Internet of Smart Things (IoST)

Fueled by advances in microelectronics, wireless communications and the availability of affordable mobile connectivity, the last decade has seen an unprecedented proliferation in the number of interconnected devices. This evolution is part of the transition to the Internet of Things (IoT), which envisions connecting anything at any time and place. While it can be argued we are already living in the IoT era, the next paradigm shift is already emerging on the horizon, targeting yet another order of magnitude increase in the number of interconnected devices and promising to bring people and processes in the equation. This is particularly important towards the vision of Smart Cities, where physical infrastructure is complemented by the availability of intellectual and social capital, increasing both urban competitiveness and quality of life. However, before such a paradigm shift can be realized, significant challenges with respect to scalability, cooperative communications, energy consumption, as well as convergence of sensor and analytics trends have to be resolved. In this paper we elaborate on the different trends, as well as the remaining open problems and we show how Sensor Virtualization Technology, capturing both the Virtual Sensors and Virtual Sensors Networks aspects, promises to alleviate or resolve these challenges, and pave the way towards the evolution of the Internet of Things.

In today’s fast-moving tech world, great IT support isn’t just about solving problems  it’s about building trust, speaking your client’s language, and delivering solutions with speed and confidence. In Modern Ways of Offering IT System Support for Your Stakeholders, seasoned analyst and consultant Prashanta Upreti shares real-world techniques to transform traditional helpdesk service into a modern, people-first, tech-smart experience.

From handling tech-savvy pros to guiding non-technical users and managing vendor delays, this book shows how to use AI tools, smart automation, and clear communication to get results fast. Packed with practical tips and toolkits, it’s your go-to guide for becoming not just a support agent but a trusted problem-solver in any IT team.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

Bitcoin whitepaper'ında ikinci referans olarak gösterilen ""Design Of A Secure Timestamping Service With Minimal Trust Requirement"" dokümanının resmî onaylı Türkçe çevrilmiş halidir. H. Massias, X.S. Avila ve J.-J. Quisquater tarafından kaleme alınmış olup Yunus Emre Özbucak tarafından çevrilmiştir.

The DL with IoRT has improved very much in the detection of automated defects in industrial settings. Classical approaches rely on manual feature extraction and computationally expensive preprocessing, which limits real-time applications. The proposed optimized deep learning framework is improved by the Flower Pollination Algorithm for hyperparameter tuning. Utilizing CNNs along with IoRT-enabled real-time monitoring, the system achieved a better accuracy (95%), precision (92%), and recall (94%). Comparing the model with the existing metaheuristic models shows that it converges faster, provides fewer false alarms, and requires less computational overhead, thus it is best suited for smart manufacturing applications.

The Internet of Things (Internet of Things) is the world's network of interconnected and wired physical infrastructure, including sensors, drivers, intelligent devices, objects, computer equipment, and mechanical machines. Such tools are the data source of an industrial environment which provides a lot of knowledge about manufacturing methods. The large and heterogeneous complexity of the information is also essential for capturing, storing, and deciding on real-time data. This paper introduces an IoT-assisted improved fuzzy aggregation system for industrial data management (IFA-IDM) to support massive industrial data management, online monitoring, and smart production controls. The platform has five basic layers providing end-users a service-oriented architecture, including physical, network, middleware, databases, and application layers. Experimental research from a case study of the intelligent factory shows that the system can handle normal information and urgent events generated by various factory devices through state-of-the-art communication protocols in the distributed industrial environment. The data are translated into useful information, increasing efficiency and production line previews.

Bu çalışmada gezgin bir robot üzerinde bulunan ultrasonik algılayıcılardan ve kodlayıcıdan alınan verilerden faydalanılarak Bayes güncellemeli doluluk ızgaraları yöntemiyle robotun dolaştığı çevrenin haritası oluşturulmuştur. Harita tespit etmekteki amacımız robotun ve etrafındaki cisimlerin konumlarını bilmek istememizdir. Robotun çevresi ne kadar doğru modellenirse ileriye yönelik planlama davranışları da o kadar başarılı olacaktır. Bu amaçla, duvar bulma, duvar takibi, öndeki ve yandaki engellerden kaçınma, içbükey ve dışbükey köşe dönüşleri, tamponların kontrolü, tekerleğin sıkışma durumundaki kontrolü gibi robotun yapması gereken temel davranışlar geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen davranış modeli PIONEER robotlar için tasarlanmış MobilSim simülatörü ve P3-DX robotu ile test edilmiştir. Elde edilen uzaklık bilgilerinden robotun dolaştığı çevrenin haritası başarılı bir şekilde oluşturulmuştur.

Nowadays, there is an interaction between the web sites and users. In this interaction, user requests are sent to web servers in URL strings. Sometimes, harmful code may be embedded into those strings. Harmful code embedding is one of web attacks. User input data may be analyzed for detection of this type of attack. In this study, a text based anomaly detection method has been proposed. Proposed method uses textual properties of input data for analysis. This method that is implemented and given experimental results is particularly a new approach for web based anomaly detection.

With the technological development of advanced technologies and the use of the Internet of Things (IoT), the number of connected devices is increasing in manufacturing processes. As devices become more and more incorporated using more processing power, the big data is generated. However, increasing the generation of big data leads to problems related to processing and analysis. The current tendency of solving the problems of processing and analysis is via Cloud Computing technologies. However, more attention is dedicated of performing computations as close to the device as possible, relying on Edge Computing technologies. Motivated by these facts, this paper provides a comparative analysis of the roles of edge computing and cloud computing, summarizing challenges and opportunities of these technologies and providing their application in Industry 4.0.

Big data, generated by various sources such as mobile devices, sensors, and the Internet of Things (IoT), has many characteristics such as volume, velocity, variety, variability, veracity, validity, vulnerability, volatility, visualization, and value. An Intrusion Detection System (IDS) is essential for cybersecurity to detect intrusions before or after attacks. Traditional software methods struggle to store, manage, and analyze big data, developing new techniques for effective and rapid intrusion detection in organizations and enterprises. This study introduces the IDS Random Forest (RF) model in binary and multiclass classification for intrusion detection. In this model, we used the Synthetic Minority Oversampling TEchnique (SMOTE) to address class imbalances, and the RF classifier to classify attacks using the Network Security Laboratory (NSL)-KDD dataset. In the experiment, we compared the IDS-RF model with the Support Vector Machine (SVM), k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN), and Logistic Regression (LR) classifiers in terms of accuracy, precision, recall, f1-score, and times for training and testing. The experimental results showed that the IDS-RF model achieved high performance in binary and multiclass classification compared to others. In addition, the proposed model also achieved high accuracies for each class (Normal, DoS, Probe, U2R, or R2L) and obtained 98.69%, 99.72%, 98.93%, 95.13%, and 89%, respectively.

The paper presents a development of the multi sensor embedded system for measuring up to eight sensor parameters optimized by appropriate algorithms. Since most of the industrial applications use the analog sensors with transmitters for sensing the process parameters particularly in harsh environment because of their strong mechanical packaging and ruggedness. Then the benefits of digital technology in the vast world of analog sensors can be implemented by development of appropriate multi sensor embedded system. The developed system has most of the features of smart sensing and communicating to other embedded/Host PC through a wireless interface. The developed prototype system has been tested with RTD temperature sensors for temperature measurement over a wireless connectivity for various distances. From an application point of view, a mobile robotic platform is developed to test the multi-sensor embedded system for Agro-Industrial Applications. Further, the average loss in signal is measured and received power is calculated and compared. Finally, the effect of obstacles at indoor and outdoor range for wireless transmission has been presented. It is observed that for better transmission of signals via wireless communication, the low frequency along with low baud rate and line of sight range is required to minimize the signal loss.

Resumen En este articulo de investigacion se presentan los resultados iniciales de un estudio para determinar la aceptacion del uso de servicios en la nube por parte de las PyMEs del municipio de Celaya y su area de influencia, con la finalidad de definir estrategias para un acercamiento practico con el concepto de industria 4.0, de tal forma que los empresarios y gerentes se apoyen y utilicen estos recursos de forma util, eficiente y segura para la toma de decisiones y procesos operativos. El presente trabajo incluye los resultados de la aplicacion de dos instrumentos de recoleccion de informacion para identificar si este sector empresarial ha tenido contacto o aplicado la computacion en la nube, asi como las conclusiones que los datos recabados han permitido identificar. Palabra(s) Clave(s) : Internet, Industria 4.0, Servicios en la nube.  THE CLOUD AT THE SERVICE OF SMES IN THE DIRECTION OF INDUSTRY 4.0 Abstract On this article we present a research of the initial results that de...

In sixth-generation (6G) networks, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) are expected to be widely used as aerial base stations (ABS) due to their adaptability, low deployment costs, and ultra-low latency responses. However, UAVs consume large amounts of power to collect data from multiple sensor nodes (SNs). This can limit their flight time and transmission efficiency, resulting in delays and low information freshness. In this paper, we present a multi-access edge computing (MEC)integrated UAV-assisted wireless sensor network (WSN) with a laser technology-based energy harvesting (EH) system that makes the UAV act as a flying energy charger to address these issues. This work aims to minimize the age of information (AoI) and improve energy efficiency by jointly optimizing the UAV trajectories, EH, task scheduling, and data offloading. The joint optimization problem is formulated as a Markov decision process (MDP) and then transformed into a stochastic game model to handle the complexity and dynamics of the environment. We adopt a multi-agent deep Q-network (MADQN) algorithm to solve the formulated optimization problem. With the MADQN algorithm, UAVs can determine the best data collection and EH decisions to minimize their energy consumption and efficiently collect data from multiple SNs, leading to reduced AoI and improved energy efficiency. Compared to the benchmark algorithms such as deep deterministic policy gradient (DDPG), Dueling DQN, asynchronous advantage actor-critic (A3C) and Greedy, the MADQN algorithm has a lower average AoI and improves energy efficiency by 95.5%, 89.9%, 78.02% and 65.52% respectively.

This work presents a groundbreaking approach with a fusion of the Internet of Sensing Things (IoST) and Robotics. This system utilizes four flex sensors strategically placed on the most flexible fingers across both hands to control a Six-DoF robotic arm, offering a novel interface for those with limited mobility. This system can also be used for moving toxic objects. The Raspberry Pi is the central control unit that acquires data from the flex sensors and controls the servo motors. Moreover, the device incorporates machine learning to learn the daily movements of the users and predict abnormal finger movements. Multiple data analyses and visualizations are initiated to predict the normal and abnormal data. GMMs or Gaussian Mixture Models showed successful results among various abnormality detection processes. This amalgamation of flexible sensing and mathematical modeling offers precision and adaptability in control mechanisms. INDEX TERMS Six-DoF robotic arm, Internet of Sensing Things (IoST), Gaussian mixture models, abnormality prediction, flex sensor, finger controlled arm.

{ 1 kadir.tohma, 2 ipek.abasikeles, 3 yakup.kutlu}@iste.edu.tr Öz Kablosuz Algılayıcı Ağlarda (KAA) enerji kaynaklarının sınırlı olması, beraberinde, ağ yaşam süresini artırmak amacıyla literatürde çeşitli enerji efektif çözümlerin aranmasını getirmiştir. Bu çözümler arasında baz istasyonunun hareketi bazdüğüm arası veri iletişim maliyetini doğrudan etkilediği için önemli bir yere sahiptir. Dinamik baz istasyonu konumlandırmasında düğümlerin konumları ile birlikte enerjilerinin de hesaba katılmasının ağın verimliliğini artırdığı bilinmekle birlikte, bu parametrelerin hangi oranlarda kullanılması gerektiğine dair bir çalışmaya rastlanmamıştır. Bu çalışmada simülasyon yöntemi kullanılarak HEED protokolü üzerinde dinamik baz istasyonu modelinde konum ve enerji parametrelerinin optimum oranları araştırılmış ve elde edilen sonuçlara göre her iki parametrenin de eşit oranda kullanılmasının ağ yaşam süresi açısından en iyi performansı sergilediği gözlemlenmiştir.

Cyborgs invoke visions of super-humans intertwined with innovative technologies able to surpass the restrictions of the human body. Conventional vulnerability detection models sustain maximum false positive rates and depend upon manual participation. Machine learning (ML) and Artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are exploited in several real-time applications, like vulnerability, malware, and software function detection, for high-quality feature representation learning. In this aspect, this study introduces a hyperparameter-optimized deep belief network-enabled vulnerability and classification (HOSDBN-VC) technique on cyborgs. The presented HOSDBN-VC model aims to detect and classify the existence of vulnerabilities. The presented HOSDBN-VC model involves a Z-score normalization approach to transform the input data into a useful format. In addition, the Hypercube Optimization Search Algorithmbased feature selection (HOS-FS) method is employed for selecting feature subsets. Moreover, a flower pollination algorithm (FPA) with a deep belief network (DBN) paradigm is applied for vulnerability and classification. The metaheuristics-based FPA is exploited to choose the hyperparameters related to the DBN paradigm appropriately. A wide-ranging experiment has been conducted to investigate the results of the HOSDBN-VD model under two databases, FFmpeg and LibPNG. The experimental outcomes implied the betterment of the HOSDBN-VD algorithm over recent approaches.

Due to the growing volume of data traffic produced by the surge of Internet of Things (IoT) devices, the demand for radio spectrum resources is approaching their limitation defined by Federal Communications Commission (FCC). To this end, Dynamic Spectrum Access (DSA) is considered as a promising technology to handle this spectrum scarcity. However, standard DSA techniques often rely on analytical modeling wireless networks, making its application intractable in under-measured network environments. Therefore, utilizing neural networks to approximate the network dynamics is an alternative approach. In this article, we introduce a Federated Learning (FL) based framework for the task of DSA, where FL is a distributive machine learning framework that can reserve the privacy of network terminals under heterogeneous data distributions. We discuss the opportunities, challenges, and opening problems of this framework. To evaluate its feasibility, we implement a Multi-Agent Reinforcement Lear...

Recognizing ancient Sinhala inscription characters enable archeologists to reveal historical events in ancient Sri Lanka. Currently, this is done by the archaeology experts with a huge effort. The inefficiency of this manual procedure will negatively impact on the future research in field of archaeology. This research involves in developing an application with Optical Character Recognition (OCR) functionality to recognize ancient Sinhala inscription. This paper focus on the OCR module of the application. OCR module comprises of the technologies of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Convolutional Neural Network (CNN). Experiments were carried out to evaluate the recognition rate of the two OCR technologies which performs on train data, test data (preprocessed) and test data (real images). After evaluating each OCR solution, CNN was selected as the best resulted OCR solution. Lack of data is the main limitation of this research and it will be highly impacted on the OCR accuracy. As a...

SummaryDue to an ever‐increasing number of Internet of Everything (IoE) devices, massive amounts of data are produced daily. Cloud computing offers storage, processing, and analysis services for handling of such large quantities of data. The increased latency and bandwidth consumption is not acceptable to real‐time applications like online gaming, smart health, video surveillance, etc. Fog computing has emerged to overcome the increase in latency and bandwidth consumption in Cloud computing. Fog Computing provides storage, processing, networking, and analytical services at the edge of a network. As Fog Computing is still in its infancy, its significant challenges include resource‐allocation and job‐scheduling. The Fog devices at the edge of the network are resource‐constrained. Therefore, it is important to decide the assignment and scheduling of a job on a Fog node. An efficient job scheduling algorithm can reduce energy consumption and response time of an application request. In t...

Se describe el desarrollo de un sistema de monitoreo y control de temperatura en tiempo real dentro de una incubadora de huevo de ave basado en Internet de las Cosas (IoT, por su siglas en inglés), alertando al avicultor en caso de emergencia, se utiliza una red de sensores de temperatura DHT22, placa WEMOS D1 R2, con desarrollo WiFi, basada en el módulo ESP8266 utilizando el IDE de Arduino para su programación, esta se encarga de recopilar los datos a través de la red de sensores de temperatura para su proceso y toma de decisiones activando o desactivando actuadores (Ventilador y Resistencia eléctrica) con la finalidad de mantener la temperatura optima durante la incubación ya que esta varía según los días

Reserva de derechos al uso exclusivo No. 04-2016-120613261600-203 http://itcelaya.edu.mx/ojs/index.php/pistas ~2319~ desarrollo o afectar su calidad cuando padecen estrés hídrico en las últimas etapas de desarrollo. Los métodos tradicionales empleados en la agricultura de precisión, generan grandes pérdidas para los agricultores. En el presente artículo se describe el diseño, elaboración e implementación de un sistema de riego empleando hardware y software libre, sensores, actuadores, telefonía móvil y servidores web, con el fin de crear un ambiente apropiado para que el Internet de las Cosas (IoT) y la Agricultura de Precisión ofrezcan al usuario una plataforma amigable para el monitoreo y control del riego en un invernadero inteligente.

Resumen Las abejas son muy importantes para el equilibrio del ecosistema y sobre todo, para la subsistencia de muchos cultivos, debido a su capacidad para polinizar las flores. Actualmente, las poblaciones de abejas meliferas estan disminuyendo debido al desorden del colapso de la colonia, las razones no se conocen completamente, el monitoreo remoto de la colmena es esencial para obtener toda la informacion posible sobre las condiciones ambientales que la rodean. Por otra parte, es importante llevar a cabo la recoleccion de informacion utilizando las nuevas tecnologias para no perturbar las condiciones de trabajo de las abejas y obtener datos mas confiables. Se ha instalado una red de sensores que cumplen con este requisito, a traves de un sistema de monitoreo remoto, basado en un modelo jerarquico de dos niveles formado por el nodo inalambrico y un servidor local. El sistema para el monitoreo de variables fisicas dentro y fuera de una colmena es completamente escalable, en cuanto a...

Resumen Desde que Arquimedes invento su tornillo para trasladar el agua cuesta arriba y los romanos construyeron sus acueductos, el ser humano ha intentado manipular el recurso mas apreciado de la tierra mediante el uso de la tecnologia. Muchos han sonado con hacer que los desiertos florezcan. Ahora, con la poblacion mundial superando los siete mil millones y la demanda de agua en niveles sin precedentes, las nuevas tecnologias estan ayudando a hacer uso mas inteligente de este recurso natural esencial para la vida. En la produccion agricola, el riego es fundamental para una cosecha exitosa, pues la aplicacion de agua durante el desarrollo del cultivo influye en su rendimiento y calidad de los frutos. Los vegetales estan compuestos entre un 80 y 95% de agua. Por eso son tan susceptibles a retrasar su madurez y reducir su rendimiento cuando el dano por falta de agua ocurre al principio de su desarrollo o afectar su calidad cuando padecen estres hidrico en las ultimas etapas de desarr...

Türkçe Özet-Nesnelerin İnterneti (IoT) cihazlarının sayısının günden güne artmasıyla birlikte bu cihazlara yönelik yapılan saldırılar da artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, IoT cihazlarında güvenliği sağlama yöntemleri ve IoT cihazlarına yönelik saldırılar ele alınmış, sıfır-güven mimarisinin IoT güvenliğini sağlamadaki önemi açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca, dolgu yöntemlerinin saldırganın kullandığı makine öğrenmesine karşı savunma oranları gösterilmiş ve makine öğrenmesi teknikleriyle kullanılan savunma yöntemleri anlatılmıştır. Bu amaçla, makine öğrenmesi yöntemlerinin etkili olduğu saldırılar, makine öğrenmesi teknikleriyle yapılan saldırılar ve oluşturulan ihlaller belirtilmiştir. Ek olarak, makine öğrenmesi tekniklerinin şifreli trafikte IoT cihazlarını sınıflandırmadaki etkinliği incelenmiştir. Rastgele Orman ve Karar Ağacı sınıflandırma algoritmalarının IoT cihazlarını sınıflandırmadaki etkinliği değerlendirilmiştir. Son olarak, yaygın kullanılan saldırı ve savunma yöntemleri için deneyler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla, IoT cihaz trafiği analiz edilerek dolgulu ve dolgusuz olarak yapılan deneylerin doğruluk oranları karşılaştırılmıştır. Dolgusuz verilere sınıflandırma yapıldığında IoT cihazlarının %84 doğruluk oranı elde edilirken, saldırganın doğru bilgiye erişme oranını düşürmeyi hedefleyen rastgele dolgu yöntemi ile bu doğruluk oranı %19'a düşürülmüştür.

Türkçe Özet-Nesnelerin İnterneti (IoT) cihazlarının sayısının günden güne artmasıyla birlikte bu cihazlara yönelik yapılan saldırılar da artmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, IoT cihazlarında güvenliği sağlama yöntemleri ve IoT cihazlarına yönelik saldırılar ele alınmış, sıfır-güven mimarisinin IoT güvenliğini sağlamadaki önemi açıklanmıştır. Ayrıca, dolgu yöntemlerinin saldırganın kullandığı makine öğrenmesine karşı savunma oranları gösterilmiş ve makine öğrenmesi teknikleriyle kullanılan savunma yöntemleri anlatılmıştır. Bu amaçla, makine öğrenmesi yöntemlerinin etkili olduğu saldırılar, makine öğrenmesi teknikleriyle yapılan saldırılar ve oluşturulan ihlaller belirtilmiştir. Ek olarak, makine öğrenmesi tekniklerinin şifreli trafikte IoT cihazlarını sınıflandırmadaki etkinliği incelenmiştir. Rastgele Orman ve Karar Ağacı sınıflandırma algoritmalarının IoT cihazlarını sınıflandırmadaki etkinliği değerlendirilmiştir. Son olarak, yaygın kullanılan saldırı ve savunma yöntemleri için deneyler gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla, IoT cihaz trafiği analiz edilerek dolgulu ve dolgusuz olarak yapılan deneylerin doğruluk oranları karşılaştırılmıştır. Dolgusuz verilere sınıflandırma yapıldığında IoT cihazlarının %84 doğruluk oranı elde edilirken, saldırganın doğru bilgiye erişme oranını düşürmeyi hedefleyen rastgele dolgu yöntemi ile bu doğruluk oranı %19'a düşürülmüştür.

Home automation is a topic that is gaining prominence due to its numerous advantages. Simply connecting home appliances and electrical devices to the internet or cloud storage enables home automation. In recent times, the demand for network-enabled home automation has skyrocketed due to its simplicity and comparable affordability. Using user-friendly, customdefined portals, cloud-computing-based platforms make it possible to easily access anything and everything at any time and place, regardless of the user's physical location. Consequently, the cloud serves as an entry point for IoT. A motion sensor (PIR sensor) and an alarm bell were used to detect motion around the house. Gas leakage and fire can be detected by implementing an MQ2 gas sensor and a fire sensor. The designed system sends warnings when acceptable deviation exceeds the thresholds. The user can receive notifications on the mobile device by modifying the phone's application, i.e., Blynk. In addition, the user has full remote control over house facilities such as lighting, air conditioning, doors, security system activation, and system alarms.

Real time Weather analysis and forecasting is very important in recent years of science and technology to predict the state of the atmosphere for a future time and a given location. In this paper we are trying to analyse weather streaming data like temperature, humidity using ThingSpeak tool ,mean while data is collected through IOT sensors.

In this study, it is aimed to optimize Wireless Body Area Network communication protocol in IEEE 802.15.6 standard which is designed especially for medical devices by using various algorithms. Cable-equivalent reliability of WBAN communication protocol is tested with simulation works. BER performances of WBAN communication protocol andformer communication protocol which is designed for medical devices-ZigBEE communication protocol in IEEE 802.15.4 are compared. Code spreading algorithm's effects on BER performance for WBAN communication protocol is examined. After simulation work BER performance for WBAN communication protocol become better that ZigBEE and WBAN protocol with code spreading algorithm. Thus, cable-equivalent communication reliability status is reached with less SNR value.

Water is a vital resource for human health, agriculture, and industry. However, water pollution and scarcity are major challenges in many parts of the world, especially in developing countries like India. According to a report by the Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB), Bihar is one of the states with the highest number of polluted rivers stretches, affecting the quality of groundwater and surface water sources. Therefore, there is a need for an efficient and reliable system to monitor and manage water quality in Bihar. One of the emerging technologies that can address this need is the Internet of Things (IoT), which refers to the network of physical devices, sensors, and actuators that can collect, process, and communicate data over the internet. IoT can enable real-time and remote monitoring of water quality parameters, such as pH, turbidity, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and conductivity, using smart sensors that are deployed in water sources or distribution networks. These sensors can transmit the data to a cloud platform, where it can be stored, analyzed, and visualized using various tools and techniques. Cloud computing can provide scalable, cost-effective, and secure services for data processing and storage, as well as enable access to the data from anywhere and anytime.

Silolar icerisinde cesitli malzemeler depolanirlar ve saklanirlar. Kati, sivi, gaz gibi cesitli hallerde saklanan malzemeler turlerine bagli olarak belirli sartlar altinda bekletilirler. Depolanan malzemelerin belirli surec icerisinde silolar icerisinde bekletilirken gozlemlemesi, malzemelerin depolanmasi ve bosaltilmasi icin kontrol gerekmektedir. Silolarin kontrolu ve silo ici malzeme miktar takibi,  ayni ve farkli turden malzemeler icin merkezi bir sistem tarafindan denetlenmelidir. Silo sayisinin oldukca fazla oldugu uygulama ortamlarinda verilerin izlenmesi icin merkezi bir aga ihtiyac duyulmaktadir. Bu calismada silo sistemleri icin kullanilan temel algilayici turlerine bagli verilerin izlenmesi ve kontrolu icin CAN ( kontrol alan agi) tabanli merkezi bir silo alan agi(SAA) onerilmistir. CAN ‘in mesaj kimlik ozelligi kullanilarak siloya ozgu verileri, algilayici ve silo ayirt edici metotlari ile bir endustriyel haberlesme cozumu sunulmustur. Bir silo uzerinde bulunan algilayic...

Kablosuz Multimedya Algilayici Ag (KMAA)’lar icin enerji tuketimi en onemli problemdir. KMAA’lar Kablosuz Algilayici Ag (KAA)’lara gore daha buyuk boyutta veri aktardiklari ve veriler uzerinde islem yapma yetenegine sahip olduklari icin enerji gereksinimleri oldukca fazladir. Bu calismada, KMAA’lar icin onerilen enerji duyarli protokoller katmanli mimari yapisi baz alinarak incelenmistir. Fiziksel katmandan baslanarak uygulama katmanina kadar literaturde yer alan enerji verimliligi ile ilgili calismalara yer verilmistir. Bu calismanin hedefi, KMAA’larda gelistirilecek olan enerji verimli uygulamalar icin ihtiyac olan gereksinimlerin daha acik anlasilmasini saglamaktir.

In this study, the vulnerability tests were carried out through the techniques of penetration, crack and impersonation the wireless network connections in which the thing in the industry 4.0 was communicating. The MAC addresses of all the devices by the penetration technique has been seen in the network identified. The device is dropped from the network using de-auth attacks with MAC address. As a result of this, the operation of Industrial 4.0 systems is interrupted or stopped. It is possible to predict the standard passwords of the distributors with WPS feature turned on by means of cracking techniques and to penetration the wireless network or to disable the network. In the end, it can be seen that the existing data can be deleted or collected by adding a new device to the system with the fake technique of the wireless network. The results showed that WEP, WPA, and WPA2 security were not sufficiently used in the wireless network. As a result of the penetration methodology, it was determined that the use of wireless networks would not be a solution in the connections where data security was high in Industry 4.0.

Bu çalışmada Endüstri 4.0 içerisinde yer alan nesnelerin iletişim kurdukları kablosuz ağ bağlantılarının sızma, kırma ve taklit etme teknikleri uygulanarak zafiyet testleri yapılmıştır. Sızma tekniği ile tespit edilen ağdaki tüm cihazların MAC adreslerine erişim sağlanmaktadır.  MAC adresi üzerinden de-auth atakları ile cihazlar ağdan düşürülmektedir. Bunun sonucunda Endüstri 4.0 sistemlerinin çalışmasının kesintiye uğradığı veya belirli bir süre durduğu görülmektedir. Kırma teknikleri ile WPS özelliği açık olan dağıtıcıların standart şifreleri tahmin edilerek kablosuz ağa sızmanın veya ağı devre dışı bırakmanın gerçekleştiği görülmektedir. Son olarak kablosuz ağda, oturum taklit etme tekniği ile sisteme yeni bir cihaz ekleyip var olan verilerin silinebileceği veya toplanabileceği görülmektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlar ile kablosuz ağda kullanılan WEP, WPA ve WPA2 güvenliklerinin kendi başlarına yeterli olmadığı görülmüştür. Yapılan sızma metodolojisi ile Endüstri 4.0 sistemlerinde ver...

Resumen El presente articulo ofrece un proceso complementario a un proyecto de investigacion financiado por el Tecnologico Nacional de Mexico (TecNM), en donde se busca que las actividades y procesos vinculados al proyecto tengan una mayor cobertura en la comunidad tecnologica. Para ello se identificaron ciertas pautas que permitieron orientar el tipo de acciones a realizar tanto en un plano individual como colectivo. Lo reportado en el presente articulo corresponde a un avance substancial de ese esfuerzo, en el entendido de que algunas iniciativas vinculadas llevan sus propios tiempos. Sin embargo, con los resultados obtenidos se tiene una idea clara de que este tipo de acciones pueden y deben ser consideradas en los proyectos de investigacion. Palabra(s) Clave: FabLab, Formacion de talentos, Industria inteligente, Internet de las cosas (IoT), Tecnologias de la informacion. Abstract This article offers a complementary process to a research project funded by the National Technologic...

This is a complete Optical Recognition System using artificial intelligence. In this paper we have dealt with words and character detection. The OCR system that will train itself and help in extracting text from any image by using neural networks and back propagation techniques. Earlier we had to store data in a DATABASE while performing operations but with this we will be able to train our systems. We will have to store only a limited amount of data and the software will self train itself for future entries.

Background and Objectives: Today, the increased number of Internet-connected smart devices require powerful computer processing servers such as cloud and fog and necessitate fulfilling requests and services more than ever before. The geographical distance of IoT devices to fog and cloud servers have turned issues such as delay and energy consumption into major challenges. However, fog computing technology has emerged as a promising technology in this field.Methods: In this paper, service/energy management approaches are generally surveyed. Then, we explain our motivation for the systematic literature review procedure (SLR) and how to select the related works.Results: This paper introduces four domains of service management and energy management, including Architecture, Resource Management, Scheduling management, and Service Management. Scheduling management has been used in 38% of the papers. Therefore, they have the highest service management and energy management. Also, Resource Management is the second domain that has been able to attract about 26% of the papers in service management and energy management.Conclusion: About 81% of the fog computing papers simulated their approaches, and the others implemented their schemes using a testbed in the real environment. Furthermore, 30% of the papers presented an architecture or framework for their research, along with their research. In this systematic literature review, papers have been extracted from five valid databases, including IEEE Xplore, Wiley, Science Direct (Elsevier), Springer Link, and Taylor & Francis, from 2013 to 2022. We obtained 1596 papers related to the discussed subject. We filtered them and achieved 47 distinct studies. In the following, we analyze and discuss these studies; then we review the parameters of service quality in the papers, and ultimately, we present the benefits, drawbacks, and innovations of each study.

Resumen La primera atención en pacientes distantes de un centro de salud es muy importante para la supervivencia de estos. La “Red de Asistencia Vital para la ciudad de Popayán”, tiene como objetivo el diseño de una red enfocada a la comunicación permanente de las ambulancias con los hospitales para la transmisión de signos vitales que permita la preparación del centro médico para una atención adecuada. Para abordar el objetivo se emplea la metodología de Programación Extrema, realizando un desarrollo ágil e incremental, el diseño parte de una experimentación en campo con el fin de ajustarlo al comportamiento real de una red. El resultado obtenido emplea tecnologías de bajo costo y consumo de potencia capaces de brindar un alto grado de interconexión entre el sector urbano de Popayán y las estaciones base, ubicadas en los principales centros asistenciales de la ciudad; garantizando así una alta disponibilidad del servicio. Palabras Claves: Ambulancia, conectividad, red de comunicaci...

Kablosuz Sensör Ağlar, kısıtlı enerjiye sahip pillerle çalışan bir dizi düşük maliyetli, küçük sensör düğümlerinden oluşur. Sensör düğümlerinin sınırlı güç, bellek ve işlem kapasiteleri nedeniyle, düğümlerin enerji tüketimini iyileştiren ve ağın ömrünü uzatan yeni yöntemlerin bulunması önemlidir. Sensör düğümleri arasından küme başı seçimi, kablosuz sensör ağlarda ağın verimliliğini ve ömrünü artırmak için önemli bir role sahiptir. Bu çalışmada ağın ömrünü uzatan, heterojen kablosuz sensör ağlar için bir küme başı seçim yöntemi önerilmiş ve değerlendirilmiştir. Simülasyon sonuçları, önerilen küme başı seçim protokolünün, ağ ömrü açısından SEP ve LEACH protokollerinden daha iyi bir performans sunduğunu ve daha uzun süre verim sağlayabildiğini ortaya koymuştur. EECHEP'in, sensör enerjisinin verimli kullanımını sağladığı ve baz istasyonuna rapor sunan, hayatta kalan küme başı düğümlerinin sayısını artırmaya yardımcı olduğu görülmüştür. Wireless Sensor Networks consist of a number of low cost, small sensor nodes powered by energy constrained batteries. Due to limited power, memory, and processing capacities of sensor nodes, it is essential to find new methods which improves energy consumption of the nodes and prolongs the lifetime of the network. Cluster head election among sensor nodes has an important role in wireless sensor networks to boost efficiency and lifetime of the network. In this study, a cluster head election method has been proposed and evaluated for heterogeneous wireless sensor networks, which extends the lifetime of the network. Simulation results reveal that the proposed cluster head election method offers a better performance than the SEP and LEACH protocols in terms of network lifetime and is able to provide throughput for a longer period of time. It is found that EECHEP provides efficient use of sensor energy and helps increase the number of surviving cluster head nodes that report to the base station. Anahtar kelimeler: Küme başı seçimi, Kablosuz sensör ağlar, Heterojen ağlar, Sensör ağı ömrü.

En la actualidad existen varios prototipos aplicados a los invernaderos que se controlan de manera autónoma realizando una tarea específica o con algún control. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar el control de temperatura, humedad y riego por medio de mensajes de un Smartphone. Ahora surge una pregunta, ¿Es posible que por medio de un mensaje de texto se pueda activar y monitorear el riego en un invernadero? La pregunta de investigación se responde utilizando electrónica y un prototipo capaz de recibir y enviar mensajes así mismo teniendo el control del riego y tomando lecturas en tiempo real de temperatura y humedad de la tierra y dentro del invernadero. Y facilitando, que con un simple mensaje se puede tener el control. Teniendo en cuenta esto, se tendra así un fuerte impacto en la agricultura moderna.

Due to an increase in the number of devices, the Web of Things (WoT) has attracted a great deal of attention and focus from researchers in the past few years. The ultimate goal of Web of Things is to build an ideal search engine where the user or even devices can find other devices anywhere and at any time for using the resources of other devices. The purpose of the paper is to identify and to present the current research on Web of Things. Additionally, the paper focuses on the research gap that currently exists and on future needs in the domain of WoT. In Author's opinion, the literature review presented in the paper will effectively help the researchers in finding resources in WoT as it highlights the research gap in the domain of Web of Things and searching resources in WoT. The results of the review indicate that the current challenges for the Web of Things are dynamic searching, scalability, data integration, intent-based searching, etc. The focus of this paper is on dynamic searching.

Electricity is vital to the commerce and daily functioning of United States. The modernization of the grid to accommodate today's uses is leading to the incorporation of information processing capabilities for power system controls and operations monitoring. The "Smart Grid" is the name given to the evolving electric power network as new information technology systems and capabilities are incorporated. While these new components may add to the ability to control power flows and enhance the efficiency of grid operations, they also potentially increase the susceptibility of the grid to cyber (i.e., computer-related) attack since they are built around microprocessor devices whose basic functions are controlled by software programming. The potential for a major disruption or widespread damage to the nation's power system from a large scale cyberattack has increased focus on the cybersecurity of the Smart Grid. Federal efforts to enhance the cybersecurity of the electrical grid were emphasized with the recognition of cybersecurity as a critical issue for electric utilities in developing the Smart Grid. The Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) received primary responsibility for the reliability of the bulk power system from the Energy Policy Act of 2005. FERC subsequently designated the North American Electric Reliability Corporation (NERC) as the "Electric Reliability Organization" (ERO) with the responsibility of establishing and enforcing reliability standards. Compliance with reliability standards for electric utilities thus changed from a voluntary, peer-driven undertaking to a mandatory function. The Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007 (EISA) later added requirements for "a reliable and secure electricity infrastructure" with regard to Smart Grid development. NERC is also responsible for standards for critical infrastructure protection (CIP) which focus on planning and procedures for the physical security of the grid. Self-determination is a key part of the CIP reliability process. Utilities are allowed to self-identify what they see as "critical assets" under NERC regulations. Only "critical cyber assets" (i.e., as essential to the reliable operation of critical assets) are subject to CIP standards. FERC has directed NERC to revise the standards so that some oversight of the identification process for critical cyber assets was provided, but any revision is again subject to stakeholder approval. While reliability standards are mandatory, the ERO process for developing regulations is somewhat unusual in that the regulations are essentially being established by the entities who are being regulated. This may potentially be a conflict of interest, especially when cost of compliance is a concern, and acceptable standards may conceivably result from the option with the lowest costs. Since utility systems are interconnected in many ways, the system with the least protected network potentially provides the weakest point of access. Cybersecurity threats represent a constantly moving and increasing target for mitigation activities and mitigation efforts could likewise spiral upward in costs. Recovery of costs may present a major challenge especially to distribution utilities and state commissions charged with overseeing utility costs. EISA only requires states to consider recovery of costs related to Smart Grid systems. FERC has jurisdiction over the bulk power grid, and cannot compel entities involved in distribution to comply with its regulations. Recoverability from a cyber attack on the scale of something which could take down a significant portion of the grid will likely be very difficult, but maintaining a ready inventory of critical spare parts in close proximity to key installations could quicken recovery efforts from some types of attack. The electricity grid is connected to (and largely dependent on) the natural gas pipeline, water supply, and telecommunications systems. Technologies being developed for use by the Smart Grid could also be used by these industries. Consideration could be given to applying similar control system device and system safeguards to these other critical utility systems.

In pursuit of better energy efficiency and enhanced network lifetime in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), two crucial factors are data packet size and the transmission power level. Smaller packet size reduces the overall impact of bit error rates on packet loss, however, the consequence of smaller packet size is fragmentation into more data packets and thereby dissipation of increased energy. Hence, there emerges a delicate engineering tradeoff in deciding the data packet size where both low and high data packet size decisions lead to certain energy inefficiency issues. On the other hand, increasing transmission power level decreases packet loss probability, which is another decision variable to optimize for maximizing network lifetime. Joint consideration of these two factors exacerbates the complexity of the optimization problem for the objective of the network lifetime maximization. In this study, we utilized a realistic WSN link layer model built on top of empirically verified energy dissipation characteristics of Mica2 motes and WSN channel models. We make use of the aforementioned link layer model to form a novel Mixed Integer Programming (MIP) framework for joint optimization of transmission power level and data packet size to take up the challenge introduced above. Numerical evaluations of the MIP framework with discussion of the results over a large parameter space are performed to characterize the effects of joint optimization of packet size and power level on WSN lifetime.

Doğrudan kaynağa erişim olmasa bile, gizlenmek istenen veriler hakkında bilgi sahibi olunmasını sağlayan yan kanal saldırılarından biri olan Zamanlama Analizi Saldırıları; bir işlemin veya algoritmanın farklı şartlar altında harcadığı sürelerin yorumlanmasıyla, sistem hakkında bilgi edinmeyi amaçlayan bir saldırı türüdür. Bu çalışmada, belirlenmiş bir senaryodaki özel anahtarın zamanlama analizi yöntemiyle Çok Katmanlı Algılayıcı (MLP-Multilayer Perceptron) kullanılarak sistem analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonucunda zamanlama bilgisi kullanılarak gizli anahtarın tahminlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Yapılan çalışma sonucunda sunulan yöntemle, %95'in üzerinde doğruluk oranına sahip bir şekilde gizli anahtar tahminlenmiş olup, Nesnelerin İnterneti (IoT-Internet of Things) alanında zamanlama analizi saldırılarının ciddi bir tehdit oluşturabileceği ortaya koyulmuştur.

Industry 4.0 relates to the digital revolution of manufacturing and other sectors, such as retail, distribution, oil and gas, and infrastructure. Meanwhile, the Industrial Internet of Things (IIoT) is a technological advancement that leads to Industry 4.0 implementation by boosting the manufacturing sector’s productivity and economic impact. IIoT provides the ability to provide global connectivity between components in different locations. The manufacturing sector has had various difficulties implementing IIoT, primarily due to IIoT characteristics. This paper offers an in-depth review of Industry 4.0 and IIoT, where the primary motivation behind this is to introduce the most recent advancements related to Industry 4.0 and IIoT, as well as to address the existing limitations. Firstly, this paper presents a novel taxonomy of IIoT challenges that includes aspects of each challenge, such as the terminology and approaches utilized to …

This article offers a semblance of the evolution of the industry, from the so-called first industrial revolution or Industry 1.0 to the present moment, where it has been considered that the so-called fourth industrial revolution or Industry 4.0 (I4.0) is present. Subsequently, the objective of the research will be developed, which is to identify practices, policies and strategies that support the transition from higher education to the aspects required for I4.0, all methodologically carried out from a vision with a qualitative approach, with an exploratory and descriptive scope, from which it is obtained as the main reflection that Higher Education Institutions (IES) must observe and adopt changes that prepare them and, in turn, enable the formation of new generations of professionals for I4.0, which must at the same time be able to perform professionally at the different evolutionary levels of the industry, since it is common today to find productive entities that perform simultaneously under I2.0, I3.0 and even some processes of I4.0. This training will be possible through practices called Education 4.0.

Resumen En este articulo de investigacion se presentan los resultados iniciales de un estudio para determinar la aceptacion del uso de servicios en la nube por parte de las PyMEs del municipio de Celaya y su area de influencia, con la finalidad de definir estrategias para un acercamiento practico con el concepto de industria 4.0, de tal forma que los empresarios y gerentes se apoyen y utilicen estos recursos de forma util, eficiente y segura para la toma de decisiones y procesos operativos. El presente trabajo incluye los resultados de la aplicacion de dos instrumentos de recoleccion de informacion para identificar si este sector empresarial ha tenido contacto o aplicado la computacion en la nube, asi como las conclusiones que los datos recabados han permitido identificar. Palabra(s) Clave(s) : Internet, Industria 4.0, Servicios en la nube.  THE CLOUD AT THE SERVICE OF SMES IN THE DIRECTION OF INDUSTRY 4.0 Abstract On this article we present a research of the initial results that de...