Critical Genocide Studies

The objective of this article is to present a panoramic image of the sociology of genocides, from its origins to the present. The fundamental thesis defended is that the sociology of genocide would be today reaching a level of maturity that makes it an increasingly thriving and already well-established subdiscipline. Combining the obedience paradigm with the permission paradigm seems a promising option for future research. The assumption that there are two concepts of genocide, the legal concept of genocide and the sociological concept of genocide, allows us to broaden the cases to be considered and to include, in a very primary way, cases of political violence and colonial cases.

The life and formation of the great Armenian artist Arshile Gorky in the USA and the search for his own identity is examined in the traditions of the sociological theory of symbolic interactionism, based on the analysis of the rich documentary material left by the artist himself and his contemporaries. The key to understanding the essence of the artist's identity is his statements about himself as a "child of Ararat", an artist who carries in himself the values of the images and colors of the lost homeland (Van, Khorgom). An analysis of the history of the search for identity shows that despite the socio-cultural problems caused by racist policies and the reality of early 20th century American society, Arshile Gorky remained faithful to his purpose and mission: in his paintings he was able to preserve the image of the lost homeland. He used his brush to recreate the image of Western Armenia. He did not change his national identity, and remaining faithful to the inherited principles nurtured himself "mighty as a giant, but tender at heart, like a child". With his art, Arshile Gorky was able to achieve the freedom he strived for.

As a paradigm of ordinary educational violence, the partial evirations of excision and circumcision constitute a sadistic collective alienation imposed on minors. They are inherited from the harems, the guards of which were evirated; it was a guarantee of women’s fidelity and a warning to the grown sons of the older wives to avoid the younger ones. Some go as far as total eviration (cult of Cybele, Skoptzys of Russia, Hidjas of India). We shall see that this collective madness can be described by psychiatry. It is perpetuated because of the inability of minors to defend themselves.

Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2024 selection and editorial matter, Hülya Adak, Fatma Müge Göçek and Ronald Grigor Suny; individual chapters, the contributors The right of Hülya Adak, Fatma Müge Göçek and Ronald Grigor Suny to be identified as the authors of the editorial material, and of the authors for their individual chapters, has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers.

Esther Bejarano (December 15, 1924 – July 10, 2021), a Holocaust survivor and dedicated artist, pursued avisionary utopia aimed at achieving unity and peace between Jews and Palestinians in Palestine. Her approach is characterized by a commitment to understanding and coexistence in a region marked by longstanding conflicts. This study explores the foundations of her utopia, her personal experiences, and the potential implications for resolving the conflict between Jews and Palestinians, drawing on her eyewitness accounts. Bejarano’s utopia is primarily shaped by her own painful history. As a survivor of the Auschwitz concentration camp, she experienced the horrors of the Holocaust firsthand. Despite these traumatic experiences, Bejarano used her voice to advocate for peace and understanding. Her utopia is based on the firm belief that history does not have to perpetuate an endless cycle of violence and revenge; rather, unity and peace can be achieved through constructive dialogue. A central aspect of
Bejarano’s vision is the pursuit of unity. She believes in the possibility of creating a shared identity that transcends ethnic and religious differences. Her ideal involves recognizing and appreciating the cultural diversity of both
communities. Through artistic expressions such as music, Bejarano demonstrates the power of art to unite people and break down prejudices. Bejarano’s focus on peace reflects her conviction that a sustainable solution to the Middle East conflict can only be reached through peaceful means. Her understanding of peace extends beyond the mere absence of war to include the creation of conditions that allow for dignified and respectful coexistence. This involves dismantling both physical and metaphorical walls that separate the communities. Bejarano’s utopia is neither naive nor unrealistic; rather, it is a passionate call for reflection and action. She acknowledges the existing
challenges and tensions but simultaneously emphasizes the necessity of a collective effort by all parties to achieve lasting peace. Her ideal presents an alternative to the cyclical patterns of violence and calls for a paradigm shift in the perception of relationships between Jews and Palestinians.

Genocidio es varias cosas al mismo tiempo: 1) un crimen codificado en la Convención de Naciones Unidas de 1948; 2) un término analítico desarrollado por académicos en distintas disciplinas; y, 3) un concepto vernacularizado que adoptan, habitan y despliegan de diversas formas individuos, grupos de víctimas y actores políticos. En los usos del término anida siempre una paradoja que me propongo desgranar en este artículo. Por un lado, permite que quienes sufrieron la violencia se reconozcan, nombren, y se entiendan como parte de una historia común. Facilita la visibilización y articulación de demandas de justicia y reparación al grupo que ha sido objeto de persecución. Sin embargo, en la medida que el crimen genocida conlleva necesariamente la designación de un grupo perpetrador y un grupo víctima, su recuerdo naturaliza y perpetúa en el tiempo las arbitrarias demarcaciones creadas o exacerbadas por los ideólogos y ejecutores de la violencia (por ejemplo: «alemanes» y «judíos, «hutus» y «tutsis», «serbios» y «bosnios»). Este ensayo introduce la historia del concepto y explora sus efectos sobre subjetividades, la transmisión intergeneracional y las relaciones inter-grupales.

The study of genocide has been appropriate in emphasizing the centrality of the Holocaust; yet, other preceding episodes of mass violence are of great significance. Taking a transnational and transhistorical approach, this volume redresses and replaces the silencing of the Armenian Genocide.

Scholarship relating to the history of denial, comparative approaches in the deportations and killings of Greeks and Armenians during the First World War, and women’s histories during the genocide and post-genocide proliferated during the centennial of the Armenian Genocide in 2015. Collectively, however, these studies have not been enough to offer a comprehensive account of the historical record, documentation, and interpretation of events during 1915-1916. This study seeks to bridge the gap, by unsettling nationalist narratives and addressing areas such as aesthetics, gender, and sexuality. By bringing forward various dimensions of the human experience, including the political, socioeconomic, cultural, social, gendered, and legal contexts within which such silencing occurred, the essays address the methodological silences and processes of selectivity and exclusion in scholarship on the Armenian Genocide.

The interdisciplinary approach makes Critical Approaches to Genocide a useful resource for all students and scholars interested in the Armenian Genocide and memory studies.

The war in Yemen, which began in late 2014, has received relatively little attention from genocide scholars, despite the hundreds of thousands of victims it has claimed. In this article, we examine the war through the lens of Critical Genocide Studies (CGS), as a case study of how and why a mass atrocity that leads to the destruction of a substantial part of a distinct group becomes "forgotten" or "hidden." At the same time, we problematize previous attempts to come to terms with Yemen by critical genocide scholars. Our aim is to sharpen the challenges and conundrums that emerge when attempting to include in the study of genocide cases that are outside the "hegemonic" concept of genocide and the common "genocidal imagination." ARTICLE HISTORY

El presente ensayo es un esfuerzo para visibilizar la evolución del pensamiento latinoamericano, recuperando los aportes metodológicos realizados por Ricardo Falla, durante el proceso de investigación que hiciera sobre la masacre perpetrada en la comunidad Chuj de San Francisco de Nentón, Guatemala, en 1982. Su estrategia se fundamenta en la Investigación Acción Participativa, enfocándose en dar validez al testimonio de tres indígenas sobrevivientes. Adquieren especial relevancia los aspectos jurídicos, los testigos deben ser quienes dicen ser, de lo contrario no es posible demandar justicia, el cuerpo del delito tiene que aparecer, en su defecto el delito no existe.La obra se constituye en un aporte literario, dar voz a las voces ausentes adquiera una connotación de arte. El testimonio es dar vida a la historia que no se contó, San Francisco de Nentón no murió, su tejido social fue disperso y lastimado, es urgente la necesidad de hacer justicia a las comunidades indígenas de Guatem...

The text discusses the definition of genocide according to the UN Convention and raises questions about the population growth of Palestinians. It mentions that if Israel were committing genocide, a sharp reduction in the Palestinian population would be expected. However, data from the US Central Bureau of Statistics shows that the Palestinian population has grown significantly from 1997 to 2023. The text also highlights that the number of Palestinians is often exaggerated, affecting the funds provided to the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees (UNRWA).
The text further compares the population growth and life expectancy of Palestinians with that of Israelis and South Africans. It notes that under Israeli control, Palestinians' life expectancy has increased significantly, and their population growth rate has been higher than that of Israelis. The text concludes by suggesting that living under Israeli control has added more years to the life expectancy of Palestinians than the conditions in South Africa have added to its population.

Genocide is often considered the height of atrocity; the worst example of what humanity can inflict on each other. After the adoption and ratification of the Genocide Convention by the United Nations in 1948 in the aftermath of the Holocaust during WWII, the international community presented a unified commitment to prevent and punish further occurrences of genocide. However, the legal definition of the crime of genocide, while comprehensive and multifaceted, has notably fallen short when invoked in rare instances by the international community, as observed in the cases of the Cambodian Genocide, the International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICRT), the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY), and the current ICJ case reviewing the persecution of the Rohingya ethnic group by the state of Myanmar. There is a pressing need to critically analyze the efficacy of the Application of the Genocide Convention and explore various amendments to the legal definition of genocide, in order to bolster and reinforce the international community’s duty to prevent and punish crimes of genocide as they occur, in all capacities. By reviewing literature from prominent international legal scholars and human rights activists, an expanded definition of genocide and preventive framework can be developed, which can serve to encompass and persecute the span of genocidal crimes occurring around the globe today, effectively curbing wide-scale exterminations of marginalized communities before they occur, as the Genocide Convention was intended to do.

El presente artículo tiene por finalidad entender la particularidad del lenguaje y el papel que éste juega en la construcción de la identidad militar entre los jóvenes que realizan servicio militar voluntario acuartelado. El énfasis estará puesto en el uso del insulto y las groserías en la socialización y en los ritos de paso (perrada). La metodología es de tipo etnográfica la cual incluye observación participante,  recojo de testimonios y mi propia experiencia sobre lo vivido (autoetnografía). El artículo busca analizar cómo el lenguaje militar crea una identidad simbólica entre los jóvenes del servicio militar acuartelado.

Essay that reviews the following works:

1. Del proceso de paz a la masacre de Alaska: Guatemala 1994-2012

2. Cuadros sueltos que prefiguran el siglo XXI: Honduras 1993-2001

3. Ixcán: el campesino indígena se levanta: Guatemala 1966 -1982

4. Ixcán: Masacres y sobrevivencia: Guatemala 1982

Este artículo se centra en los autores de actos de genocidio, y busca
entender la construcción de la complacencia a matar. Basándose en
entrevistas e investigación de archivo, explora el contexto histórico
del alto mando del ejército guatemalteco; del cómo planeó y
puso en marcha una serie de operaciones que transformaron la
contrainsurgencia en actos de genocidio.

La investigación se apoya en argumentos de la cadena de mando, que
eran importantes en el veredicto contra el general Ríos Montt. Pero
también explora los procedimientos y políticas militares que, desde
mediados de la década de 1970, establecieron las bases para esa
transformación. ¿Cómo jóvenes, en su mayoría indígenas y soldados
analfabetos, con un bajo nivel de adoctrinamiento, se transformaron
en perpetradores genocidas, cometiendo masacres contra pueblos
indígenas y otras comunidades no indígenas? Yo sostengo que los
factores decisivos fueron las dinámicas de grupo, particularmente, la
especialización y una compleja relación entre incentivos y ambiciones
personales para una carrera dentro de las fuerzas armadas.
También hubo otros factores, constante para todas las tropas, lo que
contribuyó a definir el adversario y la construcción de la voluntad de
matar, incluyendo racismo, adoctrinamiento, división del trabajo y el
desarrollo de la Guerrilla.

El artículo examina un complejo conjunto de interacciones, corriendo
en ambas direcciones a lo largo de la cadena de comando, pero se
centra más, intensamente, en el último paso en esa cadena, sobre
aquellos realmente involucrados en las masacres cometidas, en las
zonas rurales

Estas notas de investigación sobre la obra de Ricardo Falla surgieron de las ponencias, las discusiones y el intercambio con el autor durante el Foro del Pensamiento Centroamericano realizado en octubre de 2019 en el CIMSUR-UNAM. En estas páginas elaboramos, como primer punto, un bosquejo biográfico de Falla, después desarrollamos algunas líneas que sintetizan los temas abordados: la pertinencia de su obra para el estudio de la historia, la reflexividad etnográfica de y en torno a Falla y, finalmente, la liminalidad en búsqueda de lo humano.

The article analyses the different concepts used to conceptualise State Crimes (politicide, massacre, State Terrorism, ethnic cleansing, and crimes against humanity) in order to explore the theoretical advantages and disadvantages in comparison with the concept of genocide. The article highlights the conceptual problems of the different terms and the theoretical strength of the concept of genocide when compared with any of the other possibilities.

A inicios de la década del 90, se imponía la necesidad de desmitificar supuestas deidades; se imponía la necesidad de dar un sacudón para despertar a los que quedaron aturdidos por el golpe artero y lanzar un mensaje de persistencia pues la tarea quedaba traicionada, mutilada e inconclusa. La novela Resaca expone un punto de vista desde el interior del torbellino de la guerra popular que las amplias masas populares desarrollaron en su lucha por la conquista del Poder en el Perú de la década del 80. Quien haya vivido todo el proceso revolucionario o parte de él desde adentro, sabrá encontrar el espejo que refleje su sufrimiento, su alegría, su aporte y el reconocimiento a todos aquellos hombres y mujeres que dieron la vida en la heroica e inacabada lucha por la liberación de nuestra patria. Para quien desconozca la historia o la mire desde afuera, tendrá un rasero diferente con el cual pueda medir sus simpatías o aversiones.

The article aims to contribute to clearing the character and dimension of Francoist violence with a justified proposal of terms. It begins defining the denominations of holocaust, genocide and extermination and its possible application to the civil war and the immediate postwar period slaughters. Later it raises a set of arguments which derive in an interpretation of the different committed violent practices in the mentioned historical stage.

The forced transfer of children from one group to another is considered an element of the crime of genocide, yet this subject has attracted little scholarly attention. Using the history of the mass transfer of Armenian children during the Armenian Genocide of 1915-1922 as a case, this article argues that the study of child transfer and recovery is critical to both the history of human rights and a more sophisticated understanding of genocide, including the forms of genocide accompanying the colonial encounter. The experience of transferred children and their recovery or loss can help better clarify the historical relationship between the concepts of the rights of the child and individual human and minority rights as these have evolved before and immediately after World War II. Moreover, this article also contends that it is important to characterize child transfer as genocide, as opposed to colonial assimilation or acculturation as a feature of modernization, when explaining the broader social impact of mass violence, forced migration, and cultural destruction on victim/survivor and perpetrator communities.

HOUSED IN THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS ARCHIVE at Geneva is a collection of intake surveys from the Rescue Home in the northern Syrian city of Aleppo. These documents record the histories of some 2,000 Armenian girls, boys, and young women who were rescued-or, more often, rescued themselves-from Arab, Kurdish, and Turkish households into which they had been taken during and after the First World War and as a consequence of the Armenian Genocide of 1915. 1 The story of Zabel is representative of the histories in the home's records. 2 The daughter of Bedros, Zabel arrived at the home on May 18, 1926, at the age of eighteen. Having been deported along with her family when she was seven or eight, she recalled that she was from Arapgir, a town in Southeastern Anatolia. She told the director of the home, Karen Jeppe, enough that the following information could be reconstructed: In the beginning of the deportation, Zabel's father was separated from her family and was sent in an unknown direction. Zabel was exiled with her mother, 5 sisters and a younger brother. The caravan which consisted of men, women, boys, girls and infants, was formed to go on foot 3 months, wandering upon the mountains, passing through the villages, crossing the rivers and marching across the deserts. .. The gendarmes had received the order to kill the unfortunate people by every means in their power. Near Veranshehir, they collected all the beautiful girls, and distributed them among the Turks and the Kurds. The rest of the caravan had to go further on in the deserts to die. Zabel had been the share of a Kurd, who married her. She lived there 11 years, unwillingly, til an Armenian chauffeur informed her

Durante las dos ultimas decadas, el campo interdisciplinario de los estudios sobre genocidio se ha expandido y ha madurado drasticamente. No mas a la sombra de los estudios sobre el Holocausto, ahora es el tema principal de revistas academicas, libros, enciclopedias, articulos especializados, bibliografias, talleres de trabajo, seminarios, conferencias, sitios Web, centros de investigacion, agencias gubernamentales, organizaciones no gubernamentales, organizaciones internacionales y una unidad en las Naciones Unidas. Si bien no termina de estar completamente teorizada aun, la disciplina se caracteriza por un gran numero de debates y enfoques. Ahora que los contornos del campo emergen mas claramente es el tiempo indicado para comprometerse en reflexiones criticas sobre el estado de la cuestion (el campo) o lo que puede ser llamado estudios criticos sobre genocidio. El objetivo no es ser criticos en un sentido negativo sino considerar, mientras un canon se va definiendo, que es dicho ...

Conocí este texto de Ricardo Falla en 1989. Estaba oculto en las catacumbas de una comunidad jesuita en Nicaragua, donde el régimen sandinista –que estaba al borde de su colapso– lo libraba de persecución. Estuvo ahí entre 10 y 15 años. Allí no corría riesgo de ser requisado, sometido al escrutinio policial o quemado. Formaba parte de cinco abultados folders mecanografiados que su autor o algún buen amigo había disimulado entre miles de otros papeles en un desvencijado archivador metálico. Era una investigación impublicable, escrita por una leyenda viviente que todavía acompañaba a las Comunidades de Población en Resistencia (CPR).

Entre 1963 y 1996 Guatemala fue ocupada por su propio Ejército. En la Década de los años sesenta el Ejército estaba distribuido en seis zonas militares en todo el territorio nacional. Posteriormente, en la década del ochenta habían sido constituidas 23 zonas  militares. El estudio documentó 247 destacamentos en los que se cometieron crímenes como tortura, violencia sexual, secuestros, asesinatos y desapariciones forzadas, entre otras violaciones a los derechos humanos de la población guatemalteca. Fue desde varios de estos destacamentos que se planificaron las masacres y se cometieron actos de genocidio contra los pueblos indígenas de Guatemala.

Anders Bj0rn Hansen Genocide in the Nun-Western World: Implications for 1 lolocaust Studi es Wasseem, Mohammad (1997), "Partition, Migration and Assimilation: A Comparative Study of Pakistani Punjab", International Journal of Punjab Studies, 4,1, p. 21-41, Whitaker, Ben (1985), Report on the Question of the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, United Nations Economic and Social Council. Willncr, David (1996), "Women as Participants in the Pakistan Movement: Modernization and the Promise of a Moral State", Modern ...

The emergence of a sustained scholarly interest in the origins of humanitarian organisations is a relatively new phenomenon, which has – in part – led to an overly positivistic and uncritical understanding of humanitarianism, in both its current and past iterations. This article is an examination of one of the earliest, and perhaps most influential humanitarian organisations of its time: the Near East Relief – and details the organisation's transformation from a coalition of religiously selective relief committees into a secular, permanent, and development-focused humanitarian institution. Through exploring the setting, birth, and early history of the NER, it is possible to create an image of the general development of international humanitarianism in the interwar years. Factors such as field experience, donor pressure, internal organisational disputes, paternalistic attitudes, a growing academic presence within the NER, and the influence and changing character of religious doct...

The emergence of a sustained scholarly interest in the origins of humanitarian organisations is a relatively new phenomenon, which has – in part – led to an overly positivistic and uncritical understanding of humanitarianism, in both its current and past iterations. This article is an examination of one of the earliest, and perhaps most influential humanitarian organisations of its time: the Near East Relief – and details the organisation's transformation from a coalition of religiously selective relief committees into a secular, permanent, and development-focused humanitarian institution. Through exploring the setting, birth, and early history of the NER, it is possible to create an image of the general development of international humanitarianism in the interwar years. Factors such as field experience, donor pressure, internal organisational disputes, paternalistic attitudes, a growing academic presence within the NER, and the influence and changing character of religious doct...

This article examines current developments in genocide studies, focusing specifically on three main areas of conflict and debate between different perspectives: the question of how to define genocide, causal models and comparative studies, and prevention. Further, this article presents an analysis of Eurocentrism in the field, arguing that genocide studies needs a broader scope to include new and unique perspectives from all areas of the world. What is needed, in fact, is genuine intercultural dialogue, which can transform the field of genocide studies into a broad, culturally diverse field.

In much of the world, the Covid-19 pandemic brought into sharp relief some fundamental and long-standing tensions among democratic governance, economic reasoning, scientific authority, and moral intuitions.  These tensions are especially strong in the United States, given the peculiar coexistence of free market fundamentalism, patriotic communitarianism, libertarianism, social conservatism, positivism, and religiosity so distinctive of this country.  The pandemic forced choices whose public expression--which ranged from folksy common sense to austere utilitarian logic--took increasingly stark and dichotomized forms. 
The debates over lockdowns, vaccines, and other measures centered on how we weigh lives against economic well-being.  They expressed something fundamental about the way Americans think about economics, the public good, and the legitimacy and powers of social agency. Because of the way these arguments tended to portray the responses in sharply dichotomous terms, they often bore a strong resemblance to the so-called "Trolley Problem" in moral philosophy, which I will describe below.  Seeing how this problem was brought to bear on real social policy and people's reactions to it on the ground sheds light on some of the characteristic features, and shortcomings, of the utilitarian rationality that underlies it.  Looking in turn from the formality of the trolley problem back to the pandemic can also clarify the broader assumptions that underlay the American debates.

This article examines current developments in genocide studies, focusing specifically on three main areas of conflict and debate between different perspectives: the question of how to define genocide, causal models and comparative studies, and prevention. Further, this article presents an analysis of Eurocentrism in the field, arguing that genocide studies needs a broader scope to include new and unique perspectives from all areas of the world. What is needed, in fact, is genuine intercultural dialogue, which can transform the field of genocide studies into a broad, culturally diverse field.

Exclusion and Elimination-these two words quite succinctly and sufficiently describe what the Rohingyas, whom the United Nations has described "as the most persecuted minority in the world" (Shahan), have been going through for decades now. The world could not save them. They have been deprived of citizenship in their home country as well as very basic human rights. Today, most of the Rohingyas are living abroad as refugees, while thousands have already lost their lives. In both ways, they are practically eliminated from their homeland, the historical Arakan, present-day Rakhine state in Myanmar. Given this context, while it is quite common to ask why the Rohingyas had to suffer this terrible fate, it is equally uncommon to find out the answer going beyond the paradigm of the State. The modern state is supposed to provide an umbrella identity called 'nationality' for all the people(s) living within the territory of a state. However, the idea of nation-state meaning 'one nation in one state' or 'one state for one nation' is somewhat the source of a dangerous ambiguity many states have been suffering from. Here, the ambiguity is about how 'nation' is conceptualized and understood. On the one hand, the nation is understood strictly in a political sense, which provides a political identity to the peoples of various racial, ethnic, cultural, and religious backgrounds. On the other hand, the nation is also defined in terms of all those divisions peoples in a certain state do usually have. A state's policy towards its people depends much on which meaning of nation and nationality is being adopted by that state. The Rohingyas, who constitute even less than 2% of the total population of Myanmar, have been the victims of the dominant majoritarian nationalism for the last seven decades or so, which actually started even before the birth of independent Myanmar. The long-standing persecution of this tiny ethnic group has resulted in ethnic cleansing and even genocide ac

Undoubtedly, there is a remarkable increase in the literature of Post-Western IR studies aiming to construct a truly "global" IR. In this manner, rediscovery of Buddhist sources through the lenses of the IR has been contributing authentic academic perspective, but also undermining Eurocentric discourses in the IR scholarship. In this regard, Kosuke Shimizu, well-known Japanese IR scholar with his works especially on construction of Buddhist IR and political theory of Kyoto School, has published a new article "Buddhism and the Question of Relationality in International Relations" (2021). In this article, he draws the borders of a possible Buddhist IR theory through the examination of "relationality" or "engi" concept. In this paper, I aimed to review his article through mentioning several crucial points and concepts. In addition to that, I also put some extra case studies forward where 'engi' relationality applied such as Genocide Studies and history of Turkish-Greek Relations.

HOUSED IN THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS ARCHIVE at Geneva is a collection of intake surveys from the Rescue Home in the northern Syrian city of Aleppo. These documents record the histories of some 2,000 Armenian girls, boys, and young women who were rescued—or, more often, rescued themselves—from Arab, Kurdish, and Turkish households into which they had been taken during and after the First World War and as a consequence of the Armenian Genocide of 1915. 1 The story of Zabel is representative of the histories in ...

The paper deals with the legal framework for the health care in prisons and detention homes during COVID-19 pandemic in India. The World Health Organization has issued Guidance on COVID-19 for Prisons and Detention, 2020 for the health care system to deal with challenges of contagion in the arena of criminal justice system. The National Crime Record Bureau and the Prison Statistics India, 2020 revealed overcrowding and occupancy in jails as formidable threat of infection and transmission. Though the health and human rights envisages highest attainable standard of health among prisoners and detainees, ripple effect on community infection through detainees in detention homes and jails cannot be ruled out. The global outbreak of the COVID-19 has cascading effect on the health of inmates and convicts living in enclosed environments during the pandemic.

Nuestro trabajo se enmarca en una investigación en torno a los debates sociológicos acerca del genocidio, encontrándonos en esta etapa en el estudio sobre los perpetradores.
Actor polémico en las investigaciones sobre la temática, las primeras aproximaciones, al calor de los Juicios de Nuremberg entre 1945 y 1946, tendieron a asociar y a exponer a los perpetradores a partir de explicaciones que los ubicaron bajo parámetros de anormalidad y de sadismo, atribuyéndoles al mismo tiempo características demoníacas. En la década de 1960 se produjo un giro sustancial a partir del desarrollo del juicio a Adolph Eichmann, responsable de la Solución final nazi, como también en el campo de la psicología experimental. De este modo, y a pesar de los debates y controversias que generaron en su momento, la obra pionera de Hannah Arendt (2005) así como los
experimentos llevados adelante por Stanley Milgram (1969) permitieron un cambio sustancial en el análisis de los perpetradores, siendo uno de sus aportes fundamentales la comprensión del carácter “normal” de estos.
Relegada en las décadas sucesivas, en los últimos años ha habido un creciente interés en el estudio de esta figura, en parte debido a la reiteración de casos de genocidios y otros tipos de violencia en masa, y se han hecho diversas investigaciones tanto en el campo de la psicología como en el de la sociología.
En el desarrollo de nuestra investigación, hemos pensado la noción de marcos sociales del mal para comprender cómo la gente común puede convertirse en genocida. En esa dirección, este artículo tiene dos objetivos: por un lado, nos proponemos explorar y presentar algunas de las diversas perspectivas con las que se ha analizado esta figura; por
el otro, al partir de la posibilidad de analizar al genocidio como una acción social, nos aventuramos a reparar en los posibles aportes que puede hacer la teoría de Alfred Schutz al análisis de esta cuestión. Si bien el sociólogo de origen austríaco no reflexionó sobre la temática, creemos que sus escritos pueden aportar a la comprensión sociológica del genocidio.

Paper version: https://www.amazon.com/dp/1481084933
This book presents the religious, medical, social and legal debate among Jews, Christians and Muslims around male and female circumcision.If female circumcision today is the subject of a national and international campaign to ban it, male circumcision is accepted and few would dare criticize it. It is estimated wrongly less serious than female circumcision, or with health benefits.The author criticizes this myth maintained by the United Nations and the World Health Organization. He demonstrates that the distinction between male and female circumcision is illusory, both being an unjustifiable flagrant violation of bodily integrity. This distinction is the main reason for the failure of the campaign against female circumcision. We cannot guarantee the right to physical integrity of the girl if we deny this right to his brother.
Sami A. Aldeeb Abu-Sahlieh. Christian of Palestinian origin. Swiss citizen. Doctor in law. Habilitated to direct researches. Professor of universities (CNU-France). Responsible for Arab and Islamic Law at the Swiss Institute of Comparative Law (1980-2009). Visiting professor in different French, Italian and Swiss universities. Director of the Centre of Arab and Islamic Law. Author of many books, including a French, English and Italian translation of the Koran.