Cyber-Physical Systems/Internet of Things

Modern supply chains have evolved into highly complex value networks and turned into a vital source of competitive advantage. However, it has become increasingly challenging to verify the source of raw materials and maintain visibility of products and merchandise while they are moving through the value chain network. The application of the Internet of Things (IoT) can help companies to observe, track, and monitor products, activities, and processes within their respective value chain networks. Other applications of IoT include product monitoring to optimize operations in warehousing‚ manufacturing, and transportation. In combination with IoT, Blockchain technology can enable a broad range of different application scenarios to enhance value chain transparency and to increase B2B trust. When combined, IoT and Blockchain technology have the potential to increase the effectiveness and efficiency of modern supply chains. The contribution of this paper is twofold. First, we illustrate how...

In today's digital age, mobile phones have become an essential part of our daily lives, serving as communication devices, personal assistants, and navigation tools. As smartphone usage continues to rise in Nigeria, so does the prevalence of mobile phone tracking and geolocation technologies. These technologies offer a wide range of benefits, from locating lost devices to providing location-based services. In this article, we will explore the various types of mobile phone tracking and geolocation methods used in Nigeria and their applications.

The Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) has brought significant changes to the labour market, introducing new job roles and increasing the demand for soft skills. The rapidly evolving technological landscape demands effective communication, emotional intelligence, and problem-solving skills. This case study sought to understand the creative teaching methods that universities should adopt to prepare students for the future workforce and

Supply chain 4.0 denotes the fourth revolution of supply chain management systems, integrating manufacturing operations with telecommunication and Information Technology processes. Although the overarching aim of supply chain 4.0 is the enhancement of production systems within supply chains, making use of global reach, increasing agility and emerging technology, with the ultimate goal of increasing efficiency, timeliness and profitability, Supply chain 4.0 suffers from unique and emerging operational and cyber risks. Supply chain 4.0 has a lack of semantic standards, poor interoperability, and a dearth of security in the operation of its manufacturing and Information Technology processes. The technologies that underpin supply chain 4.0 include blockchain, smart contracts, applications of Artificial Intelligence, cyber-physical systems, Internet of Things and Industrial Internet of Things. Each of these technologies, individually and combined, create cyber security issues that should be addressed. This paper explains the nature of the military supply chains 4.0 and how it uniquely differs from the commercial supply chain, revealing their strengths, weaknesses, dependencies and the fundamental technologies upon which they are built. This encompasses an assessment of the cyber risks and opportunities for research in the field, including consideration of connectivity, sensing and convergence of systems. Current and emerging semantic models related to the standardization, development and safety assurance considerations for implementing new technologies into military supply chains 4.0 are also discussed. This is examined from a holistic standpoint and through technology-specific lenses to determine current states and implications for future research directions.

The phenomenon of social media from the point of view of the technologies emerging as engines for its development is the main topic of this article. In addition to the definition of social media and its difference with a social network, the most important applications of this communication channel in the public and individual exchange of information, as well as the needs of society that satisfy them-news, trade, contacts and influence-are also examined. How social media came about and which scientific developments led to the realization of the critical steps in its development are also some of the issues addressed in the development. Artificial intelligence and augmented reality are interconnected in their application not only in social media, and therefore they are important to explore, especially from the point of view of intersecting interests of consumers and marketers. Another important element is radio frequency identification, which is a nodal technology for establishing identity between objects and persons in the exchange of information and data in communication and payments. The increasing need for security and assurance of data records makes blockchain technology a key link for the future of social media and suggests that it will find new implementations related to it. What will happen with the growing entanglement of social media and the concept of the Internet of Things is no longer just a matter of prediction, because the value-added opportunities from this collaboration can lead to better risk management and improved automation in industry and in our homes.

Complex-engineering projects include artefacts from several engineering disciplines such as mechanical, electrical, software components, processes and plans. While software tools can be powerful in each individual discipline, it is difficult to build integrated tool chains. Moreover, it is challenging to evaluate and update existing tool chains. At the same time, the field of visualization is getting mature and visual analytics promises an opportunity to develop knowledge, methods, technologies and practice for exploiting and combining the strengths of human and data. We consider this as a potential to evaluate current tool chains. This position paper discusses the visualization and visual analytics practices to assess existing tool chains performance.

Discovering smart devices in the physical world often requires some type of indoor positioning system. Bluetooth Low Energy (BLE) beacons are a well-established technique to create scalable lowcost positioning systems for indoor navigation, tracking and location awareness. While various BLE specifications aim to provide a generic way to uniquely identify a beacon and optionally detect its location, they are either deployment specific or do not broadcast enough information to be used without a proprietary database containing the locations of installed beacons. We present a novel BLE advertising solution and semantic ontology extension called SemBeacon that is backwards compatible with existing specifications such as iBeacon, Eddystone and AltBeacon. With the help of a prototype application, we demonstrate how SemBeacon enables the creation of real-time positioning systems that can describe their location as well as the environment in which they are located. In contrast to Eddystone-URL beacons which were originally used in Google's Physical Web project to broadcast web pages of physical objects, SemBeacon is a specification for broadcasting semantic data about the environment and positioning systems that are available within a beacon's proximity using linked data.

Electrical industrial automation has emerged as one of the key driving forces behind the transformation of modern manufacturing processes. Over the past few decades, automation technologies have significantly enhanced productivity, efficiency, and safety in various industries. This paper provides a comprehensive review of the advancements in electrical industrial automation, including the latest technologies, techniques, and systems used in the automation of industrial processes. We explore the role of smart sensors, Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), robotics, and communication protocols in revolutionizing industrial automation. Additionally, the integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and the Internet of Things (IoT) in automation systems has opened up new frontiers in terms of real-time monitoring, predictive maintenance, and system optimization. The paper discusses key applications of automation in sectors such as manufacturing, power generation, transportation, and the oil and gas industry. Despite the numerous advancements, the review also highlights the challenges faced by industries, such as cybersecurity concerns, interoperability issues, and the need for skilled workforce development. The paper concludes by examining future directions for electrical industrial automation, including the potential impact of Industry 4.0, digital twins, and autonomous systems.

The increasing global demand for sustainable and reliable energy sources has accelerated the development of solar-powered systems. This paper presents the design and construction of a 1.5kVA solar-powered inverter integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) capabilities. The proposed inverter utilizes a photovoltaic (PV) array to harness solar energy, converting it to a stable AC output suitable for household or small business applications. The design encompasses critical components including a Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT) algorithm to optimize energy extraction from the PV system, and a robust inverter topology, ensuring efficient power conversion. To enhance functionality, the inverter is equipped with IoT technology, allowing real-time monitoring and control through a user-friendly mobile application (Blynk IoT). This integration enables users to access performance data, manage energy consumption, and receive alerts for system anomalies. The IoT module communicates with cloud services to provide remote access and analytics, facilitating proactive maintenance and improving system reliability.

The current IoT architecture necessitates energy-efficient and secure routing algorithms, particularly in wireless infrastructures where the risk of security issues is elevated. One of the significant challenges is the lack of precise knowledge about the residual energy of nodes, which leads to complications in the Cluster Head (CH) selection process. This research addresses the problem by proposing an attack-repellent algorithm that identifies potential CHs with accurate knowledge of residual energy, while minimizing computational overhead for security purposes. The proposed Secure Attack Repellent Energy (SARE) algorithm selects CHs based on the K-Nearest Neighbor (KNN) algorithm, which evaluates residual energy by considering the battery voltage attached to each node. This algorithm also incorporates key renewal and a secure key exchange mechanism to enhance security, with frequent link key exchanges bolstering the network's robustness against attacks. SARE algorithm introduces a novel method for CH selection that reduces the likelihood of incorrect selections due to imprecise energy information, thereby extending the network's operational lifespan. In addition to energy efficiency, the algorithm emphasizes security by frequently updating encryption keys to guard against potential breaches, ensuring that even if a key is compromised, the damage is limited to a short timeframe. To demonstrate its effectiveness, the SARE algorithm is compared with the Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchical routing (LEACH) and TSRF algorithms. Results show that the SARE algorithm significantly outperforms these existing protocols. The SARE algorithm extends the network's lifetime by 1.15 times longer than the classical LEACH protocol and improves network throughput by 1.42 times compared to the LEACH routing protocol. Additionally, the SARE algorithm effectively mitigates HOTSPOT and Energy Hole issues, which are common problems in wireless sensor networks.

Improving the productivity of the welding process as well as its product quality requires an evolutionary shift toward intelligent behaviour from the conventional welding process. The 4th industrial revolution, also called Industry 4.0, can take this welding process to the whole new level which introduced customized and flexible production technologies along with smart elements. This whole revolution would create a welding station operating in an intelligent way and reliable to do monitoring and controlling the welding process in real-time. These functions generate strategic decision-making based on the algorithm of welding process parameters which can be controlled and measured through welding process variables. Moreover, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is leading to architectural changes to a welding station, including greater connectivity to industrial systems to improve quality production. Development of a reference architecture is the imperative guideline for production experts to make easier and more exact planning of smart welding station by using all the key technologies of Industry 4.0. In this paper, we proposed this reference architecture with the aim to implement this smart welding station and determine what is needed to realize it in a structured way. It will provide greater efficiency to welding implementation and eventually improve cost-saving, and iterative improvements of a physical prototype.

The fourth industrial revolution heralds a new age of production. While previous industrial revolutions were characterized by steam power, electrification, and early computer technologies, Industry 4.0 represents the complete digital transformation of the manufacturing industry [1]. This new generation uses the digital reality, AI, cloud, and IoT which are combined in the operation and maintenance ....etc. Industry 4.0 focuses on the increase of the efficiency of managing the production processes. However, there are some risks in implementing the Industry 4.0 such as modified frameworks, more complex IT infrastructure and so on, new types of risks may occur [2]. In many cases, the implementation of Industry 4.0 has shown that the connections between humans, systems and objects have become a more complex, dynamic and real-time optimized network [2]. On the other hand, there is the fact of data volume and availability enhancement in real time which causes new requirements of the infrastructure, management, technologies..etc. In this paper we will present a comprehensive literature review on the implementation challenges and risk management approaches in Industry 4.0. The review examines key technological components, adoption barriers, and emerging risk mitigation strategies through analysis of recent scholarly publications. The findings highlight critical gaps in current research and suggest directions for future work in this domain.

This research paper presents a study on designing and implementing a robust key management scheme for lightweight block ciphers in Internet of Things (IoT) networks. Key management is a critical concern for IoT devices due to their limited resources and susceptibility to security threats. The proposed scheme utilises partial key pre-distribution to achieve lightweight and secure key management. The protocol's security has been analysed against various a acks, demonstrating its resistance. Performance evaluation results indicate that the proposed key management technique is suitable for resource-constraint IoT networks, as it reduces communication overhead, power consumption, and storage space requirements. The methodology employed in this research includes designing and implementing the proposed key management scheme and conducting scenariobased analyses of its functionality. The results affirm that the proposed solution effectively ensures secure communication in IoT networks. Overall, this research contributes to developing a secure and efficient key management scheme for lightweight block ciphers in IoT networks.

This study aims to develop and validate a Predictive AI-Based Supply Chain Visibility Framework (PASCVF) tailored for airline logistics management. Employing a mixed-methods approach within a Design Science Research framework, the research integrates advanced digital technologies—including IoT, RFID, blockchain, and AI-driven predictive analytics—to enhance operational transparency, reduce lead times, and optimize inventory management. Data were collected from major international airlines using structured interviews, operational records, and simulation modeling. The results reveal significant improvements, including a 20% reduction in lead time, a 25% decrease in stock-out frequency, and a 5–10% reduction in Cost per Available Seat Kilometer (CASK). These findings provide empirical support for the framework, offering actionable insights for enhancing strategic decision-making and operational resilience in the aviation industry. The study contributes to academic theory by extending digital transformation models and has practical implications, recommending that airline executives invest in integrated digital solutions to achieve sustainable performance gains.

The increasing demand for efficiency and agility in manufacturing has driven the adoption of advanced automation and data-driven decisionmaking strategies. This study systematically reviews 20 peer-reviewed articles published before 2023, examining key technologies that optimize manufacturing time management, including real-time analytics, robotic process automation (RPA), predictive maintenance, human-robot collaboration (HRC), cybersecurity, and digital twins. The review follows the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines, ensuring a rigorous and transparent selection process. The findings indicate that real-time scheduling and predictive analytics reduce production delays by 20% to 40%, while RPA enhances workflow efficiency by 30% to 50%, significantly minimizing manual errors. The study further reveals that predictive maintenance reduces machine failure rates by 40% to 60%, lowering operational disruptions and maintenance costs by 20%. Additionally, collaborative robots (cobots) increase production efficiency by 25% to 35%, improving labor productivity while ensuring worker safety. However, the expansion of cloud-based manufacturing and IoT-enabled automation has introduced cybersecurity risks, with cyberattacks causing up to 30% operational downtime in compromised facilities, necessitating AI-driven security measures. The integration of digital twin technology enhances manufacturing agility by 30% to 45% and improves production accuracy by 25%, enabling real-time process adjustments and predictive optimization. Compared to earlier studies that emphasized static, rule-based automation, recent advancements demonstrate that AI-enhanced, adaptive systems provide superior responsiveness and efficiency. The results underscore the necessity of combining automation, data-driven analytics, and cybersecurity frameworks to achieve sustainable time optimization in smart manufacturing. This review provides valuable insights for industry leaders, researchers, and policymakers seeking to enhance operational efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and resilience in the evolving landscape of industrial automation.

This paper aims to discuss and inform the people regarding the applications of Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) in the field of Supply Chain Management (SCM). This furthermore discusses things about the basic components of SCM and the factors to be considered when adapting technology in this area. This paper also discussed related studies that were conducted showing how WSN helps SCM. Lastly, this paper talked about the advantages of using WSNs.

Smart grid reliability and efficiency are critical for uninterrupted service, especially amidst growing demand and network complexity. Wide-Area Measurement Systems (WAMS) are valuable tools for mitigating faults and reducing fault-clearing time while simultaneously prioritizing cybersecurity. This review looks at smart grid WAMS implementation and its potential for cyber-physical power system (CPPS) development and compares it to traditional Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition (SCADA) infrastructure. While traditionally used in smart grids, SCADA has become insufficient in handling modern grid dynamics. WAMS differ through utilizing phasor measurement units (PMUs) to provide real-time monitoring and enhance situational awareness. This review explores PMU deployment models and their integration into existing grid infrastructure for CPPS and smart grid development. The review discusses PMU configurations that enable precise measurements across the grid for quicker, more accurate decisions. This study highlights models of PMU and WAMS deployment for conventional grids to convert them into smart grids in terms of the Smart Grid Architecture Model (SGAM). Examples from developing nations illustrate cybersecurity benefits in cyber-physical frameworks and improvements in grid stability and efficiency. Further incorporating machine learning, multi-level optimization, and predictive analytics can enhance WAMS capabilities by enabling advanced fault prediction, automated response, and multilayer cybersecurity.

Aiming for a radical sustainability improvement, the Physical Internet has the potential of revolutionizing the fields of material handling, logistics, transportation and facilities design. It exploits the enabling concept of standardized, modular and smart containers as well as the universal interconnectivity of logistics networks and services. Its underlying paradigm shift creates a tremendous breakthrough innovation opportunity for the material handling and facility logistics community in terms of equipment, systems and facility design and operation. This paper provides a primer overview of a key subset of the physical elements serving as the foundation of the Physical Internet infrastructure, classified in three categories: containers, movers and nodes. Each element introduced is characterized and illustrated to enable visualization of their innovative nature. The paper helps uncover a wide variety of potent research avenues.

Physical Internet (PI, ) is a novel concept aiming to render more economically, environmentally and socially efficient and sustainable the way physical objects are transported, handled, stored, realized, supplied and used throughout the world. It enables, among other webs, the Mobility Web which deals with moving physical objects within an interconnected set of unimodal and multimodal hubs, transits, ports, roads and ways. We want to develop and use holistic simulations to study and quantify the impact in terms of economical, environmental, and social efficiency and performance of evolving from the current system of freight transportation toward an open logistics web in France. This paper focuses on how the mobility web simulator supporting this study was designed and developed. The simulator produces large-scale simulations of mobility webs consisting of a large number of companies, sites and agents dealing with thousands of daily orders. It supports route and rail transportation modes, pallets and PI-containers for product shipping, different kinds of routing and shipping strategies, and various types of hubs.

Today's manufacturers face ever-increasing demands of variability-greater customization, smaller lot sizes, sudden supply-chain changes and disruptions. Successful manufacturers will have to choose and incorporate technologies that help them quickly adapt to rapid change and to elevate product quality while optimizing use of energy and resources. These technologies form the core of an emerging, information-centric, Smart Manufacturing System that maximizes the flow and re-use of data throughout the enterprise. The ability of disparate systems, however, to exchange, understand, and exploit product, production, and business data rests critically on information standards. This report provides a review of the body of pertinent standards-a standards landscape-upon which future smart manufacturing systems will rely. This landscape comprises integration standards within and across three manufacturing lifecycle dimensions: product, production system, and business. We discuss opportunities and challenges for new standards, and present emerging activities addressing these opportunities. This report will allow manufacturing practitioners to better understand those standards useful to integration of smart manufacturing technologies. Disclaimer Certain commercial systems are identified in this paper. Such identification does not imply recommendation or endorsement by NIST; nor does it imply that the products identified are necessarily the best available for the purpose. Further, any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of NIST or any other supporting U.S. government or corporate organizations.

In the rapidly evolving landscape of logistics and supply chain management, the integration of advanced technologies has become imperative to enhance efficiency and accuracy. This paper introduces an IoT-Based Warehouse Management System that leverages Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology and Firebase Cloud platform to revolutionize inventory management in modern warehouses. By integrating these technologies, the system achieves real-time data synchronization, automated inventory tracking, and enhanced visibility, thereby addressing the limitations of traditional warehouse management systems. The implementation of this system demonstrates significant improvements in operational efficiency, inventory accuracy, and scalability, making it a robust solution for various industries. The paper also discusses the system's architecture, methodology, and preliminary results, highlighting its potential to transform warehouse operations

Cyber-physical system (CPS) is a terminology used to describe multiple systems of existing infrastructure and manufacturing system that combines computing technologies (cyber space) into the physical space to integrate human interaction. This paper does a literature review of the work related to CPS in terms of its importance in today’s world. Further, this paper also looks at the importance of CPS and its relationship with internet of things (IoT). CPS is a very broad area and is used in variety of fields and some of these major fields are evaluated. Additionally, the implementation of CPS and IoT is major enabler for smart cities and various examples of such implementation in the context of Dubai and UAE are researched. Finally, security issues related to CPS in general are also reviewed.

The view of VTT (Technical Research Centre of Finland) on the development of selected information and communication technologies is presented. The views are given as technology roadmaps in the areas of interoperability and mobility in future networks, micromechanical radio frequency systems, service architectures and smart human environments. The work is a part of a theme called Future Communications Technologies, one of VTT's strategic technology themes. The purpose of the work is to help the planners and players direct their activities towards better competitiveness in this rapidly developing field.

Ventilator device are external devices that are designed to assist a patient to perform a particular task. It is to keep up or improve a breathing ability of a person if he encounters problem in his own breathing. Ventilators play a vital role in human’s life. It is a piece of equipment, software program or product system that is used to increase, maintain, or improve the functional capabilities of persons with disabilities in breathing period. This paper deals with the hardware design of a lab model ventilator.

Wind energy has the biggest market share of renewable energy around the world. High growth and development rates of wind energy lead to a massive increase in complexity and scale of wind energy conversion systems (WECS). Therefore, it is required to upgrade methods and strategies for design and implementation of WECS. Considering WECS as cyber-physical systems (CPS) will enable wind energy for the Internet of Energy (IoE). IoE is a cloud network where power sources with embedded and distributed intelligence are interfaced to smart grid and mass of consumption devices like smart buildings, appliances, and electric vehicles. Research trends of CPS for energy applications are mainly focusing on smart grids and energy systems for demand side management and smart buildings with less attention given to generation systems. This paper introduces potentials of cyber-physical (CP) integration of next-generation WECS. In addition, the paper surveys the advances and state-of-the-art technologies that enable WECS for IoE. Challenges and new requirements of future WECS as CPS like abstractions, networking, control, safety, security, sustainability and social components are discussed.

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are integrations of computational and physical processes. They represent a new generation of systems that interact with humans and expand the capabilities of the physical world through computation, communication, and control. At the same time, actions and interventions associated with this complex systems can have highly unpredictable and unintended consequences. Furthermore, today's practices of CPS design and implementation are not able to support the level of complexity required to detect these consequences. One methodology to approach this complex problem space is systems thinking (ST). Systems thinking emerges as both a worldview and a process in the sense that it informs one's understanding regarding a system and can be used as a problem-solving approach. Systems thinking is an abstraction-oriented analysis approach, specifically designed for heterogeneous complex systems. At the same time, another methodology, design thinking (DT), has enjoyed significantly increased visibility and importance over the last decade. Design thinking is a creative problemsolving approach, which puts human to the center and focuses first on the needs and experiences of the user. This paper aims to illustrate the possibility to use design thinking and systems thinking methodologies together to better deal with the complexity related problems during CPS design and implementation. The study proposes visual analytics as an integrative tool between these two methodologies, by (1) analyzing and understanding CPS development process through systems thinking, and (2) innovating and transforming the process through design thinking. To this end, an example use case is described and the application of the blended methodology explained step by step in relation to the use case. Visual analytics and data visualization are discussed in several steps and the possible benefits highlighted.

A Survey on Interoperability Measurement For nearly thirty years, both government and industry have actively explored research on interoperability measurement with the goal of creating a straightforward way of measuring, reporting, then improving the interoperability of complex networks of people, equipment, processes and organizations. Researchers have created frameworks and models, proposed measures, described levels, and listed a variety of qualitative factors in support of an interoperability measure. Within extant interoperability research, the authors’ research has uncovered nearly three dozen definitions of interoperability, over five dozen distinct types of interoperability, numerous interoperability attributes, and fourteen foundational interoperability measurement models and methodologies. At least eleven research groups have been the centersof-gravity for interoperability measurement research. This survey paper summarizes and focuses the current body of knowledge on inter...

Trust in online environments is based on beliefs in the trustworthiness of a trustee, which is composed of three distinct dimensions - integrity, ability, and benevolence. Zimbabwe has slowly adopted Internet of Things for smart agriculture as a way of improving on food security in the country, though there is hesitancy by most farmers citing trust issues as monitoring of crops, animals and farm equipment’s would be done online through connecting several devices and accessing data. Farmers are facing difficulties in trusting that the said technology has the ability to perform as expected in a specific situation or to complete a required task, i.e. if the technology will work consistently and reliably in monitoring the environment, nutrients, temperatures and equipment status. The integrity of the collected data as it will be used for decision making. There is a growing need to determine how trust in the technology influence the adoption of IoT for smart agriculture in Zimbabwe. The ...

The Wireless S ensor Network (WS N) in present generation has gained its popularity due to its applicability nature in various areas. The cost and structural complexity of a WS N are very low. In addition, through the continuous improvement, WS N has been utilizing in vast applications. The system interconnected with computing device, digital and mechanical instruments, animals, people or other objects is called Internet of things(IoT). The IoT allows objects to be sensed or controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration of the physical world into computer-based systems and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit in addition to reduced human intervention. When IoT is augmented with sensors and actuators, the technology becomes an instance of the more general class of cyber-physical systems. In general, a WS N consists of a sensor node (S N) that gathers the data from the atmosphere/environment. An S N exhibit very low power battery (LPB) and if the battery power gets drained S N will stop its functionality. Once the battery power is drained, it is impossible to recharge it back due to the wide spread network structure. The unfunctionality of an S N may lead to failure of the routing protocol. Commonly a routing protocol facilitates an efficient routing path among the S Ns. The security of data over the WS N is always a biggest issue which needs to be resolved. Many of the researchers have explained their views for energy efficient, secure routing protocol for a WS N. It is apparent that security will pose a fundamental enabling factor for the successful deployment and use of most IoT applications and in particular secure routing among IoT sensor nodes, thus mechanisms need to be designed to provide secure routing communications for devices enabled by the IoT technology.This survey analyzes existing routing protocols and mechanisms to secure routing communications in IoT, as well as the open research issues. We further analyze how existing approaches ensure secure routing in IoT, their weaknesses, threats to secure routing in IoT and the open challenges and strategies for future research work for a better secure IoT routing.

Cyber-Physical Systems (CPS) are one of the emerging technologies of the time. Current CPS are categorized as small, medium, and large-scale CPS. Small and medium-scale CPS's design, development, and operation standards are welldefined. However, the large-scale, also known as industrial-scale CPS, are complex, and their design, development, and operation remain challenging. This is due to the involvement of multiple complex technical and non-technical domains. This research discusses the complexity of future industrial-scale CPS in terms of cyber systems, physical systems, Collaborative Information Processing Systems (CIPS), and computer-aided engineering (CAE) systems. We present a detailed overview of the complexities in cyber & physical systems, human and managerial systems, and CAEs and suggest possible solutions. We discuss these complexities via a case study on a CPS-based energy management system. The implications of our discussions include an improved pathway to reduce the complexity of future CPS.

Most importantly, to my mother, you gave me everything that I am. Without your spiritual, emotional and financial support, I would not be where I am today. I am blessed to have such a great family. Your unconditional support and love has been the key for the success I have experienced in my life and in completing my doctoral degree. viii

As Industry 4.0 networks continue to evolve at a rapid pace, they are becoming increasingly complex and distributed. These networks incorporate a range of technologies that are integrated into smart manufacturing systems, requiring adaptability, security, and resilience. However, managing the complexity of Industry 4.0 networks presents significant challenges, particularly in terms of security and the integration of diverse technologies into a functioning and efficient infrastructure. To address these challenges, emerging digital twin standards are enabling the connection of various systems by linking individual digital twins, creating a system of systems. The objective is to develop a “universal translator” that can interpret inputs from both the real and digital worlds, merging them into a seamless cyber-physical reality. It will be demonstrated how the myriad of technologies and systems in Industry 4.0 networks can be connected through the use of digital twins to create a seamles...

This study delves into an integrated approach to inventory management, shedding light on various inventory management technologies applicable across different industries and distribution systems. The overarching goal is to attain a competitive edge by reducing costs and enhancing service quality. It underscores the significant impact of total logistics costs, encompassing transportation, facility, and inventory expenses, on a company's competitiveness. By harmonizing inventory and distribution policy decisions, businesses can streamline costs and enhance their ability to respond effectively to market demands. The effectiveness of this integration is illustrated through a practical example involving a scenario of single supply and multiple demands. Moreover, the study examines the pivotal role of Vendor Managed Inventory in optimizing inventory management throughout the supply chain. Additionally, it explores the utilization of the Traveling Salesman Problem to streamline transportation expenses. Through the adoption of this integrated approach, organizations can realize cost efficiencies and bolster their responsiveness, ultimately strengthening their competitive position within the industry.

The term digital twin refers to a comprehensive digital representation of a physical system that serves as its real-time digital counterpart. Digital twin goes beyond traditional computer-aided applications and represents a two-way communication bridge between the physical and the digital worlds. In 2020, Gartner identified digital twin as one of the ten technology trends capable of a profound impact on modern society. While digital twin originates from the manufacturing domain, its recent underpinning technology maturation makes it suitable to all those domains where there is a need for studying virtual interactions with the physical environment. Despite its peak of research and adoption, there are still some grey areas related to certain aspects of digital twin such as enabling technologies and reported benefits. In this paper, we report on the planning, execution and results of a systematic mapping study, which aimed at providing a structured and detailed snapshot of the current application of digital twin, enabling technologies, reported benefits and application domains. Starting from an initial set of 675 publications, we identified 26 primary studies, which we have analysed through a rigorous data extraction, analysis and synthesis process. Based on the collected data, we drew relations between digital twin and the production domain.

The term digital twin refers to a comprehensive digital representation of a physical system that serves as its real-time digital counterpart. Digital twin goes beyond traditional computer-aided applications and represents a two-way communication bridge between the physical and the digital worlds. In 2020, Gartner identified digital twin as one of the ten technology trends capable of a profound impact on modern society. While digital twin originates from the manufacturing domain, its recent underpinning technology maturation makes it suitable to all those domains where there is a need for studying virtual interactions with the physical environment. Despite its peak of research and adoption, there are still some grey areas related to certain aspects of digital twin such as enabling technologies and reported benefits. In this paper, we report on the planning, execution and results of a systematic mapping study, which aimed at providing a structured and detailed snapshot of the current ...

Problem-solving and critical thinking are also essential talents for robots in manufacturing technicians. Manufacturing environments present a myriad challenges that require quick and effective problem-solving. Professionals must be adept at diagnosing issues, identifying root causes, and implementing solutions. Critical thinking is necessary to anticipate potential problems and innovate new ways to improve robotic systems and processes. Learn more in Certified Lean Robotics in Manufacturing Technician (CLRmT) by Tonex.

This study/research delves into an integrated approach to inventory management, shedding light on various inventory management technologies applicable across different industries and distribution systems. The overarching goal is to attain a competitive edge by reducing costs and enhancing service quality. It underscores the significant impact of total logistics costs, encompassing transportation, facility, and inventory expenses, on a company's competitiveness. By harmonizing inventory and distribution policy decisions, businesses can streamline costs and enhance their ability to respond effectively to market demands. The effectiveness of this integration is illustrated through a practical example involving a scenario of single supply and multiple demands. Moreover, the study examines the pivotal role of Vendor Managed Inventory in optimizing inventory management throughout the supply chain. Additionally, it explores the utilization of the Traveling Salesman Problem to streamline transportation expenses. Through the adoption of this integrated approach, organizations can realize cost efficiencies and bolster their responsiveness, ultimately strengthening their competitive position within the industry.

Putting a positive angle to discussion of the challenges& risks is something that should probably be done more often. This is what the author aimed for  in the Invited Talk for the Asian Society for Productivity & Innovation in Research & Education #digitalvibes#positivevibes

The Physical Internet (PI) is a modularization of logistics services: standardized protocols, full interoperability and standardized packaging, PI‐containers, and encapsulated freight. The PI‐containers are a core component of the PI; however, previous PI studies have not addressed those containers’ repositioning, despite its importance and effect on the PI network efficiency. In this paper, we analyze how the PI‐containers’ design and characteristics will determine the containers’ flows in a domestic network context. The flows are studied strategically using a linear programming model minimizing flow imbalances between hubs and simulating the effect of PI‐container compatibility. The model is tested using inter‐regional freight data from Sweden, and the results are framed using modularity theory. Our analysis reveals that PI‐container compatibility in terms of forward and reverse flows determines whether PI presents increased or decreased empty runs compared with the existing conve...

In this paper we present the design of a cost-effective wearable sensor to detect and indicate the strength and other characteristics of the electric field emanating from a laptop display. Our bracelet can provide an immediate awareness of electric fields radiated from an object used frequently. Our technology thus supports awareness of ambient background emanation beyond human perception. We discuss how detection of such radiation might help to "fingerprint" devices and aid in applications that require determination of indoor location.

This case study disseminates research and reflection on teaching practices which sought to address the needs of first year BA (Hons) Theatre degree students who were transitioning from a BTEC performing arts background. Drawing on reflections upon the delivery of a first year, second semester core module (Theatre History) which introduces students to theatre texts from different historical periods, this case study will reflect, and offer initial thoughts, upon the effectiveness of using creative learning to engage and improve outcomes for undergraduate students on this module. The case study outlines and evaluates the teaching strategies that were adapted and implemented to support students transitioning from practice-based further education courses and who were finding the theoretical and academic aspects of the course difficult in terms of personal engagement. The study concludes with a summation of the achievement of students on final assessment in relation to their previous achi...

Roadmapping is a well-known management approach that helps with the collaborative development and management of technology and innovation planning. In this context, the management of shared information is critical to effective and reliable collaboration. Blockchain technology supports disruptive and distributed IP management solutions, especially in a multi-stakeholder environment. This research investigates opportunities to apply blockchain to support collaborative roadmapping. First, a literature review was conducted to identify potential benefits provided by blockchain technologies. The connections between the collaborative roadmapping gaps and potential blockchain benefits were translated into research opportunities. Blockchain by nature can support two unsolved gaps in collaborative roadmapping: confidentiality and security. Additionally, the research reveals three new potential benefits of blockchain technologies: certification, shared value, and traceability.

Indoor location is crucial for enabling the provisioning of novel location-based services in several areas. There are many different technologies that could be used in order to implement a reliable indoor location service, such as, among others, Beacon with Bluetooth Low Energy, Ultrasound wave system with special receivers. The choice between these technologies must take into account multiple parameters (e.g., user-centrality, proactivity,..), and should be driven by not only industrial relevance but also cost-effectiveness issues. In this paper we claim that Beacon with Bluetooth Low Energy is the best solution for indoor localization, and we present an extensive comparison between two frameworks that are the most relevant solutions interacting with beacon technology: Apple Core Location Framework and Estimote Monitoring. The comparison results offer a clear vision of which framework has to be used in order to implement a reliable and cost-effective indoor location-based service.

Home automation is a topic that is gaining prominence due to its numerous advantages. Simply connecting home appliances and electrical devices to the internet or cloud storage enables home automation. In recent times, the demand for network-enabled home automation has skyrocketed due to its simplicity and comparable affordability. Using user-friendly, customdefined portals, cloud-computing-based platforms make it possible to easily access anything and everything at any time and place, regardless of the user's physical location. Consequently, the cloud serves as an entry point for IoT. A motion sensor (PIR sensor) and an alarm bell were used to detect motion around the house. Gas leakage and fire can be detected by implementing an MQ2 gas sensor and a fire sensor. The designed system sends warnings when acceptable deviation exceeds the thresholds. The user can receive notifications on the mobile device by modifying the phone's application, i.e., Blynk. In addition, the user has full remote control over house facilities such as lighting, air conditioning, doors, security system activation, and system alarms.

As Industry 4.0 networks continue to evolve at a rapid pace, they are becoming increasingly complex and distributed. These networks incorporate a range of technologies that are integrated into smart manufacturing systems, requiring adaptability, security, and resilience. However, managing the complexity of Industry 4.0 networks presents significant challenges, particularly in terms of security and the integration of diverse technologies into a functioning and efficient infrastructure. To address these challenges, emerging digital twin standards are enabling the connection of various systems by linking individual digital twins, creating a system of systems. The objective is to develop a “universal translator” that can interpret inputs from both the real and digital worlds, merging them into a seamless cyber-physical reality. It will be demonstrated how the myriad of technologies and systems in Industry 4.0 networks can be connected through the use of digital twins to create a seamles...

Real time Weather analysis and forecasting is very important in recent years of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. In this paper we are trying to analyse weather streaming data like temperature, humidity using ThingSpeak tool ,mean while data is collected through IOT sensors.

As technology is pervasive in all aspects of life, students' technology competency becomes essential in all disciplines of higher education. To fully prepare college graduates to function competently and productively in their career, it is important to examine employers' views of technology competency and our graduates' readiness. Obtaining employers' perspectives not only engages employers in building skills of their potential employees, but also fills in a gap between academic program outcomes and workplace competencies or expectations. Using a qualitative approach by interviewing employers in Southeastern United States across a range of fields, the authors described the major functions and dimensions of technology competency, compared similarities and differences across the disciplines, and integrated the results to inform theory and pedagogy. The main purpose of this research was to investigate how well new graduates from selected disciplines can transfer technological skills, how they learned and/or used these skills during their program of study. Technology skills may be required in the performance of their first jobs as they transition from classroom to employment so that curricular changes or revisions can be made if needed to improve outcomes. Over this manuscript, investigators also introduced how a multidisciplinary approach, which involved faculty from different backgrounds (Civil Engineering and Construction, Education and International Trade) through the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning (SoTL)-Faculty Learning Communities (FLCs), was used to explore perceptions of technology competency. Using the semi-structured interview protocol, the investigators interviewed four participants as company technology supervisors, two school principals and two other business managers. Results showed that all participants were dependent on the use of technology, but the degree of sophistication varied widely. While the participants reported their new hires were able to use foundational technology, the actual usage varied among the disciplines and their discipline-specific technology knowledge was often limited. Overall, the study recommends that use of discipline-specific software should be incorporated into curriculum with more depth. Institutes of higher education (IHE) need to continue fostering students' soft-skills such as teamwork and self-efficacy, so graduates will be better prepared in the workplace. As a different facet of this investigation, experiences and strategies regarding collaboration and learning experiences of the SoTL project will be shared and an in-depth understanding of technology competency defined by employers through the results of the study will be presented. The paper will comment on the value of collaboration and the faculty learning community in nurturing the SoTL research culture. The results will demonstrate major functions and dimensions of technology competency across and within the disciplines. The study is providing valuable information to the investigators for use in strengthening, improving or revising educational curricula and/or pedagogical strategies to improve outcomes of the educational process involving technology skills pertaining to the respective fields.