Climate Chnage

Understanding learning processes involved in sustainable rural transitions requires theories that recognise learning as a complex, socio-ecologically situated phenomenon. Communities of practice theory provides a socially embedded account of learning processes. It suggests that joining communities of practice and developing an identity as a practitioner provides a motivational and pedagogical framework within which learning can occur. Yet, we contend that understanding the complex situational factors at work in acquiring skills requires attention be paid to identities and relations beyond those currently recognised in communities of practice theory. Through a study of beekeepers' skill acquisition in the Indian Punjab, we show how practitioners mobilise diverse identities that are relevant to learning, motivation, and belonging and not only their identities as (aspiring) practitioners. In Punjab, gendered, religious, and caste-inflected identities are particularly important. We also show that the communities in which learners are embedded consist not only of human practitioners but involve an array of entities and forces that enable, constrain, and share in learning and practice. For beekeepers, learning is a deeply social and ecological process, involving and conditioning human and nonhuman contributions.

Zukunft der Alpen ZITIERWEISE Zitate im Text Für eine Literaturangabe ist in Klammern der Nachname des Autors, das Publikationsjahr sowie (im Fall von direkten Zitaten in Anführungszeichen) die Seitenzahl anzugeben. Wird der Name des Autors bereits im Text genannt, wird nur das Publikationsjahr (und die Seitenzahl) in Klammern angegeben. Beispiele: …Goffman (1974: 274-275)… Literaturverzeichnis Im Literaturverzeichnis werden alle zitierten Werke aufgeführt. Es ist alphabetisch nach den Nachnamen der AutorInnen zu ordnen, deren voller Namen angegeben werden sollte. Zwei oder mehr Werke desselben Autors/derselben Autorin sollten chronologisch nach Publikationsjahr geordnet werden. Beispiele:

Current climate variability is already imposing significant challenge. Therefore, farmers have faced income variability in almost every production season. Problems associated with dependence on rain fed agriculture are common in Ethiopia. Smallholder farmers' vulnerability from such income variability is also common. Over the years, a range of risk management strategies have been used to reduce, or to assist farmers to absorb, some of these risks. Since insurance is potentially an important instrument to transfer part of the risk, the study tries to assess small holder farmer's willingness to pay for the rainfall risk insurance and examine factors that affect farmer's willingness to pay amount. The sample size 161 households using closed ended value elicitation format followed by open ended follow up questions. Logit model was used to estimate the mean willingness to pay in the close ended format in addition with Tobit model to examine factors that affect willingness to pay as well as intensity of payment. Six potential explanatory variables income, ownership of radio, off-farm income, age, number of livestock owning and availability of public and private gifts have negative and/or positive effect on WTP.

Nigeria faces escalating climate challenges, including intensified droughts, erratic rainfall patterns, and rising temperatures, threatening ecosystems, agriculture, and livelihoods. Climate change increasingly threatens Nigeria's largely rainfed smallholder agriculture, contributing to declining crop yields and threatening food security. This study investigates the role of Artificial Intelligence (AI) in enhancing climate risk management in Nigerian agriculture. This study utilizes the concept of climate action as a lens, and an extensive desk review of existing literature. Findings reveal that AI technologies are increasingly employed in climate adaptation and mitigation strategies. Applications include predictive analytics for weather forecasting, optimization of water resource management, and enhancement of agricultural practices through precision farming, focusing on capacity building and community engagement. However, this study identifies significant barriers to the widespread adoption of AI in climate resilience efforts in Nigeria. Challenges encompass data scarcity, limited digital infrastructure, and a shortage of localized AI solutions tailored to specific Nigerian agriculture. Interviewees underscore the necessity for collaborative approaches that involve stakeholders at all levels, from grassroots organizations to international bodies, to develop and implement effective AI-driven climate strategies. The research concludes that while AI holds substantial promise for enhancing climate resilience in Nigeria, realizing its full potential requires addressing infrastructural and capacity-related challenges. Strategic investments in data infrastructure, education, and policy frameworks are essential to empower communities and ensure the equitable deployment of AI technologies in combating climate change across the continent.

This study examines the intricate nexus between flooding, food security, and the gendered impacts of climate change on female farmers in Ogbaru Local Government Area (LGA), Anambra State, Nigeria. In light of the escalating threat posed by climate change, which amplifies extreme weather events such as flooding, the agricultural sector, particularly smallholder farming, faces ever-growing challenges in safeguarding food security. This research seeks to elucidate how climate-induced flooding disrupts agricultural productivity, disproportionately affecting women, who play a central role in food production within rural Nigeria. Employing a survey-based methodology, data were collected via structured questionnaires, in-depth interviews, and focus group discussions from a sample of 394 female farmers across selected communities. The findings underscore that flooding significantly hampers crop yields, exacerbates food insecurity, and amplifies the vulnerabilities faced by women, due in no small part to prevailing gender inequities. Moreover, the study reveals that while income influences agricultural output, other factors such as climatic variability, access to resources, and socio-political dynamics play equally pivotal roles in determining food security outcomes. The study calls for the formulation of gender-responsive policies and the adoption of climateresilient agricultural practices to bolster the adaptive capacities of women farmers in flood-prone areas, thus ensuring a more sustainable and equitable approach to food security in the context of climate change.

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The recent pandemic, wars, and adverse weather conditions remind us that a society must produce as much of the food it bases its diet on as possible. If it depends on obtaining it on the international market, it may not be available or it may be very expensive. Based on data on production, imports, and exports, this article offers statistics on apparent consumption and the degree of self-sufficiency in Spain for 14 foods. Among the conclusions drawn are that self-sufficiency in wheat and chickpeas has increased over the last ten years but remains very low, and that self-sufficiency in other foods such as rice, green beans, potatoes, bananas, and nuts continues to decline despite the fact that self-sufficiency is already low.

From 2000 to 2015, Nigeria has recorded an average annual budget deficit of N564.10 billion, largely financed by issuing Federal government bonds. Despite this, the country’s struggle for macroeconomic stability and overall development remains elusive and pervasive.This study appraises the economic utility and significance of sukuk (Islamic bonds) as an alternative instrument of financing budget deficits in the Nigerian economy. The study uses content and trend analysis with the secondary sources of data to achieve the objective of the study.Essentially, the study posits that the issuance of sukuk as an alternative to other interest bearing financial instruments can effectively control the historically burgeoning budget deficits and significantly complement in achieving macroeconomic and developmental objectives in Nigeria.Also, sukuk has the economic utility to promote fiscal sustainability, which is a necessary requirement for sustainable economic growth and development of any nat...

Climate change, driven primarily by human activities such as burning fossil fuels and deforestation, poses one of the greatest challenges of the present time. The solutions require a multifaceted approach, involving policy reforms, technological innovations, and individual actions. Research suggests humans can address climate change through international cooperation and relying on constructive leadership. This paper provides a detailed examination of how humans can deconstruct climate change drawing from extensive research on social movements. It expands on the key points offering a professional and thorough overview for readers seeking a deeper understanding. This paper explores the significance of social movements throughout history to shed light on the possibility of mobilising global people’s climate movement to address the challenge of climate change effectively with the help of people and by using the solution that people advocate. The aim is to objectively examine the history of the world in search of major social movements that resulted in unprecedented shifts in consciousness and habits leading to big, global change. The rationale for the paper is to shed light on a pathway that would unlock the puzzle of how to solve climate change effectively by discovering a paradigm-shifting breakthrough. Such tailored approach has been adopted to broaden and enrich knowledge on people’s motivated solutions to climate change underscoring the importance of addressing the top priority issue that the community finds significant. Consequently, this paper’s core research question is: To what extent have social movements been the key drivers of significant change throughout history, and how can a present global climate movement change the history thanks to organized problem-solving on a larger, global scale? Taking an objective consideration of the history of the world, including biblical history, it will be argued that major, global political shifts resulted from movements of billions of people usually following an enlightened leader who offered a significant change in perspective showing the way for the followers. Principled and character-based leaders were not only mobilizing the masses but also teaching humanity what real leadership is, administering supernatural way of life and helping to solve problems. Thus, the greatest leader was not necessarily the one who did the greatest things. The greatest leader was the one who got the people to do the greatest things collectively by often leading them out of the condition of despair and political oppression, offering a solution in a hopeless situation leading towards greater prosperity, self-realization, freedom or security. This paper argues that God prepared ordinary individuals chosen for spiritual leadership to act in ways that demonstrate universal care for the planet. People’s liberation usually coincided with leaders effectively providing care by shepherding their people just like God’s Son, Jesus. God protected the brave leaders just like shepherds protected their sheep. God used kings of kingdoms, priests in temples and prophets to nations in order to lead His people towards His promise of a greater hope. Hope refers to hoping when things are hopeless, but it is a matter of platitude when everything is calm and bright. It is only when everything gets dark that hope begins to be a strength. In this context, hope is not blind faith that things will somehow get better. It is rather a realistic belief that things can get better, since despair is an illusion of certainty, while hope is an appreciation of possibility. As the Evangelist, Luke (1: 37) reminded, ‘‘For with God, nothing will be impossible.’’ The results of this paper point out that effective change-makers and global leaders embraced hope to turn things around. That means literally transforming a desperate situation into a possibility of a positive outcome. Change requires finding the way, showing the way and leading the way. A quote by the ancient Chinese philosopher, Lao Tzu aligns with this notion: “A leader is best when people barely know he exists, when his work is done, his aim fulfilled, they will say: we did it ourselves.’’ The quote emphasizes the importance of humility, performing duties with diligence without asking for recognition. There is no way towards a brighter future without a strong will, and there is no will without hope. Political agency is the key to tackling global problems such as climate change, because when leaders organize communities, they also organize villages, and then, equally, the whole cities, after that they organize nations, and finally, they organize the whole world around ‘the idea whose time has come.’ The nucleus of analysis is the idea whose time has come is building a disaster-free world and tackling climate change in advance through the implementation of green, nature-based solutions to confront climate change and create a future where everyone can thrive. It is argued that it is individuals who play a central role in transformations for change. Since the biblical times of Moses, social movement leadership has been successful and proved to be effective in dethroning reckless tyrants, putting dictators who oppress humanity out of their seats and scattering the proud, mighty and cruel leaders who used to run the world. While there have been exceptions throughout history, leadership has too often been the sad tale of governments using citizens or subjects to serve and enrich themselves, instead of the other way around to serve people and improve life quality. However, there were some of the greatest leaders in the Bible, who were individuals that others would have totally discounted, both on the basis of their past and upbringing, and their training. Jesus, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Joshua, David, Samuel, Isaiah, Daniel, John the Baptist, Peter and Paul were chosen for leadership and became great leaders because their hearts were humble and completely devoted to God. As much as we can learn from their examples, we can equally infer lessons from modern examples, which include: Mahatma Gandhi, who aimed to create sustainable development, balanced development of body, mind and soul; Reverend Martin Luther King, who defined power as ‘‘the ability to achieve purpose’’ and ‘‘the strength required to bring about social, political and economic change.’’ Movements which show how to organize communities can mobilize people’s power to effect major change. But there is also a deeper meaning to that because ultimately someone has to carry the shining torch of reason and progress to the furthest corners of the earth. Movement is one thing, another is that a movement has to be effective and realistic enough so that to translate vision into action without crystalising utopias. For every major breakthrough for every world-changing innovation—there is a hidden force at the center that enables to propel imagination, and then turn it into action. First, find a challenge, develop a vision, then design a strategy, and finally, overcome the challenge through social change. Immanuel Kant in philosophy, for instance, and Goethe in literature coined a new sense of production, dialogue and discourse which is best exemplified in Kant’s concept of the Einbildungs-kraf, the power to turn imagination into a reality. This is how a small movement can beat a beast through imagination and doing with little. Such power is productive not because it conjures up a grand vision detached from reality, but because it is capable of conceiving the formal characteristic of a vision of civilization before any empirical conception is possible and then turning it into action. According to Kant, the morphological description of natural phenomena was an integral part of the productive activity of nature – it is nature acting in the scientist and researcher. For Goethe, the artist is productive because nature is working in him. Nature has power and knowledge is power since it listens to nature. Creative problem-solving involves continuous experimentation, revision and sharpening of ideas. The longer options are kept open, the more likely it is that the solution will be original. At the present, the key priority for global civilization is the alleviation of climatic catastrophes and climate security. Very little research has been carried out till this date on the potential social impacts of climate change on the United Kingdom coast. Therefore, the social justice implications of climate change are not well understood. This paper defines climate justice as: ensuring that collectively and individually, people have the ability to prevent, prepare for, respond to and recover from climate change impacts – and the policies to mitigate or adapt to them – by considering existing vulnerabilities, resources and capabilities. Climate injustice relates to how the impacts of climate change will be felt differently by different groups and how some people and places will be more vulnerable than others to these impacts. What if people dared to transform the civilisation in which they live following the persuasive, still realistic vision of the regenerative communities model? In the face of global, systemic, and cataclysmic civilisational collapse, solutions offered by the people at the very least need to build from a smaller gradually to bigger networks, systemic thereby global by effectively rescuing an ageing, technetronic and therefore endangered, vulnerable civilisation. While research on social movements is wide there is a gap to fill about the degree to which climate movement may have a leverage in today’s global politics. It would be a drawback for the global progress if the now increasingly vulnerable humanity would only act on climate after it was too late. Strategic insecurity is now a fact of life on a scale heretofore not experienced by the now increasingly vulnerable humanity but breakthrough on climate change is foresee...

Cross-national research has found that the decarbonization effect of renewable energy development is relatively weak in high-income nations. It is crucial to identify effective points of intervention to enhance renewables’ decarbonization effect. Using a multidimensional analytical framework, this study examines whether certain structural components of high-income nations’ CO2 emissions are particularly susceptible to barriers to decarbonization and therefore are less effectively mitigated by renewable energy development. Analyzing a panel dataset covering 33 high-income nations from 1996 to 2019, I identify a pattern of uneven decarbonization. Renewable energy development has mitigated production-based emissions with increasing effectiveness over time; however, the mitigation effect has been largely confined to emissions from domestic-oriented supply chain activities. Meanwhile, renewables’ inability to mitigate emissions embodied in exports and direct end-user emissions has largely persisted over time. Additionally, developing renewable energy has not spurred growth in emissions in imports, indicating that it has not intensified carbon leakage.

This article excavates the perplexing navigation between international environmental law and Bangladesh, focusing on the multidimensional ramifications of environmental equity and sustainable development. As one of the most climate-vulnerable countries, Bangladesh faces unprecedented hurdles in harmonizing the obligations of accelerated financial advancement with the necessity of environmental protection and preservation. Illustrating international legal mechanisms, including the Paris Agreement, the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), and the UNFCCC, this study extensively evaluates the immeasurable ramifications of these legal instruments on Bangladesh's national policy frameworks, especially concerning equitable resource allocation and fair climate justice.In this discourse, the article examines the legal multifaceted approach of environmental equity, addressing the extent to which Bangladesh can liberalize global ecological governance to provide durable safety for its most marginalized citizenswhose livelihoods are inextricably attached to the predicament of the environment. Moreover, the piece investigates the formal and institutional obligations hindering feasible policy implementation and the broader commitments in attaining sustainable development amongst conjugating socioeconomic factors.By acclimatizing international legal principles with local practicalities, this article propounds effective suggestions for amplifying Bangladesh's compliance with global environmental standards mechanisms, while concurrently emboldening inclusive and sustainable development pathways. Through this study, the exploration addresses the urgency of holistic legal attempts that harmonize the lacuna between international environmental commitments and national formal capacity, prescribing forward-looking aspects of how Bangladesh might handle the intertwined terrain of environmental justice and sustainable development frameworks.

We analyze how social actors are represented in articles about climate change policies in the Arab World, based on twelve news articles from pro-government news, covering the period from 2021 to 2024. The articles were selected to cover the study topic, focusing on those that were found to report on the multiple social actors involved in the process and legislation of climate change policies. For this purpose, the study employed van Leeuwen's social actor theory combined with Halliday's Systemic Functional Linguistics (SFL), specifically the notion of the transitivity system. The findings revealed that the news articles concentrate on specific social actors while minimizing the role of others. Highlighted social actors include governments and leading politicians, international institutions providing funding for climate change initiatives in the Arab World, and the private sector. By contrast, news articles mainly ignored scientists and researchers, environmental activists, and other public groups that are involved in climate change policies. The study recommends that the media and news writers should pay more attention to linguistic elements when tackling such a critical issue that affects all sectors of society.

The value of information in agricultural production cannot be overemphasized given the challenges caused by the impact of climate change. This study evaluated the importance of accessing and using information for enhanced adoption of climate-smart agriculture (CSA) practices in sorghum production among smallholder farmers in Lake Victoria Basin, Kenya. The study used a quantitative research method with a correlation design, collecting data from 382 farmers through a questionnaire. A pilot study was conducted with a 10% sample size to assess reliability and validity achieving a CVI value of 0.877445696 and Cronbach's alpha (α) value of 0.809. Descriptive statistics were used to determine information access and use, while correlation analysis examined associations between age and education and information access and use. The findings showed that farmers obtained information primarily from television, radio, extension workers, and neighbors and friends. The accessibility and use of this information were influenced by age and level of education. The findings are significant since they can help agricultural stakeholders identify and use appropriate channel and context-specific information to disseminate information that would enhance the adoption of CSA practices for improved sorghum yield. This may increase farmers' resilience to climate variability and improve their farming knowledge and skills, potentially leading to better livelihoods for the farming communities in the region. By advocating the provision of easily accessible and relevant information in the appropriate format and media, the findings may aid in policy formulation by providing policymakers with insights when formulating agricultural policies and legislation.

The fundamental right to food is a crucial element of human rights, serving as a protective measure to ensure a life marked by dignity, free from the challenges of hunger, food insecurity, and malnutrition. However, the looming threat of climate change poses formidable challenges globally, directly and indirectly impacting essential aspects of existence, particularly food security and human well-being. Climate change, manifested through events like droughts and floods, has the potential to adversely affect the ability to cultivate enough food to meet the needs of a rapidly expanding population. This intricate web of climate change processes poses substantial risks to food and nutrition security, endangering the well-being of communities worldwide. The paper takes on the mission of exploring the repercussions of climate change on the foundational human rights of indigenous peoples, with a focus on Odisha, India. Utilizing a human rights approach, the document emphasizes the need to protect and fulfill the fundamental rights of indigenous communities, especially the right to food, in the face of climate-induced challenges. It delves into the cultural and ecological significance of indigenous territories, examines vulnerabilities faced by indigenous communities, and evaluates existing legal frameworks and policies related to climate change and food security in Odisha. The study also analyzes successful initiatives from other regions aligned with a human rights approach, proposing strategies to address the complex interplay of climate change, food security, and indigenous rights in Odisha. Recognizing the serious consequences for equity and human rights in the long run, the paper underscores the importance of understanding and mitigating the impacts of climate change on the basic rights of indigenous people.

Coast line is a very dynamic in nature and due to this dynamic nature landuse and land cover along the coast line change very frequently. Shankarpur and Tajpur coast line of Purba Midnapur was not new in this case. Change is detected along the coast line from 1976 to 2018. There is massive change of landuse/ landcover and geomorphic features. The present paper ops to explain the change in geomorphic feature, land use/ land cover with in the changing coast line. Remote Sensing techniques are used to fulfil the paper.

Global food security is a major concern that requires a deep understanding of its complexities and problems. This review brings together current research on global food security, pointing out important trends, gaps, and areas for further study. It looks at how factors like climate change, population growth, economic changes, and geopolitical shifts affect food security worldwide. The review also examines the role of global food security governance, technological progress, and vulnerabilities highlighted by events like the COVID-19 pandemic, stressing the need for sustainable solutions. It highlights the importance of inclusive and collaborative approaches, effective policies, and international cooperation to address the various aspects of food security. Through a detailed methodology involving research, screening, and data analysis, this review provides insights for creating informed policies and practices to address global food security challenges sustainably. The findings stress the crucial need for coordinated efforts across different sectors to ensure food security for all, especially the most vulnerable, in the face of changing global circumstances.

Sites of ice-stream discharge to the continental slope build trough-mouth fans from glacigenic debris flows (GDFs), subglacial meltwater flows, and suspended sediment. Thus, past ice configurations may be interpreted from the sedimentological record. This study links the records in cores, high-resolution seismic profiles, and multibeam swath bathymetry of Hatton Slope and Fan to the changing glaciological history in Hudson Strait, one of the largest ice streams of the late Pleistocene Laurentide Ice Sheet. 14 C-AMS dates, X-ray fluorescence geochemical profiles, and oxygen isotopes in sixteen cores document sediment supply during the last glacial cycle, and earlier history is interpreted from seismic data. The Frobisher Bay slope sector has a long record of GDF deposits from severe glacial periods between MIS 6 and 22, with little impact of meltwater discharge. Masstransport events and aggrading gravel-floored valleys dominate the northern Hatton slope sector. The central slope sector shows the greatest shelf

Bees make hives to store honey and feed themselves during winter, when they cannot go out to collect food. Wild honey bees make hives in rock cervices, hollow trees and other areas. In cities, they make their hives on the corners of the buildings. There are people who are hired to remove these hives from the buildings, huge trees etc as a common man is scared of bee stings. Removing hives is very dangerous and risky. Honey bee stings are quite painful and even life threatening to a large percentage of people who are allergic to the venom. Honey bees usually sting as a form of defence of themselves or their colony. The main idea is to build a RC controlled flying apparatus (unmanned aerial vehicle, quadcopter) which can fly to high altitudes and release smoke which drives away the bees. It has a RC controlled smoker unit which will release smoke; this smoke will calm down or drive away the honey bees, making it easier for the humans to remove the beehive.

Coast line is a very dynamic in nature and due to this dynamic nature landuse and land cover along the coast line change very frequently. Shankarpur and Tajpur coast line of Purba Midnapur was not new in this case. Change is detected along the coast line from 1976 to 2018. There is massive change of landuse/ landcover and geomorphic features. The present paper ops to explain the change in geomorphic feature, land use/ land cover with in the changing coast line. Remote Sensing techniques are used to fulfil the paper.

Coastal Tourism is a widely popular and commercially viable form of tourism around the world. However, it is also vulnerable to the active natural forces affecting the coast, for which management of coastal systems based on understanding of shoreline changes and their future projection plays a very important role. In this paper we have analysed the shoreline change dynamics of the well-known Digha-Mandarmani coastal tourism belt of West Bengal, India using Remote Sensing & GIS methods and also project the future shoreline profiles of 2050 with potential impact on the tourism establishments of the area. The Digha coastal zone is facing serious environmental challenges due to coastal erosion and unregulated human interventions. This paper presents a lustrum shoreline study along the Digha coast over the last 15 years using the application of multi-temporal high resolution Satellite datasets. The analysis of past and present changes of shoreline along the coast in Digha and Mandarmani shows significant variations in the form of erosion and accretion with negative consequences to the tourism infrastructure in certain cases. This study also predicts the future changes of Digha-Mandarmani shoreline assuming business as usual scenario. The GIS maps prepared in course of this research are expected to contribute to the shoreline management measures for sustainable tourism development in this very significant tourism belt of the state.

Mining is the major economic activity in New Caledonia, which contains 25% of the world's nickel ore reserves. With so much land disturbance associated with mining, it is important to minimise the off site impacts of sediment deposition in waterways and lagoons. An erosion model that relates off-site deposition to mining activities is needed to help plan the mitigation of erosion. We used the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) to estimate the soil loss per unit area coming from surficial erosion. GIS maps were derived for each of the factors involved in the USLE, including rainfall, slope length and steepness, soil erodibility, and cover.

Research background: Crop genetic resource conservation and management requires farmers’ financial and labour contribution. Guizotia abyssinica (locally named as ‘Noug’) is among the oil crops originated from Ethiopia, but currently neglected and poorly managed resource. Purpose of the article: The purpose of this research to understand farmers’ behaviour for conservation program and identify better policy, by examining factors affecting households’ willingness to pay (WTP) for conservation Guizotia abyssinica, and by estimating the aggregate welfare contribution of household for the proposed conservation program in West Shewa, Ethiopia. Methods: A contingent valuation survey, double bound with an open-ended follow-up question was directed on 160 selected rural households using multi-stage sampling method. Probit model is employed to achieve the purpose of this study. Findings & Value added: The probit model result showed that factors, such as the amount of credit received, percepti...

Indian Jownnl ojGeography & Environment is published once a year containing original research papers 011 scientific and cultural aspects of geography, environment and related themes. Papers may be uni-or multi disciplinary but should have an interdisciplinary appeal. Submission of Articles: Publication of articles is subject to the approval of the referees. For consideration, two double-spaced typed copies of the article, on one side of A4 paper, are to be sent to the Editor-in-Chief. Indian

COVID-19 known as coronavirus disease, has been dominating the headlines all over the world since about a year ago which is now almost under control. The World Health Organization (WHO) has labeled it a pandemic. Bangladesh is struggling with this virus with its scarce resources. Nearly two million people have been reported as confirmed cases of coronavirus disease in 185 countries worldwide in the five months after the virus first emerged in December 2019. The COVID-19 pandemic affected people directly or indirectly all over the world. There has been a slowdown in all sectors worldwide and most of the global population was placed under lockdown. The families of 43.9 percent of the students might live in poverty, and export revenues from RMG fell by 18.12% from the previous year. Households in Chittagong city corporation experienced the least decrease in average income (11.7%) while the households in Sylhet city corporation experienced the most reduction in average income (63.4%). This COVID-19 created a widespread global shock. The government of Bangladesh has declared several stimulus plans worth a combined total of about USD 11.90 billion for the agricultural sector to ensure the country's food and nutritional security, for doctors, nurses, and the homeless for social safety, and for business sectors including small and medium enterprises and cottage industries at the early age of pandemic. There were 23 COVID-19 stimulus packages total across the nation, with a total outlay of USD 1.23 billion which is 4.44% of GDP. Approximately USD 3,529 million for the service sector and the impacted industries, USD 589 million to cover workers' salaries/allowances, and those of staff working in industries focused on exports were allocated as a package to tackle the serious impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

COVID-19 known as coronavirus disease, has been dominating the headlines all over the world since about a year ago which is now almost under control. The World Health Organization (WHO) has labeled it a pandemic. Bangladesh is struggling with this virus with its scarce resources. Nearly two million people have been reported as confirmed cases of coronavirus disease in 185 countries worldwide in the five months after the virus first emerged in December 2019. The COVID-19 pandemic affected people directly or indirectly all over the world. There has been a slowdown in all sectors worldwide and most of the global population was placed under lockdown. The families of 43.9 percent of the students might live in poverty, and export revenues from RMG fell by 18.12% from the previous year. Households in Chittagong city corporation experienced the least decrease in average income (11.7%) while the households in Sylhet city corporation experienced the most reduction in average income (63.4%). This COVID-19 created a widespread global shock. The government of Bangladesh has declared several stimulus plans worth a combined total of about USD 11.90 billion for the agricultural sector to ensure the country's food and nutritional security, for doctors, nurses, and the homeless for social safety, and for business sectors including small and medium enterprises and cottage industries at the early age of pandemic. There were 23 COVID-19 stimulus packages total across the nation, with a total outlay of USD 1.23 billion which is 4.44% of GDP. Approximately USD 3,529 million for the service sector and the impacted industries, USD 589 million to cover workers' salaries/allowances, and those of staff working in industries focused on exports were allocated as a package to tackle the serious impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Amid mounting concerns about environmental impact, social responsibility, and economic stability, the aviation industry stands as a critical nexus for the convergence of sustainability dimensions. With the persistent growth in air travel demand, the imperative for sustainable practices within the civil aviation sector has become increasingly pronounced. This bibliometric analysis scrutinizes sustainability within the aviation industry, encompassing its environmental, social, and economic facets. Leveraging data from the Web of Science (WoS) database, spanning 123 academic articles published from 2001 to 2023, the research model reveals significant trends, including a substantial uptick in publications in 2022 and 2023, likely catalyzed by heightened environmental awareness and the quest for more resource-efficient aviation in the aftermath of the global pandemic. Key journals, such as the International Journal of Sustainable Aviation and Sustainability, have played pivotal roles in this discourse. This study provides a structured framework to assess sustainability in aviation, furnishing valuable insights for aviation stakeholders, policymakers, and researchers, thereby enhancing comprehension of the current landscape of sustainable aviation research and practice and emphasizing the aviation industry's commitment to addressing sustainability challenges and fostering a more sustainable future for air travel.

Key message National and regional climate-sensitive biomass equations were developed for poplar plantations in China, with mean annual temperature and precipitation significantly affecting predicted biomass. Abstract In the context of global climate change, information on forest biomass becomes more and more important, and the impact of climate change on biomass estimation is also receiving increasing attention. Using the dummy variable modeling approach and the error-invariable simultaneous equations approach, national and regional one-and two-variable individual tree biomass models were developed for poplar plantations in China. The models were based on above-and below-ground biomass data of 450 and 147 destructive sample trees, respectively, collected from poplar plantations in 15 provinces of three regions in China. In addition, combined with climate data of mean annual temperature (T) and mean annual precipitation (P), climate-sensitive individual tree biomass models were established, and the impact of climatic factors on biomass estimation was analyzed. The coefficients of determination of national above-and below-ground biomass models developed in this study were more than 0.90 and 0.82, whereas the mean prediction errors were less than 5% and 10%, respectively. For climate-sensitive biomass models, aboveground biomass was only impacted by T, while belowground biomass was affected by both T and P, and impact of the latter was greater than that of the former. Considering the comprehensive effect of climatic factors to above-and belowground estimation, the total biomass estimates of poplar trees with the same size would reach the maximum in the regions for T = 17 °C and P = 1200 mm, which might provide reference for the scientific management of poplar plantations in China.

Climate change has increased the need of information on amount of forest biomass. The biomass and carbon storage for larch (Larix spp.) in large geographic regions in China were failed to be accurately estimated from current biomass equations, because they were usually based on a few sample trees on local sites, generally incompatible to volume estimation, and not additive between components and total biomass. China needs reliable biomass estimation of the important species in the whole country. This study was based on the mensuration data of above-and belowground biomass from 600 and 198 destructive sample trees of larch from four regions in China, respectively. The main purpose was to develop compatible individual tree equations on both national and regional levels for above-and belowground biomass, biomass conversion factor and root-to-shoot ratio, using the nonlinear error-invariable simultaneous equation approach. In addition, diameter at breast height (D) and tree height (H) growth models were also developed, and effects of key climate variables on biomass variation and growth process were analyzed. The results showed that mean prediction errors (MPEs) of regional aboveground biomass models were from 3.86 to 7.52%, and total relative errors (TREs) are within ±3%; and for regional belowground biomass equations, the MPEs are from 9.91 to 28.85%, and the TREs are within ±4%. The above-and belowground biomass and D-and H-growth were significantly related to mean annual temperature and mean annual precipitation. The biomass equations and growth models developed in this paper will provide good basis for estimating and predicting biomass of larch forests in China. Keywords Aboveground biomass Á Belowground biomass Á Climate variable Á Biomass conversion factor Á Root-to-shoot ratio Á Larix spp.

While some degree of competition is present in many authoritarian regimes, the implications of such controlled competition on international issues have not received much consideration, including towards international environmental accords. We attempt to rectify this through a framework where we focus on internal political competition in a hybrid, nondemocratic system where national elections are held regularly. Specifically, we argue that the presence of multiple actors competing in elections in nondemocratic settings results in them assuming positions on various issues, justifying their positions, and attempting to mobilize their supporters with considerable implications for international environmental policies. We display our argument in the context of Iranian debates on the ratification of the Paris Climate Accords. Our findings demonstrate that the competing Iranian sides rely on different justifications for their environmental positions, resulting in extensive (negative) competitions of rhetoric where the international dimension emerges as an important feature in the internal competition. Overall, we show that political competition within non-democracies is likely to add to the complexity of international (environmental) negotiations and cooperation. Keywords: international negotiations on climate change; competing narratives and elections in authoritarian regimes; political factions; environment and sanctions; regime survival Research Article |

This paper assesses and analyzed the impact of recent local sea level changes upon coastal Geo-environment especially the beaches, shoreline, coastal sand dunes, mangrove forest, channel bank, fish firms and also agricultural field along Digha to Mandarmoni coastal tract which is a part of Purba Medinipur District, West Bengal. Through the tidal gauge data and field investigation it’s have been detected that the local sea level has rise remarkable along this area over the last 30 years. As a result of that the shoreline has been shifted landward and also beaches are narrowing and the entire environment has changed. It has been observed that the front dunes are eroded and also shifted landward at the rate of 6m to 12m/year of this area. Through the field investigation and measuring of erosion data it’s have been remarkable increasing in last decade. The dunes are totally destroyed by increasing wave action at many places. The mangrove forest is totally uprooted and destroyed at Shank...

Poverty is a global development challenge. However, its incidence and prevalence rates are higher in specific regions of the global South. To this end, one of the ways to appreciate the dynamics of poverty is to situate the discussion within the context of geography. Whereas studies are showing that several geographic poverty traps exist in the global South previous scoping reviews did not give the geography of poverty sufficient consideration, and those that attempted did not cover the entire global South. Consequently, this study draws on the extensive data and literature on global incidences and prevalence of poverty to investigate the geographies of poverty in the global South. To achieve this, a scoping review was conducted using PRiSMA-ScR criteria. The review revealed that sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia were the hotspots of poverty, with deterministic and possibilistic elements accounting for the phenomenon. It is proposed that enough consideration be given to geographical variables when designing poverty reduction programmes to achieve equity in the fight against global poverty.

IMPACT STATEMENT
Poverty poses a significant global challenge, particularly prevalent in specific regions of the global South, commonly referred to as developing countries. Crafting an efficient poverty reduction strategy necessitates pinpointing the geographic concentrations of impoverished populations and understanding the factors contributing to their predicament. Adopting a geographical perspective of poverty is essential in this regard. Evidence suggests that poverty is predominantly concentrated in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. The root causes of poverty in these regions stem from the interplay between physical conditions, human activities, and the environmental context in which communities reside. Consequently, practical poverty reduction efforts in developing nations must tailor programmes to target impoverished populations based on their geographical locations while addressing their unique environmental challenges.

Using systems thinking, geodesign offers a promising mixture of design process and strategic analysis for building more resilient landscapes. Although the scholarship and literature on geodesign is increasing rapidly (C.-L. WU & CHIANG 2018), there is little evidence of an empirical evaluation of the geodesign approach in practice. Do geodesign processes encourage more resilient outcomes? Using content analysis and multivariate regression, we evaluate 35 geodesign projects from the 2019 International Geodesign Collaboration to determine the connections between geodesign processes and resilience. The projects were submitted by academics from over 50 different places across the world as part of landscape or urban design studios. We find that most of the submitted projects include a comprehensive and explicit set of design objectives and a wide range of diverse strategies. Most projects, however, fail to address process relationships, raising concerns that this deficiency might reduce the diversity and dynamics of design outcomes. Our evaluation also found that projects with more robust and comprehensive design strategies scored higher in our resilience measures. The findings offer insights for designers, practitioners, and policymakers to better utilize the geodesign approach.

The concept of food security is decades-old, its initial definition established in the 1974 FAO World Food Conference and further refined in the 1996 World Food Summit (Shaw, 2007). Its plasticity has been much remarked (see chapters "Food security from a food system perspective" by Jess Fanzo, and "Towards an integrated model of food security and resilience" by Mark Constas), with questions about whether a term which means all things to all people can retain policy and research value (Candel et al., 2013; Carolan, 2013). Yet the term has not disappeared, and instead, Maye and Kirwan argue, a 'fractured consensus' has arisen

In this 21st century, in front of the whole world it was a very unlikely occurrence of a new pandemic named as Covid – 19. First China and after other countries it advanced its black claw on Bangladesh. Bangladesh's government was aware of the pandemic's predicament and took steps to protect the population, as well as the economy and numerous industrial sectors. Though the government of Bangladesh did its hardest to provide all forms of assistance to the country's economy, the government was unable to successfully control the pandemic due to the country's large population and people's irresponsibility. Due to the significant impact of Covid-19 during this epidemic, various economic and financial sectors were severely harmed, particularly the garment industry sector. Covid – 19 also has an impact on financial institutions such as banks and other financial institutions. Small businesses, start-ups, and other commercial concerns were also severely harmed. The impact...

The material and the geographical designations in this document do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of IUCN concerning the legal status of any country, territory, or area, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries.

The economic situation of Bangladesh as a middle income country due to Covid-19 however depends on the extent of the crisis. Its economic fate is closely tied to the fate of ready-made garments (RMG) and inward remittance. RMG sector accounts for around 80% of the country's total export earnings. A reduction in exports of as much as 84% in April 2020 compared with that of the previous year. More than 1,000 factories have been closed and 2.19 million out of 4 million workers lost their jobs. Remittances from Bangladeshi migrant workers are expected to fall by 25% this 2020. SME's are usually the worst hit at the times of economic disorder. Banks are trying to come to terms with the Ministry of Finance directive of 6% and 9% caps to interest rates on deposits and loans; vulnerable asset quality; moribund capital markets; and a struggling microfinance sector. The economy is now almost coming to a grinding halt with weakening effects on all sectors like educational systems, Banks, FDI, small business, tourism industries, dairy and vegetable producers etc. Daily wage earners are unable to buy food for their families. Hunger, malnutrition, and other problems that have always plagued Bangladesh are poised to intensify as a result of the lockdown. The current economic state may seriously undermine the livelihood of the underprivileged cohort of the population. Lack of access to basic healthcare, knowledge of hygiene and a social safety net have always been a challenge for this cohort.

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

This is a PDF file of an article that has undergone enhancements after acceptance, such as the addition of a cover page and metadata, and formatting for readability, but it is not yet the definitive version of record. This version will undergo additional copyediting, typesetting and review before it is published in its final form, but we are providing this version to give early visibility of the article. Please note that, during the production process, errors may be discovered which could affect the content, and all legal disclaimers that apply to the journal pertain.

As the most vulnerable climatic region in the country, Khulna City is increasingly experiencing climate‐change‐induced urban problems. For instance, occupancy by climate migrants (delete the term “illegal migrant”), drainage congestion, water logging and reduced fresh water availability are all increasing problems. In the last decade, the population in the city increased by more than 20 per cent due to migration from nearby climate vulnerable districts. This study explores the health disorders of climate migrants occupying the urban slums and squats of the Khulna City area. This study found that these climate migrants settled in the urban slums and squats and, as such, they do not have access to urban amenities such as clean drinking water, hygiene services, and health facilities. This study noted that these displaced people are at increased risk of health issues from unhygienic and overcrowded living conditions and from water and sanitation problems. They often suffer from differen...

El presente documento plantea el problema de la creciente injerencia del libre mercado en la determinación de productos, cantidades y precios de los bienes agropecuarios en la economía global, cuestionando la eficiencia asignativa del mercado, a la vez que pretende advertir sobre algunos riesgos que pueden derivarse del exceso de confianza en el libre mercado, tanto para el bienestar del consumidor, como para la seguridad y soberanía alimentaria de la población, además de los efectos perversos para el medio ambiente y el desarrollo sostenible. Como elemento central, a lo largo del texto, se muestra el papel de las transnacionales agroalimentarias como agentes determinantes en la conducción de la producción, oferta y comercialización de productos, guiadas por el incentivo de la maximización de sus ganancias, mientras las funciones de nutrición, cultura alimentaria y de producción pasan a un segundo plano.

Climate change is one of the most important worldwide issues talked among the scientists and researchers. The temperature and rainfall trends are analyzed for meteorological data of Junagadh station in Gujarat. India over approximately last three decades stretching between years 1971 to 2013. The long–term change in temperature and rainfall has been assessed by linear trend analysis. The increasing trend in mean monthly maximum temperature (MMAX) and total mean rainfall (TMRF) is confirmed by Mann-Kendall trend test. It is evident from that monthly mean temperature have increased significantly for all the months except the months of April and October for which a very weak decrease in mean maximum temperature is observed. This implies that at Junagadh, the highest increase in temperature occurred in November (0.0210C) during 1980-2011 period. The annual mean of monthly maximum temperatures (MMAX) observed an increasing trend having an annual decreasing of 0.0040C year during 1980-201...

Indian Jownnl ojGeography & Environment is published once a year containing original research papers 011 scientific and cultural aspects of geography, environment and related themes. Papers may be uni-or multi disciplinary but should have an interdisciplinary appeal. Submission of Articles: Publication of articles is subject to the approval of the referees. For consideration, two double-spaced typed copies of the article, on one side of A4 paper, are to be sent to the Editor-in-Chief. Indian