Climate Chnage

Ⅲ ABSTRACT: Th is article examines Jewish law's approach to forced migration. It explains the diff erence under Jewish law between forced migration brought about by disasters and the state of being a refugee-which is directly associated with war and armed con-fl ict. It continues by demonstrating how these distinctions infl uenced the religious Jewish authors of the 1951 Refugee Convention. It concludes with the fundamental distinction between Jewish law and Roman law, concerning the latter's application of a strong diff erentiation between citizens and migrant foreigners, which under Jewish law was entirely proscribed as per the religious duty to accord hospitality to forced migrants irrespective of their background. Ⅲ

Ten piston cores and a 25 m long giant piston core from the ice-proximal region off Hudson Strait contain Heinrich layers 1 and 2, identified by their sedimentary structure and high detrital carbonate content. Both layers are unusually thick on the upper Labrador slope (3.8^2.1 m) and on the lower slope and rise (1.5^1.0 m). Heinrich layers 1 and 2 can be subdivided into three units. Unit A is restricted to the upper slope and overlies hemipelagic sediment with a gradational boundary. It is 61 m thick, dark black to dark gray in color, and made up of coarse ice-rafted sand and granules dispersed in hemipelagic mud with a few faint laminations towards the top. The overlying unit B is up to 3.35 m thick and consists of two facies: (i) centimeter-thick, graded, carbonate-rich mud layers containing dispersed
coarser grains in the mud, interpreted as nepheloid-flow deposits with coarse ice-rafted debris, and (ii) carbonate-rich, finely laminated mud layers, which alternate with millimeter-thick laminae of ice-rafted debris. Unit C, up to 0.90 m thick, is devoid of sedimentary structures, and consists of hemipelagic sediment with dispersed dropstones that increase in abundance towards the top of the unit. Data suggest the following sequence of processes could have occurred during the deposition of Heinrich layers in ice-proximal sites. As the Laurentide Ice Sheet grew, it extended through the Hudson Strait ice stream outlet to a floating ice margin near the shelf edge and perhaps beyond to the upper slope, and deposited unit A by releasing dropstones from the basal debris-rich layer. Unit B is interpreted to be the deposits of the combined processes of nepheloid-layer flow, low-density turbidity currents, and massive ice-rafting.
Maximum carbonate content (s50%), the lightest N18O values in very sparse planktonic foraminifera, and low magnetic susceptibility are characteristic of unit B. Unit C is inferred to represent the time of waning supply of fines as nepheloid-flow deposition ceased, while the relative concentration of dropstones increased as a result of continuing intense ice-rafting. Due to the reduction of fine-grained sediment supply, the carbonate concentration decreased to the Labrador Sea background level. This finding was further supported by the appearance of darker-colored sediments and heavier N18O values in Neogloboquadrina pachyderma (s) which indicates the reduction of meltwater discharge towards the end of a Heinrich event.

Revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE2) was applied to assess the soil loss in an agricultural field of Uccle, Belgium. Determination of soil loss required lots of information and data sets from various variables related to RUSLE2 in different formats scales. The effect of each factor affection soil loss and or erosion was estimated. Soil loss was influenced by soil properties (textural class), rainfall, topography (slope gradient), crop management and conservation practices (soil cover, type of tillage). The influence of erosion control practices (up and down slope ploughing, perfect contouring and buffer strip) on soil loss was also analysed. Results indicated that among three textural class of soils highest loss found in the silty soil followed by loamy sand and clayey soil had the least soil loss. This showed that the silty soil had the highest erodibility. It was evident from the modelling that as the slope steepness and slope length increased the soil loss increased, but when the slope steepness and slope length were reduced the soil loss decreased. Soil cover and tillage contributed greatly in soil erosion. The bare soil (silt) had the highest soil loss 22 Mg ha-1 yr-1 but the dense grass cover had the lowest soil loss of 0.034 Mg ha-1 yr-1. While the conventional tillage had higher soil loss 15 Mg ha-1 yr-1 compared with the conservation tillage 11 Mg ha-1yr-1. In case of conservation practices, filter strips had the lowest soil loss from detachment of 4.4 Mg ha-1yr-1 but the most important is that despite the detachment very little soil leaves the field as indicated by the slope delivery 0.00092 Mg ha-1yr-1. Ploughing up and down the slope resulted in the highest soil (39 Mg ha-1yr-1) loss and should be discouraged. These results will be used for soil protection measures and land use planning in agriculture.

In the quest for an eco-justice reading, this article invites readers/listeners into a theatrical experience, where the drama of creation is staged. God enters the stage where the Earth is formless, dark and void, but covered by the Spirit of God. God begins to call various members of the Earth Community into being through God's own word over six days. They each come marching onto the stage. God views each created member and pronounces them good and finally pronounces all members to be very good. God gives the sun and the moon the power to rule the Earth. During the creation drama, God invites the Earth to the stage to give forth vegetation, water creatures and animals. The Earth thus does not only host all members of the Earth Community, but becomes the co-creator with God, and ensures continuity of creation. On the sixth day the Earth is no longer dark, void or formless, for there is light, atmosphere, sun, moon, stars, dry ground, seas, vegetation and living creatures of all sorts on the stage. God looks at them and says, " Let us make an earthling in our image, in our likeness ". And thus a human being comes into being as a child of the Earth. The human being is told to keep the Earth Community just as good as God created it. Nonetheless, today's audience cannot watch the biblical drama of creation as an innocent spectator because the Earth is facing an environmental crisis from human exploitation. This article seeks to give an Earth-centred reading of Genesis 1 that does not entertain anthropocentric perspectives.

Nigerian economy is very sensitive to happenings in the global crude oil market due to
Nigeria dependence on the black gold. The recession Nigeria found herself in 2016 was mainly
caused by the fall in the international price of crude oil. It is the same factor that also help to
explain Buhari government massive borrowings to help close the gap in government budget since
coming to power in 2015. Empirical and theoretical evidences have linked shocks in price of
primary products with macroeconomic imbalances. These external shocks are main sources of
economic volatility, affecting both private and public savings, in part because of their large
income effects. In the years since independence, Nigerian economy has changed from its largely agrarian
state of 1960s to an import depended mono-economy. Nigeria single most important export for
more than forty years has remain crude oil. But, in the period since independence various
economic models have been tested, as many as there were changes in governments. While the
adaptation of some of these economic programs were domestically inspired, others were forced
on Nigeria from the outside. Efforts to diversify Nigerian economy have been on the Nigerian government agenda since
1980s, but not much has been achieved. Despite the billions of Dollars in oil revenue, Nigerian
governments have failed to use the resources to develop other areas of the economy. This book covered almost all the main sectors of the Nigerian economy. The
book is encyclopedic in term of coverage of Nigerian business environment and potential threats
to ease of doing business. The structure of the book makes it easy for readers to browse through
it. Its chapters are grouped according to related themes in the Nigerian economy. The
bibliography section provided at the end of the book provide the reader with range of sources
for reference and further research.

The impact of climate change on water resources have received much attention globally especially in last 30 years. Rainfall, the main driver of the hydrological cycle, has been varying in part of the world in various ways. Rainfall is the main source of water. But rainfall is scares and erratic in Gujarat especially in Saurashtra region. So, its preservation and conservation has become the most important aspect in relation to the water resources development planning. Its magnitude, variation and distribution plays important role in hydrological response of the area. The analysis of rainfall records for long period provides information about rainfall pattern and variability. And also rainfall studies are utmost utility for understanding nature and behavior of climate change. In this study, trends in rainfall, maximum rainfall intensity and rainy day for 1961-2011 were examined for Dhatarwadi catchment, Amreli and also decade wise monthly rainfall variation were examined. Linear regression technique were used to determine climatic trends and conclusions are derived.

COVID-19, the recent time unprecedented global pandemic, has already become one of the greatest challenges for many countries irrespective of their economic strength and geo-political influences. The pandemic has not been simply a health issue and a concern of ensuring health care facilities, rather it involves systematic enforcement of multi-dimensional socioeconomic imperatives required to prevent spreading of the highly contagious pathogen (SARS-CoV-2 virus). Pragmatically, battling COVID-19 involves two distinct and complementary dimensions; first, a preventive dimension e.g. social/physical distancing, lock-down, curfew etc., while accepting the immediate and far-reaching implications on the people's livelihoods, wellbeing and loss in national economic growth, and second, the health care dimension such as diagnosis, isolation, contact tracing, dedicated health facilities etc., while ensuring efficient, transparent, accountable, accessible and equitable health services for all.

The islet of Gozo, Malta is known for its rural landscapes and attractive tourist destinations. It is also home to a variation of honeybees, maintained by the beekeepers of Gozo, and desired by farmers for the purpose of pollination. In July of 2016, I spent three weeks on this
islet, practicing skills in applied anthropology through the Off the Beaten Track field school. I was interested in the means of production that go into the creation of honeybee products, and specifically the people that make this process possible. During my time in Gozo I met Adam, a
60-year-old beekeeper, who provided me with some of his perspectives on honeybee production. Working alongside Adam and his honeybees offered me a glimpse at what it means to be a keeper in Gozo. Recently this practice is experiencing new challenges, shaping the tasks and
concerns of Gozitan beekeepers. These keepers express their perceptions of potential bee extinction as signs of colony collapse disorder (CCD) arise. With this, Gozo’s environment is facing unfamiliar conditions that are potentially related to climate change. These issues are ultimately met by a community of beekeepers that survives the practice of beekeeping on Gozo through the exchange of local knowledge and dialogue. I left Gozo with further questions about
how the islet’s environment shapes beekeeping and what the future of this practice will look like given our warming planet.