Diplomacy and World Affairs

If diplomacy is war by other means, we should no more abandon the plenary hall than the battlefield." Alcee L. Hastings [1] , . With the end of the Cold War and the collapse of the bipolar world, the intensification of globalization in economics, finance, politics, and security led to a drastic shift in the issues and interactions within the international system, making it challenging and complex for governments to conduct foreign policy . Additionally, recent global events, such as terrorist attacks, climate change, and financial crises, have made the networks of relations and exchanges between countries increasingly complex in terms of trade, investment, culture, and scientific research, creating a strong need for a more cooperative, transparent, and multidimensional foreign policy . This context has required the involvement of new actors, such as nonstate organisations, lobbies, civil society associations, academics, the media, cities, and even parliaments, leading to the emergence of new types of diplomacy, including, among others: economic, cultural, scientific, and also parliamentary diplomacy . The classic roles of legislating and overseeing government actions have already belonged to parliaments, as forums of excellence, for debating and reaching consensus on the state's foreign policy, and for approving

Since 2014, Moscow has been transforming global affairs in the interests of international revisionism. This has already caused considerable damage to international law and the global rules-based order. In fact, the political implications of Russia’s attack reach far beyond Ukraine and Eastern Europe. https://neweasterneurope.eu/2025/05/06/russias-war-is-undermining-the-world-order/

Since the creation of Pakistan the foundation of the Idea of Pakistan has been a matter of academic and political debate. There is a difference between the two spheres. The academic debate allows a room to discuss popular and unpopular ideas and respect the contrary views. The ideology of Pakistan, political system of Pakistan and the constitution of Pakistan have always been discussed and debated amongst scholars. The purpose of this research is to explore the famous presidential address of Allama Iqbal at the annual session of Muslim League in 1930. There are many perceptions about the address delivered by Iqbal, such as he demanded a separate homeland for Muslims of India or not. This research will explore the facts of Iqbal's speech of Allahabad and will attempt to do justice to his words which have been misinterpreted by some spheres.

Sir Syed’s vision to bring together fragmented Muslim efforts for education led to the foundation of Muhammadan Educational Conference. This vision was passionately taken forward by Mohsin-ul-Mulk. He was a man of pragmatic approach and took initiatives to keep the spirit of the conference alive during difficult times. Sir Syed and Mohsin-ul Mulk may have been in disagreement on certain issues, but most of the times they found a meeting ground in their common passion for the betterment of Muslim community. Mohsin-ul Mulk’s untiring efforts not only kept the conference active but also extended its scope to make it an all India phenomenon.

Aligarh Movement is, in fact, the name of continuous struggle of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan that he launched for the betterment of Muslims. This movement performed the educational, social, religious and literary services for the Muslims, so Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Aligarh Movement are the two names of one and the same thing.

The concept of Nationalism is emerged when a group of people are being discussed collectively on matters of relative importance. They feel a sense of commonness when their problems are being raised. Literature is one of major source of discussing and raising voice by using power of Pen. So as Sir Syed Ahmed Khan has done in history of Muslims of sub-continent. He carefully examined the circumstances which led to change the conditions of Muslims of sub-continent and used his quality to write in order to groom up educationally and create awareness about their issues. He wrote different books, pamphlets and articles which benefited Muslims of sub-continent. This study focused on the Writings of Syed Ahmed Khan and its Impact on Muslim Nationalism. The writings of Sir Syed Ahmed and their importance in emergence of Muslim Nationalism are not thoroughly studied, generally his movement for education and political services are discussed. This research paper gives a detail account on Writings of Syed Ahmed Khan and its Impact on Muslim Nationalism.

Araştırma kapsamında Azerbaycan'ın Rusya ve Çin perspektifinde ideolojik, diplomatik ve ekonomik araçlar üzerinden ilişkisi ele alınarak nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden olan betimsel tekniğe başvurularak, konuyla ilgili ulusal ve uluslararası kütüphane taraması yapılmıştır incelenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada Rusya Federasyonu'nun ve Çin Halk Cumhuriyeti'nin Kafkaslardaki etkisinin ne derecede olduğunu tarihsel açıdan ele alınmış ve olayın tarihsel boyutu resmi kaynakların açıklamaları ile ortaya konulmuştur. Bu çalışmada Rusya ve Çin Arasında Azerbaycan Üzerinden Rekabet: İdeoloji, Diplomasi ve Ekonomik Araçlar nelerdir? sorusu çalışmanın merkez sorusunu teşkil etmektedir. Araştırmada Azerbaycan Cumhuriyetinin mevcut yer altı kaynakları ele alınırken diğer taraftan bu iki ülke ile diplomatik ve ekonomik alandaki ilişkilerin etkisinin ne gibi olumlu ve olumsuz etkileri olduğu ile ilgili araştırma yapılmıştır. Araştırmada kalitatif yöntem ve teknikler kullanılmış ve açık kaynaklar olan gazete manşetleri, resmi kurum ve tarafların açıklamaları, anlaşmalar, dönem içerisinde yazılan tez, makale incelenerek derlenmiştir. Bu doğrultuda Rusya ve Çin, Azerbaycan'la olan ilişkilerde dikkatli davranmaya ve bu bölgedeki jeo-ekonomik müttefiklerini kaybetmemeye özen gösterdikleri ilişkilerin devamı için sürekli olarak reform girişimlerinde bulunulduğu anlaşılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler: Denge politikası, Diplomasi, Ekonomik reformlar, İdeoloji, İpek Yolu projesi, Petrol.

Abstract

Within the scope of the research, the relationship of Azerbaijan through the ideological, diplomatic, and economic means in the perspective of Russia and China was discussed, and a national and international library search was conducted by applying the descriptive technique, which is one of the qualitative research methods. In this direction, in this study, the extent of the influence of the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China in the Caucasus was discussed from a historical perspective, and the historical dimension of the event was revealed with explanations from official sources. In this study, Competition Between Russia and China over Azerbaijan: What are Ideology, Diplomacy and Economic Tools? question constitutes the central question of the study. While the current underground resources of the Republic of Azerbaijan are discussed in the research, on the other hand, research has been made about the positive and negative effects of the diplomatic and economic relations with these two countries. Qualitative methods and techniques were used in the research and open-source newspaper headlines, statements of official institutions and parties, agreements, thesis, and articles written during the period were examined and compiled. In this respect, it has been understood that Russia and China are constantly trying to reform their relations with Azerbaijan, and they are careful not to lose their geo-economic allies in this region.

Key Words: Balance policy, Diplomacy, Economic reforms, İdeology, Silk Road Project, Oil.

Makalede uluslararası ilişkiler literatüründe ‘‘Bölgeselcilik’’ kavramının ne olduğu ele alınmıştır. Bölgeselcilik kavramı 1900-1945, 1945-1980, 1980 sonrası dönemi olarak üç başlık altında incelenmiş ve bu kavram dâhilinde makalenin bir kısmında Avrupa’da Bölgesel Kuruluşlar ayrıca başlık altında verilmiştir. Bölgesellik anlayışı çerçevesinde bölgeselciliğin üç türü ele alınmıştır. Makalede siyaset kavramının ne olduğuna ve hangi amaçlarla kullanıldığına yer verilmiştir. Siyaset isimli ana başlık altında 3 alt başlık şeklinde ele alınmıştır.  1.2.1 başlık altında  Uluslararası İlişkiler literatüründe “Soft Power” diplomasi türünün siyasette yeri ve kullanılma şekilleri ele alınmıştır. Diğer bir başlık olan 1.2.2. başlığında Diplomaside Sert Güç Politikası, 1.2.3 başlık altında ise Siyasette yeni tür diplomasi türü olan ‘‘Çapraz diplomasi’’ türü araştırılmıştır. Makalenin ikinci ana başlığında küreselleşme kavramı dâhilinde küreselleşmenin 1945-1990 yılları arasında ortaya çıktığını ve kavramın gelişmesinde 2000 yılından sonra elektronik ortam olan bilgisayarların yardımı olduğundan bahsedilmiştir. Makalenin son kısmında ‘‘Küresel Siyaset’’ ayrıca bir başlık altında verilmiştir. Günümüzdeki ‘‘Küresel Siyasete’’ örnek örgütler ve kuruluşlar örneklerle gösterilmiştir.
Anahtar Kelimeler: Küreselleşme, Bölgeselcilik, Yumuşak Güç, Büyük Orta Doğu projesi, Siyaset, Diplomasi, Sert güç

JEL Kodları: F51, H56, N40

Abstract
In the article, the concept of "regionalism" in the international relations literature is discussed. The concept of regionalism has been examined under three titles as 1900-1945, 1945-1980, and the post-1980 period, and within this concept, Regional Organizations in Europe are also given under the title in a part of the article. Within the framework of the understanding of regionalism, three types of regionalism are discussed. In the article, what the concept of politics is and for what purposes it is used is given. It has been discussed under the main title of Politics in the form of 3 sub-titles. Under the title of 1.2.1, the place and usage of “Soft Power” diplomacy in politics in the International Relations literature are discussed. Another title is 1.2.2. Under the title Hard Power Policy in Diplomacy, under the title 1.2.3, the new type of diplomacy in Politics, "Cross diplomacy", has been researched. In the second main title of the article, it is mentioned that globalization emerged between 1945-1990 within the concept of globalization and that computers, which are electronic media, helped in the development of the concept after 2000. In the last part of the article, “Global Politics” is also given under a title. Exemplary organizations and institutions for today's "Global Politics" are shown with examples.

Keywords: Globalization, Regionalism, Soft Power, Great Middle East project, Politics, Diplomacy, Hard Power.
JEL Codes: F51, H56, N40

There is a growing agreement amongst development stakeholders that parliaments are among the most important engines for economic development and growth. They also establish the laws by which a society is governed. It follows then that any initiative aimed at Parliamentary Conference: Assisting Parliamentarians to Develop their Capacities. Bern (Switzerland) 19

The application of information and communication technologies to parliamentary activities is growing. Informatics databases represent a growing trend used for gathering, collation, processing, storage and dissemination of parliamentary information to Members of Parliament, parliamentary staff and the general public. Many parliaments are moving forward, assisted by development partners to implement informatics projects from constituency level where the public can access information manually or electronically through parliament itself. The purpose of this article was to assess Parliament of Zimbabwe's informatics database in providing evidence-based information for decision making. This is achieved by sampling 25 Members of Parliament and 25 Office Assistants from constituencies, and Parliament staff as important respondents. The instruments of data collection were questionnaires, interview schedules and analysis of documents. Findings revealed that constituents were the largest beneficiaries, followed by the education sector, and Members of Parliament. Data also showed that Members of Parliament improved their knowledge and participation in parliamentary activities based on real facts from the informatics data base. The study identified challenges affecting the informatics database. Results recommend that resources be provided for information and communication technology equipment, staff should be trained and an online informatics database be implemented.

Syed Ameer Ali, a renowned Muslim intellectual and activist, holds a significant place in Indian history as an instrumental figure in advocating for the socio-political rights of Muslims. His contributions encompassed various spheres, including education, politics, and the legal arena. This abstract seeks to revisit the historical significance of Syed Ameer Ali's pioneering work and its lasting impact on the evolution of Muslims' socio-political rights in India. Ameer Ali's efforts were multi-faceted, as he worked in the field of education to uplift Muslim communities. He actively participated in political discussions, both within India and abroad, effectively representing the needs and aspirations of the Muslim population. By examining Ameer Ali's work through a historical lens, this abstract aims to shed light on the challenges faced by Muslims at that time and the strategies employed by this visionary leader to bring about change. The study presents a comprehensiv...

In this article an attempt has been made to remark upon the role of Nawab Salimullah for the foundation of All-Indian Muslim League that is the first and only national Muslim political party in the British India. The Nawab of Dhaka was one of the sole organizers of Muslim League. This article took an attempt to shed light on his number of successive political stances with appreciating contemporary nature of politics in India that eventually gravitated him towards forming of Muslim League. Firstly he launched modern regional politics favoring the partition of Bengal and founded a political association in Bengal, then stepped forward to organize a national political body for the Muslims in India. In this stage, Nawab took remarkable responsibilities like making approach to the Muslim people about urgency of political association, apprehending Hindu communal politics against Muslim, publication of Circular Letter, patronizing the Educational Conference at Dhaka, move for Resolution of AIML pertaining to establishment of League. All of these initiatives have been analyzed by an integrated study to find out the notable contributions of Nawab Salimullah towards forming AIML along with development of Muslim politics in India necessarily. The article also afforded Nawab's other visionary relevant works in order to consolidate an advancement of Muslim League transcending banality and mendacity of everyday life in every arena fulfilling the desired dreams of the cornered Muslims.

Sir Syed’s vision to bring together fragmented Muslim efforts for education led to the foundation of Muhammadan Educational Conference. This vision was passionately taken forward by Mohsin-ul-Mulk. He was a man of pragmatic approach and took initiatives to keep the spirit of the conference alive during difficult times. Sir Syed and Mohsin-ul Mulk may have been in disagreement on certain issues, but most of the times they found a meeting ground in their common passion for the betterment of Muslim community. Mohsin-ul Mulk’s untiring efforts not only kept the conference active but also extended its scope to make it an all India phenomenon.

In this article an attempt has been made to remark upon the role of Nawab Salimullah for the foundation of All-Indian Muslim League that is the first and only national Muslim political party in the British India. The Nawab of Dhaka was one of the sole organizers of Muslim League. This article took an attempt to shed light on his number of successive political stances with appreciating contemporary nature of politics in India that eventually gravitated him towards forming of Muslim League. Firstly he launched modern regional politics favoring the partition of Bengal and founded a political association in Bengal, then stepped forward to organize a national political body for the Muslims in India. In this stage, Nawab took remarkable responsibilities like making approach to the Muslim people about urgency of political association, apprehending Hindu communal politics against Muslim, publication of Circular Letter, patronizing the Educational Conference at Dhaka, move for Resolution of AIML pertaining to establishment of League. All of these initiatives have been analyzed by an integrated study to find out the notable contributions of Nawab Salimullah towards forming AIML along with development of Muslim politics in India necessarily. The article also afforded Nawab's other visionary relevant works in order to consolidate an advancement of Muslim League transcending banality and mendacity of everyday life in every arena fulfilling the desired dreams of the cornered Muslims.

This article is based on the social contract and role theories and seeks to propose a model for bolstering the role of the Parliament to enable efficient, effective, and sustainable foreign policy making and execution in Zimbabwe. The research used a mixed research methodology, interviews, newspaper articles, documents and other relevant literature on the role of parliamentary diplomacy in foreign policy formulation. The author argues that Parliament of Zimbabwe has a pivotal role to play in foreign policy formulation and execution through its Portfolio Committee on Foreign Affairs and International Trade, whose purpose is to link Parliament and the Executive. During the period under review, this role of the Parliament was constrained due to the Executive’s purported intransigence, disregard, patronage, and the whipping system. The Parliament of Zimbabwe's participation in inter-parliamentary bodies is weak and lacks vigour due to parliamentarians’ lack of knowledge, resources, fear of the sponsoring party, and the domineering Executive.

There is a growing agreement amongst development stakeholders that parliaments are among the most important engines for economic development and growth. They also establish the laws by which a society is governed. It follows then that any initiative aimed at Parliamentary Conference: Assisting Parliamentarians to Develop their Capacities. Bern (Switzerland) 19

The 21st century has witnessed the intensification of relations between Zimbabwe and the East and other favorable states, Russia among them. Historically under the socialist rhetoric the two countries shared a common political ideology. Zimbabwe- Russia relations dates back to the era of the liberation struggle. The Soviet Union aided Joshua Nkomo's Zimbabwe People's Union and later the Patriotic Front which included Mugabe's Zimbabwe National African Union. The Soviet Union aided the Patriotic Front freedom fighters with training, material and logistical support. After Zimbabwe's independence in 1981, diplomatic relations between Russia and Zimbabwe were efficiently established. These relations were interrupted in 1989 with the collapse of the Soviet Union. Russia maintained her ties with Zimbabwe during this interruption but all the same the relations were non-eventful. The inception of the 21st century witnessed the revival intensification of relations between the...

Among the treasury of great persona produced by subcontinent in the 19 th century, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan KCSI 1 , was one of the most outstanding gems of India, the rationalist, moralist and humanist vibrant who devoted his life in promoting pluralism among Indian multi-religious diversity. He was an Indian Muslim pragmatist, social transformer and educationist in nineteenth century. One of the architects of modern India, he was a great Muslim scholar, future

In many ways, the advent of twentieth century was much significant for the Muslims of South Asia as a number of epoch-making events took place during this period that not only changed the Muslim political culture but also the whole political scenario of the subcontinent. This century was marked by a political awakening of the Muslims to the real or perceived idea that the British policies in the subcontinent were hostile towards their interests. Therefore, even those stalwarts of Aligarh who had been preaching their coreligionists to keep aloof from politics, now turned to advise the students of Aligarh College (in March 1903) to participate in politics. This change took place because of a host of issues such as the attack on Urdu (1900), the partition of Bengal (1905) and the Hindu reaction to that, the victory of the pro-Hindu Labour Party in the U.K., an end of Curzon era and start of Minto's viceroyalty attempting to win over the lost confidence of the Indian public opinion which had emboldened the Indian National Congress (hereafter Congress) and multiplied the Muslim sufferings. The crux of the Muslim collective response to the situation was the formation of the Reform Scheme of Government, the formation of the Muslim Deputation and finally the founding of the All-India Muslim League (hereafter AIML). With these developments began the struggle of Muslims in bracing the abovementioned challenges. This voyage started from Dacca in 1906 and culminated in 1909 at Amritsar. The AIML achieved substantial gains for the Muslims in implementation of the Reform Scheme under Minto-Morley Reforms. Achieving as much as double of the initially offered four seats to the Muslims by the Secretary of State's dispatch of May 1907, was a remarkable victory of AIML within a couple of years. There was no foreign element in the League, i.e. the British supporters unlike the Congress, hence it worked well and succeeded finally winning even more; eight out of twenty eight elected seats of the Imperial Legislative Council. The target achieved was twenty eight per cent whereas the Muslim population in British-India was twenty three percent at that time after deliberations at Karachi (1907) and Amritsar (1909), located far from the center, remote and backward in literacy rates i.e., the Punjab and Sindh. How did these areas achieve for those Muslims who felt threatened in their own constituencies? Whether it was impossible or difficult for them to pursue their agenda in their own strongholds? These are few important points which will be elaborated in this paper. The paper would examine how the AIML formulated policy and tried successfully to put a pressure on the government in reforming the Indian Reform Scheme launched by the British government. Furthermore, performing the basic duty of a researcher, the wrong doings of certain elements commanding this mother political organization would also be taken into account. The period under study is from 1907 to 1909 when most of the energy and attention of the AIML was absorbed in this direction to win its goal.

Sir Syed’s vision to bring together fragmented Muslim efforts for education led to the foundation of Muhammadan Educational Conference. This vision was passionately taken forward by Mohsin-ul-Mulk. He was a man of pragmatic approach and took initiatives to keep the spirit of the conference alive during difficult times. Sir Syed and Mohsin-ul Mulk may have been in disagreement on certain issues, but most of the times they found a meeting ground in their common passion for the betterment of Muslim community. Mohsin-ul Mulk’s untiring efforts not only kept the conference active but also extended its scope to make it an all India phenomenon.

Sir Syed’s vision to bring together fragmented Muslim efforts for education led to the foundation of Muhammadan Educational Conference. This vision was passionately taken forward by Mohsin-ul-Mulk. He was a man of pragmatic approach and took initiatives to keep the spirit of the conference alive during difficult times. Sir Syed and Mohsin-ul Mulk may have been in disagreement on certain issues, but most of the times they found a meeting ground in their common passion for the betterment of Muslim community. Mohsin-ul Mulk’s untiring efforts not only kept the conference active but also extended its scope to make it an all India phenomenon.

This paper examines the achievements of the Muslim League as a pressure group while Morley-Minto reform scheme is worked out. The League claimed constitutional safeguards, separate electorate, weighted representation,reserved quota in the Government services, religious liberty and preservation of cultural values.Finally, the Muslim League's request for safeguard was conceded in the Indian Council Act in May 1909.It also sees the Muslim League breaking out of its Aligarh chrysalis to spread its wings in the wider world of Indian politics, at the same time it is noted how it moves the headquarters from Aligarh's academic tranquility to Lucknow's political hothouse. The annulment of the partition of Bengal in November 1911 created turmoil and decline their future expectations. The Italy-Turkey war in 1911 and the Balkan's war in 1012 annoyed the Muslim League and it lost faith in the British Government. Turkey occupied a special place in the hearts of Indian Muslims because it was the seat of their Caliph. All these internal as well as external affairs affected the Muslims loyalty towards the British Government and created a profound change in the angle of their vision.

United Nations agencies and civil society organisations (CSOs) are working as development partners (DPs) with parliaments across the globe. They are engaged in activities to strengthen parliaments in both developed and developing countries. Data from a study that evaluated the performance of Zimbabwe’s Parliamentary Constituency Information Centres (PCICs) showed that DPs play important roles in disseminating parliamentary information to constituents. This article analyses the contributions by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) and the International Network for the Availability of Scientific Publications (INASP), and the challenges they face in Zimbabwe.

Sir Syed’s vision to bring together fragmented Muslim efforts for education led to the foundation of Muhammadan Educational Conference. This vision was passionately taken forward by Mohsin-ul-Mulk. He was a man of pragmatic approach and took initiatives to keep the spirit of the conference alive during difficult times. Sir Syed and Mohsin-ul Mulk may have been in disagreement on certain issues, but most of the times they found a meeting ground in their common passion for the betterment of Muslim community. Mohsin-ul Mulk’s untiring efforts not only kept the conference active but also extended its scope to make it an all India phenomenon.

a great visionary and scholar of his time was born on 17 th October, 1817 in Delhi. He hailed from a royal and distinguished family. He had enjoyed all the amenities and facilities available to him at home. Being a member of royal family, he was given the best education of the time. In results, he achieved good command over religious literature including religious philosophy, Arabic and Urdu literature as well. He studied Fiqh and Asuli-Fiqh, Quran, Urdu and Arabic literature from the best scholars. Sir Syed exerted all the pleasure in his adolescents. But the death of his father Syed Muhammed Khan in 1838 with whom he was deeply loved and affectionately associated changed the entire course of his life. He left his comfy life and started living more responsible life. Demise of his father was also considered as one of the turning points of his life where he got influenced al lot. As personality, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan was universally accepted as a social reformer, thinker, philosopher, educationist, great visionary and so on. He wrote many books like

Dr Sikandar Hayat is a renowned historian of Pakistan and he has been researching and writing on the Pakistan Movement for a long time. This time he has tackled the most difficult task of reconstructing the story of Pakistan by highlighting the six main leaders of the Pakistan Movement as it evolved beginning with the Muslim revival by Syed Ahmad Khan. The leaders, besides Syed Ahmad Khan, are, the Aga Khan, Syed Ameer Ali, Maulana Mohamed Ali, Allama Muhammad Iqbal, and Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. These leaders were committed to preserving and protecting the interests of Indian Muslims. Some of them coped with the contemporary socio-economic and political challenges not only of these Muslims but also of the broad Muslim Umma.

The All-India Muslim League (AIML) was formed in 1906, with the primary aim to improve the educational and socioeconomic status of Muslims. Allama Shibli Nu'mani (1857-1914) put forward an argument in support of Muslims recovering from the political stupor into which they had fallen after the British suppression of the 1857 uprising. He encouraged Muslims to participate in democratic politics in India, departing from the educational focus of his mentor, Sir Saiyid Ahmad Khan (1817-1898). Shibli advanced a strong critique of the Muslim League's limited ambitions in comparison with the Indian National Congress (INC). His critique, notably in ironic and emotive poetry, significantly contributed to the national discussion pertaining to the Muslim League's reform and restructure. Based on Shibli's original writings, this paper analyses his critique of the Muslim League and his efforts to overhaul its structure and policies. It examines the response of the Muslim League to these critiques and studies the extent to which its structure and policies changed.

Dr. Sikandar Hayat is a renowned historian of Pakistan and he has been researching and writing on the Pakistan Movement for a long time. This time he has tackled the most difficult task of reconstructing the story of Pakistan by highlighting the six main leaders of the Pakistan Movement as it evolved beginning with the Muslim revival by Syed Ahmad Khan. The leaders, besides Syed Ahmad Khan, are, the Aga Khan, Syed Ameer Ali, Maulana Mohamed Ali, Allama Muhammad Iqbal, and Quaid-i-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah. These leaders were committed to preserving and protecting the interests of Indian Muslims. Some of them coped with the contemporary socio-economic and political challenges not only of these Muslims but also of the broad Muslim Umma.

In this article an attempt has been made to remark upon the role of Nawab Salimullah for the foundation of All-Indian Muslim League that is the first and only national Muslim political party in the British India. The Nawab of Dhaka was one of the sole organizers of Muslim League. This article took an attempt to shed light on his number of successive political stances with appreciating contemporary nature of politics in India that eventually gravitated him towards forming of Muslim League. Firstly he launched modern regional politics favoring the partition of Bengal and founded a political association in Bengal, then stepped forward to organize a national political body for the Muslims in India. In this stage, Nawab took remarkable responsibilities like making approach to the Muslim people about urgency of political association, apprehending Hindu communal politics against Muslim, publication of Circular Letter, patronizing the Educational Conference at Dhaka, move for Resolution of AIML pertaining to establishment of League. All of these initiatives have been analyzed by an integrated study to find out the notable contributions of Nawab Salimullah towards forming AIML along with development of Muslim politics in India necessarily. The article also afforded Nawab's other visionary relevant works in order to consolidate an advancement of Muslim League transcending banality and mendacity of everyday life in every arena fulfilling the desired dreams of the cornered Muslims.

The formation of the All-India Muslim League, the first ever Muslim political party in British India to see the light of the day, represents a watershed in the political history of the Indian subcontinent. It was, in fact, the outcome of a long historical process during which the Muslims of India faced challenges at different levels, political, economic and socio-cultural. Yet, the origin of this political organisation has been a moot point among scholars. Did the British have a hand in its creation or was it a genuinely Muslim initiative? The aim of this article, therefore, is to investigate this issue as well as shed light on the circumstances that led to the birth of this party.

The formation of the All-India Muslim League, the first ever Muslim political party in British India to see the light of the day, represents a watershed in the political history of the Indian subcontinent. It was, in fact, the outcome of a long historical process during which the Muslims of India faced challenges at different levels, political, economic and socio-cultural. Yet, the origin of this political organisation has been a moot point among scholars. Did the British have a hand in its creation or was it a genuinely Muslim initiative? The aim of this article, therefore, is to investigate this issue as well as shed light on the circumstances that led to the birth of this party.

Quaid-i-Azam Muhammad Ali Jinnah's, the founder of Pakistan, birth anniversary is being celebrated once again on December 25, 2020 by the ever-grateful nation. As a public leader, despite all the odds against him, he had performed the political miracle of the 20th century by founding an independent country on the world map out of nowhere. Mr Jinnah was attracted to politics when he was still in London studying law. He often attended the British Parliament and attentively watched from gallery the ways, manners, gestures and even the dress of prominent members. In fact, his reader's tickets of the British Museum are still preserved in the British metropolis. Quite significantly, he read all the speeches of important parliamentarians at the British Museum and this had formed the background of his career as well. He leaned towards liberalism and was not a narrow-minded sectarian or an intolerant politician. Instead, he always stood for liberal policies. Mr Jinnah started his parliamentary career with his election to the Imperial Legislative Council in 1909. He remained its member until March 28, 1919, but resigned in protest against what is known as the Rowlatt Act. He believed it to be a new shackle on the freedom of the people. However, despite his protests, the act was passed because the government members were in majority-ultimately leading to his resignation. The several qualities of Quaid-i-Azam as a parliamentarian are often enumerated as his strategy, keen insight, abled advocacy, clear representation, reasoning power, balanced judgement and undaunted criticism. He was very often witty and sarcastic which distinguished him as a parliamentarian. In view of these qualities, the Quaid is generally described as an individual who was born to be a parliamentarian and his self-confidence, sincerity, honesty, outspokenness and frankness coupled with his ability and acumen made him proficient in his career. The Quaid-i-Azam, as the Governor General, was the head of the executive and his presidency would have taken the traditions to the pre-1919 days. He would have presided over the meetings of the Assembly when it met as a constitution making body but Maulvi Tamizuddin Khan presided when it met as a Legislature and this was a tribute to the political genius of the Quaid-i-Azam-a title given to him by the Assembly.

was demanded on the fundamental basis that the Indian Muslims constituted a nation by themselves and were, therefore, entitled to the right of self-determination. During the period of the struggle for Pakistan, this was made clear by the Quaid-i-Azam more than once. For instance, he refused Mr. Gandhi's offer in 1944 that the Muslim majority areas could separate from an all-India union by invoking the right of self-determination on a territorial basis. And he emphatically told him that the Muslims claimed the right of self-determination as a nation and not as a territorial unit; indeed, they were entitled to exercise their inherent right as a Muslim nation which was their birthright.

Over the last few years, intergovernmental affairs and the roles of individual countries within the West have started to shift. In response, Kyiv should reorder the priorities and emphases of its foreign political, economic, and cultural policies. The central focus of this re-orientation should be more resolute than the hitherto deepening of Ukrainian relations has been, not only with the German government but also with the broader political elite, industrial companies, and the civil society of the Federal Republic. A recent systematic study of German perceptions of Ukraine can help develop new approaches, initiatives, and policies to reach a new level of German–Ukrainian partnership.

Aligarh Movement is, in fact, the name of continuous struggle of Sir Syed Ahmed Khan that he launched for the betterment of Muslims. This movement performed the educational, social, religious and literary services for the Muslims, so Sir Syed Ahmed Khan and Aligarh Movement are the two names of one and the same thing. 1:-Educational Services Sir Syed Ahmed Khan opened educational institutions for Muslims so that new paths of progress might open for them, for they had become literally backward. The English introduced English as an official language in place of Persian. Hindus by getting English education, got the jobs but Muslims remained behind terrified. Sir Syed made it clear that it was quite wrong to think that English education would keep them away from religion. Our religion did not forbid to learn English language and Western sciences. Where he put emphasis on the learning of English language there he did not ignore Urdu. He gave full attention to it. He also shifted the Society of Scientific Knowledge to Aligarh. He constituted the committee for the progress of Muslims. The aim of it was the acquisition of the knowledge of the reasons of low strength of Muslims in government's colleges and schools; and why they gone behind in learning the new sciences. The research showed that the Muslims wanted to have their own institutions for the education of the Muslims. For this purpose Muhammadan College Fund Committee was established. In May 1875 MuhammadanAngloOrientalHigh School was established in Aligarh, and after two years the school was upgraded to a college. In a short time it became the important educational institution of Muslims. The reason of it was the availability of the boarding facilities for the students alongwith the modern and religious education. Sir Syed desired that the college be given the status of a University, but this did not happen in his life time. Twenty years after his death AligarhCollege was made a University in 1920. Sir Syed Ahmed Khan realized that the AligarhCollege even after becoming a University would not be able to meet the educational needs of all the Muslims of India. Therefore, he made a way out to spread the message of Aligarh in all the parts of India. For this, he established Muhammadan Educational Conference. The meetings of it were held every year in different cities, and attempts were made to solve the educational and other problems of the Muslims. 2:-Social Services Sir Syed Ahmed Khan wrote many books and magazines for the social involvement of Muslims. He brought out the magazine 'Tehzeeb-ul-Akhlaq' in 1870, in which he narrated the rules and principles to make the Muslims dynamic and effective. He established an orphanage in Muradabad. Sir Syed wanted to bring Muslims socially closer to the English. Therefore he taught new ways of living to the Muslims; coat, pantaloon, modern designing of houses and use of knife and fork in eating. All that was

Parliamentary diplomacy is an emerging concept on the global field which has seen Members of Parliament engage in diverse activities aimed at enhancing international relations among nations. This study examined the Parliament of Zimbabwe’s engagement in international relations, considering its emerging role and value, the role played by MPs as the custodians of parliamentary diplomacy and Parliament staff as the facilitators and providers of support to the Parliamentarians on diplomatic duties. This study made use of the qualitative method that relied on sources such as Parliament Hansards, parliament publications, journals, interviews, books and speeches. Recognition of parliamentary diplomacy as a complementary diplomatic channel to the executive has been limited and slow to develop in Zimbabwe because it has been regarded as an intrusion into the domain of the executive, this has resulted in the underestimation of parliamentary diplomacy in Zimbabwe. As such this research sought to examine the role played by parliamentary diplomacy in Zimbabwe’s international relations

The divide and rule policy adopted by the British India government, which had drive the British India society from religious complexity and social conflicted into even worse. With sectarian conflict in the British India and the invasion from the United Kingdom, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan's initial reaction was to appeal solidarity and struggle for the independence of whole British Indian people. However, with the evolution of a series of events, Sir Syed Ahmad Khan had abandoned the original intention gradually, and had played a vital role in promoted the British India Islamic Nationalism among the British India Muslims eventually.