Cyber Conflict

The classical theories of presidential and political power, most notably Richard Neustadt's concept of persuasion, have long shaped scholarly understanding of executive leadership. However, the 21st century presents fundamentally new challenges-including digital polarization, the rise of artificial intelligence, algorithmic governance, and the erosion of institutional trust-that limit the explanatory power of these frameworks. This article introduces the Composite Adaptive Influence Strategy Theory (CAIST) as a novel, comprehensive, and transnational paradigm for analyzing and guiding political leadership. CAIST integrates three foundational principles (Diagnosis, Multi-Faceted Toolkit, Adaptability) with five operational dimensions (Persuasion Power, Mobilization Power, Institutional/Unilateral Power, Digital Power, Ethical Legitimacy) and a sixth emergent dimension: Algorithmic Power and Legitimacy. Through comparative case studies of the United States, France, Turkey, China, and the Middle East, this article demonstrates the applicability of CAIST across diverse political systems. The study argues that CAIST not only provides a more holistic understanding of contemporary leadership but also anticipates future transformations in governance driven by big data, AI, and globalized public opinion.

This appendix explains the foundations of the Third Generation in International Relations (IR3). It shows how international relations moved step by step: from IR1 (sovereignty and institutions) to IR2 (globalization), then IR2⁺ (populist disruption), and finally to IR3 (algorithmic diplomacy). The main idea is simple: earlier generations changed the appearance of diplomacy but not its core. Institutions, globalization, and social media made diplomacy look modern, but wars, inequality, and political bias continued. This is why peace processes often failed. IR3 is different. It places algorithms, digital tools, and symbolic codes at the heart of diplomacy. The goal is not just faster communication, but real reform of the rules of global governance. By combining technology with diplomacy, IR3 offers a new way to deal with today’s challenges—such as cyber conflicts, media influence, and the loss of trust in international institutions. This appendix provides the key terms and ideas needed to follow future studies on IR3. It is both a guide to past failures and a roadmap for building a stronger and fairer system of international relations in the digital age.

Este artículo analiza la reconfiguración que las tecnologías emergentes están produciendo en la relación entre organizaciones terroristas y grupos de crimen organizados en América Latina (2010)(2011)(2012)(2013)(2014)(2015)(2016)(2017)(2018)(2019)(2020)(2021)(2022)(2023). La evidencia encontrada revela un proceso de "metamorfosis y adaptación mediante el cual la incorporación de innovaciones tecnológicas está haciendo borrosa las las fronteras operativas, tácticas y estratégicas entre estos fenómenos. Los resultados muestran que tecnologías como criptoactivos, comunicaciones cifradas y plataformas digitales funcionan como catalizadores de convergencia, mientras que la inteligencia artificial y los sistemas autónomos representan factores de transformación emergentes. El trabajo busca explicar cómo estos desarrollos tecnológicos facilitan la colaboración entre grupos anteriormente diferenciados, generando organizaciones híbridas que desafiaban los sistemas de seguridad tradicionales, confrontando a las estructuras del Estado.

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Cyberwarfare now poses an existential threat to national security, with adversaries exploiting digital systems to disrupt economies and undermine democratic institutions. This article analyzes the strategic gap in the United States' cyber defense posture and proposes a bold solution: the creation of a Cyber Defense Reserve Corps. Modeled after the National Guard, this force would mobilize private-sector cybersecurity talent to respond to national-level cyber emergencies. The paper synthesizes current federal pilot programs, historical precedents, and geopolitical threat trends to argue for an urgent shift from reactive policies to proactive resilience. The framework presented is both timely and implementable, aligning national talent with national defense priorities.

Cyberwarfare now poses an existential threat to national security, with adversaries exploiting digital systems to disrupt economies and undermine democratic institutions. This article analyzes the strategic gap in the United States' cyber defense posture and proposes a bold solution: the creation of a Cyber Defense Reserve Corps. Modeled after the National Guard, this force would mobilize private-sector cybersecurity talent to respond to national-level cyber emergencies. The paper synthesizes current federal pilot programs, historical precedents, and geopolitical threat trends to argue for an urgent shift from reactive policies to proactive resilience. The framework presented is both timely and implementable, aligning national talent with national defense priorities.

The emergence of the cyber domain and social media platforms has revolutionized the socio-political landscape, especially in the Middle East and the Arab countries. It provided a platform for dissent, advocacy, and communication amidst protracted conflicts with authoritarian regimes and silencing voices of people. Cyber-activism has become a powerful tool for grassroots movements to reach a broader audience, mobilize support, and effect change. However, it faces challenges such as misinformation, censorship, and counter-activism. This research examines the role of cyber-activism in the Syrian context, focusing on its evolution, impact, challenges, and potential implications for future social movements. It also demystifies the trajectory of cyber-activism in Syria and helps to understand the circumstances surrounding the outcomes of cyber activists. The study employs a qualitative approach, integrating data gathered from professional reports, interviews with Syrian cyber-activists and cyber experts, and a scholarly literature review. The research delves into how online platforms have facilitated the mobilization, coordination, and dissemination of information among Syrian activists. Additionally, it investigates the challenges and risks cyber-activists face, including surveillance, censorship, security concerns, and cyberattacks. Also, this study explains the dynamics of cyber-activism within a heavily monitored and state-governed domain. The findings highlight the multifaceted nature of cyber-activism in Syria and its impact on shaping narratives, fostering solidarity, impacting the authoritarian regime, and influencing international perceptions. Ultimately, this study contributes to a more profound understanding of the complex dynamics of cyber-activism within the Syrian context. It sheds light on the transformative potential of digital platforms in amplifying voices, shaping narratives, fostering solidarity, and advocating for change in repressive environments.

Various critical infrastructure are vulnerable to cyber-attack from state and non-state actors. These infrastructures include electrical power grid, water, and transportation and communication network system. Protecting these systems from cyber-attack is vital for the security of nation. The authors intend to highlight various ways we can prepare for cyber war by using national policy such as cyber war doctrine (CWD). 1. LITERATURE REVIEW Cyberspace is the notional environment in which communication over computer networks occurs. Before there was a rapidly expanding system of networks, collectively known as the internet, links millions of people together in new spaces that are changing the way we think, the nature of our sexuality the form of our communities and our very identities. As stated by (Sherry Turkle,1999) cyberspace change our way of living by living in another world which is virtual world [1]. Cyberspace is somehow the one that improve the lifestyle like stated by (Greg ...

The risk of cyberattacks in Armed Conflict has proven the evolving role of cyber operations in present day war inside the framework of international regulation. It delineates cyber assaults as planned movements geared toward compromising digital structures or data integrity, highlighting their strategic importance in achieving military targets with minimum bodily pressure. For that we attempt to examine the criminal situations, such as attribution and the software of international humanitarian law concepts like distinction and proportionality to cyber operations, and talk also the emerging norms and suggestions for regulating cyber war, emphasizing the want for enhanced global international and legal frameworks to mitigate risks and guard civilian infrastructure. Ultimately, we try to propose for a balanced approach that integrates technological advancements with moral and legal concerns to explore the evolving landscape of cyber struggle responsibly.

As the Indian Army (IA) integrates new and emerging technologies, it will
also need technical specialists for innovation and their effective application in peacetime and wartime. This analysis makes the case that the IA can create a technical reserve drawn from the Technical Entry Scheme (TES), Territorial Army (TA) and its Reserves, which can be merged to perform the missions and tasks of the IA. Any prospective technical reserve force that emerges must merge some of the functions and conditions of service of the TA and Reserves. Relaxing some of the conditions of service can also allow for combining the expertise of an older and a younger cohort of technologists.  Drawing technologists from the commercial and civilian sector for service under the technical reserve force will enhance mission effectiveness and augment innovation during wartime and peacetime. Technical reservists may be part-time soldiers, but they bring value to the IA.

¿Qué  lecciones  puede  extraer  el  Ejército  Brasileño  del  conflicto  entre  Rusia  y  Ucrania  en  materia  de  ciberdefensa  ante ataques contra infraestructuras críticas? Con la evolución del uso del ciberespacio, se ha producido un aumento significativo de los ataques para afectar las infraestructuras críticas de un Estado. El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar qué lecciones puede extraer el Ejército Brasileño de los ataques rusos a infraestructuras críticas ucranianas. Así, por medio de una metodología exploratoria, el texto se centra en comprender cuáles fueron los antecedentes del conflicto, qué acciones está tomando Rusia para afectar a Ucrania y la manera en que las acciones en el teatro de operaciones pueden relacionarse con la estrategia nacional de ciberseguridad de Brasil. Por lo tanto, este texto señala los cambios en la estrategia rusa relacionados con el uso y la adaptación de los ciberataques a las infraestructuras críticas, abordando las posibles lecciones que el Ejército Brasileño puede extraer.

This article argues that security studies have evolved from the primary concern about states and how to prevent them from military attacks to its current diversity in which environmental, economic, human, etc., stand alongside military security. It begins by reviewing the traditional view of security before arguing that the security agenda has been broadened and deepened since the 1980s. 1 It becomes broader in that it includes not only military but also non-military security. It is deeper in that it moves down to look at individuals and groups within the state rather than the exclusive focus on the state. The article examines two influential perspectives labeled Critical Security Studies and Human Security which have made a considerable contribution to the development of the non-traditional security literature. Thus, the security agenda has embraced them as 'alternative approaches' to security. 2 Next, it provides China as empirical evidence to back up the assertion that se...

Este ensayo explora cómo la guerra ha evolucionado desde el enfrentamiento físico tradicional hacia un conflicto multifacético que abarca el ciberespacio, la manipulación de la información y el uso de tecnologías avanzadas como la inteligencia artificial y los sistemas autónomos. Inspirado en el legado de Clausewitz, pero adaptado a las dinámicas del siglo XXI, se analiza cómo los ciberataques, las narrativas mediáticas y la guerra psicológica redefinen las relaciones de poder y la soberanía estatal. El texto examina ejemplos contemporáneos, como los ataques cibernéticos de Rusia y China, y el uso de drones y algoritmos en estrategias militares, destacando cómo estas innovaciones alteran el equilibrio de poder global. Además, se aborda el rol de las noticias falsas y las redes sociales como armas estratégicas en un mundo interconectado. Este tratado busca contribuir al entendimiento de la guerra moderna como un fenómeno complejo donde las máquinas, los datos y las percepciones humanas se convierten en los campos de batalla más cruciales.

During the second decade of current century, cybersecurity was consolidated as a priority issue of international security. With this framework, our objective is to identify and explain ten cyberattacks and
cyberattacks that occurred in the aforementioned period. Through our analysis, we will highlight the heterogeneity of the cybersecurity field, not only in terms of the form of those incidents and attacks, but also the identity of their perpetrators. At the end of the paper, we will highlight the lack of norms and agreements on the international system, to deal with threats and risk from the fifth domain.

for serving on my Supervisory Committee and giving advice over the last year. Thanks is also given to Dr. Ross Burkhart who I've known from the very beginning of my collegiate career and who encouraged me to pursue my master's degree. I would also like to acknowledge my fellow students in my cohort: Anna, Evan, Sally, and Tyler. It was a whirlwind of a year and I'm glad to have gone through this journey with you all. To my family, friends, and roommates, you all gave me so much unconditional support and love when I needed it. And to the Almighty, I thank Him for the blessings He has bestowed upon my life.

Vietnam  is  a  key  player  in  the  ASEAN  digital  economy,
focusing on digital integration and collaboration. The ASEAN
Digital  Integration  Framework  Action  Plan  2019-2025  and
the  ASEAN  Digital  Masterplan  2025  outline  the  policy
landscape for digital integration. ASEAN member states have
signed  agreements  and  memorandums  of  understanding  to
foster  cooperation  in  the  digital  economy.  However,
challenges such as skill gaps, cyber security, and regulatory
gaps need to be addressed. The Digital Economy Partnership
Agreement  (DEPA)  is  seen  as  a  key  venue  for  increasing
cooperation and consistency of digital trade rules in the Asia-
Pacific region. ASEAN has been actively involved in global
and regional discussions on cybersecurity, aiming to galvanize
regional states into collective action against malicious cyber
activities.  The  20th  Asian  Economic  Community  council
adopted  the  Bandar  Seri  Begawan  Roadmap  (BSBR)  to
accelerate ASEAN's economic recovery and digital economy
integration  in  October  2021.  This  article  also  applies  a
qualitative  method  with  secondary  data.  Modular  Digital
Economy Agreements (DEA) may be an appropriate model for
facilitating digital trade alignment with international trading
partners.

Los sistemas tecnológicos críticos del ciberespacio soportan servicios y operaciones que inciden agudamente en el funcionamiento regular de nuestras sociedades modernas. Además, desde décadas atrás su buena operatividad está en la mira de los conflictos políticos y bélicos de hoy. En consecuencia, su defensa resulta primordial y demanda una elaboración de un diseño robusto, privilegiando el rol de la ingeniería de seguridad en conjunto con el de la ingeniería de software. Las arquitecturas de sistemas que se defienden por sí mismas, son una aproximación alterna al esquema tradicional de asegurar el sistema conforme a la identificación y tratamiento de los servicios de seguridad. Este trabajo expone un conjunto de pautas organizadas, para guiar la construcción de un diseño de arquitecturas críticas con capacidad de defensa, que use el paradigma de Fitch y Muckin y deje espacio para aplicar variaciones en la implementación y ejecución del mismo.

Esta obra representa uma reflexao conjunta materializada por pesquisadores do Ipea e do Exercito com o intuito de pensar e debater a Forca Terrestre do pais. O livro sustenta-se em uma questao fundamental: quais os desafios impostos ao Exercito Brasileiro pelas politicas publicas voltadas para a defesa no contexto atual de uma sociedade democratica e globalmente integrada? Essa pergunta central subdivide-se em quatro ordens de questoes que orientaram a estruturacao desse compendio de estudos. A primeira esta implicita na concepcao da obra: a nocao de que, em uma sociedade democratica, a defesa e uma politica publica que rege a organizacao, o preparo e o emprego das Forcas Armadas, dentre elas o Exercito. Desse modo, tratar do tema nao e exclusividade castrense. Ao contrario, a questao demanda envolvimento amplo de civis e militares tanto em suas etapas de concepcao quanto de implementacao.

This study explores and compares sensitive issues in China and the United States, focusing on core areas of societal, political, and cultural tension. It highlights how each country's governmental responses shape domestic policies, civil liberties, and international relations. Key topics examined include political sensitivities such as Taiwan independence, Hong Kong protests, and human rights issues in Xinjiang, as well as economic sensitivities like wealth inequality and social welfare. In the U.S., sensitive topics include gun control, abortion rights, immigration, racial tensions, and LGBTQ+ rights. The research further analyzes government responses to these issues, the role of public discourse and media treatment, and the impact on civil liberties and international perception. By juxtaposing the authoritarian approach of China with the democratic framework of the U.S., this study provides insights into the broader implications of managing sensitive issues on political stability, civil liberties, and global image. It concludes by suggesting future research directions to investigate the evolving sensitivities influenced by globalization, digital media, and generational shifts.

The emergence of this unusual occurrence necessitated the intervention of international law, which looked for to regulate it through the prohibition or discouragement of its employment through force, as expressed in Article 4/2 of the United Nations Charter, Additionally, international law aimed to govern the permissible usage of technology in the civil and military fields. This action was undertaken as a reaction to the recent increase in cyberattacks and the growing reliance in all fields This paper aims to analyse the legal criteria surrounding the classification of cyberattacks as acts of military aggression, specifically focusing on the circumstances requiring the use of the right to justified defence against governments and other powerful bodies.

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The paper aims to shed light the would illustrate how much Iran has developed and promoted its cyber-war capabilities. The study has reached numerous findings, most notably the fact that soon after the provision of Internet in the capital Tehran in 1995, major Iranian universities started to play a key role in launching the nation's cyber security policy; teaching computer science students the basics of hacking, cyber security, and information security, which stimulated the Iranian National Security Council to form various Iranian institutions and external electronic agencies to act as Iranian offensive arms. Although Iran's cyber capabilities are weaker than those of Russia and China, it has become clear that Iran is an emerging cyber power that poses a real major threat to the United States and its allies. Iran's cyber-attacks primarily targeted Saudi Arabia, then they moved to Israel, and after that to the United States, Britain, Canada, and other Western countries. Later, Iran was subjected to fierce cyber-attacks by the United States and its allies, estimated at about 33 million attacks in 2019 alone. However, due to conflict of wills between Iran and the United States of America in the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz on the one hand, and between Iran and Israel on the other-on many regional files, most notably Iranian support for groups Israel classifies as terrorist organizations-the study suggests that cyber warfare is most likely to escalate between these parties within the coming period, in light of the low strategic costs of such confrontations.

The paper aims to shed light the would illustrate how much Iran has developed and promoted its cyber-war capabilities. The study has reached numerous findings, most notably the fact that soon after the provision of Internet in the capital Tehran in 1995, major Iranian universities started to play a key role in launching the nation's cyber security policy; teaching computer science students the basics of hacking, cyber security, and information security, which stimulated the Iranian National Security Council to form various Iranian institutions and external electronic agencies to act as Iranian offensive arms. Although Iran's cyber capabilities are weaker than those of Russia and China, it has become clear that Iran is an emerging cyber power that poses a real major threat to the United States and its allies. Iran's cyber-attacks primarily targeted Saudi Arabia, then they moved to Israel, and after that to the United States, Britain, Canada, and other Western countries. Later, Iran was subjected to fierce cyber-attacks by the United States and its allies, estimated at about 33 million attacks in 2019 alone. However, due to conflict of wills between Iran and the United States of America in the Persian Gulf and the Strait of Hormuz on the one hand, and between Iran and Israel on the other-on many regional files, most notably Iranian support for groups Israel classifies as terrorist organizations-the study suggests that cyber warfare is most likely to escalate between these parties within the coming period, in light of the low strategic costs of such confrontations.

En "La adaptabilidad impuesta por la evolución de los conflictos se explora cómo la naturaleza cambiante de los conflictos contemporáneos obliga a las fuerzas armadas y a las organizaciones de seguridad a adaptarse rápidamente. Morales destaca la transición de enfrentamientos convencionales a conflictos asimétricos y la creciente importancia de la tecnología y la ciberseguridad. También se aborda la necesidad de formación continua y la implementación de estrategias flexibles para enfrentar amenazas multidimensionales. Finalmente, se enfatiza la colaboración internacional y la inteligencia compartida como elementos cruciales para anticipar y mitigar riesgos emergentes.

Onion routing networks, or darknets, enable anonymous communication, protecting user privacy and attracting cybercriminals. This paper analyzes cybercrime in these networks, including drug trafficking, fraud, and hacking. The challenges seen in the detection and mitigation of these crimes arising as the result of strong anonymity and explore countermeasures such as law enforcement, technological solutions, and policy interventions have been discussed, as also highlighting of the limitations of current measures and proposals for future research, with emphasis on the need for interdisciplinary approaches combining technical, legal, and social perspectives.

En el complejo y dinámico campo de la ciberseguridad global, la disuasión de los ciberataques ha emergido como un tema central de análisis y debate. Este libro, resultado de la colaboración entre 2  buenos colegas y amigos,  Joseph Nye,  Profesor distinguido de la Universidad, emérito y exdecano de la Escuela de Gobierno Kennedy de la Universidad de Harvard  y Luis David Fernández Zambrano, quienes más allá de cualquier distancia de cualquier orden ideológico,  se propone explorar intelectualmente cómo la disuasión puede ser redefinida a través de principios fundamentales de empatía y solidaridad en el siglo XXI para dejar  un testimonio preclaro de  como se puede convivir intelectualmente en medio de la diversidad para salvaguardar los valores democráticos para nuestros tiempos de hogaño.
En un entorno caracterizado por rápidos avances tecnológicos y crecientes amenazas cibernéticas, es crucial entender cómo los actores estatales y no estatales pueden prevenir y manejar los ciberataques. Más allá de la tradicional noción de poder, nuestro enfoque busca fortalecer la seguridad internacional y promover relaciones geopolíticas basadas en la confianza y la cooperación.
A través de un análisis teórico riguroso y estudios de caso detallados, ambos exploran a su estilo cómo la  estrategias que promueven la empatía y la solidaridad pueden no solo mitigar los riesgos cibernéticos, sino también fomentar un entorno global más estable y colaborativo. De forma complementario al Poder blando de Joseph Nye  , Luis David Fernandez Zambrano,  introduce  un enfoque  novedoso denominado de "poder humanitario" que considera que una forma totalmente poderosa de disuasión se ve reflejada en  quede experimentar una disonancia cognitiva, donde sus creencias anteriores sobre el conflicto y la otra persona se ven desafiadas por la nueva información de que su rival actuó de manera compasiva y constructiva ayudando a mejorar la calidad de vida de los habitantes más vulnerables o empobrecidos que habitan en sus países tratando a través de todos los medios que no se percaten de la presente ayuda.  . Esto puede llevar a sentimientos de confusión y conflicto interno demasiado favorables para reducir las hostilidades y los ataques cibernéticos en estas zonas que muchos categorizan como renegadas y sin influencia importante a nivel mundial. .Toda la anterior respuesta descansa en el hecho de que resulta económicamente rentable y barato  de realizar para un país tan poderoso como  USA, Israel  o China que atraviesan momentos difíciles en sus relaciones multilaterales en el ámbito multinacionales en los tiempos modernos.

Con el tiempo, si una superpotencia  económica y geopolítica demuestra de manera consistente comportamientos pacíficos y de  ayuda humanitaria incondicional  envuelta por el velo de la discreción  a través de terceros países u organizaciones  intermediarios y neutrales que tangan una relación saludable entre ambas partes en conflicto , el enemigo  ubicado en territorios de donde emergen las banderas falsas en los ciberataques  pueden comenzar a cuestionar sus propias actitudes y acciones pasadas. Y por ende, un sector  pueden sentir remordimientos por sus acciones previas y una creciente apertura hacia la posibilidad de cambiar su forma de interactuar con el rival. Este proceso puede conducir a una reducción de las hostilidades de los ciberataques ,  enlazándose como una medida de disuasión novedosa o adicional  para velar por la seguridad  integral de la seguridad nacional y empresarial.
Este trabajo invita a líderes, académicos y profesionales del sector a considerar nuevas perspectivas y estrategias en la gestión de la ciberseguridad, destacando la importancia de principios éticos en la construcción de un futuro más seguro y equitativo aplicando este método dentro del mundo de las finanzas o las dinámicas comerciales a nivel global. Pues, todo indica que antes que destruir ferozmente los corazones del pueblo de tus rivales resulta más apropiado pensar intensamente  las enorme ventajas estrategias de ganarte esos corazones a través de actos de caridad o ayuda humanitaria de forma discreta e incondicional  para ir desatando nudos, disolviendo problemas complejos para edificar un mundo mucho más civilizadamente pacifico, diplomáticamente más solidario en nuestros nuevo milenio.

En el Ciberespacio se plantea nuevamente un escenario que remite a la historia de las naciones: se trazan líneas sobre un territorio, se pretenden soberanas y se empieza a defenderlas, o no. Esta idea resume la decisión que están tomando los Estados en el escenario actual, donde hizo aparición un nuevo ambiente de interacción social referenciado en el significante Ciberespacio. Es interesante recordar que tal definición proviene de la literatura de Ciencia Ficción, en particular en obras del autor William Gibson, que luego encontró anclaje en las Tecnologías de la Información y la Comunicación (TIC). Pero, a diferencia de lo imaginado por Gibson, un ambiente enteramente simbólico a la postre, el de la realidad, el que usamos a diario tiene un enorme componente físico, palpable, amortizable en los balances. Ese componente físico, está conformado esencialmente por un conjunto de redes de comunicación y grandes centros de datos. Adicionalmente también por el conjunto de dispositivos que se conectan a él, computadoras, celulares, dispositivos del Internet de las Cosas (IoT), y otros. En ese escenario, Internet se constituye como la principal troncal de comunicaciones del Ciberespacio, que une sus partes y que contrariamente a lo promulgado, es decir, a una red libre, accesible, global, hoy se presenta como un nuevo factor de poder, y como tal, como nuevo escenario de conflictos, incluso armados.

at Madison. His last home institution was the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, where he served as dean of the College of Communications from 1991 to 2002 and continued to teach as a professor until he retired at the end of 2014. Dr. Teeter had a major impact on the lives of so many of his students and colleagues. With the announcement of his death, countless messages of mourning were shared at an interpersonal level and via social media. Some of the words or phrases used to describe Dr. Teeter were "witty," "genuine," "honest," "incredibly smart," and "class act." Many expressed how Dr. Teeter went beyond being an educator and was also a friend who often extended a helping hand and provided words of encouragement. Dr. Teeter genuinely cared about the well-being of others, and it was a great joy for him to see his students and mentees find success in life. Dr. Teeter was passionate about the issues of press freedom and government transparency. In the 13 th edition of his textbook Law of Mass Communications, Dr. Teeter expressed deep concern about the recent expansions of government secrecy and intrusions into privacy by the government, law enforcement agencies, and private businesses. This was a topic that he was looking forward to researching upon retirement. It is unfortunate that we will never have the opportunity to read the scholarly work that this brilliant scholar would have produced. Perhaps we may comfort ourselves with the knowledge that the many individuals inspired by Dr. Teeter's writings will in some way continue his work by asking difficult but important questions pertaining to the free flow of information and press freedom. Research that sought to reveal social injustices and protect vital social and political freedoms always brought a smile to Dr. Teeter's face. That smile will be profoundly missed, but fondly remembered.

Critical National Infrastructure (CNI) within Oman is becoming Inter-independent to each other, aiming to provide unified and faultless services from the perspective of economics, quality, and governance. The new structure of interconnectivity between the CNI organizations has allowed sharing critical factors in benefiting from other CNI resources and services. Since this interconnectivity has permitted services and system to be more communicative and accessible via the internet, this has allowed some of the cyber threats to create a challenge to secure. Allowing such services to be available via the internet will also add to the fact that this services would be vulnerable to a variety of existing attacks.The latest global events related to Cyberterrorist attacks, have shown to the world how serious this matter. In this article, we present a systematic approach after reviewing existing papers to building resilient cyber security networked systems. We first study fundamental elements of cyber security, cyberspace, CNI and its impact. Then we used qualitative methodology and case studies methods for better understanding the global incidents. This understanding drives the organizations of a distributed multilevel architecture that lets the network defend itself against, detect, and dynamically respond to upcoming challenges. The recent attacks like operation petrol besides financial sector attacks in Oman shown the vulnerability of CNI system. In this case, we take the bank Muscat Visa attack as an example where they have announced that there visa credit card have been violated and a group of hackers compromised the system. To have better control and to handle on this matter, the management of such incidents should have been treated by a Cyber Center, who is well equipped and trained to

Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.

La internet es una herramienta que ha facilitado el
intercambio de información, obtención de productos
y ampliación de los medios de comunicación por dar
unos ejemplos. Sin embargo, también ha permitido
la expansión de la guerra y el terrorismo a medios
digitales. El artículo contempla de manera general
las principales características, particularidades
y desafíos que representan los nuevos teatros
estratégicos, tácticos y operacionales tanto para
las agencias y/o instituciones del Estado como
para grupos armados insurgentes, criminales o
terroristas. Así pues, el ciberespacio ha permitido
infiltrar, sabotear y destruir infraestructura crítica
de varios Estados gracias a las redes digitales que
conectan todo un sistema de seguridad, lo que
termina siendo un problema general para toda la
sociedad: dependencia a la tecnología y, por lo tanto,
ser extremadamente vulnerables ante una serie
de ataques capaces de afectar toda la estructura
comunicacional, económica y militar de un Estado.
No obstante, las ciberamenazas o los ciberataques
todavía están en un proceso de gestación porque
sus capacidades militares no han sido por ahora
capaces de sentenciar un ataque donde se afecten
un considerado número de personas y se limita a
compartir propaganda con el objetivo de perturbar
la percepción de algún tema a la población civil. Por
otra parte, es un tema necesario que hay que analizar
y profundizar porque las tecnologías digitales
avanzan cada día más rápido y están volviéndose
parte fundamental de la cotidianidad de los grandes
centros urbanos.

This article describes how in recent years, Iran has joined the top ranks of the world powers in cyberspaceandhasdemonstratedtheabilitytoleveragecyberwarfareasasignificanttoolinitsarsenal forpursuingitsnationalsecuritygoals.Whilethisincreaseincyberpowerisrelativelyrecent,some oftheincidentsandeventsthatserveasthecatalystforthesuddendigitalsurgegobackdecades.The reasonsfortheseincreasedcapabilitiesrevolvearoundhistoricmeansofpowerprojection,defense andpreservationoftheprinciplesoftheIranianRevolution,responsetoWesternaggressionand Iraniannationalism.Thisarticleexplorestheseideologicaldriversandeventstoprovidecontextfor theirtrajectoryandanalysisoftheirlikelyimplications.

Cyber security is a sensitive issue that derives from recognizing the existence of some vulnerabilities within the system. The current study analyzes a number of five national cyber security strategies, with particular emphasis on the specific features, in order to identify possible future directions. To identify the areas that need cyber defense improvement, based on the results of a benchmarking process, a simplified model is used, using cyber threats/ cyberattacks (CA) and information security (IS) as variables. By comparing national security strategies, it is desirable to disseminate best practices and integrate them on a global scale.

Surgido de la indeterminación acerca de cómo se aplica el principio de proporcionalidad en los ciberataques en medio de un conflicto armado internacional, este capítulo examina si dicho principio es pertinente en estos nuevos escenarios de guerra cuando se despliegan operaciones militares. Para esto, analiza documentos físicos y digitales, bases de datos, revistas indexadas y disposiciones legales. Debido a los avances tecnológicos, hoy es más probable que se produzca una guerra cibernética que una guerra tradicional, ya que cuando se trata de ciberataques es más difícil seguir su rastro e identificar a sus responsables, por lo cual, al presentarse en medio de un conflicto armado, deben estar sometidos a los principios del Derecho Internacional Humanitario y, entre estos, el de necesidad, distinción y proporcionalidad.

Profesor universitario a nivel de pregrado, especialización, maestría y doctorado en Colombia y varios países de Latinoamérica en temas como computación forense, evidencia digital, gobierno y gestión de la seguridad de la información, gerencia de sistemas de información, criminalidad informática, auditoría de TI, ciberseguridad y protección de datos personales desde 1996 a la fecha. ORCID:

Cybersecurity and Cyberwar-What everyone needs to know" written by P.W. Singer and Allan Friedman was issued at a time when the threats to personal and national security, determined by the uniqueness of information technology devices, attain an unprecedented level of complexity and risk. The book constitutes an essential read for almost everybody concerned with the cyber phenomenon, no matter if they are working in business, military, media or are just simple citizens. The authors manage to fi nd the common denominator for all those categories of persons, wonderfully presenting the facts, analyses and explanations in a simple, enjoyable and smart way, thus enabling the achieving of a comprehensive knowledge about the too often hidden world of cybersecurity. Written in an accessible yet deeply informative style, the book captivates the lecturer from its introduction, where questions like why write such a book, and what the authors expect to accomplish are superbly addressed. The book is structured in three parts, suggestively named after the propellant questions of cybersecurity: Part I-How it all works, Part II-Why it all matters and Part III-What we can do. Special emphasis is placed on engaging stories and subjects like the Stuxnet computer virus, the "hacktivism" phenomenon, the "Anonymous" hacker group or the newly created Chinese and US military cyber units to name just a few.

This chapter examines the emergence of social networks of non-state warriors launching cyber attacks for social and political reasons. It examines the origin and nature of these networks; their objectives, targets, tactics, and use of online forums; and their relationship, if any, to their governments. General concepts are illustrated with case studies drawn from operations by Strano Net, the Electronic Disturbance Theater, the Electrohippies, and other networks of cyber activists; electronic jihad as practiced by those affiliated with al-Qa'ida and the global jihadist movement associated with it; and operations by patriotic hackers from China, Russia, and elsewhere.

Executive Summary The last decade witnessed the highest rise in state-sponsored Cybercriminal activities, with the most recent Russian-linked SolarWinds breach that impacted most of the US governmental and non-governmental organizations, confirming how dangerous these threats can be. These types of attacks are performed by Advanced Persistent Threats (APT) groups, with specific missions on their target victims. APTs are hacking groups that are sponsored and funded by governments. The groups are well-organized, highly skilled, experienced, and determined. They have strategic modes of operations. It is publicly known that countries like Russia, China, Iran, , the USA, Israel, and North Korea, own hacking groups that are trained and well-resourced to carry out specific missions in the interest of their countries. This article takes an in-depth look at the cyber threats from the state-sponsored cybercriminal groups and cyber-espionage activities they are involved in. I must state that t...

Cyber threats have been extraordinary increased in recent years. Cyber attackers, including government agencies or hackers, have made significant advances in the use of various tools for attacking target systems in some countries particularly on Islamic republic of Iran. The complexity of cyber threats and the devastating effects of them on critical systems highlights necessity of cyber threats Foresight. This research can prepare the country for countering cyber threats based on existing and potential attack Vectors. First of all, 18 major cyber threats drivers base on attack Vectors through reviewing resources and interviewing with seven experts were identified. We use cross-impact analysis Future studies method to indicate main drivers of future cyber threats such as social engineering, Denial of service, ransomwares, spoofing and fraud and non-state actors. Mic Mac software will be used for this step. Finally, future scenarios for cyber threats were identified by using scenario-based approach. Scenario Wizard software will be used. The results of the research include two strong scenarios and 18 possible scenarios, based on the strongest scenario, ransomware, spoofing, fraud, social engineering and Denial of service are the most likely cyber threats by non-state actors through in a limited level.

In the 21stcentury, cyber attacks are one of the biggest threats to international peace. The aim of this paper are to compare responses of different governments in this case Australia, People's Republic of China and India. Literature study provides a variety of information that is processed by comparative analysis. Three countries have their own approach to answer this cyber attacks issue by founded their own cyber security agencies. In recent years, these countries were able to develop and integrated strong defense mechanism against cyber attacks. While international cooperation and international laws against cyber attacks have not yet to be born, applying multi layered defense of active and passive defenses in their own country is the best option to choose so far. However, each country needs to evaluate the impact of cyber attacks and whether their responses have been effective in dealing with these cyber attacks using quantitative analyzes.