Greek Archaeology

Nota -La Ala sostenida por los modillones que como se ha dicho es una Corona (c) esta bordada por arriba de la moldura que se ha explicado, y la calza por debajo un esgucio (f) el qual no es paralelo al canto u orilla de la Corona, sino a la moldura superior de los modillones, con quienes la une firme, y graciosamente, y con la ventaja de aligerar su peso hacia su extremidad.

This chapter explores the political significance of Euripides' dialogue in Erechtheus with three major Athenian temples, namely the West Pediment of the Parthenon, the temple of Athena Nike, and the Erechtheion. In Section 7.1, I discuss my take on 'intervisuality' (a) by offering an outline of my basic premises in studying Euripides' dialogue with Athenian monumental architecture and iconography and (b) by drawing illustrative examples from Ion, which features unambiguous visual references, the widest range of viewing patterns, and, unlike Erechtheus, is preserved in its entirety. In Section 7.2, I turn to Erechtheus and focus on its points of contact with the West Pediment of the Parthenon, the Erechtheion and the temple of Athena Nike. In Section 7.3, I explore the politics of intervisuality: taking my lead from Athena's cultic instructions to Praxithea in Erechtheus, I correlate the goddess' conciliatory plan with historical events, cultic initiatives, and artistic developments on the Acropolis in the second half of the Archidamian war. I argue that Euripides gives pride of place to the Erechtheion because, unlike the West Pediment of the Parthenon and the temple of Athena Nike that foreground competition and strife, the Erechtheion conveys a different message, the need for reconciliation and peaceful coexistence on the divine and human level, to which Erechtheus gives verbal expression and reinforcement.

Μια νέα υπηρεσία που αναπτύσσεται από την Κεντρική Βιβλιοθήκη του Εθνικού Μετσόβιου Πολυτεχνείου (ΕΜΠ) αποτελεί η δηµιουργία ψηφιακής βιβλιοθήκης και ιδρυµατικού αποθετηρίου. Η Κεντρική Βιβλιοθήκη επιχειρεί να προάγει την ελληνική πολιτιστική κληρονοµιά, παρέχοντας σπάνιο ψηφιοποιηµένο περιεχόµενο. Συνάµα προσπαθεί να εγκαθιδρύσει νέες ρουτίνες στην ακαδηµαϊκή κοινότητα αναφορικά µε την ηλεκτρονική υποβολή και αυτο-αρχειοθέτηση των διπλωµατικών, µεταπτυχιακών και διδακτορικών διατριβών που κατατίθενται στο ιδρυµατικό αποθετήριο. Περιγράφονται οι ψηφιακές συλλογές, το λογισµικό διάθεσής τους, η πιλοτική λειτουργία του ιδρυµατικού αποθετηρίου και της ηλεκτρονικής υποβολής, καθώς επίσης η εξέλιξη και η αξιολόγηση της αναπτυσσόµενης υπηρεσίας.

Περιέχει το πλήρες κείμενοΜια νέα υπηρεσία που αναπτύσσεται από την Κεντρική Βιβλιοθήκη του Εθνικού Μετσόβιου Πολυτεχνείου (ΕΜΠ) αποτελεί η δημιουργία ψηφιακής βιβλιοθήκης και ιδρυματικού αποθετηρίου. Η Κεντρική Βιβλιοθήκη επιχειρεί να προάγει την ελληνική πολιτιστική κληρονομιά, παρέχοντας σπάνιο ψηφιοποιημένο περιεχόμενο. Συνάμα προσπαθεί να εγκαθιδρύσει νέες ρουτίνες στην ακαδημαϊκή κοινότητα αναφορικά με την ηλεκτρονική υποβολή και αυτο-αρχειοθέτηση των διπλωματικών, μεταπτυχιακών και διδακτορικών διατριβών που κατατίθενται στο ιδρυματικό αποθετήριο. Περιγράφονται οι ψηφιακές συλλογές, το λογισμικό διάθεσής τους, η πιλοτική λειτουργία του ιδρυματικού αποθετηρίου και της ηλεκτρονικής υποβολής, καθώς επίσης η εξέλιξη και η αξιολόγηση της αναπτυσσόμενης υπηρεσίας

El poblat iberic del Turó de Ca n'Olivé es troba situat al municipi de Cerdanyola del Valles (Valles Occidental), concretament al barri de Montflorit, en una de les primeres estribacions de la Serra de Collserola, en el vessant que mira a la depressió Prelitoral (fig. ). Les seves coordenades són 2 0 7' 49" Long. E i 41 0 29' 0'3" Lat. N. El turó té una als;ada de 138 m. sobre el nivell del mar i s' extén seguint un eix de direcció E-W (fig. lB). La Serra de Collserola correspon a una de les dues sub-unitats que composen la serralada Litoral, que s'orienta de NW a SE. Aquesta subunitat esta constituIda, basicament, per un sócol de materials paleozoics, el qual esta composat, principalment, per esquistos metamórfics, pissarres, licorites i sorrenques. El turó el formen pissarres metamorfitzades fruit de la tectónica herziniana. El seu relleu és el resultat d'aquesta tectónica, a la vegada que ha estat modificat pels processos erosius. EIs dipósits de peu de muntanya resultants fan que en el vessant sud el pendent sigui suau, unint-se a l'anomenat Puig de la Guardia a través d'una petita collada. En canvi, el vessant nord és el més escarpat i de dificil accés, donat que esta directament afectat per la línea de falla, que discorre al mateix peu de la serra.

The Image of the Ruler on the Reliefs of Tiglath-pileser III. Elements, Motifs, and Composition.

(Summary on English)

The present work is based on information from 17 reliefs (or their drawings) discovered in Nimrud (ancient Calah) and Arslan-tash (ancient Hadatu) during XIX and XX century. All monuments describe the image of Tiglath-pileser III in different by meaning and form scenes. The first part of the study (Source’s base: the monuments from Calah and Arslan-Tash) presents a review on the source’s base in relation to its origin. The sources are divided in three subgroups according to their form: reliefs and drawings from XIX century, drawings of lost reliefs and reliefs found later without drawings (Table 1). Most of the monu-ments come from Calah (15), the other from Hadatu (2).
The second part of the study (Elements of the ruler’s image) examines some particular elements on the images in a comparative perspective: royal insignia — a crown, a scepter and a bow, royal dress, necklace as also the pose of the royal body on the monuments. The elements depict ruler’s figure on a basic level of reading and allow its easy identification on scenes.
The third part of the study (Motives with the ruler’s image) investigates the king on scenes pertaining to three ideologically defined motives: audience and review of prisoners (8 artifacts), processions of triumph (6 artifacts), and battles (2 artifacts). Every motive is expressed by a different scheme of figures based on features like situation, pose and role of the ruler, presence or absence of other persons. The scenes attest great variety within the treatment of similar situations and allow the proposal of working typology (Table 2). Motive 1 (audiences) can be divided in four types of scenes, Motive 2 (triumphs) — in three types, and Motive 3 (battles) — in two types of scenes. The motives depict the king in relation to other figures, on a higher, second level of reading and allow his identification in specific situations, sometimes connected to historical events.
The last part of the paper (Semantic of the motives. The ruler’s image within compositions) investigates the scenes with ruler’s image within compositions consisting of subjects-matter pertaining to different motives. All reliefs explored here were dismantled in the antiquity. So, the exact arrangement of the monuments in wider narrative schemes remain obscure or at least, disputable. Exceptions of the observation said are the monuments belonging to the narratives about the Babylonian campaign, the Triumph from Arslan-tash and partly to the Arab campaign. Only half of the artifacts — eight in number, can be situated in relation to some other relief or group of reliefs. The other eight reliefs with the king have uncertain arrangement. The compositions allow the identification of ruler’s image on a third level of reading and place his figure in a wider historical context. The leading role of the monarch is outlined on every level of reading. The motives preserved depict him as a king-ruler, a triumphant king and a king-warrior, sending propagandistic messages for his abilities and invincibility. The messages are not new, even when they contain novelties, and are in harmony with traditions attested in earlier monuments of this type.

Este trabajo estudia la presencia de vasos áticos de figuras negras en el sureste peninsular. Nos centramos en la caracterización productiva del material de estudio, aportando novedades sobre dataciones y definición de talleres. A la par, se lleva a cabo un análisis de las dinámicas comerciales mediterráneas y regionales en las que se inserta la cerámica ática de figuras negras. Estas nos hablan de un suministro fenicio-púnico y de la relevancia de las empresas locales, que facilitan la internación de los productos en el territorio. Se estudian también los contextos arqueológicos de los vasos, que nos permiten identificar un uso diacrítico de los mismos para elaborar discursos aristocráticos por parte de las élites del periodo Ibérico Antiguo.

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This paper studies the presence of Attic black-figure vases in the southeastern area of the Iberian Peninsula. We focus on the productive characterisation of the material under study, offering insights into the definition of workshops and datings. At the same time, an analysis of the Mediterranean and regional trade dynamics in which these products are framed is carried out. These tell us about a Phoenician-Punic supply and the importance of local enterprises, which facilitated the import of Attic pottery into the territory. We also study the deposition contexts of vases, which allow us to identify a diacritical use of these imports by the Iberian elites of the 6th and 5th centuries BCE to elaborate aristocratic discourses.

В статье вводится в оборот коллекция пяти стеклянных изделий, найденных в ходе археологических исследований в историческом центре г. Екатеринбурга. Представлена их общая характеристика, проведена атрибуция и интерпретация рельефных надписей и изображений и дана датировка. На основе письменных источников был атрибутирован фрагмент бутылки Трехгорного пивоваренного завода и датирована ранним советским временем. В ходе работ было найдено клеймо с надписью «SM&C». Версия, что данное клеймо принадлежит фирме Смирновых производителю смирновской водки, не нашло подтверждения. Дана датировка флакона «товарищества Брокар и Ко» на основе изображения на нем государственного герба. Высказана версия, что флакон с надписью «АПТЕКА» и уксусная бутылка произведены на Божедомском стекольном заводе и даны их датировки. Установлено, что практически все представленные изделия изготовлены выдуванием в форму

T. Leslie Shear, Jr., a distinguished archaeologist and an authority on the archaeology of the ancient city of Athens, died on 28 September 2022 at the age of 84. Known as a "rigorous scholar" and "inspiring teacher," 1 he spent his career at two institutions, Princeton University in the United States and the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, Greece, where he taught and influenced multiple generations in Greek archaeology. At the American School in Athens, he was for many years the director of the Agora Excavations. He oversaw the excavations' significant expansion beyond the boundaries of the original project in the 1930s, and he created the Agora Volunteer Program. Its great success led to the field schools common today. Leslie quite simply changed how archaeology was practiced in Greece and joined the small group of scholars about whom such a claim can be made.

Scholarly study of ancient Greek sanctuaries has tended to focus on religion and ritual, monuments, deities, sacrifce, and topography. Logistics in Greek Sanctuaries takes a completely novel perspective by shifting the focus away from the religious sphere and monumental aspects of sanctuaries to practical activity and the experience of the human visitor. Close examination of the more mundane and everyday life and activity in Greek cult places, e.g., sanitation, water and food supply, accommodation, markets, managing crowds and behavior and workers, reveals relatively unexplored facets of ancient Greek sanctuaries and offers new paths of investigation for the future.

This article belongs to the celebratory issue of BICS on its seventieth anniversary. It reviews the article of Christiane Sourvinou-Inwood published in BICS 32 (1985). I discuss the main points raised in her article about the representation of palm-trees with altars and parthenoi on Attic vases, as well as trace trends and developments of this topic in subsequent research.

The site of Çuka e Ajtoit is strategically located on an imposing hill overlooking the Pavla and Kalamas valleys a few kilometers from the present Greek-Albanian border. It is the main site of ancient Cestrine, the coastal region of ancient Epirus between Chaonia and Thesprotia. The site, noted since the beginning of the last century, is mainly known as a fortified center of the Hellenistic period, characterized by an imposing wall circuit
reinforcing the natural defenses of the impervious hillside. Since 2021, a new joint project between Sapienza University of Rome and the Albanian Institute of Archaeology has been active at Çuka e Ajtoit, aiming to shed
new light on the history and reconstruction of the site from a diachronic perspective. After systematic surveys during the first campaigns, excavation trenches in significant sectors of the site have been opened since 2022. Prominent among these is the so-called Palace, an imposing extra-urban complex along
the western slopes of the hill. This structure, consisting of multiple rooms and large open courtyards and already investigated by previous excavations, has traditionally been interpreted as a public building, a prytaneion, or a place related to the management of food commodities. Ongoing researches — both the updated survey of the site’s structures and excavations — increasingly delineate instead the complexity of its nature. In particular, 2023 excavations uncovered some stratigraphic contexts related to the abandonment of a Hellenistic nearby place of worship (3rd-mid-2nd century BCE). Based on the material it contained, its amount and characteristics, this deposit seems to be related to a public sacred space, rather than to domestic worship. The corpus of material is notable for the abundant presence of fragments of terracotta figurines, some even intentionally deposited in a cavity in the wall of the investigated structure. They are associated mainly with black-glazed pottery, together with other
ceramic classes (amphorae, coarse and common pottery). The paper focuses on ceramics from this deposit in relation to their specific context of discovery. When considered against the background of the repertoire of the regional Hellenistic pottery, some shapes found in the deposit are noteworthy for being attested elsewhere only in sacred or funerary contexts, or for the specific ritual use they may have had in sacred contexts. Moreover, many fine ware fragments, although attributable to a local production on the basis of their technical features, are distinguished from the regional morphological repertoire by some variants, details, and decorations not otherwise attested. Starting from the analysis of the votive pottery from the deposit found at Çuka e Ajtoit, the paper therefore aims to investigate the hypothesis of a local production specifically intended for sacred contexts, in an attempt to contribute to a better understanding of the material culture of this part of ancient Epirus.

Постерната изложба "София и Белград. Археологически бисери" е организирана от междуакадемичния проект "Проучване и интерпретация на археологическите култури на териториите на България и Сърбия". Тя е една от проявите, посветени на 150-ата годишнина от основаването на Българската академия на науките, 15 години от началото на активното сътрудничество в областта на археологията между БАН И САНИ, 140-ата годишнина от обявяването на София за столица на Княжество България и 140 години от установяването на дипломатически отношения между България и Сърбия. Организатори са Националния археологически институт с музей към Българската академия на науките (НАИМ-БАН) , Сръбската академия за науки и изкуства (САНИ) и Археологическия институт (АИ) (Белград). Техни партньори са Регионален исторически музей София, Музеят на град Белград, Института за защита на паметниците на културата на град Белград и Държавно предприятие "Белградска крепост". Изложбата е реализирана с подкрепата на софийската Столична община. Изложбата бе представена в София в градината "Кристал" (ул. "Г.С. Раковски" и бул. "Руски") от 10 юни до 2 юли 2019 г. (обр. 1) и в Белград на ул. "Вук Караджич", до сградата на САНИ от 14 до 30 юни 2019 г. (обр. 2). Тя гостува и в Цариброд/Димитровград от 22 септември до 5 октомври 2019 г. Изучаването на археологическите останки и в двата града има над стогодишна история. Ограниченията на изложбеното пространство и новите постижения и открития на съвременната археологическа наука определят решението да се покажат най-големите и перспективни обекти, проучвани в последните 20 години. От Белград са подбрани 15 обекта, а от София -17.

Постерната изложба "София и Белград. Археологически бисери" е организирана от междуакадемичния проект "Проучване и интерпретация на археологическите култури на териториите на България и Сърбия". Тя е една от проявите, посветени на 150-ата годишнина от основаването на Българската академия на науките, 15 години от началото на активното сътрудничество в областта на археологията между БАН И САНИ, 140-ата годишнина от обявяването на София за столица на Княжество България и 140 години от установяването на дипломатически отношения между България и Сърбия. Организатори са Националния археологически институт с музей към Българската академия на науките (НАИМ-БАН) , Сръбската академия за науки и изкуства (САНИ) и Археологическия институт (АИ) (Белград). Техни партньори са Регионален исторически музей София, Музеят на град Белград, Института за защита на паметниците на културата на град Белград и Държавно предприятие "Белградска крепост". Изложбата е реализирана с подкрепата на софийската Столична община. Изложбата бе представена в София в градината "Кристал" (ул. "Г.С. Раковски" и бул. "Руски") от 10 юни до 2 юли 2019 г. (обр. 1) и в Белград на ул. "Вук Караджич", до сградата на САНИ от 14 до 30 юни 2019 г. (обр. 2). Тя гостува и в Цариброд/Димитровград от 22 септември до 5 октомври 2019 г. Изучаването на археологическите останки и в двата града има над стогодишна история. Ограниченията на изложбеното пространство и новите постижения и открития на съвременната археологическа наука определят решението да се покажат най-големите и перспективни обекти, проучвани в последните 20 години. От Белград са подбрани 15 обекта, а от София -17.

В сборнике представлены материалы научной конференции «Античные реликвии Херсонеса: открытия, находки, теории», состоявшейся в Государственном историкоархеологическом музее-заповеднике «Херсонес Таврический» 22-26 сентября 2025 года. Тематика конференции традиционно связана с античной эпохой в истории Херсонеса Таврического и Причерноморья в широком контексте древнего сердиземноморского мира. Материалы конференции отражают разнообразные направления научного изучения античной цивилизации. Среди работ -публикации новых находок, интерпретации археологических и письменных источников, материалы раскопок последних лет, а также архивные и фондовые коллекции различных музеев и институтов. Несколько исследований посвящены истории науки, в том числе жизни и деятельности Мирона Ильича Золотарёва (1945-2004) -выдающегося исследователя херсонесской античности. Сборник рассчитан на профессиональных историков, археологов, эпиграфистов, антропологов, специалистов по охране культурного наследия, а также на всех интересующихся древней историей и археологическими памятниками северного побережья Черного моря. УДК 94(902 + 904)»652»(063) ББК 63.48(2Рос-6Крм)

Ölüm olgusu, insanoğlunun yaşamı boyunca en büyük korkularından birisi olmuştur. Zira insanoğlunun bir gün yok olup gideceği düşüncesi zihnini hep meşgul etmekle birlikte sonsuz yaşama ulaşmak için tarih boyunca çeşitli arayışlar içerisine girmiştir. Ölümden sonra hayatın devamı ettiği düşüncesinden hareketle mumyalama tekniğinin ortaya çıktığı düşünülmektedir. Nitekim mumyalamanın çok tanrılı bir dini yapıya sahip olan Eski Mısır uygarlığı tarafından da uygulandığı bilinmektedir. Zira Eski Mısır toplumunda ruhun beden sağlamsa geri gelebileceği inancı hakimdir. Bu bağlamda Mısır toplumunda ölen kimsenin vücudunun bütün olarak mumyalanmasından önce akciğer, karaciğer, bağırsaklar ve mide gibi iç organların çıkarılarak çeşitli işlemlere tabi tutulduğu bilinmektedir. Akabinde ölünün statüsüne göre özel olarak ahşap, taş, kil, bazalt veya kaymaktaşından şekillendirilen "Kanopik" adı verilen dört adet kap içerisine yerleştirildiği görülmektedir. Söz konusu kapların üzerinde Şahin başlı tanrı "Horus'un Oğulları" isimli koruyucu tanrı figürleri yer almaktadır. İnanç gereği bu tanrı figürlerinin her biri bir organı yeniden diriliş gününe kadar koruduğu düşünülmektedir. Nitekim bu kapların, çoğunlukla ahşaptan imal edilen ve altı kızaklı olan sandıklar içerisine yerleştirilerek mezarda ölünün yanına konulduğu gözlenmektedir.

The objective of the Geographic Information System we created is to understand the topography of the ancient city of Dyrrachium, on the coast of Albania : it was first a Greek colony which was founded under the name of Epidamnos and then, under the Roman rule, it became Dyrrachium, a prosperous city from which the Via Egnatia started to reach Byzantium. Because of the recent history of Albania, this important site is still partly unknown. The difficulty of this research is increased by the modern and very active city of Durrës that is located above the antique city. To put to light the ancient town-planning of Dyrrachium and its different phases from the Greek to the Byzantine period, we created a GIS that stores the archaeological data and gives the possibility to manage those informations. Through digitalization of the archives, we registered all the data of ancient excavations and tried to geo-reference them, so that they can be integrated into the GIS. Geological researches will also be conducted in the future to give elements of understanding of certain pecularities of the site : those data will also be integrated as well as geophysical surveys and future rescue excavations. Finally, the GIS gives the opportunity to organize the developpement of modern Durrës. A system of zoning, depending upon the importance of the archaeological remains, will draw the Authorities'attention upon the risky areas of the city, where building activities should be strictly limited and regulated. So, Heritage conservation and modern development will coexist.

HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access archive for the deposit and dissemination of scientific research documents, whether they are published or not. The documents may come from teaching and research institutions in France or abroad, or from public or private research centers. L'archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, émanant des établissements d'enseignement et de recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires publics ou privés.

patterns and paths between archaeology and history • This paper aims to review some questions of vocabulary, in the sources and historiographical literature, and their impact on our interpretations: the term phrourion provides the focus for a thorough investigation, to address broader issues that involve both theoretical reflection and research on concrete cases and archaeological data. The analysis is part of a project, TeMAES (Territoires multiples: agentivité et environemments socio-économiques), which investigate the relationship between polis and chora through the prism of agency and social relations and emphasises sociospatial phenomena. This research not only focuses on human settlements but is also concerned with the space that surrounds them landscape history and land-use patterns. Beyond the very diπerent local manifestations, phrourion should be understood in social mean, as a relational and dynamic construction that depends on the historical variability and the physical and anthropogenic specificity of territories.

The Antikythera shipwreck provides a rare chronological anchor in the history of Greek sculpture. The cargo, a massive haul of more than four-dozen bronze and marble statues, in addition to amphorae and portable luxury goods, was lost at sea c. 70–50 BCE, possibly later, along the north-east coast of the island of Antikythera. Previous research on the sculptural assemblage from the wreck has focused on the style and iconographic heritage of individual statues. This article examines the statuary as a gathered whole to isolate trends in material, size, and subject matter. The results suggest a main setting where some, maybe all, of the statues might have originally been displayed: the gymnasion. The statues were probably obtained through plunder or extortion, not normal commercial activity. The study concludes by considering where the statues might have been set up once they reached their presumed destination in Italy. It is shown that the statues were most appropriate for display in a lavish public building in Rome.

Μνήμη + Ισμήνης Τριάντη.

Πριν από 25 χρόνια, το άρθρο μου "Duae et ejus species" εμφανίστηκε στο τόμο «Αρχαία Ελληνική Τεχνολογία» (Θεσσαλονίκη 1997). Αφορούσε την παρουσίαση ενός μεταφραστικού λάθους, στην αγγλική απόδοση της «Φυσικής Ιστορίας» του Πλίνιου (xxxv, 180-190), όπου οι αγγλικοί όροι "kind", "variety", χρησιμοποιούνταν αδιακρίτως για την απόδοση των λατινικών όρων "genus", "species". Η μεταφραστική αυτή τακτική, που πιθανώς οφείλεται σε μια παράλληλη παρανάγνωση ενός κειμένου του Διοσκορίδη ("Περί ύλης Ιατρικής", ε'-πε'-ε'-ρκβ'), οδήγησε σε σύγχυση σχετικώς με τις ιδιότητες και την κατανομή της «στυπτηρίας γης» / "alumen". Παρουσιάζουμε μία τροποποιημένη μετάφραση/ πρόταση απόδοσης του κειμένου που γνωρίζουμε από την έκδοση LCL, που μας οδηγεί σε καλύτερη κατανόηση της «στυπτηρίας» της Μήλου.

It is the contention of this research to explain the perceptual totality of composed groups of Classical Greek buildings in sacred precincts, as exemplified at Delphi and the Athenian Acropolis. The text is supported by  serially ordered drawings based on archaeological evidence.

It is the contention of this research to explain the perceptual totality of composed groups of Classical Greek buildings in sacred precincts, as exemplified at Delphi and the Athenian Acropolis. The main proposal to be tested by the analysis of these architectural ensembles is that sacred Classical Greek architecture is not exclusively an architecture of three Classical orders, but an architecture on two hierarchical levels, namely the architecture of the divine level, as symbolised mainly by the Doric temple, as opposed to the architecture of the secondary human level, represented by the ancillary buildings in the approach areas that are characterised by a diminished scale, complexity and ambiguity.

La Macchina di Antikythera è un unicum assoluto nella storia della scienza e della tecnica. È la testimonianza concreta che la genialità della cultura ellenistica nel campo della matematica e della astronomia ha saputo esprimersi anche nella meccanica. È un documento esplicativo concreto e non semplicemente scritto della concezione del cosmo cui erano giunti personalità come Callippo, Metone, Archimede, Apollonio, Ipparco e tanti altri. Questa macchina, del I secolo a.C., che è stata esaminata da tantissimi studiosi contemporanei per comprenderne la struttura e le funzioni, è di una complessità comparabile a macchine astronomiche moderne. In questo saggio riassumo i risultati degli studi condotti nel corso di quasi un secolo, descrivendo in dettaglio la struttura interna e le funzioni. Discuterò di un punto che resta ambiguo: l'interpretazione degli studiosi alla soluzione meccanica dell'anomalia lunare. Riassumerò inoltre i risultati di alcuni studi di approfondimento relativi alle tecniche costruttive disponibili al tempo, e altri di analisi cinematica e dinamica con gli strumenti scientifici contemporanei. La più sublime, la più nobile tra le Fisiche scienze ella è senza dubbio l'Astronomia. L'uomo s'innalza per mezzo di essa come al di sopra di sé medesimo, e giunge a conoscere la causa dei fenomeni più straordinari.

The territory of Villarosa is located in the westernmost part of Enna's province: developing in the valleys below Mount Altesina, and the Morello River, a tributary of the Imera Meridionale, crosses it. From an archaeological point of view, this territory has long been overlooked by official research, resulting in a consequent lack of data regarding the past settlement patterns that characterise this part of internal Sicily. In the last two decades, however, the territory has been the subject of growing archaeological investigation activity, particularly since 2004, through various surface surveys and stratigraphic excavations at the most significant sites, such as Case Bastione, Monte Giulfo, and Contrada Gaspa. Thanks to these investigations, carried out with a multidisciplinary approach by national and international research teams in collaboration with the Enna Superintendence, it is now possible to significantly fill that gap. The contribution, therefore, aims to collect and present the most significant evidence yielded by the various landscape archaeology projects carried out here, producing an archaeological map of the municipal territory that is both useful for the continuation of field research and for the protection of the cultural heritage preserved in this part of the Erei plateau.

3 Characteristic LH IIIA2 late is hard to spot in the photographs of material thought to be LH IIIA in Blegen et al. 1973. 4 Cosmopoulos 2019: 358. 5 The reviewer feels bound to mention the very serious criticisms of various interpretations in this book, notably the supposed Archaic building sequence, made in the reviews by J. Davis (Bryn

A agricultura familiar constitui a base econômica e social de diversos territórios do semiárido brasileiro, onde o associativismo se apresenta como estratégia coletiva para superar limitações estruturais e ampliar o acesso a políticas públicas. Iniciativas como o PNAE e o PAA foram concebidas para articular produção local e segurança alimentar, valorizando a produção associada. Porém, a efetividade dessas políticas depende de mediações organizativas sólidas, a fim de conectar agricultores aos mercados institucionais. Este estudo analisa como o associativismo tem influenciado a participação da agricultura familiar no PNAE em comunidades rurais de Guanambi, evidenciando desafios e potenciais do trabalho coletivo na promoção do desenvolvimento territorial.

The reasons why the Western Mediterranean, especially Carthage and Rome, resisted monetization relative to the Eastern Mediterranean are still unclear. We address this question by combining lead (Pb) and silver (Ag) isotope abundances in silver coinage from the Aegean, Magna Graecia, Carthage and Roman Republic. The clear relationships observed between 109Ag/107Ag and 208Pb/206Pb reflect the mixing of silver ores or silver objects with Pb metal used for cupellation. The combined analysis of Ag and Pb isotopes reveals important information about the technology of smelting. The Greek world extracted Ag and Pb from associated ores, whereas, on the Iberian Peninsula, Carthaginians and Republican‐era Romans applied Phoenician cupellation techniques and added exotic Pb to Pb‐poor Ag ores. Massive Ag recupellation is observed in Rome during the Second Punic War. After defeating the Carthaginians and the Macedonians in the late second century bce, the Romans brought together the efficient, ...

The bronze strips from the necropoleis of Myrina, previously interpreted as allotment plates, are identified as razors on the basis of new finds from Caria. Such 'leaf-shaped' razors were in use until the Roman imperial period. The inscriptions on these blades suggest that they were used in a ritual context. The owner of the blade published here for the first time was a man from Lissai. The blade from Stratonikeia, inscribed on both sides, was probably produced in the sanctuary of Panamara for hair consecrations during the Komyria. A new dedication from this sanctuary to Zeus and Hera Teleia is discussed afterwards.

One of the most impressive developments in Plato studies in the last two decades has been the rereading of the previously rather neglected Laws, and above all the discovery of the crucial role the choral dance (choreia) plays in its argument. According to Book II of the Laws, the choreia had a decisive pedagogical, moral and thus political function in the life of the polis. This political performance helps, above all, to create moral and political unity among the citizens. In creating this unity, the linguistic-rational elements of choral dance are accompanied by its physical-emotional effects. In the choreia, as part of mousike, music, singing and dancing movements are on an equal footing with the verbal component in terms of the impact on performers and spectators. The choral dance transforms the performers and the audience into a collective subject. In forging performers and audience into a community, the choral dance participates through its bodily effects: physiology, kinaesthetic empathy, soul-shaping and politics are interconnected. In this context, this paper argues that rhythmos plays the central and decisive role in this process and especially in the structure and performance of choreia. Drawing on Laws 672e5-673a1, I show that rhythm as a regular articulation of every kind of “movement” is equally part of the vocal text, the instrumental music and the dance ‒ that is, it plays a role in all the components of the choral dance and it orders and harmonizes all parts of the choreia into a whole. Moreover, from this point of view, it is also the organizing center of the effect of choreia on the dancers and the audience, and ultimately plays a key role in organizing the whole polis into a unified whole. In this sense, according to Book II of the Laws, the polis is first and foremost a rhythmic unity.

The paper outlines the state of the art in structured light scanning (SLS) in archaeology and highlights the potential of 3D imaging technologies for documenting architectural elements. It introduces the 3D-STONE workflow, a comprehensive methodology for the structured light scanning and 3D modeling of stone architectural elements, developed and tested as part of the CHANGES project (CNR-ISPC). Experimentation was conducted using the Artec Eva scanner on marble blocks from the Basilica Iulia in the Roman Forum (Rome) and the Monumental Nymphaeum of Tripolis ad Maeandrum (Denizli, Türkiye), addressing both archaeological and technical-practical challenges. The workflow covers all stages, from fieldwork to the creation of high-resolution digital replicas, offering an efficient, reliable process specifically tailored to architectural blocks. Results demonstrate that SLS technology provides unparalleled accuracy
in capturing geometry and texture, while significantly reducing field and processing times. This establishes it as a highly valuable tool compared to photogrammetry-based approaches to produce digital replicas of blocks, suitable for virtual reconstructions, morphological analyses, conservation mapping, and for enhancing public engagement with monuments.

Lycia, known for the quantity and great variety of its funerary remains, provides a vast corpus of Greek epitaphs, most of which date from the Hellenistic and Roman periods. These texts, often formulaic, feature a number of local specificities and follow a structure similar to that of funerary inscriptions written in the indigenous Lycian language between the late 5th and the last quarter of the 4th century BCE. Given the progress made in recent decades in the study of Lycian and other Anatolian languages, it is now possible to reassess the extent of linguistic interferences and cultural continuity in these documents. With this aim in mind, this article proposes to re-examine two cases of lexical borrowing — one in the domain of institutions, the other in that of family — and a formulaic transposition in imprecations. https://poj.peeters-leuven.be/content.php?url=article&id=3294247&journal_code=REG

Bothroi are a distinctive feature of late 3rd-millennium bce living environments in mainland Greece, but their usage and purpose remain unclear. This article critically examines the paradigms influencing their study and argues that bothroi have often been analyzed through a dichotomy between practical and ritual interpretations, limiting our present understanding. By focusing on the spatial relationships of bothroi and their fills, this study offers an alternative approach. While centered on Lerna, it also incorporates evidence from other mainland sites, suggesting that activities associated with bothroi played a role in reinforcing the connections of people to specific places during a period when living environments were undergoing significant transformation.

HE FOUR published inscriptions discussed below,l three from Corinth and one from Tegea, together incorporate all the existing evidence for the Corinthian Appaleni, a colonial family flourishing in the second century, members of which have preViously been recognized in only two of the texts. These two, nos. 1 and 2, are both lists of officials and victors in the Isthmian games at Corinth, and their examination by the writer has led to other restorations and comment, included below, not all of which are directly relevant to the Appaleni. The inscription is a fragment of a list of officials and victors in one of the Isthmian games. 2 The relevant part, Face A, is reproduced below.