the potential to enhance the quality of information available to decision-makers at various stages of a product's lifecycle [2]. However, ID technologies essentially ...

Abstract: Supply chain tracking information has always been an enabler for effective and efficient business operations. In this paper we propose a way to model supply chain tracking information in order to determine its quality with regard to its ability to support business decisions. The analysis provides insights on the way that tracking information accuracy and timeliness affect decision effectiveness. A way to measure the value of the information provided by the tracking system as well as a way to measure the overall system ...

Ajith is currently reading for his PhD degree at Cambridge University. He has a first degree in Mechanical Engineering and has gained Master of Science qualifications from Birla Institute of Technology & Science, India (Industrial Management) and NC State University, USA (Industrial Engineering). Ajith also has experience in the textiles, machine tool and steel industries from India and has worked on projects with Nortel Networks and IBM in the USA. For his PhD, he is researching the impact of product-identity information on decision ...

Due to the growing competition in supply chains, continuous updates of the supply chain structure are necessary for companies' durability and competitiveness. Therefore, Successful companies, regardless of their current position, are constantly striving to improve and upgrade their supply chain. A lot of research has been conducted so far to achieve the above goals. Hence, the present study aimed to use an appropriate method based on the standard framework of criteria and processes to improve the supply chain capabilities. this standard framework is the supply chain operations reference model(SCOR). Along with this, Fuzzy AHP has been used for valuation plans. The plans provided based on the best practices of the SCOR model. After analyzing the processes and mapping existing supply chain, the pairwise comparisons data obtained from the questionnaire that was completed by the expert of this field, by the use of Fuzzy AHP technique and based on the criteria of the SCOR model, the ...

This research investigates the impact of Green Human Resource and Green Supply Chain strategies on improving sustainable performance in the manufacturing industry. The main focus of this research is to understand how the implementation of these green strategies can improve a company's operational efficiency and productivity. This approach includes human resource management with a focus on environmental sustainability and supply chain optimization to minimize environmental impacts. The research methodology involved quantitative data analysis measuring the impact of green strategies on sustainable performance using random sampling. The research technique was carried out by means of observation, distributing questionnaires and processing data using SEM-AMOS. The sample used was 310 respondents in manufacturing companies located in the Bekasi area. The results of this study are expected to provide valuable insights for the manufacturing industry in facing sustainability challenges and increasing competitiveness through environmentally friendly business practices.

The rapid growth of retailers has resulted in increasingly fierce business competition in the market for the sale of goods and services offered to achieve excellence. One of the best service strategies for introducing various innovations in enterprise resource planning is to capture consumer interest in using these services. This study aims to examine and analyze the relationship between supply chain management practices based on enterprise resource planning (ERP) systems and business performance through competitive advantages of companies. Retail Bekasi area. This study was done. The questionnaire for each variable was distributed as a representative question of all dimensions with a sample of 200 respondents. For data analysis, we use SEM using AMOS software. In the end, the following search results were obtained: SCM practices have a positive and significant impact on competitive advantage, hypothesis 1 is accepted; (2) ERP system has a positive and significant impact on competitive advantage, hypothesis 2 is accepted; (3) SCM practices have a positive and significant impact on company performance, hypothesis 3 is accepted; (4) ERP system has a positive and significant impact on business performance, hypothesis 4 is accepted; (5) Competitive advantage has a positive and significant impact on business performance, hypothesis 5 is accepted.

Bushfires are increasingly recognized as one of the most severe climate-driven hazards, with profound impacts on ecosystems, infrastructure, and human settlements. Their escalating frequency and intensity are attributed to rising global temperatures, altered precipitation regimes, and expanding wildland-urban interfaces. Traditional approaches to bushfire protection have often emphasized singular strategies, whether engineering-based fire suppression infrastructure, ecological fuel load reduction, or planning interventions, but such siloed methods frequently fail to deliver long-term resilience. A broader systems-based perspective is therefore essential. This study examines an integrated framework for bushfire protection that merges engineering innovation, ecological fuel management, and climate-responsive planning into a cohesive strategy. From an engineering standpoint, advances in fire-resistant building materials, automated detection systems, and smart suppression technologies are evaluated for their capacity to reduce structural vulnerability. Complementing this, ecological fuel management leverages-controlled burns, landscape mosaics, and species-specific interventions to lower ignition potential while maintaining biodiversity and ecological balance. Planning dimensions focus on zoning regulations, buffer zones, and adaptive design principles that align urban growth with climate forecasts and fire behavior models. The synergy of these components produces a multi-layered defense mechanism that not only mitigates immediate fire risks but also enhances adaptive capacity in the face of long-term climatic uncertainty. By integrating technological, ecological, and governance domains, the framework advances resilient adaptation pathways that safeguard human communities while sustaining ecological integrity. This systems-based model demonstrates how cross-disciplinary strategies can be harmonized to address the complex, interdependent nature of bushfire risks in a rapidly changing climate.

This research aims to enhance the accuracy of aircraft maintenance budget forecasting for Saudi Airlines by developing a predictive model using the Least Squares Error (LSE) approach. The study focuses on forecasting budget allocations for engines, APUs, landing gears, and heavy checks over the period of 2025-2027. Managing maintenance budgets presents significant challenges due to fluctuating costs, leading to inefficiencies in financial planning, resource allocation, and operational scheduling. These fluctuations can result in increased financial risk, suboptimal budget utilization, and potential disruptions in maintenance cycles. The research employs three forecasting models: Moving Average, Exponential Smoothing, and ARIMA, to develop a datadriven budgeting framework. The primary objectives are to improve forecasting accuracy, strengthen cost control measures, and evaluate model effectiveness. Historical maintenance expenditure data from 2019 to 2024 were analyzed using Excel and Minitab, and predictive modeling techniques were applied to refine budget estimations. The methodology encompasses data preprocessing, model selection and validation, performance benchmarking, and graphical representation of forecasting outcomes. The results demonstrate varying degrees of model performance, with relatively high error rates across all methods. As a result, the study recommends transitioning from conventional statistical forecasting models to event-based forecasting methods, which may provide a more reliable approach given the dynamic nature of the aviation industry. By establishing a systematic and data-driven forecasting framework, this study supports Saudi Airlines in achieving greater financial stability and strategic foresight in maintenance budget management. The findings contribute to broader advancements in predictive analytics and cost optimization strategies within the aviation sector.

El presente artículo se basa en la evaluación y selección de tecnologías en la producción de artículos de PVC (cloruro de polivinilo) en Colombia, según las necesidades de las pequeñas y medianas empresas locales, para aumentar la productividad y la competitividad. En el desarrollo de este artículo, Se estudiaron 4 de las tecnologías de punta que se podrían implementar en el país. Estas tecnologías se analizaron de acuerdo con los requerimientos de una organización del sector. A través de una evaluación cualitativa, se realizó la clasificación de las tecnologías. Los factores que se evaluaron para este caso son: reducción de los costos de los servicios, el cumplimiento de la normatividad colombiana para la implementación. El aumento de la productividad. La representación del fabricante de la tecnología en Colombia. Según la evaluación de los factores, las tecnologías se clasificaron según el impacto que pudieran tener y el aumento que tendría la productividad en los procesos de inyección de accesorios de PVC, la tecnología más favorable para implementar en Colombia son las inyectoras dobles motor, debido que estas pueden disminuir la cantidad de materia prima utilizada en el proceso, garantizando que las piezas inyectadas cumplan la normatividad colombiana.

Blockchain technologies due to their inherent characteristics of immutability, transparency, distribution, and programmability can aid in the traceability of forest nursery chains. In this context, the present research investigates consumers' awareness and willingness to pay (WTP) a premium price (PP) for forest materials tracked with a blockchain-based traceability system. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered across selected forest nurseries nationwide between August 2021 and May 2023, collecting 259 valid responses. Three econometric ordered logit models were developed to assess three product attributes: sustainability, origin, and quality. The main findings reveal that most consumers are not aware of blockchain (62.6%), but those who are aware generally perceive them useful for traceability (71.4%). The attribute "origin" emerged as the most significant factor influencing WTP, while it is "quality" for which consumers are willing to pay more PP (28.9%). At the socio-demographic level, education was the most influential factor, followed by gender, age, and household size. The research indicates an embryonic demand for these technologies in the forest nursery sector, further analysis is required to determine whether this level of development is attributable to natural life cycle of an innovation or other constraining factors. Finally, this study highlights key elements for developing communication and marketing campaigns to foster the adoption of these new traceability systems.

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in finance has transformed the sector, offering innovative solutions across risk management, algorithmic trading, credit scoring, fraud detection, and customer service. This review synthesizes the findings of thirty research papers to provide a comprehensive overview of AI applications and advancements in the financial industry. We explore various AI methodologies, including machine learning, deep learning, and natural language processing, and their specific roles in enhancing the financial decision-making process. This study discusses how AI models have improved predictive accuracy, optimized trading strategies, and enhanced customer experiences by automating tasks traditionally performed by human analysts. Furthermore, this review highlights the challenges and ethical considerations surrounding AI adoption in finance, such as data privacy, algorithmic bias, and regulatory compliance. Despite these challenges, the growing potential of AI to revolutionize financial services is evident, with applications continually evolving to address the industry's dynamic needs. This study aims to provide a foundational understanding of AI's impact of AI on finance, offering insights into its current state and future trends.

In the current scenario of globalization, public transportation services (PTS) need to introspect sensitivity towards the quality of services offered. In this context, this study examined the commuters' perception on service quality offered by the public transport services of twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad, India. The SERVQUAL scale is administered to measure the commuter's perception on service quality. A survey was conducted among the commuters who were regularly availing public transport services for travelling. A random sample of 534 respondents were taken for data collection, among them 512 were finalized for final analysis. The study concluded that the service quality delivery meets the perception of commuters. In general, people of twin cities of Hyderabad and Secunderabad are benefited with the service quality delivery by public transport services. This paper brings out a service quality image which can be adopted by other cities whose population depends on public transportation services.

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The aim of this study is to assess the most common impacts of construction projects on the environment in the Gaza Strip and propose the best solutions in curbing down the adverse impacts. To achieve this aim, a structured survey, in the form of a questionnaire was conducted to identify the most critical and important impacts of construction projects on the environment. Environmental impacts were categorized into three safeguard subjects: ecosystems, natural resources, and public impacts. The results showed that dust generation, noise pollution, operations with vegetation removal, and air pollution are the most significant environmental impacts of construction sites in the Gaza Strip. In addition, the public impacts are the most important category that affects the environment in the Gaza Strip. Furthermore, the results demonstrated that the necessity of taking measures to protect labors and residents who are living near to construction sites. It is recommended to enhance the knowledge and awareness of construction participants to the environmental impacts of construction projects and enact strict laws to curb down the adverse impacts of construction projects. In addition, the researchers should look for alternative methods for construction to mitigate the adverse impacts of construction projects on the environment. The results of this study can help decision makers to identify major construction impacts on the environment and make environmentally friendly construction plans in the early stages of construction.

This systematic review investigates the performance, optimization, and governance practices of business intelligence (BI) systems with a focus on SQL-driven dashboards, streaming pipelines, cloud scalability, and organizational integration. Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, 142 studies published between 2005 and 2024 were systematically identified, screened, and synthesized. The review highlights several key findings. First, SQL continues to serve as the foundational language in BI, maintaining its dominance through adaptability across distributed and hybrid environments. Second, dashboards have evolved beyond their original descriptive function, now acting as governance instruments that embed compliance, accountability, and transparency into organizational workflows. Third, sectoral and regional variations demonstrate that BI adoption and optimization are shaped by contextual factors, with financial and healthcare sectors prioritizing compliance and risk management, while retail and ecommerce emphasize customer analytics and speed. Fourth, performance optimization remains a critical concern, with techniques such as query pushdown, incremental refresh, caching, and streaming pipelines shown to reduce latency and improve scalability in real-time analytics. Fifth, monitoring, testing, and maintainability practices are increasingly emphasized, aligning BI with DevOps principles and continuous integration frameworks. Additionally, cloud and hybrid scalability emerge as both technical and economic challenges, requiring elastic infrastructures balanced against cost and governance demands. Finally, the review underscores the need for conceptual integration of technical, organizational, and governance dimensions, as BI success depends on harmonizing these three axes. Collectively, the findings confirm earlier scholarship while extending it with new empirical and conceptual insights, illustrating that BI has matured into a strategic infrastructure supporting decisionmaking, regulatory compliance, and organizational resilience. This review provides actionable recommendations for practitioners and highlights research gaps that call for deeper exploration of cross-sectoral comparisons, governance integration models, and economic trade-offs in BI scalability.

This research was conducted by analyzing the factors that affect company performance with supply chain management practices, supply chain responsiveness, company capabilities and competitive advantage variables as intervening variables. This research method was a quantitative survey and the object of this research consisted of 460 distributors, at the level of lubricants retailers, in Indonesia determined by simple random sampling. The research data was obtained by distributing online questionnaires through social media and the questionnaire was designed using open statements with a Likert scale of 2 to 7. The analysis technique used was Structural Equation Modeling with validity test analysis, hypothesis testing using structural equation modeling techniques with smartPLS 3.0 software as a tool to assist data processing. The results of this study indicate that the company's ability had a positive and significant effect on the company's competitive advantage, supply chain man...

The concept of green supply chain management (GSCM) is now gaining more attention among practitioners due to its ability to help companies address environmental issues. Nevertheless, studies on GSCM practices and outcomes extensively come from multinational companies compared to fully owned Malaysian companies, especially the Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs). This conceptual paper discusses GSCM in global context and explores further directions of GSCM research in Malaysia. The discussions led to conclusions that the main drivers of GSCM implementation are mainly the pressure of regulators, customers and public awareness. Moreover, the implementation can have positive impacts on organizations economic performance and preservation of the environment. Consequently, more research is needed on the implementation of GSCM among Malaysian SMEs, especially in terms of the key practices from the perspectives of the practitioners.

Modern supply chains have evolved into highly complex value networks and turned into a vital source of competitive advantage. However, it has become increasingly challenging to verify the source of raw materials and maintain visibility of products and merchandise while they are moving through the value chain network. The application of the Internet of Things (IoT) can help companies to observe, track, and monitor products, activities, and processes within their respective value chain networks. Other applications of IoT include product monitoring to optimize operations in warehousing‚ manufacturing, and transportation. In combination with IoT, Blockchain technology can enable a broad range of different application scenarios to enhance value chain transparency and to increase B2B trust. When combined, IoT and Blockchain technology have the potential to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of modern supply chains. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, we illustrate how...

When a situation arises to which the United States considers deploying military forces, the Secretary of Defense (SECDEF) and President of the United States (POTUS) require a range of options from which to address the situation. The current course of action development process fails to provide these options. This failure to provide a range of options limits strategic flexibility and oftentimes leads to an inadequate or inappropriate solution for the given circumstances. Joint planners must change their traditional mindset for course of action development to include options that consider the multiple environmental conditions. The operational environment is rife with inconsistencies, incompatible desires, and competing requirements and, as such, requires the planner to develop multiple options that address the potential prominence of one requirement over another. By addressing the competing requirements in this manner, the planner presents a more comprehensive view of the environment while presenting the SECDEF and POTUS with the flexibility to approach the situation from different perspectives. Design thinking enables the planner to develop and propose such options within the current context of the joint operation planning process (JOPP) with a slight modification. In a potential or actual crisis, the President decides whether the employment of military capabilities is necessary. As stated in JP 5-0, -The President, SEDEF, or CJCS initiates planning by deciding to develop military options.‖ 1 The Guidance for the Employment of the Force (GEF) and the Joint Strategic Capabilities Plan (JSCP) also direct combatant commanders to develop military options based upon given assumptions and conditions. Lack of specificity and perhaps a lack of understanding regarding the term -options‖ as prescribed by the SECDEF and strategic guidance documents are at the heart of the problem. As opposed to providing senior leadership with options for the employment of military force as desired, the planning process develops multiple courses of action to select the best single option to solve the problem. As a result, the current process presents strategic leadership with a virtual -fait accompli‖ regarding ways to use the military. This essay proposes integrating elements of design thinking into the Mission Analysis and COA Development steps of the JOPP to develop the variety of options that the POTUS and SECDEF require in a complex and dynamic environment. This position is supported through the analysis of the strategic guidance and course of action development requirements. A discussion of the environmental constraints that shape the problem and the solution is critical to the critical and creative thinking process necessary when using the JOPP. The JOPP mission analysis step is discussed briefly to show how design thinking can be integrated into the planning process and 1

This study has offered an extensive analysis of the effectiveness of Oman's food supply chain's quality and safety management. The study focused on the complex relationships among several variables, such as information technology, food traceability, supply chain risks, performance measures, and food safety regulations, and how these elements all work together to shape the e ciency of the food supply chain. The research examined data gathered from middle-and top-level managers in Oman's food supply chain using a practical research strategy that combined quantitative and qualitative approaches and employed structural equation modelling to investigate the interconnections and effects on the performance of the supply chain from the previously listed factors. The key ndings of this research have demonstrated the vital signi cance of strict food safety measures by revealing a substantial positive association between food safety standards and the performance of the food supply chain. Information technology has been found to be a signi cant catalyst for improving regulatory compliance and supply chain performance. The mediation study has highlighted how information technology is interdependent with other elements and demonstrated how it supports the robustness, agility and resilience of supply chains. This study further established that improving food safety standards, utilising cutting-edge information technology to enhance compliance and traceability, implementing thorough risk management plans, encouraging cooperation among supply chain participants and raising consumer knowledge of food safety are important suggestions to improve public health and economic growth. These suggestions are meant to assist Oman's food supply chain in being robust, effective and safe. The research provided valuable insights for supply chain professionals, policymakers, and researchers who are interested in food safety and supply chain management, especially in the context of Oman and other GCC countries.

This paper examines how trust develops over time in business relationships between a number of Tunisian SMEs operating in the automotive sector. Trust has long been considered as a core element of relationship quality, which in turn has a moderating role in affecting the negotiation process between the actors. Our paper is based on a qualitative study of ten relationships in the Tunisian automotive industry. We take a monadic view, having interviewed local spare-parts resellers about their relationships with their wholesalers. Given the relatively simplistic structure of the automotive spare-parts industry, the mutual integration of needs between wholesalers and the resellers is relatively easily understood. The decision to undertake the research in Tunisia is twofold. On the one hand, there is a paucity of research based in the Maghreb countries, and hence a need to understand how business operates in this region. On the other hand, the Tunisian market structure is relatively simple, with most spare-parts being imported because of the low level of local production. Our results show that there is a mutual but not symmetric or balanced influence of trust on the behavior of the partners involved. The influence of the different parties is dependent on the power architecture, the history of the relationship and the network position of the actors. We find that different kinds of trust play different roles over the dynamics of the relationship. Perceived trust is more important at the emergent stage of a relationship, and experienced trust becomes more important in the established relationships. The perceive trust creates the possibility of building trust, and when mutual trust exists between the parties, it motivates them to maintain the relationship.

In a modern world there is a growing intricacy in working places such as shift remote and hybrid working methods as indulge due to this there is need for real time performance monitoring. Traditional methods of performance monitoring files to give us insight into the problem but a modern and machine learning enables the continuous performance assessment through the various tools such as predictive analytical anomaly detection recommendation. this paper examines the current status of ml driven performance tracking and lighten up on strength limitation and its consideration we combine the recent research to identify the recent trends and the future in the practical execution.

El proceso de cumplimiento de pedidos (Order Fufillment Process u OFP) es de vital importancia en cualquier empresa o cadena de suministro, ya que la satisfacción del cliente depende en gran medida de su correcto funcionamiento. Sin embargo su integración en una cadena de suministro es compleja, debido principalmente al gran número de entidades que la componen. En este artículo se hace una revisión del estado del arte en modelado del OFP mediante sistemas multi-agente, clasificando los artículos en función de los niveles de la cadena de suministro modelada, el rol que juegan los agentes y el grado de desarrollo de las aportaciones.

Resumen: La contribución de empresas y organizaciones es fundamental para el logro de un modelo de desarrollo perdurable a largo plazo. La gestión medioambiental -que se configura como una herramienta empresarial imprescindible en este campo-resulta útil para diferenciar las actividades de las empresas y organizaciones, precisando para ello, entre otros factores, de indicadores que ofrezcan información útil como, por ejemplo, la huella del carbono corporativa (HCC), uno de los indicadores más difundidos en la actualidad. Este artículo destaca, en primer lugar, la importancia de enfocar la gestión ambiental a las cadenas logísticas empleando herramientas que permitan la cooperación para que todos sus miembros colaboren en la reducción de los impactos generados a lo largo de toda la cadena. En segundo lugar, se expone una alternativa metodológica: el método compuesto de las cuentas contables (MC3), válido para estimar la HCC de bienes y servicios considerando cadenas logísticas y que, a la vez, permite el ecoetiquetado de bienes y servicios. El caso de estudio realizado contribuye tanto a ilustrar la importancia de la gestión sobre la base de las cadenas logísticas como a exponer los resultados que se obtienen con el MC3. Para ello, se aplica el método a una cadena logística orientada a la producción de mejillón en conserva. Los resultados ofrecen una HCC de 10,75 tCO2/t de producto, generada principalmente en la fase de elaboración de conservas. Palabras clave: Gestión ambiental / Cadenas logísticas / Huella del carbono corporativa / MC3.

This paper examines the impact of transport infrastructure, as an important determinant of transport costs, on trade between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bosnia and Herzegovina’s fifteen largest trading partners. The estimation is based on a gravity model and panel data for the years 2005 to 2014. Transport costs have been estimated on the basis of distance, geography and quality of transport infrastructure, as well as on sets of "dummy" variables, such as the impact of borders, language or "dummy" variables for identifying whether a country is surrounded by land or sea. The results can be summarized as follows: (i) the quality of infrastructure and logistics is an important determinant of trade performance; (ii) the importance of distance is not diminished when the quality of infrastructure is included; (iii) Bosnia and Herzegovina trades with countries with which it shares a common language – ceteris paribus – twice as much as with others. Keywords : Bosnia and H...

Beras merupakan hasil pertanian yang banyak dikonsumsi oleh seluruh masyarakat di dunia. Di Indonesia, manajemen transparansi rantai pasok masih menjadi masalah utama karena belum tersedianya informasi yang dapat diakses seluruh anggota rantai pasok. Sangat sulit untuk mendapatkan informasi pada setiap pelaku untuk keperluan pengawasan karena hal ini menimbulkan risiko dan ketidakpastian. Ketelusuran menjadi kebutuhan penting untuk memastikan kualitas dan keamanan produk. Artikel ini bertujuan: (i) mengidentifikasi rantai pasok beras di Jawa Barat dan (ii) membangun pemodelan sistem menggunakan Unified Modeling Language (UML). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa rantai pasok beras terdiri dari lima pelaku yang berperan. Transisi keadaan dalam proses produksi dan informasi ketelusuran telah diidentifikasi melalui Critical Traceability Point (CTP) yang menyajikan informasi proses, kualitas produk, dan semua transformasi. Lebih lanjut, persyaratan kebutuhan fungsional sistem dan kebutuhan informasi disajikan dalam sequence dan UML static diagram. Terakhir, arsitektur sistem diuraikan dalam artikel ini untuk mewujudkan transparansi serta pengendalian kualitas dan keamanan produk. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, pemodelan menggunakan Unified Modeling Language (UML) dapat merepresentasikan sistem ketelusuran yang dibangun. kata kunci: kebutuhan fungsional, rantai pasok, ketelusuran, unified modeling language.

This paper describes the development and implementation of software production planning of chrysantemum fresh flower. The software utilizes quantitative method time series (moving average and exponential smoothing) for predicting the demand of fresh flowers. The software is also equipped with a simulation utility (using Monte Carlo method) for computing total cost activity in one greenhouse tunnel during one period plant. Based on the case test observation carried out at PT. Alam Indah Bunga Nusantara Cipanas, it is obtained that the error introduced by qualitative forecasting is 15.12%. The errors of quantitative forecasting using moving average and exponential smoothing are 8.32 %, and 18.72 % respectively. The mean value of total cost simulation (Rp 28.291/m2) does not differ significantly from while the mean value of the real cost production (Rp 28.554/m2). This introduces error equal to 0.92%.

The goal of every economy is to have a stable exchange rate with the countries it trades with; therefore exchange rate is very vital to the economy of every country. Nigeria has adopted both fixed and fluctuating exchange rate regimes in order to achieve the goal of a realistic exchange rate but this has proven futile as the economy has continued to perform poorly over the years. This study is therefore aimed at examining the effect exchange rate management has on the output performance of both the agricultural sector and the manufacturing sector. Secondary data from 1981 – 2015 were analyzed using the Ordinary Least Square technique. The results showed that exchange rate has a positive and significant effect on only the agriculture sector. The study recommends amongst others that efforts should be made to increase the exportation of agricultural products in order to boost exchange rate.

Tourism in the United States is a multifaceted driver of cultural exchange, economic activity, and community development. Yet, sustaining innovation in this sector requires more than market forces alone; it is strengthened by deliberate government support that aligns public priorities with industry practices. At a broad level, U.S. government-backed hospitality programs provide the policy frameworks, funding mechanisms, and strategic partnerships needed to foster innovation while safeguarding cultural heritage and promoting inclusivity. By balancing preservation with progress, these programs ensure that tourism contributes not only to economic expansion but also to social cohesion and cultural vitality. Cultural preservation lies at the heart of government engagement, with initiatives aimed at protecting indigenous traditions, historic landmarks, and diverse community narratives. This ensures that tourism experiences remain authentic while amplifying underrepresented voices. Simultaneously, economic growth is prioritized through infrastructure development, workforce training, and entrepreneurial support, enabling destinations to compete globally while delivering local benefits. Inclusivity further strengthens this framework, as hospitality programs increasingly emphasize accessibility, representation, and equitable opportunities for marginalized groups. Narrowing the focus, the U.S. model demonstrates that government-backed innovation through grants, regulatory incentives, and public-private collaborations creates a sustainable tourism ecosystem that balances profitability with cultural and social responsibility. This approach underscores tourism's role as both an economic engine and a platform for preserving and celebrating national diversity in a globalized marketplace.

The biomanufacturing industries are based on the differences in systems, which include Laboratory Information Management Systems (LIMS), Manufacturing Execution Systems (MES), and Quality Management Systems (QMS) causing compromises with transparency, delays in decision-making process, and operational inefficiency in Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) processes. This paper introduces an interoperability architecture that would cut across these silos and create a decision fabric that incorporates real-time shop-floor signals in high-level portfolio decision support. With the help of Data Fabric and Data Mesh concepts, the suggested solution will allow the data flow to be seamlessly organized, keeping data of LIMS, MES, and QMS systems structured and unstructured to be aligned. The architecture application transports shop-floor sensor information, quality control reports and manufacturing records into a centralized decision layer, enabling analytics-informed insights. The framework is focused on scalability, data governance and security to comply with the industry requirements. The complex data models and metadata-driven methods guarantee the contextual data knowledge and provenance. A case study illustrates how the architecture enhances speed of transparency, less data redundancy and predictive decision-making in CMC operations. Findings suggest that there were immense gains in operational visibility, quicker issue resolution and higher strategic decisions at the portfolio level. The given strategy of integration will lead to the transition of the disjointed data management to the single decision support fabric and enable the stakeholders, giving them access to the timely, correct and practical data. The architecture can be scaled to upcoming digital twin and AI-based optimization plans.