Internatioal Relations

This work is a Persian translation by Pooria Ramezanian of Alain Patrick Olivier’s paper “Hegel und der Geist des Islamismus.” The present version is intended for Persian-speaking readers, with the aim of making the main arguments of the original text more accessible.
All intellectual property rights of the original article remain with its author and publisher. This translation is an independent and non-official rendering and does not claim to replace the original. Its sole purpose is to open a philosophical dialogue within the Persian language and to provide a basis for further research.
The translator has sought to preserve the conceptual precision of the original text while, at the same time, employing a terminology appropriate to the philosophical tradition in Persian, thereby creating a bridge between Hegelian discourse and the possibilities of the Persian language.
—
Pooria Ramezanian
[2025 / 09 / 29]

The resulting academic research document on the IGAD Mediation submitted for academic grading at the University of Nairobi and also to the IGAD secretariat to inform decision making on the organisation's mediation process by Isaac Victor Ongiri

Rojhelatê Kurdîstanî hoka tarîxê kurdan ra xeylê girîng o. Nê leteyê Kurdîstanî de çend dewlete û mîrîyê kurdan ronîyayî û rijîyayî. Nînan ra yew zî Mîrîya Erdelanî (Ardalan) ya. Na mîrîye 698 serrî serdestîya xo domnaye. Netîce de seserra XIX. de bi destê Xanedanê Qaçaran rijîyaye. Ma do nê nuşteyî de destpêk ra heta peynî behsê Mîrîya Erdelanî bikerê.

Unity, empathy, and abandonment of strife and division are among the most fundamental, progressive and lofty human teachings. The environment as the bed of human life is one of the factors that can affect the formation of this important and if it does not play its desired role, it can distance man from this goal. This study aims to achieve the physical components of the environment in order to facilitate empathy and unity among the people of society; First, he studied the concept of community in architecture and urban planning and then, while linking it with the concept of a single nation, and relying on the enabling nature of the environment, provided physical components for the formation of harmony and empathy between sections of society in the context of Islamic culture. The main question of this research, which has been done with descriptive-analytical method and qualitative approach, is how to help the physical components of the environment to create unity, empathy and harmony among people from the perspective of Islamic thought. With the findings of this study, which represents several physical characteristics for the artificial environment, it can be hoped that the environment will be a platform for the formation of unity among the ummah.

The main goal of this one-day international conference is to explore the phenomenon of global solidarity and consider the ways it can be problematised, interpreted and understood from different geopolitical and social perspectives. We are looking particularly for alternatives to dominant discourses of liberalism, methodological nationalism and Eurocentrism. Despite the presence of global phenomena in contemporary social science for more than half a century, the need remains for a better-grounded understanding of how transnational, supranational and international governance and practices transform institutions, participatory models, and praxes of solidarity. We accept contributions based on all traditions of critical social theory and research (for example: critical social theory, cultural studies, neo-Marxism, constructivism, postcolonial theory, and critical political economy).

In the 19th century, the concept of 'Manifest Destiny' came to the fore in the United States, a sort of belief in the natural superiority of what was then called the 'Anglo-Saxon race': to expand was considered a mission, to spread their form of freedom and democracy. For the proponents of Manifest Destiny, expansion was not only good, but also obvious (manifest) and inevitable (destiny). All concepts linked to American exceptionalism and romantic nationalism, and precursors of American imperialism and Americanism. In addition to the obvious (indeed manifest) reflections on the fact that this concept survives even today, let us take a closer look at its nefarious influence. We will close by sticking to the theme of this column: the Native Americans, who are an excellent example for analysing contemporary politics and history. Alexis de Tocqueville said: 'History is a gallery of paintings where there are few originals and many copies'.

he phenomenon of globalization is having a major impact on systems around the world. The promoters argue persuasively that globalization will lead to global stability, reduction of poverty and inequalities within and among nations and a higher standard of living for all. However, experience on ground has shown otherwise. The third world countries especially those in African region have been made vulnerable. Instead of becoming more integrated into the world economy, Africa has been largely marginalized and excluded from the real benefits of globalization. Thus, this study aims at comprehensively investigating the implications of globalization in the economic development of Africa. Basically, the study is qualitative, utilizing mostly secondary source of data such as books, journals, newspaper articles, conference papers, internet publications, among others; all considered relevant in understanding the issue of globalization and its implications in Africa. The findings of the study reveal that globalization has raised some troubling concerns for a developing continent like Africa. And that since Africa"s economies are not competitive and lacking in technological innovations, it may be difficult for the region to maximize or access the full benefits of globalization. The study, thus, concludes by recommending among other things that Africa must position itself appropriately by making serious internal political and economic restructuring; deepening regional integration by creating a single market and investing on digital infrastructure which will make Africa visible in global trade regime as a respected participant.

he New Partnership for Africa's Development (NEPAD) is the African socioeconomic development plan based on a new partnership between African States and Tt heir development partners, especially the highly industrialized countries of the West. It is an initiative geared towards overcoming Africa's problems of underdevelopment, poverty, undemocratic regimes and poor cooperation among African states. However, since the inception of NEPAD, much economic integration had not taken place among the African states. Hence, the study sets to examine why NEPAD has not made considerable impact in integrating the sub-regional economic groups in Africa. The study is basically qualitative. It utilized existing literatures on African regional development in seeking understanding about NEPAD. The findings reveal that unlike the European Union (EU) and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), regional organizations whose citizens are familiar with the workings of their economic mechanisms, many citizens in Africa have fuzzy knowledge of the African Union (AU) and the NEPAD. The study concludes by recommending that African leaders should involve the civil society, private organizations and ordinary people in the activities of NEPAD in order to create the necessary ownership of the project.

The goal of this article is the analysis of Ahmadinejad government's foreign policy according to the critical theory of international relations. Whether it seems foreign policy of Mahmood Ahmadinejad, government is different from his before and after governments. Perhaps it could be provided more detailed and objective analysis from foreign policy of Islamic Republic of Iran during Ahmadinejad government, according to the critical theory of international relations. Accordingly, the main question of the article is: How can analyze foreign policy of Ahmadinejad, according to the critical theory of international relations. It is assumed the critical theory of international relations has the ability and feature for foreign policy of Ahmadinejad. It seems that foreign policy of Ahmadinejad government criticized unjust and hegemonic structure of international system. Therefore it can be said, in negative form (what should not be),foreign policy of Ahmadinejad government is so matched ...

Evaluate the relationship between nuclear weapons and the sustainability of the stability and security of the international system, taking into account today's international system, wars, and conflicts ? The international system is anarchic; states are seeking their interests and safety; their purpose is to stay alive in the system. Also, they have considered the pros and cons rationally before they behave and act. Nuclear power has been developing since WWII.During World War II, a security dilemma existed by Hitler's Germany. The fear of the Nazis' achieving nuclear power led the USA to the Manhattan Project, which will cause the deaths of 200.000 Japanese and the end of WWII. After the USA's Little Boy and Fat Man bombs, the international system has seen the power of nuclear bombs, and that was a threat to other states because, depending on one state's leader's decision about others lives, it makes them unsafe against the possibility of attack. Thus, the Soviet Union developed their nuclear bombs against the deterrence of the USA bombs, and China knew that it could not stay in the system strongly without the nuclear. Then,India, which is the historical rival of newly independent Pakistan's enemy, proliferated its nuclear weapons as well. The security dilemma established paradox may not be an exact paradox but similar.

At the request of a client, I was asked to investigate the labour and trades union activities associated with the major metal plants in Russia-Russian Aluminium, Siberian-Urals Aluminium Company (SUAL), Norilsk Nickel, and Urals Mining and Metallurgical Company (UGMK).. I did this report in 2001. It illustrated some of the fundamental problems of the Russian organised labour movement and highlighted the efforts by the U.S. to control and guide them. True labour militancy did not develop on a large scale across Russia until 2015.

Using the 2005 unilateral Israeli withdrawal from Gaza as a case study, this article exposes an apparent paradox: circumstances may exist in which an outcome that serves the interests of parties to a conflict cannot be achieved through bilateral negotiation but can be achieved by unilateral action.Although the withdrawal was seen at the time as serving the interests of both the Israeli government and the Palestinians, we argue that the same result could not have been achieved through bilateral negotiations. "Behind-the-table" internal conflicts on each side would have made it impossible for the leaders to agree on the scope of these negotiations. Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's success in implementing his Gaza withdrawal was attributable in significant measure to his ability to maintain ambiguity about his long-run plans for the West Bank. Only by focusing attention on Gaza was he able to build the necessary coalition to implement the controversial move.The Palestinian leaders, on the other hand, could never have agreed to come to the table to negotiate about Gaza alone-they would have insisted that the scope of any negotiations address a broad range of final status issues.

Rus edebiyatının önde gelen isimlerinden biri olan K. S. Aksakov, edebiyata düşkün bir babanın oğlu olarak hem sanatın hem de slavofil düşüncelerin hâkim olduğu bir evde büyür. Aksakov kadim Slav ruhunu Rusya'da ilk defa örgütleştiren kişidir. Sanatçı gençlik yıllarında sadece Slavofil düşüncelere değil aynı zamanda felsefeye de ilgi duyar. Özellikle de Hegel kaynaklı 'felsefe tarihi' içerikli incelemeler yaptığı da dikkat çeker. Bu çalışmamızda inceleyeceğimiz 'Konstantinopol Kapılarında Oleg' de işte bu incelemelerinden biridir. Aksakov'un bu eseri, 1830'lu yıllarda Moskova Üniversitesi'nde ders veren tarih profesörü ve aynı zamanda üniversitenin rektörü M. T. Kaçenovskiy'in verdiği bir derste Büyük Knyaz Oleg'in efsanevi bir kişilik olduğunu ve ayrıca Rus yazar, şair, tarihçi ve eleştirmen N. M. Karamzin'in on iki ciltlik eseri 'Rus Devleti Tarihi'nde yanlı ve kesinlik taşımayan kaynaklar kullandığını iddia etmesi üzerine öfkelenerek yazar. Piyes tarzında kaleme alınan bu eserde baştan sona inanışları, giyimleri, yaşam şekilleri vs. kadim Slav ruhunu derinden hissettirir.

Afghan war has long been considered as a strategic failure, as the US could neither bring an end to the violence, nor ensure complete territorial control. Deteriorating security situation has also endangered stability of adjoining states. With the failure of military means to resolve Afghan crisis, the need for a political solution gained momentum resulting in the US-Taliban agreement in early 2020. This study traces out why, despite various rounds of talks and initiatives of reconciliation and peace process, the successful stability could not be achieved in Afghanistan. The study concluded that all the stake-holders continued to pursue unrealistic objectives, resulting in failure of the previous efforts of peace talks.

Globalization is one of the most important developments of the late twentieth century, which is continued intensively in the twenty first century. Due to the complexity and multifaceted terms of the subject matter and level of analysis, there has been multiple and even contradictory definition for it. One of the most significant debates in the field of globalization is whether globalization leads to justice at the global level in general and at the context and inner part of the countries in particular or vice versa will expand injustice and makes crisis of legitimacy and efficiency throughout the countries. Justice is a key concept, which is defined in every country according to its different school of thoughts. To explain justice in the Islamic Republic of Iran, an overview of the country's economic development and orientation programs is essential. In this paper, the authors have studied the country's economic development programs, the results of these programs, and the ro...

Afghan war has long been considered as a strategic failure, as the US could neither bring an end to the violence, nor ensure complete territorial control. Deteriorating security situation has also endangered stability of adjoining states. With the failure of military means to resolve Afghan crisis, the need for a political solution gained momentum resulting in the US-Taliban agreement in early 2020. This study traces out why, despite various rounds of talks and initiatives of reconciliation and peace process, the successful stability could not be achieved in Afghanistan. The study concluded that all the stake-holders continued to pursue unrealistic objectives, resulting in failure of the previous efforts of peace talks.

The long-discussed dichotomy between “will” and “intellect” could also be explained through various other binaries – nature-culture, objective-subjective, immanent-non-immanent, a priori-a posteriori etc. The concept of will was also analyzed by Nietzsche who remained obsessed with “will to power” or wille zur macht, while Foucault dealt with the idea of “will to knowledge” in relatively recent decades. But, as one takes a cue from Schopenhauer, the battle between “happiness” and “ennui” which is also a bout between life and death is nothing but a quest for that ever-elusive happiness. Thus, be it the hedonistic principle of positive enjoyment of life‟s pleasure in “will to live” or be it the renunciation or the “denial of the will to live”, all that matters is the quest for “will to happiness”. Thus, this paper is an attempt to introduce the concept of “will to happiness” as the culmination of all other forms of will.

La diplomacia de la Unión Europea siempre ha prestado mucha atención al conflicto palestinoisraelí. Uno de los elementos clave en ello es el reconocimiento de un estado palestino. Este artículo analiza este aspecto en particular ahora que Suecia ha reconocido tal estado, pero lo ha hecho no solo teniendo en cuenta a las instituciones y estados de la UE: también cubre las reacciones de tres parlamentos nacionales: los de España, Italia y Grecia. Por tanto, este artículo enriquece tanto a los estudios sobre la diplomacia de la UE como a los de la diplomacia parlamentaria, lo que es un área emergente en la investigación académica.

Uttarakhand has always had a history of valor and sacrifices. Few are aware of the fact that the brave soldiers of Uttarakhand played a crucial role in the Indian National Army, lead by one of the greatest son of the soil Subhash Chandra Bose. Garhwal Rifles was officially part of British Indian Army and was sent to a campaign on the Malaya Coast to fight against the Axis Forces i.e., Japan, during the Second World War in the early 1940s. Japan won the war and captured the soldiers as Prisoners of War (POW). During the same time, the I.N.A was formed by Mohan Singh and others in East Asia, and it started incorporating Indian POW as recruits in the I.N.A army. Following the traditions of Veer Chandra Singh Garhwali, the

The growing importance of Brazil, Russia, India and China in the global economy is reflected in the increasing weight of their companies in Fortune Global 500 rankings. Gaining greater knowledge of the characteristics of large firms that dominate the global economy is inherently an important endeavour. Uneven access to data and information makes understanding the strategy, structure, ownership and performance of large business an ambitious programme of research. When it comes to the analysis of the BRICs limitations are even greater. The BRIC economies are different from each other and this is also true as far as the heights of their respective business worlds are considered. But they also share some crucial features: concentrated ownership, with governments and families at the helm, diversification and internationalisation.

The paper reflects on the role and importance of the creation of international networks at a regional level for the development of higher education in the field of Philology. As a model we take the Network of Hispanists from Central Europe. From the six universities that helped create its basisin 2009, the Network grew to integrate 19 universities from eight countries.The heterogeneous structure of the network contributes to raising the quality of teaching and to enriching the curricula at the member universities.

The paper reflects on the role and importance of the creation of international networks at a regional level for the development of higher education in the field of Philology. As a model we take the Network of Hispanists from Central Europe. From the six universities that helped create its basisin 2009, the Network grew to integrate 19 universities from eight countries.The heterogeneous structure of the network contributes to raising the quality of teaching and to enriching the curricula at the member universities.

Research and analysis related to migration, the historical review of its origin, the observation of its cause and its implication have been extremely popular issues since illegal migration has reached unrecognized dimensions in Hungary in 2015. We may hate the wandering "community", we may be scared of it, it is up to your temper, there is only one thing we cannot do is to ignore it. There are several options for solution and for satisfactory management to take into account, which can spread from the complete separation to integration. The technical barrier protecting our country and the Schengen borders so-called the temporary border fence, had its first section built on the Hungarian-Croatian border line, measuring 4 meters height and 175 kms length. Camera systems, patrol roads, Smart Signal Systems and patrolling police and military forces are integral parts of this defense system. The authors of this publication introduce the migration airborne from the perspective of...

Globalization is one of the most important developments of the late twentieth century, which is continued intensively in the twenty first century. Due to the complexity and multifaceted terms of the subject matter and level of analysis, there has been multiple and even contradictory definition for it. One of the most significant debates in the field of globalization is whether globalization leads to justice at the global level in general and at the context and inner part of the countries in particular or vice versa will expand injustice and makes crisis of legitimacy and efficiency throughout the countries. Justice is a key concept, which is defined in every country according to its different school of thoughts. To explain justice in the Islamic Republic of Iran, an overview of the country's economic development and orientation programs is essential. In this paper, the authors have studied the country's economic development programs, the results of these programs, and the ro...

ARTICLE DETAILS Abstract Article History Published Online: In modern civilization, an academic discussion on the idea of Rights is essential because its core principles ascertain humans as independent and sovereign. This paper, in the view of the significance of rights in a human being‟s life, discusses the idea of rights and focuses on two questions that ask what is the purpose of rights and who is entitled to have rights. To explore the possible answers, this paper discusses different perspectives that have evolved with political thinking. While doing so, the paper argues that in the modern States, rights are introduced and discussed as a common consensus and their objective is to attain a common good. In order to keep the rights as a common consent, this paper argues to realize and endorse rights above the division of self and others. In view of this stance, this paper discusses rights with reference to three ideas. The first sheds light on the fact that rights are interests of i...

Afghan war has long been considered as a strategic failure, as the US could neither bring an end to the violence, nor ensure complete territorial control. Deteriorating security situation has also endangered stability of adjoining states. With the failure of military means to resolve Afghan crisis, the need for a political solution gained momentum resulting in the US-Taliban agreement in early 2020. This study traces out why, despite various rounds of talks and initiatives of reconciliation and peace process, the successful stability could not be achieved in Afghanistan. The study concluded that all the stake-holders continued to pursue unrealistic objectives, resulting in failure of the previous efforts of peace talks.

In the wake of the September 11, 2001 attacks, the United States assumed the leading role in the war against terror by attacking al-Qaeda and the Taliban regime, which afforded protection to al-Qaeda in Afghanistan. The expanded commitment by the US and its allies to rebuild Afghanistan, combined with the renewed global terrorist threat, prolonged the war. In the Doha Agreement, signed in February 2020, the US undertook to withdraw its forces in exchange for a promise by the Taliban that it would not help terrorist organizations operate in Afghanistan. On August 30, 2021, following two decades of a global war on terrorism, US forces withdrew from Afghanistan. However, the Taliban's takeover, combined with the terrorist activity by ISIS Khorasan, raises questions about Afghanistan's future. The Taliban's achievements are liable to be shared by extremist and jihad movements. This article reviews the significance of the US withdrawal, while examining US foreign policy in Afghanistan under four American presidents.

Published on the eve of the fortieth anniversary of the 1982 Falklands-Malvinas War, Gurkhas, Falklands and Leadership completes Mike Seear’s trilogy on the subject. “The Gurkha Stone” unveiling on East Falkland in April 2019 also formally marked, at last, the 1st Battalion, 7th Duke of Edinburgh’s Own Gurkha Rifles participation in Operation Corporate. Much effort has been devoted in the book to accessing primary and secondary sources of information. These include previously unpublished experiences of combatants representing the Brigade of Gurkhas, their Argentine opponents and a Scots Guardsman. The result is a forensic and realistically jarring story in which effective leadership in an artillery-dominated battlefield environment was a decisive factor for final success.

Mike Seear served for more than two decades in the British Army, seeing tours of duty in Northern Ireland, Malaysia, Hong Kong, Canada, Germany, the USA and Norway. He was also a combatant in the Falklands-Malvinas War of 1982. Since retiring from the British Army in 1988 with the rank of Major he has become a specialist in the history and aftermath of that conflict.

Using the 2005 unilateral Israeli withdrawal from Gaza as a case study, this article exposes an apparent paradox: circumstances may exist in which an outcome that serves the interests of parties to a conflict cannot be achieved through bilateral negotiation but can be achieved by unilateral action.Although the withdrawal was seen at the time as serving the interests of both the Israeli government and the Palestinians, we argue that the same result could not have been achieved through bilateral negotiations. "Behind-the-table" internal conflicts on each side would have made it impossible for the leaders to agree on the scope of these negotiations. Prime Minister Ariel Sharon's success in implementing his Gaza withdrawal was attributable in significant measure to his ability to maintain ambiguity about his long-run plans for the West Bank. Only by focusing attention on Gaza was he able to build the necessary coalition to implement the controversial move.The Palestinian leaders, on the other hand, could never have agreed to come to the table to negotiate about Gaza alone-they would have insisted that the scope of any negotiations address a broad range of final status issues.

The paper seeks to examine the relations between the Kenyan and Western labour movements, particularly with the AFL-CIO and the ICFTU. It is shown that apart from the mere offer of financial inducements by these Western labour movements, on which many writers tend to dwell, the collaborative relationship between them and the Kenyan labour movement, which emerged from the early 1950s to the mid-1960s, was made possible by the remarkable ideological compatibility between these movements. This arose out of the conjuncture of internal contradictions of both movements and the process of decolonisation. It will be argued that while the Kenyan labour movement was not simply being 'manipulated', as is so often asserted by some dependency writers, its relations with the Western labour movements rein forced internal' trends towards deradicalisation.

When you want to inspire a young man or woman to become a good and motivated professional officer in one of the armed services and then one of their branches, you should use national, service and unit history both as a bait and tool. Thereby you can offer a framework for the junior officer’s initial efforts by presenting the organisation’s roots and highlight the hoped for professional ethos, and it can present a well-illustrated role models copy.

In "Barriers to Progress at the Negotiation Table: Internal Conflicts Among Israelis and Among Palestinians,"' Professor Robert Mnookin and associates Ehud Eiran and Sreemati Mitter provide a detailed description of the fundamental internal schisms within Israeli and Palestinian societies that complicate the conflict between them. In Israel, the domestic conflict concerns the West Bank settlements, home to 250,000 Israeli Jews, established after Israel captured the region from Jordan in the 1967 Six-Day War. Among Palestinians, the primary internal conflict concerns the claimed "right of return" to Israel of the Palestinians who fled Israel during the 1947-1948 war and their descendents-approximately four million people in all. 2 It is indisputable that the West Bank settlements and the right of return are central issues in Israeli and Palestinian political life. Mnookin et al. demonstrate this fact through their compelling historical narrative and examination of modern-day politics between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. What is less clear is whether there is a causal relationship between these "behind the table" conflicts and the failure of Israel and the Palestinians to successfully negotiate a final status agreement "across the table." The authors claim that the internal conflicts provide the "essential explanation" for the ongoing failure of the Israelis and Palestinians to end their dispute. 3 Although the authors do not explain precisely what they mean by this, the statement seems to suggest one of two possible beliefs. The stronger possible claim is that, were it not for these internal conflicts, Israel and the Palestinians would be able to negotiate a final status agreement. The weaker possible claim is that unless and until these internal conflicts are resolved, a final-status agreement will be impossible. Although the authors convincingly demonstrate the depth of the internal conflicts among both Israelis and Palestinians, their claim concerning the centrality of these conflicts to the ongoing impasse is defended quite lightly. This is too bad, because the claim is both eminently plausible and certainly contestable. In this response, I will attempt to evaluate this claim. Building on my

This article examines the historical genesis, nature, features and international legal status of the Institute representation at the UN, both on the territory of the member states and of the member states to the UN. An attempt was made to reveal the status and characteristics of the offices of both the UN and its specialized agencies. On the basis of the analysis, proposals were made to strengthen the status of the representation of Uzbekistan to the UN.

In comparison with the formation and development of the Indian National Army in Southeast Asia, the impact of the Indian Legion during the Second World War in Europe, both in the academia and popular perception has received little attention. While there are a few overviews, specific aspects of the Indian Legion have not been addressed adequately. Military history, especially, has not engaged with this area. Although archival material in Britain and France is yet to be tapped, the files on the Legion held at the Federal Archives in Freiburg 2 and the memoirs of the members of the Legion along with the rich body of sources on its founder, Subhas Chandra Bose (respectfully named Netaji; 1897-1945), can pave the way towards a reconstruction of aspects of the history of the Indian Legion. This chapter is an attempt at such a reconstruction of the Indian Legion’s stationing in France from summer of 1943 up to its withdrawal late in autumn of 1944. A defining factor in the choice of this p...

In comparison with the formation and development of the Indian National Army in Southeast Asia, the impact of the Indian Legion during the Second World War in Europe, both in the academia and popular perception has received little attention. While there are a few overviews, specific aspects of the Indian Legion have not been addressed adequately. Military history, especially, has not engaged with this area. Although archival material in Britain and France is yet to be tapped, the files on the Legion held at the Federal Archives in Freiburg 2 and the memoirs of the members of the Legion along with the rich body of sources on its founder, Subhas Chandra Bose (respectfully named Netaji; 1897-1945), can pave the way towards a reconstruction of aspects of the history of the Indian Legion. This chapter is an attempt at such a reconstruction of the Indian Legion’s stationing in France from summer of 1943 up to its withdrawal late in autumn of 1944. A defining factor in the choice of this p...

This paper describes the formulation of a list of activities that can be used in analysis of infantry operations. Company tasks have been used to derive nine distinct activities that may be carried out by infantry sections and platoons. These were characterised in terms of the separate phases, skills and tools required, physiological and psychological intensity and proposed analytical measures. Six core skills were identified that are common to several activities. Personal factors related to non-combat time were also determined. Taken in total, the personal factors, and the section and platoon activities are sufficient to adequately categorise the "soldier's day". The work supports soldier modernisation studies as part of Project WUNDURRA.

Case Perspective
This case has been developed as a basis for academic discussion
and analysis of the pertinent issues from divergent angles, in an
objective manner, rather than to illustrate handling of any business
or management situation. The case is based on the information publicly
available through company annual reports, brochures, leaflets,
newspapers, magazines, government and institutional reports,
websites, and other such material. All the sources are gratefully
acknowledged. The case has been prepared for an academic purpose,
the stakeholders and other interest groups should not use any
information for drawing any conclusion or opinion about any company
or business issue.
Verizon and COVID-19: New Threats and Opportunities
Verizon Communications Inc. had just experienced one of its
most successful years in 2019, having expanded its 5G Ultra-Wideband
service to 31 U.S. cities (Schultz & Van Dinter, 2020) and winning
RootMetric’s prestigious overall network performance award for the
13th consecutive year (McCann & Hemlin, 2020). In a letter to
shareholders, the CEO of Verizon Hans Vestberg touted Verizon’s
accomplishments as the first company to commercially implement
in-home 5G internet and laid out three imperative organizational goals
for 2020 (Verizon 2019 Annual Report, 2019):
1. Preserve the immense advantages that this company has
inherited from its proud past. This includes maintaining a highly
skilled workforce, brand integrity, and network infrastructure.
2. Strengthen these core assets in order to retain market leadership
at a time of increased competition. This goal requires new
workforce training, tools, and new organizational structure
designed to maximize innovation.
3. Last and most important, to transform our operations wherever
needed in order to not only keep pace with change, but to
drive the change.