Classics: Ancient History and Archaeology

The problem of Philip II's borrowing of Thessalian developments in the field of military affairs is under consideration in the article. It is determined that the growth of Thessaly’s power was associated with the military and political activities of Jason of Pherae. He managed to improve the fighting qualities of the mercenaries, reformed the recruitment system and introduced a new cavalry formation in the shape of a diamond. The comparative analysis shows that Philip II introduced into Macedonian practice similar principles of formation and combat use of cavalry units. This made it possible to significantly increase the number of the Argead Kingdom's cavalry contingent and its tactical potential. Besides, Madedonia began to use methods aimed at improving the discipline of the military personnel, which had previously been applied by Jason of Pherae.

This study proposes to analyse a monument type sporadically approached in the Romanian specialty literature, namely the three herms in the collections of the National Museum of the Union in Alba Iulia, whose place of origin is unclear. Amongst, two were designed to protect travellers, private properties and their owners. That discovered on Furcilor Hill, in 1898, is funerary. They are generally dated to the 3rd century AD, the last, to the period of the military anarchy, after AD 235, further evidence of the sculptural activity at Apulum, in the decline period of the province of Dacia. The herms with male portraits lacking any artistic propensity, while the herm with the portrait of Medusa preserves a few rather good quality features, without yet being comparable to import statues.

This paper presents the latest epigraphic discovery in the camp of XIIIth Legion Gemina, represented by a votive altar dedicated to Iupiter Optimus Maximus, the protective Genius of the centuria, by a non-commissioned officer with the rank of optio named M(arcus) Atti(us) Valens. It was identified in situ, next to the entrance in contubernium, more precisely next to one of the rooms used to deposit the weapons (arma). This room was closely to the apartment of the centurion. Considering the chiselling manner of the letters, which are not carefully executed, and the context of the discovery, which is the last level of Roman habitation, the votive monument is chronologically dated during a period of the military anarchy as more precise data is forthcoming. This is the second monument discovered in Apulum dedicated to a protector Genius of the centuria. This military deity is mentioned in Potaissa by the texts of two votive altars . Our character is attested for the first time expanding...

This study proposes to analyse a monument type sporadically approached in the Romanian specialty literature, namely the three herms in the collections of the National Museum of the Union in Alba Iulia, whose place of origin is unclear. Amongst, two were designed to protect travellers, private properties and their owners. That discovered on Furcilor Hill, in 1898, is funerary. They are generally dated to the 3rd century AD, the last, to the period of the military anarchy, after AD 235, further evidence of the sculptural activity at Apulum, in the decline period of the province of Dacia. The herms with male portraits lacking any artistic propensity, while the herm with the portrait of Medusa preserves a few rather good quality features, without yet being comparable to import statues.

This study proposes to re-evaluate a marble statue from the old collections of the National Museum of Union Alba Iulia. It was discovered by A. Cserni during excavations carried out at the Palace of the Governors of Roman Dacia, in 1898. It has been repeatedly published by Á. Hekler and Al. Diaconescu. While the latter author established dating and iconographic prototype of the statue, we believe that further details as discovery place and context, depiction, iconographic attribution and role of this work of art can be offered. Presence of a follower at the feet of the divinity, more precisely the right foot of a character -child, conveys us the idea of depiction of Eros, god of love. Usually, this is depicted beside nude or seminude Venus, and sculptural representation from Apulum is somehow different from iconographic point of view. As we see it, taking into consideration the discovery place, artefacts resulted from the same excavation, artistic eclecticism, religious iconographic influences and official politics of the Roman state, we believe we are dealing with rather an unusual statue of Venera as manner of representation or an image of an empress, wife of a governor or member of a family of municipal authorities from Apulum.

El procedimiento de selección de originales se ajusta a los criterios específicos del campo 10 de la CNEAI para los sexenios de investigación, en el que se indica que la admisión de los trabajos publicados en las actas de congresos deben responder a criterios de calidad equiparables a los exigidos para las revistas científicas. Queda prohibida la reproducción total o parcial de este libro su inclusión en un sistema informático, su transmisión en cualquier forma o por cualquier medio, ya sea electrónico, mecánico, por fotocopia, registro u otros métodos, sin el permiso previo y por escrito de los titulares del Copyright.

L'histoire telle qu'Édouard Will, l'une des principales figures de l'histoire grecque au XX e s., en France et au-delà, définit un geste historien singulier. Derrière une prudence revendiquée face à la conceptualisation, elle se caractérise par un souci critique qui n'a rien perdu de son actualité.

У истоков Центрального музея Тавриды стояло несколько общественных организаций, созданных еще в XIX столетии: архив и научная библиотека «Таврика» имени А. Х. Стевена (основана в 1873 г.), Музей древностей ТУАК (основан в 1887 г.) и Естественно‑исторический музей Таврического земства (основан в 1899 г.). В 1921 году все эти музеи были слиты в один новый музей в Симферополе, который был открыт во многом благодаря усилиям Г. А. Бонч‐Осмоловского и его заместителя А. И. Полканова, в будущем многолетнего директора ЦМТ. Первым заведующим музея на короткий срок стал Н. Л. Эрнст [Филимонов, Храпунов 1996; Непомнящий 2012], который до 1938 года являлся и заведующим археологическим отделом. Музей в разные годы назывался по‐разному, нынешнее название он получил 8 мая 1921 года, в дальнейшем оно несколько раз изменялось, первоначальное название вернулось лишь в 2006 году.

El International Symposium on Pedagogical Innovation in University Education for Archaeology and Ancient History se celebrará online desde León los días 18 y 25 de noviembre de 2025. Está dirigido a profesorado universitario y personas interesadas en la enseñanza de la Arqueología y la Historia Antigua. Busca debatir e intercambiar experiencias sobre metodologías activas, tecnologías digitales e innovación pedagógica, con especial atención a la inclusión, la sostenibilidad y la interdisciplinariedad. La participación es gratuita, mediante inscripción previa, y las comunicaciones aceptadas podrán publicarse en una monografía digital de acceso abierto editada por la Universidad de León

Se estudia en este trabajo la relación entre los nombres de unidades familiares indígenas en genitivo plural y los nombres indígenas que también puede referirse a ellas, atendiendo a diferentes aspectos. Tras analizar en la primera parte del artículo los procedimientos de derivación empleados para formar los nombres de esas unidades, en esta segunda parte se lleva a cabo una revisión de las menciones de parentesco en relación con los nombres de unidades familiares, con especial atención al tercer bronce de Botorrita. Los resultados refuerzan la idea de que no se trataba de grandes clanes, sino de grupos más limitados en número y extensión temporal, lo que se puede poner en relación con la información epigráfica sobre los procesos por los cuales podían ir surgiendo, dentro de una unidad familiar previamente existente, nuevas unidades con un nombre diferente, que ya fueron tratados en la primera parte.

Le originarie res oggetto di captio: animalia e res hostibus nella sistematica gaiana e giustinianea. -3. Plaut., capt. 116: liber captivos avis ferae consimilis est. -4. Captio e custodia nell'acquisto e mantenimento del dominio di animalia e liberae personae bello captae. -5. Conclusioni. Nel corso di una ricerca che vado svolgendo da tempo e concernente la ricostruzione della disciplina dell'occupazione 1 , mi sono imbattuta in una fonte plautina (capt. 116 ss.) 2 che sembra confortare i primi risultati da me 1 D. DI OTTAVIO, La captio quale criterio d'individuazione delle originarie res oggetto di occupazione, in Revista General de Derecho Romano, 2023, n. 41, pp. 1 ss. 2 Le commedie plautine sono state, come noto e nel corso degli anni, oggetto di particolare attenzione non solo da parte dei filologi, ma anche da parte dei giusromanisti, con risultati tali che ritengo possa ormai affermarsi, senza timore di essere contraddetti, che le conoscenze giuridiche di Plauto fossero tutt'altro che approssimative e superficiali. Il commediografo dimostra in plurime occasioni di utilizzare appropriatamente non solo il linguaggio tecnico giuridico, portando in scena questioni giuridiche complesse e controverse presso gli stessi giuristi romani, tanto da aver indotto a ritenere che tali conoscenze fossero ampiamente diffuse anche presso il pubblico di riferimento: differentemente, gli astanti non avrebbero potuto comprendere il contenuto di quanto veniva rappresentato. Basti ricordare il grande lavoro svolto da E.

The cults of the ancient period in Illyria are known
and have been widely treated by various authors and
researchers, where one of the is the god of fertility.
He represents the god of male fertility, the fecundity
of nature and abundance. It is widely represented in
reliefs and statues, which are mostly accidental finds. 
His birthplace is Lapsek, a Greek colony. He was
rejected by the Olympian gods, for his physical and
moral ugliness. The data show that in the Hellenistic
period the cult of this god was widespread, and its
popularity even reached its peak in the Roman period.
From the observations and research done, it appears
that in Amantia, a total of seven statues and reliefs of the
goddess of fertility have been discovered. All appear to
be old, with long beards and moustaches, curvaceous,
short-bodied, with wavy hair, and most of them hold
a cornucopia in their left hand and expose their organ
(Fig. 1, 2, 3, 4). The differences between them are in
the facial features, where most of them are not well
preserved or missing the head. All seven are carved in
local limestone, all are worn on the upper body and are
Priapus Ithyphallic. The septums in the back are all
unworked. The territory of Amantia consists of hills,
surrounded by mountains and wetted by the Shushica
and Vjosa rivers. Amantia is historically known for its
developed agricultural character. In this way, there is
a need for a "divine" guardian of gardens, someone
who brings abundance, who is a protector of nature,
protects them from the thief, from the "evil eye". The
one who represented all these attributes was precisely
the god of fertility. In Amantia, the continuous and
uninterrupted trade relations with the Greek colonies,
Italy and beyond have already been documented
through archeological findings. It was through these
trade relations that some of these attributes were
adopted and appropriated, which were undoubtedly
interwoven with those of a similar local deity. It is
worth noting that the figure of the god is presented in
different materials in different places. If we were to
refer to Italy, it is found in bronze and terracotta, while
in the house of the Vetti brothers it is presented in the
form of mural art, where its body size and physical
appearance are distinguished. In Egypt it has been
found carved in limestone and marble. In Marseille it
is documented in wood material and not only, while
in Amantia and South Illyria it is made in limestone,
which means that it was made by a local craftsman.
Referring to other cases discovered in Apolloni and
Dimal, this "little god" appears as a "dwarf". The most
special is presented in the statue discovered near the
stadium of Amantia, where the statue is made in real
size of a dwarf, according to his myth. Through this
study, which brings additional information, the fact
that the god of fertility enjoyed great popularity in
South Illyria is reinforced, but this does not mean that
he was only an Illyrian god. As we discussed above,
he has the features of a local god, where the features
of the Mediterranean god of fertility are also reflected
and combined.
The ancient cults of Illyria, particularly the worship
of a fertility god, have been extensively studied by
various authors and researchers. This deity symbolizes
male fertility, the fecundity of nature, and abundance,
often depicted in reliefs and statues that were primarily
found accidentally. Originating from Lapsek, a Greek
colony, he was shunned by the Olympian gods due to
his perceived physical and moral deficiencies. Evidence
indicates that his cult flourished during the Hellenistic
period, reaching its zenith in the Roman era.
In Amantia, seven statues and reliefs of this fertility
god have been discovered, all of which exhibit
similar characteristics: they are depicted with long

Islands' features constantly stirred the Greek artistic imagination and, from the archaic poets, through the fifth–century dramatists, to Plato's Atlantis or the Hellenistic writers of paradoxography, literary islands' representations are strongly consistent between themselves. As the mythical thought and the poetic imagery, although embedded in images, work with analogies and parallels, the concept of insularity thus proceeds for the Greeks from these series of representations and cultural tropes. This chapter tries to retrace how did the Greeks perceive νησος 'island' (compared to both the sea and the continent) and the shore (as liminal space between sea and earth), how did they represent the islands and thus the insularity. It is not so much the physical features of islands (commonly described with both realistic and schematic details) and specific island individuals as the metaphorical expressions intimately associated with the ways in which the Greeks represented the islands and the shores. More than realistic physical landscapes or island phenomena, they are traits of respectively, insular and liminal symbolism. Islands and shores, they both separate and, at the same time, join sea and land, water and earth, contiguous realms yet opposed in many respects.

Mobility and connectivity were the essence of the Roman Empire. The Via Sebaste, a road built during the reign of the emperor Augustus in the ancient region of Pisidia (southwest Anatolia) and designed to subdue its rebellious communities, was the embodiment of Roman rule and the ensuing connectivity for its population. While the road has traditionally
been approached in terms of its technological achievements, military and strategic considerations, and economic and commercial benefits, this paper will look at the ideological implications of the Imperial Road for the communities of Pisidia, and more precisely at the impact it had on the development of religious life in the ancient region from the early Roman Imperial period to early Byzantine times. Drawing on various categories of evidence – ranging from building remains, through epigraphic sources and ceramics, to textual material – several aspects of this impact will be addressed, including the religious infrastructure that developed along the highway and the cults that travelled on it.

After more than century of archaeological research and thousands of artefacts discovered in the Roman age settlement of Porolissum, the rare medieval finds were not given much attention. Also the preoccupation of studying the roman ruins was, justly predominant at the expense of the few medieval sites that can now be sketched on the map of the Roman age settlement. The medieval artefacts found in Porolissum, dated from different periods of the Middle Ages indicates us that the same geographical features that made humans inhabit that specific area since Prehistory, through the Iron Ages and culminating in the Roman Era, made the medieval people to live among the ruins.

After more than century of archaeological research and thousands of artefacts discovered in the Roman age settlement of Porolissum, the rare medieval finds were not given much attention. Also the preoccupation of studying the roman ruins was, justly predominant at the expense of the few medieval sites that can now be sketched on the map of the Roman age settlement. The medieval artefacts found in Porolissum, dated from different periods of the Middle Ages indicates us that the same geographical features that made humans inhabit that specific area since Prehistory, through the Iron Ages and culminating in the Roman Era, made the medieval people to live among the ruins.

This paper focuses on the scientific characterisation of the copper-based archaeometallurgical materials found in the Recent Bronze Age layers (1350-1200 cal. BC) of the Nuragic site of Bia 'e Palma /Via Atene at Selargius (Sardinia). The characterisation of these materials was carried out using pXRF and SEM-EDS. The elemental compositions show the use of tin bronze alloys and arsenical copper. It was also possible to establish that one object (a bent awl) was produced out of a fahlore mineral with high nickel. Despite its singularity, the isotopic composition of this item was consistent with Southwestern Sardinian minerals. The co-smelting slag nodule analysed is also another exceptional case in the Nuragic archaeological record documenting local bronze production.

Dossier : Recherches actuelles sur l'occupation des périphéries désertiques de la Jordanie aux périodes protohistoriques Agnès VOKAER, La « Brittle Ware » en Syrie. Production et diffusion d'une céramique culinaire de l'époque hellénistique à l'époque omeyyade (Coll. Mémoires de la Classe des Lettres III, Fouilles d'Apamée de Syrie 2)

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

patterns and paths between archaeology and history • This paper aims to review some questions of vocabulary, in the sources and historiographical literature, and their impact on our interpretations: the term phrourion provides the focus for a thorough investigation, to address broader issues that involve both theoretical reflection and research on concrete cases and archaeological data. The analysis is part of a project, TeMAES (Territoires multiples: agentivité et environemments socio-économiques), which investigate the relationship between polis and chora through the prism of agency and social relations and emphasises sociospatial phenomena. This research not only focuses on human settlements but is also concerned with the space that surrounds them landscape history and land-use patterns. Beyond the very diπerent local manifestations, phrourion should be understood in social mean, as a relational and dynamic construction that depends on the historical variability and the physical and anthropogenic specificity of territories.

The American glamour modeling market is the largest in the world and GlamourModels is the main specialized website in the field. We analyzed the 368 profiles of American models published at the site through 2011. The mean age of the models was 27,6 years and they were taller and slimmer that the general female population of the country (mean values: height 1,68m, weight 54kg and waist-to-hip ratio 0,73). From 2001 to 2011 the representation of models in the website expanded from the East to the Central and Western parts of the USA. The number of models in a state can be predicted from its total population size. The state with the most models was California, followed by Texas, New York and Arizona. Only six states were unrepresented at the website in 2011 and all were states with small populations and without large cities. Generally models preferred to work clothed, even if the approach in the clothed categories was more sexual than in the art nude categories. Models might be worried about how their work can affect their social acceptance. They find in glamour modeling a supplementary source of income that can be pursued along with other activities and that offers a relatively high pay.

OLYMPOS 1.1 Antik Olympos Dağının konumu ve özellikleri Olympos, Makedonya ve Teselya arasında bulunan oldukça gösterişli bir sıradağın en yüksek tepesi olarak tarif edilmektedir. Kışın oldukça kalın bir kar tabakası ile kaplanıp tepesi bile görünmeyen Olympos dağı yaz mevsiminde büyük ve güzel ağaçlarla kaplanmaktaydı. Tanrılar kendilerine mesken yapmışlardı bu dağı. Yunanistan'da bir tane olmasına rağmen Anadolu'da birçok yüksek tepeye Olympos adı verilmiştir. 1 Olympos kelimesi eski Yunancada ulu dağ anlamına gelmektedir. Dünyada Olympos adını yirmiden fazla dağ ve tepeye verilmiştir. Bazı kasaba ve şehirlere de verilmiştir. Olympos, Eski Yunan Mitolojisi'nde tanrıların oturduğu kabul edilen ve 2919 m. yükseklikle Yunanistan'ın en yüksek zirvesini oluşturan Tesalya bölgesindeki dağdır. (Görsel 1) Olympos Dağı Yunan mitolojisinde tanrı ve tanrıçaların evidir. Yunan mitolojisinde söylencelere göre Olimpos Dağı'nın belirli özellikleri vardır. Bazı söylencelere göre Olimpos Dağı dünyanın en yüksek tepesidir. Diğerine göre ise Olimpos Dağı dünya üzerinde değil, cennettedir. Klasik mitolojide Olimpos Dağı'nın çok sayıda tepeden oluştuğu, her bir tepede bir tanrının evi olduğu ve en yüksek tepenin Kral Tanrı Zeus'a ait olduğu düşünmüştür. Olimpos Dağı yalnızca huzurlu ve güzel bir yerleşim yeri değildir. Tanrılar burada yargılama yapar, kararlar verir ve aralarında dünyanın kaderini tartışılardı.

Günlerden bir gün Zeus güzel bir kadın olan Leda'dan oldukça etkilenir. Leda'ya nasıl yanaşacağı hakkında bir süre düşünen Zeus, güzel Leda'yı gölde yıkanırken görür ve bunu fırsat bilip bir kuğu kılığına girerek onunla birlikte olur. Bu birliktelik sonucu Leda iki adet yumurta yumurtlar. Kimi anlatılanlara göre ise tek bir yumurta yumurtlamıştır. Bu yumurtalardan iki adet ikiz dünyaya getiren güzel kadının çocuklarının ismi Helen, Kastor, Klytaimestra ve Polydeukes'tir. Bazı kaynaklara göre Zeus'tan Helen ve Kastor, Tyndareos'tan ise Polydeukes ve Klytaimestra dünyaya gelmiştir. Bazı kaynaklara göre ise Zeus'tan olma ikizler Helen ve Polydeukes, Tyndareos'tan olma ikizler ise Kastor ve Klytaimestra'dır. Bu durum Yunan mitolojisinin bir türlü kesin sonuca varılamayan üzerinde çeşitli söylenceler bulunan bir parçasıdır. Fakat genel bir düşünce vardır ki tanrısal güzelliğe sahip Helen genellikle Zeus'un kızı olarak kabul edilir. 1 Eserde betimlenen; Kuğu kılığındaki Zeus, Sparta Prensesi Leda'ya tecavüze yeltenmektedir. Kuğu, açık kanatlarının ucunda durmakta, perdeli ayağını mücadele eden iffetli Leda'nın bacağına bastırmaktadır. Küçük bir Eros, kuğuyu arkasından desteklemektedir. Bu birleşmeden büyük bir yumurta oluşacak, yumurtadan da Helen ve Dioskur ikizleri, yani Kastor ve Polydeukes doğacaktır.

Cosenza has its own complex and unique history, whose charm and richness, both tangible and intangible, should inspire its citizens to live and love it. Every city, especially one with ancient origins such as Cosenza, is not only the result of its own history, but also represents the face and translation into stone and brick of the people who inhabit, preserve and transform it. Rethinking cities and rethinking their urban areas is one of the most innovative elements of contemporary political and philosophical thought, not only in terms of urban planning and anthropology. In addition to the restoration of buildings and the concomitant social protection, the cultural and political objective of the renovation of a historic centre is to obtain a large number of undivided public properties, thus transforming the home from a “productive asset” into a social service for citizens.

This paper describes the release as Linguistic Linked Open Data of DynaMorphPro, a lexical resource recording loanwords, conversions and class-shifts from Latin to Old Italian. We show how existing vocabularies are reused and integrated to allow for a rich semantic representation of these data. Our main reference is the OntoLex-lemon model for lexical information, but classes and properties from many other ontologies are also reused to express other aspects. In particular, we identify the CIDOC Concept Reference Model as the ideal tool to convey chronological information on historical processes of lexical innovation and change, and describe how it can be integrated with OntoLexlemon.

The Anunnaki, deities of Sumerian and Akkadian mythology, are popularly described in modern reinterpretations as extraterrestrial beings who came to Earth from a planet named Nibiru to mine gold in order to repair their failing atmosphere. However, a critical review of the original Mesopotamian sources reveals that the texts do not explicitly describe Nibiru as a habitable world with an elongated orbit. Rather, Nibiru appears as a term for a 'crossing place' in the heavens. This paper proposes an alternative hypothesis: that the Anunnaki narrative is a mythologized memory of an advanced civilization originating on Mars, whose atmosphere collapsed in prehistory. Migration to Earth, resource exploitation (especially gold mining), and struggles with adaptation to a new planetary environment would have been encoded into the myths preserved by early human cultures. This reinterpretation aligns more closely with planetary science, human biology, and comparative mythology than the Nibiru model.

El yacimiento de Cortalago es el uno de los más importantes para el estudio de la minería y la metalurgia en época romana. La excavación que se está llevando a cabo actualmente en el yacimiento, de la mano de Atalaya Riotinto Minera, nos ha permitido completar en planta el desarrollo histórico del asentamiento, que ya era conocido por anteriores trabajos en los perfiles y sondeos realizados. En el estado actual de la investigación proponemos un desarrollo cronológico en cinco fases, dentro siempre de la época romana. La fase más antigua, o Fase V, corresponde a una necrópolis que se desarrolla directamente sobre el nivel geológico y que se encuentra aún en proceso de excavación, por lo que no se pueden aportar más datos hasta el momento. La Fase IV vendría representada por recintos metalúrgicos independientes, de planta elipsoidal, que están dotados de un número variable (4-6) estructuras de transformación metalúrgica (hornos) de época republicana, a partir del mediados del s. II a.n.e. Una vez amortizada esta fase de ocupación/operación metalúrgica con una escombrera de escorias y restos de mineral, se construye, en época augustea (s I a.n.e-I d.n.e.), una gran planta de tratamiento de mineral que se formaliza en un edificio provisto de 9 grandes hornos metalúrgicos (Fase III). Este edificio se abandona y se amortiza por un nuevo evento de escombrera (Fase II), formada por potentes paquetes de escoria, mineral, carbones y restos de construcción de los hornos. Sobre esta escombrera, y a partir de época julio-claudia (Fase I), se desarrollará un programa urbanístico que convirtió a este lugar en la principal área administrativa y habitacional de la cuenca minera de Riotinto, el centro minero y metalúrgico conocido en las fuentes latinas como Urium, que perdurará hasta finales del s. II d.n.e., documentándose solo alguna ocupación más tardía, pero con un carácter mucho más limitado y concreto.

The struggle between Megara and Athens over the domination of Salamis was a complex affair, although its basic motivation seems to be quite clear: the strategic importance of the island.1 The sources do not always coincide as to the protagonists of the moment nor as to the way the events evolved,2 but the dispute is most probably linked to tensions arising from the development of maritime trade. In fact, the occupation of Salamis by the Athenians indicates the concern of securing a safe sea route that would allow them the unrestricted use of the ports in the south of Attica and also the opening of a way to reach the Corinthian Isthmus. On the other hand, such a policy would certainly imply the existence in Athens of an influential part of the population who was already living, directly or indirectly, off the exploitation of maritime resources, whether that may be fishing, trade or simply piracy.3 Still, the details of the Salamis dispute are not easy to reconstitute, but for the purposes of this study it is not necessary to take up this issue in detail, since the aim is now to analyze the way Solon skillfully managed to put the theme of the conquest of the island

Ammianus Marcellinus' information and knowledge of the Sasanian Persians is often criticised for being stereotypical and reliant on traditional tropes and ideas. This is a result of a scholarly focus on the historian's long Persian digression, which is based predominantly on ethnographic traditions and older writers. When the focus is switched instead to the wider narrative of the Res Gestae the information Ammianus Marcellinus presents of the Persians and their empire is usually accurate and reliable, and can be corroborated by Roman and Sasanian sources. Beyond the digression we can find useful knowledge on the Persian army, kingship, ideology, frontiers and cultural permeability can be found.

Lorsque le 25 mars 101, l'empereur Trajan quitta rome (CIL vi, 2074 = ILS 5035 = IDRE i, 4), ses armées de Pannonie et des mésies préparaient l'assaut contre les Daces qui se montrent des voisins encombrants et remuants depuis l'époque républicaine. Des opérations militaires ponctuelles, parfois suivies de déplacements de population, ou des guerres sont menées. Les résultats demeurent mitigés. une conclusion s'impose aux principaux stratèges de l'empire: il faut en finir avec les Daces. Les conditions de paix humiliantes concédées par Domitien ne sont pas du goût de Trajan qui jure de terrasser le royaume client dace. La décision de l'anéantir est prise très tôt et ne tient pas à un

Cet article presente les objectifs, les enjeux et les premiers resultats d’un projet de recherche portant sur l’exploitation et les usages du bitume en Albanie du Sud de l’Antiquite a la periode contemporaine. Des gisements de bitume sont connus et exploites dans la basse vallee de la Vjose probablement depuis le Neolithique et certains d’entre eux sont encore en activite aujourd’hui. Par ses usages – depuis l’etancheite des ceramiques, le calfatage des navires jusqu’a l’asphaltage des pistes d’aeroport –, par les particularites de son extraction et de son traitement, par ses effets durables sur l’environnement comme par sa valeur symbolique ou religieuse, le bitume offre un prisme pour observer dans la longue duree les imbrications et le rayonnement d’une region de l’echelle locale aux dimensions mediterraneenne et mondiale.

This poster focuses on the study of the ostraca found at the praesidium of Mons Claudianus, the largest granodiorite quarry of the Roman Empire. It was also a strategic point on the trade routes of Egypt’s Eastern Desert. Since the 1st century BCE, authors such as Pliny the Elder and Strabo
documented the importance of this region, highlighting its complex economic network that connected the Nile Valley with Red Sea ports, facilitating trade with Arabia and India. Beginning with emperor Augustus, camps and fortifications (praesidia) were established along these
routes, functioning as service stations and rest stops for caravans of merchants and travelers. In this context, the use of ostraca was common in productive centers like Mons Claudianus. This study aims to examine the material aspects of ostraca from the praesidium. Attention will be paid
to the type of pottery and dimensions of the pieces, relating the content to the writing method. It will be observed whether the choice of ostracon reflects the nature of the message (considering the sender and receiver) or merely corresponds to the availability of ceramics in the context. The
goal will be to identify usage patterns in military correspondence. This analysis aims to provide a deeper understanding of the role of the praesidia in communication and trade in the Eastern Desert, contributing to the discussion on the interaction between economy, materiality, and writing in the ancient world.

Ancient grain culture Millet
Luka Abuladze researches the grain culture - Millet, which had an important place in ancient Georgia. In
the Megrelian language, Millet is called „Chkidi“ and the dish prepared from this plant is called „Chkidish
Chkidi“. „Simindish  chkidi“ is baked from Maize. Therefore, these two plants are different from each other.
Based on historical sources, Luka Abuladze writes that Millet spread to Georgia from Asia. It had a great
role in the ancient Colchian culture. In ancient times, this plant was the main crop on the sea coast. In East
ern Georgia, millet spread later. Therefore, millet can be attributed to the ancient Colchis culture. The name
of Colchis as one of the earlier local centers of grain crops is widely recognized.

«DE LA FAMA A LA PATRIA EN LOS POEMAS HOMÉRICOS», POR RAÚL GARROBO ROBLES.

El presente artículo estudia la «Odisea» no solo como el relato épico del trayecto que conduce a Ulises desde las ruinas de Troya hasta su tierra patria, sino, ante todo, como el reflejo literario de un viaje cultural a través del cual el pueblo griego hubo de complementar y sustituir en buena medida el paradigma ético de la violencia desatada de la guerra por el paradigma funcional de la convivencia en comunidad. La «Odisea», por lo tanto, debe ser considerada como portadora de una experimentación sobre lo humano para la cual la vida del héroe resulta ser mucho más valiosa que su muerte heroica o su extravío en el mar.

«FROM FAME TO THE HOMELAND IN THE HOMERIC POEMS», BY RAÚL GARROBO ROBLES.

This article examines the «Odyssey» not only as the epic tale of the journey that leads Ulysses from the ruins of Troy to his homeland, but, above all, as the literary reflection of a cultural journey through which the Greek people had to complement and largely replace the ethical paradigm of the violence unleashed by war with the functional paradigm of community coexistence. The «Odyssey», therefore, must be considered as a vehicle for an experimentation with humanity for which the hero's life proves to be far more valuable than his heroic death or his loss at sea.

The aim of this paper is to present a new opistographic inscription on a stone slab discovered among the Despuig Collection housed in the Bellver Castle Museum (Palma de Mallorca, Spain). This study offers an edition and a brief commentary of this new inscription and suggests it dates to Christian times.

Throughout the Republican and Imperial eras, Rome’s leaders patronised the construction of public buildings and infrastructure projects. Doing so could bring prestige, popularity, and present and posthumous fame. However, there are also several notable Romans who were markedly more restrained than their peers in this activity. Given the acknowledged advantages of this form of civic munificence, this paper asks why certain individuals did not engage in it. Focusing on the city of Rome, it considers the building activity of Marcus Licinius Crassus, Marcus Tullius Cicero, and the emperor Marcus Aurelius. Each presents a distinct standalone case, thus providing new insights into this element of their individual biographies. Taken collectively, the discussion adds to our picture of attitudes toward building and architecture in Roman society overall, further illuminating that its perceived role within politics, society, and culture was of variable value.

Right after the Priestly summary of the Israelites' travel through the wilderness (Num. 32: 1–49), God gives Moses an additional set of instructions regarding their future conquest of the Promised Land; they are to drive out the inhabitants, destroy their images and “high ...

The Museo Nazionale Jatta in Ruvo di Puglia reopened late in 2023 following a two-year closure for work on the refurbishment of the galleries in the 19th-century Palazzo Jatta and the reinstallation of the collection. The organization of the collection and its display cases and pedestals follow the original scheme from when the museum was formed and its catalogue published by Giovanni Jatta, Jr., in 1869. Rather than reconceive the gallery and exhibition design, the museum focused on restoring the original design, with discreetly installed upgrades for utilities and environmental systems to bring the museum to contemporary standards. In doing so, the museum brings attention to the specific circumstances of the collection’s formation in the 19th-century, which were aimed at preserving some of the ancient cultural patrimony of Ruvo di Puglia. Further, the museum has preserved an important historical viewing context from that period and in so doing provides an occasion to think about how to engage viewers with artifacts in the 21st century. Providing the viewer with the opportunity to see the majority of the collection is admirable, but one needs to consider the best way of providing information to viewers today, when a printed catalogue is in some ways obsolete.

Online access to full article: https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/epdf/10.1086/735374

Questa è la prima parte dell'analisi del mito di Orfeo ed Euridice analizzato mediante il modello teorico della psicologia archetipica.
La storia costituirebbe l’antefatto che precede la nascita della religione orfica della quale abbiamo avuto modo di parlare all'interno del libro intitolato: «𝐋𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐦𝐨𝐠𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐚 𝐨𝐫𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐚: 𝐢𝐥 𝐟𝐢𝐥𝐨 𝐫𝐨𝐬𝐬𝐨 𝐜𝐡𝐞 𝐩𝐚𝐬𝐬𝐚𝐧𝐝𝐨 𝐩𝐞𝐫 𝐢𝐥 𝐧𝐞𝐨𝐩𝐥𝐚𝐭𝐨𝐧𝐢𝐬𝐦𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐥𝐞𝐠𝐚 𝐏𝐢𝐭𝐚𝐠𝐨𝐫𝐚 𝐜𝐨𝐧 𝐥𝐚 𝐩𝐬𝐢𝐜𝐨𝐥𝐨𝐠𝐢𝐚 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐡𝐞𝐭𝐢𝐩𝐢𝐜𝐚.» (https://amzn.eu/d/acQ0AUx)
Cominceremo con un riassunto del racconto che ci permetterà di fare il punto della situazione e per mezzo dell'analisi in chiave psicoarchetipica del nome di alcuni dei protagonisti, mostreremo come anche in questo caso vi fossero presenti riferimenti al mondo dell’inconscio.