Capital Cities

As a dedicated junk recycler I couldn't resist stopping when a bundle of old newspapers fell off the back of a paper recycling company lorry. Examination, a few days later, revealed the newspapers to be copies of 1950 annual edition of 'Ashmoret' - the magazine of the Mapai Youth Guard in which all the 'who's who' published their writings. I enjoy realizing, time and time again, the seriousness and depth with which the articles were written and that, although fifty years have past, almost nothing has changed: the spirit of the new born country still holds an almost frightening degree of relevance.

Cities and metropolises compete with each other to attract tourists from other parts of the world. The image they project plays an important role in tourists' decision-making and in the development of effective competition strategies. There is a clear preponderance use of structured techniques on tourism destination image and very few studies use unstructured methods as the main technique. Some authors claim for more pluralistic approaches to improve the knowledge of tourism destination image. The aim of this study is to propose a new image research approach through the PIE Method exploring the image of six European capitals.

Historic urban conservation has, for more than a century, been a major focus of planning, architectural debate and public policy. Today, there is a growing consensus that the historic city should be viewed not only as a unity of architectural monuments and supporting fabric, but also as a complex layering of meanings, connected both to its natural environment and to its geological structure, as well as to its metropolitan hinterland. The current paper will attempt to analyze the principles of modern urban conservation and to evaluate the effectiveness of their application in Mediterranean historic centers. It is structured in two parts. In the first part it examines the changes that diachronically took place in planning for historic urban conservation. It will analyze the principles that were followed until today and the existing strategies, policies and practices of historic urban conservation. The second part will examine the application of these policies in the historic city of V...

Over the last few years, a number of articles have featured in Past and Present on the subject of late medieval lordship. Three were accepted within a four-month period between July and October 2023 (Christian D. Liddy, ‘The Making of Towns, the Making of Polities’; Tristan W. Sharp, ‘Seigneurial Predation in the Late Medieval Feud’; Frederik Buylaert, Thijs Lambrecht, Klaas Van Gelder, and Kaat Cappelle, ‘The Political Economy of Seigneurial Lordship in Flanders’). The three pieces approached the subject in quite different ways, and with very different findings; at the same time, they were clearly talking about the same thing, and all were concerned with assessing more closely what lords took from, and had to offer to, local societies, and their social and/or economic impact. This seemed a good opportunity to hold a workshop to place the articles in conversation with each other in order to identify commonalities, reflect on the wider field, and prompt more general questions. The round table took place on 17 June 2024 at King’s College London. The version presented here is a revised and edited transcript, but aiming to retain the feel of the original oral conversation. A brief opening section introduces the articles to give context to the discussion.

Over the last few years, a number of articles have featured in Past and Present on the subject of late medieval lordship. Three were accepted within a four-month period between July and October 2023 (Christian D. Liddy, ‘The Making of Towns, the Making of Polities’; Tristan W. Sharp, ‘Seigneurial Predation in the Late Medieval Feud’; Frederik Buylaert, Thijs Lambrecht, Klaas Van Gelder, and Kaat Cappelle, ‘The Political Economy of Seigneurial Lordship in Flanders’). The three pieces approached the subject in quite different ways, and with very different findings; at the same time, they were clearly talking about the same thing, and all were concerned with assessing more closely what lords took from, and had to offer to, local societies, and their social and/or economic impact. This seemed a good opportunity to hold a workshop to place the articles in conversation with each other in order to identify commonalities, reflect on the wider field, and prompt more general questions. The round table took place on 17 June 2024 at King’s College London. The version presented here is a revised and edited transcript, but aiming to retain the feel of the original oral conversation. A brief opening section introduces the articles to give context to the discussion.

As a city within a federal district, Washington, D.C. defies easy description, partially because “Washington” and “D.C.” are, cognitively, two distinct places. I explore the question of D.C.’s identity within the domineering presence of the federal government through its tangible heritage. After a literature review, I follow with a framework of D.C.’s political geography and the complexities and uncertainties of its identity. Next is a four-part case study of distinct D.C. identity markers, examining its low skyline and resultant cultural landscape, an exploration of the D.C. War Memorial on the National Mall, the D.C. flag and its symbolic importance, and the stone boundary markers that demarcate and define D.C. Despite the dominance of the state in D.C.’s everyday realities, Washingtonians manage to work within this marked federal-local tension. I argue that D.C.’s political geography is the principal factor in defining and understanding it as a place. To cope with their ambiguous status, Washingtonians exhibit and maintain identity markers in the landscape to help establish a heritage and identity for the District that they would otherwise not have. Further, I contend that scholars should devote due attention to the geographical context of federal districts to appreciate these atypical geographies.

Professor Pál Fodor is one of the world' s best-regarded and most inspiring authorities on Ottoman political thought and state ideology, the strategy for the Ottoman conquest of Central Europe, and Ottoman rule in Hungary. 2 Here, in honour of my esteemed colleague and friend on the occasion of his 70th birthday, I discuss a subject closely related to his own work: how the Ottoman advance rewrote the history of the capital of the late medieval Kingdom of Hungary. I examine how Buda' s various roles were taken over by other cities within and outside Hungary after it was occupied by the Ottomans

In this research, I explore the intricate relationship between planned
(alternative) and realised urban scenarios by using space syntax to
expand the typical historical interpretive research approach to such
topics. In the context of this research, alternative urban scenarios pertain
to various urban plans for the same location throughout dierent time
periods. As such an inquiry is qualitative in essence, space syntax
presents itself as a means of their equal interpretation and comparison,
or a quantitative approach. More specifically, the research aims to
compare three plans from three distinct planning periods: socialistmodernist, postmodernist, and neoliberal, using the example of the Sava amphitheatre in Belgrade, a central point in the city that has a long urban planning history and recently fell victim to the controversial Belgrade
Waterfront project.

This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is avaitable from the British Library. Seeking growth under financial volatility / edited by Ricardo Ffrench-Davis. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 1 -4 0 3 9 -9 6 3 5 -0 (cloth) 1. Economic development-Case studies. 2. Latin America-Economic policy. 3. Developing countries-Economic policy. 4. Comparative economics. I. Ffrench-

À partir de l’évolution littéraire de Paul Bourget, cet article cherche à explorer le pivotement qui s’opère entre sa critique psychologique marquée par une conscience de la décadence et ses romans psychologiques à visée sociale où l’auteur s’efforce de mettre en évidence des lois morales. Le concept même de révolution, que certaines critiques avaient utilisé pour qualifier les romans de Bourget, acquiert dans les discours du romancier psychologue une dimension sociale et moralisante qui constitue la force de ses romans dits « à idées ». Entre une volonté d’innovation et une réaction anti-révolutionnaire, voire antimoderne, les romans de Bourget pourraient se révéler comme une pensée en évolution qui cherche, tel que le précise l’auteur, à déconstruire la Révolution pour restaurer l’unité organique du corps social.

Cet article a pour objectif d’analyser la transition du roman naturaliste au roman à thèse et d’examiner par conséquent la transformation du genre romanesque à la fin du XIXe siècle. Nous proposons ainsi d’étudier dans un premier temps les différentes étapes de ce passage ou plutôt de cette « révolution » (combattre l’esprit décadent, admettre la prédominance de la religion, prôner une ouverture plus grande sur l’humanité, porter plus d’intérêt aux problèmes sociaux et moraux de l’époque). Aussi tentons-nous de répondre dans un deuxième temps à la question suivante : la transition du roman naturaliste au roman à thèse n’est-elle pas le signe d’une évolution du roman (émergence d’un discours idéologique et utopique, interpellation du lecteur, ton didactique), et ne reflète-t-elle pas par conséquent la transformation du genre romanesque au tournant du siècle ?

The present research chapter delves into the intricacies of urban planning in
contested cities, where planning assumes two opposing functions: constructive and peacemaking (progressive) and destructive and exacerbating conflict (regressive). In conflict areas, the notion of regressive planning is not often recognized and requires
more examination. This research contributes to the resolution of this significant gap
and academic deficiency. It examines the significance of urban planning by presenting several worldwide instances, with particular emphasis on Jerusalem as a prominent exemplar of paradoxical urban environments. The study reveals that regressive
planning policies, uneven infrastructure development, and discriminatory resource
allocation have created a fragmented urban fabric that mirrors and reinforces the
broader socio-political divide in Jerusalem. It highlights the dual role of urban
planning as both, a tool for asserting control, and a potential avenue for conflict
resolution. By analyzing the paradoxes inherent in Jerusalem’s urban spaces—where
modernity coexists with neglect, and development with deprivation—the research
sheds light on the broader implications for urban planning in other contested capitals
around the world. To achieve this, a combination of several research methodologies
including descriptive, comparative, analytical, and case study approaches has been
employed. This research underscores the need for inclusive, equitable planning
approaches that prioritize social cohesion and peacebuilding in regions marked by deep-seated conflict.

Cultura, política e lazer numa capital sem corte: sociabilidades em Lisboa no início de oitocentos.
(Culture, politics and leisure in a capital without a Court: sociability in Lisbon in the early nineteenth century)

Nos primeiros anos do século XIX, Lisboa era a capital indiscutível do império português, detentora de uma centralidade hegemónica e de uma primazia indisputada nos domínios político, económico, cultural e simbólico. Era o lugar do exercício e da residência do poder político, mas era também, e cada vez mais ao longo de setecentos e oitocentos, o lugar da civilidade, das boas maneiras, das novas formas de sociabilidade.
Entre novembro de 1807 e julho de 1821, Lisboa deixou de ser a sede da Corte e do Governo do império e o lugar de residência de muitos nobres, negociantes, magistrados, militares, clérigos, funcionários, que sustentavam um modelo de vida cultural e mundana que girava em torno dos teatros, das assembleias, dos saraus literários e do patrocinato artístico e literário cuja dinâmica dependia em larga medida dessa elite política e social. Muito se tem escrito sobre a transferência da Corte para o Brasil e a construção da capitalidade do Rio de Janeiro. Essa transferência provocou necessariamente uma alteração dos espaços e das práticas de poder e de sociabilidade tanto da velha capital que deixaram como na nova capital que foram erigir.
Este texto propõe-se discutir o impacto da ausência simultânea da corte e das presenças francesa e inglesa em alguns domínios da vida cultural e política. Não se trata, portanto, de discutir a emergência do liberalismo político mas de explorar alguns aspectos da vida social e cultural no período considerado, cujas características constituem um dos elementos diferenciadores das cidades capitais.

Financial and performance indicators are widely used in organizations and by whomever understands them more objectively and parametric. This study seeks to validate the existence of a statistically significant difference between indicators of companies that issue bonds compared with those that do not emit. For this, we applied multivariate statistical techniques of factor analysis and discriminant analysis which identifies the first possible associations between variables observational, so as to define the existence of a common factor between them, while the second aims to identify variables that discriminate groups, thus allowing the identification of similar groups and categorization of new cases. In preparing this study were identified 141companhias issuing debentures in 2011, however only 34 of these have information available and public. Associated companies were used 25 indicators available in the software Economática, the study worked with a total of 68 companies, 50% debenture issuers and 50% did not. The data were processed in the statistical software OpenStat and with the help of worksheets in Excel. The results point to a low predictive power of the factors (groups of indicators) found in the study, only 63% in its most representative factor. 1 Professor do curso de Ciências Contábeis da graduação e pós graduação daUniversidade Federal Fluminense 2 Professor do curso de Ciências Contábeis da graduação e pós graduação daUniversidade Federal Fluminense

Polarized spaces and divided cities present a set of fast-changing urban policies and control powers. Of its tense history of complex spatial planning and land-use management, Jerusalem is not an exception. In less than 50 years, 1917-1967, Jerusalem was controlled by four variant regimes. The Ottoman Rule, the British Mandate, the Jordanian Control, and the Israeli Occupation respectively. In that sense, Jerusalem is considered a unique spatial entity in terms of its historical and physical development. This chapter explores the evolution of urban planning and land-use management in Jerusalem for these administrative authorities, underlining its impact on the city population and urban growth. During these subsequent administrative transformations, Jerusalem has witnessed quick and variant planning paradigms, and questionable development patterns, that produced numerous socio-spatial challenges. Principally, the altered composition of the population, as well as the paradoxical urban fabric of the city. Indeed, the successive authorities in Jerusalem, ending with the Israeli occupation of the eastern part of the city, have created a maze of wide-ranging rules and regulations, making the planning system complex, spatially unsustainable, and eventually in many ways, intensifying urban conflicts.

The creation of new capital cities are watershed moments in the lives of ancient empires. Assyria repeatedly engaged in capital creation. Historical and archaeological research has exhaustively studied these cities from the perspectives of their assumed king-creators, investigating the royal narratives associated with them, as well as the elite spaces of these cities, such as citadels and palaces. Rarely, however, has research been concerned with how these cities were built and who the people were that actually engaged in the building process, the day-to-day workers in these massive construction sites. In this paper I will explore the labour required for the construction of a new Assyrian capital, using the mudbrick wall of Dur-Šarrukēn as a case study, and theorise on the composition and agency of the workers building these cities from the ground up.

Floating buildings as a new trend in architecture of dynamic big cities in which architecture plays an important role in creating a modern urban landscape are more and more in focus. In cities worldwide, floating houses as a new architectural concept have become equal to the traditional house in all comparative aspects: comfort, quality, and price. Floating buildings also fall into sustainable architecture as a sustainable building with use of secondary materials. The development of floating buildings cannot solve all the problems of rapid urbanization, but can offer a wide range of possible solutions. Activating urban river potential through the concept of floating buildings that are resistant to changes in river water level, will improve the urban development of cities and offer solutions for the present and future social requirements.
The objective of this paper is to explain the new concept of residence – floating buildings in Belgrade as a new solution for future social requirements compared with floating buildings already constructed in Europe, as well as mapping of attractive locations on the River Sava in relation to its potential for development of floating structures. The floating building key aspect is mobility, with the function of improving the urban identity of Belgrade, via the activation of the Sava River potential.
The paper is critically determined by the theoretical concept of a floating building, and then the defined framework of their application in the modern urban regeneration of Belgrade. The expected results would be in the form of a generally applicable typology and technology of floating buildings and their integrity in the complex urban context of the city of Belgrade. This paper is a part of research that contributes to the development of a critical attitude towards floating buildings on the river Sava in Belgrade and preserving their identity in planning urban regeneration.
Keywords: floating buildings, the identity of Belgrade City, urban regeneration, mobility, activated rivers

Urbanization around the globe has led to record growth of cities. Major metropolises, such as New York, Guangzhou, Mumbai to name a few, are as eminent as the state they are part of. Heart of every country’s economy, urban spaces are home to 55% of the world population amounting to 4.2 billion people and are responsible for 70% of global economic output. It is estimated that by 2050, two out of three people in the world will be living in cities. However, with a concentration of people and activities, governments are faced with increasing challenges to manage metropolitan areas, and the need for sustainable growth of cities has been largely acknowledged. Most of the people living in cities have not been able to benefit from urbanization due to lack of planning, while rampant consumption and industrialization have had a damaging effect on the environment. The situation is worse among developing countries, where most people’s access to and standard of basic amenities are becoming questionable with the growing threat of ‘urban poverty trap’. Even during the pandemic, the cities have been hit the hardest with 90% of corona cases being reported in metropolitan areas putting their resilience to test. Thus, managing urbanization has become a growing concern to all countries around the globe and numerous global initiatives have been introduced in recent times. In this background, the Sustainable Development Goal 11, Sustainable Cities and Communities, is a landmark global initiative endorsing management of urbanization to make cities and human settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. To this end, this paper aims to study the challenges and opportunities faced by urban areas, particularly in the South Asia Region (SAR), to achieve SDG goal 11 and the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic.

En 1850, Gustave Courbet arrive dans un milieu artistique régi par une institution, l'Académie qui défend et impose l'image d'un artiste hors du temps, se distinguant par son unique technique dans la représentation de scènes religieuses, mythologiques ou historiques. Il forme alors, au côté des écrivains Baudelaire et Champfleury, le premier de ces regroupements d'artistes qui, dans le siècle à venir, entendront changer l'art pour changer le monde : les avant-gardes. Croisant la philosophie, la peinture, la littérature, l'architecture, la sculpture et la musique avec leur cadre d'expression, l'histoire des avant-gardes artistiques épouse, subit et influence alors celle de ce siècle si particulier, dans ses crises politiques et économiques, ses conflits, ses espoirs déçus et sa résilience perpétuelle. Sous les plumes et les pinceaux de Courbet, Zola, Pissarro, Kandinsky, Kirchner, Van Gogh, Munch, Tzara, Breton, Dali, Picasso et tant d'autres, c'est ainsi l'artiste comme témoin de son temps, acteur de sa société puis prophète de l'humanité qui naît et s'affirme.

Este artigo utiliza a metodologia de Fama e French (1999) para estimar o custo geral de capital e o retorno sobre o custo dos investimentos de um projeto que agrega as empresas não financeiras listadas na Bolsa de Valores de São Paulo (Bovespa) entre os finais de 1994 e 2008. Comparados às taxas médias anuais de 11,02% da Taxa de Juros de Longo Prazo (TJLP) e de 21,89% da taxa do Serviço Especial de Liquidação e Custódia (SELIC), as estimativas do custo de capital e do retorno do investimento foram de, respectivamente, 15,45% e 13,42%, configurando um cenário de baixos rendimentos para o investimento efetuado no período. Excluindo-se os setores de intensa participação estatal, os negócios privados obtiveram um retorno nominal anual de 14,59% e, com um custo do capital de 10,86%, adicionaram um valor médio de 3,36% ao ano sobre o custo de capital. Tão interessante quanto essas taxas internas de retorno (TIRs) são os históricos de resultados, decisões de financiamento e de investimento do setor corporativo brasileiro no período. * Os autores agradecem a Marco Antônio Cavalcanti (editor), José F. Barbachan (Faculdades IBMEC Rio de Janeiro) e Antônio Z. Sanvicente (Insper) pelos comentários, e a dois pareceristas anônimos que muito contribuíram para o aprimoramento deste artigo. Todas as imprecisões remanescentes são de inteira responsabilidade dos autores. ** Professor do Insper e pesquisador do Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) (processo n o. 309602/2003-3).

Este  artigo  baseia-se  na  análise  de  um  tipo  de  fonte  praticamente  inexplorado  pela  historiografia de Brasília: anúncios classificados de venda de imóveis veiculados em periódicos impressos, selecionados aqui para o período de 1956 a 1960. Tais fontes permitem colocar em evidência o papel de agentes ainda pouco considerados em sua atuação na capital – corretores, empresas imobiliárias e vendedores particulares –, evitando, desse modo, recair na visão usual que privilegia uma ação unilateral do Estado. Embora os anúncios classificados não deem informações sobre o efetivo modo como ocorreram as transações imobiliárias ali veiculadas, eles revelam um intenso movimento especulativo que se estendeu muito além dos limites do Distrito Federal. Os anúncios mostram, além disso, diversas estratégias de apropriação de tópicos de discursos institucionalizados e elementos emblemáticos da arquitetura modernista, com o intuito de enfatizar a ideia de um lucrativo negócio.
Palavras-chave: Anúncios classificados. Brasília (DF). Empreendimento imobiliário.

AbstractThis article is based on the analysis of a type of source almost unexplored by the historiography of Brasília: classified advertisements for the sale of real estate properties published in printed journals, selected here for the period between 1956 and 1960. Such sources make it possible to highlight the role of agents that are still little considered in their activities in the capital – brokers, real estate companies and private sellers –, thus avoiding falling back into the usual view that privileges unilateral action by the State. Although the classified advertisements do not provide information  about  the  actual  way  in  which  real  estate  transactions  were  carried  out  there,  they reveal an intense speculative movement that extended far beyond the limits of the Federal District. They also show diverse strategies of appropriation of topics of institutionalized discourses and emblematic elements of modernist architecture to depict a lucrative enterprise.

Our capital city, Valletta, is the venue of some of Malta's top museums and heritage sites of cultural significance. These sites of memory are one the country's prime assets at the service of the tourism sector. Indeed, these key tourist attractions, are well-known and also publicised by the Malta Tourism Authority worldwide. I have come to realise that in spite of these efforts to publicise most of these are, as yet, paradoxically unknown to Valletta's residents. Recent local community initiatives, jointly undertaken with Valletta Local Council, brought Valletta residents to visit museums for the first time ever. The recent initiative, Naqsam l-MUŻA, jointly undertaken with Valletta 2018 foundation, also brought the MUŻA project, the new national-community art museum and one of Valletta 2018 flagship projects for Malta's European Capital of Culture Title, and the collection of the National Museum of Fine Arts in touch with the community. Ten Valletta residents, purposely chosen to represent the community's varied districts and identities, were invited to choose artworks which they also spoke about and described, also highlighting the reasons behind their choice which was later displayed in the streets in visual form accompanied by the thoughts of each participant. Other projects have sought to engage with Valletta's communities in varied ways but these are by and large sporadic and uneven.

This article explores the ways interwar Budapest adapted to 20th-century challenges in a post-imperial context, highlighting the distinctive features of Budapest as a capital city during the decades following the fall of the Habsburg Monarchy and the subsequent breakup of historic Hungary. After reflecting on the historical background and making comparisons with other capital cities of the region, the investigation concentrates on the symbolic dimensions of urban space, showing how the dominant political ideologies of the interwar era were represented in the cityscape of Budapest. The designs of public spaces, street names, other toponyms, monuments, and memorials stand at the focus of the analysis, all interpreted as elements of an attempt to transform the city's space into a coherent symbolic landscape. It is an important goal to highlight the continuities and discontinuities between the pre-and post-World War I period. Meanwhile, the study also pays attention to the factors that had little to do with the official ideologies of the day, namely, the changing paradigms of urban planning and architecture, the role of market forces and municipal endeavors, and the possibilities of public versus private real estate development. It concludes that Budapest was characterized by a striking dichotomy of tradition and modernity during the interwar period: while conservative worldviews and various shades of right-wing ideologies exerted a strong influence on the public space, radically modern architectural forms and new patterns of urbanity appeared as well, all simultaneously shaping the city. Cet article porte sur l'adaptation de Budapest au XXe siècle, dans le contexte postimpérial de l'entre-deux-guerres. Il présente les traits distinctifs de la ville dans son rôle de capitale, dans les décennies suivant la chute des Habsbourg et la dissolution de l'ancienne Hongrie. Après une réflexion sur le contexte historique et des comparaisons avec d'autres capitales de la région, l'analyse se concentre sur les dimensions symboliques de l'espace urbain en décrivant la représentation des idéologies politiques dominantes de l'entre-deux-guerres dans le paysage urbain de Budapest. Elle rattache la conception des espaces publics, les noms de rues et autres toponymes, ainsi que les monuments et mémoriaux à une tentative de transformation de l'espace urbain en paysage symbolique cohérent, sans perdre de vue les continuités et discontinuités entre les périodes précédant et suivant la Première Guerre mondiale. En même temps, l'étude s'intéresse à des facteurs n'ayant que peu à voir avec les idéologies officielles de l'époque, à savoir les paradigmes en mutation de l'urbanisme et de l'architecture, le rôle des forces du marché et des projets municipaux, ainsi que les possibilités relatives du développement immobilier public et privé. L'article conclut qu'une dichotomie frappante entre tradition et modernité caractérise la Budapest de l'entre-deux-guerres : d'une part, une vision du monde conservatrice et diverses nuances idéologiques de droite exercent une forte influence sur l'espace public; d'autre part, des formes architecturales radicalement modernes et de nouveaux modèles d'urbanité apparaissent. Leurs influences contribuent simultanément à la formation de la ville.

Este artigo examina algumas das principais determinações planejadas para o Distrito Federal na década de 1970, com o objetivo de situá-las num processo contínuo de proposições e debates acerca daquele território, em articulação com planos para a região e o país. A análise baseia-se em planos já apontados como marcos desse período e também em uma série de estudos e propostas, ainda pouco estudados, para controlar a urbanização no DF. Essa análise leva a ver que princípios do planejamento inicial de Brasília-baseado em um núcleo central separado de cidades satélites por uma faixa sanitária-foram reafirmados e reelaborados ao longo daquele período, ao mesmo tempo em que se percebiam graves problemas nas dinâmicas urbanas da capital. Entre as questões levantadas nas discussões desse período, destacase aqui a de um aparente conflito entre o papel de Brasília como capital e sua já então visível expansão como metrópole.
Palavras-chave: Brasília (DF), planejamento urbano-regional (história), capital, metrópole, cidades satélites.

Το κέντρο βάρους ή ο πυρήνας μίας πολιτικής εδαφικής οντότητας μπορεί να εννοεί το σημείο από όπου ξεκίνησε την επέκτασή της, ή το σημείο του οποίου ο έλεγχος είναι καθοριστικός για την ύπαρξη και την ισχύ της, καθώς ισαπέχει από τα σύνορα, περιέχει την πρωτεύουσα, είναι ιδιαίτερα οχυρός και απρόσβλητος κλπ. Συχνά οι διαφορετικές αυτές σημασίες συμπίπτουν. Έτσι, γεωπολιτικός πυρήνας για την Ισπανία είναι η Καστίλλη, η οποία απλώνεται στο κεντρικό οροπέδιο της χώρας. Ευρίσκεται ακριβώς στο μέσον της Ιβηρικής χερσονήσου, περιέχει την πρωτεύουσα Μαδρίτη, ενώ με βάση την Καστίλλη προωθήθηκε η έξωση των Μαυριτανών από την Ιβηρική και η ένωση των ισπανικών βασιλείων σε μία συγκεντρωτική επικράτεια. Για την Γαλλία, χώρα πρωτοπόρο στη γένεση του συγκεντρωτικού νεοτερικού κράτους στην Ευρώπη, πυρήνας είναι η περιοχή γύρω από το Παρίσι, και γενικά ο βορράς, από όπου έγινε η επέκταση των Φράγκων στην υπόλοιπη Γαλατία, και του οποίου η γλώσσα τελικώς επιβλήθηκε (langue d' oil, έναντι της langue d' oc του νότου).

A large percent of CO 2 (carbon dioxide) emissions in Serbia originate from transport. In the last two decades, the number of private car users in Belgrade evidently increased compared to the number of users of environmentally friendly modes of transport. The purpose of this paper is to present an overview of approaches to the improvement of the physical aspect of the open public spaces, which aim to increase the number of users of climate friendly modes of transport, particularly walking. Research was done using three methods: observation of the intensity of pedestrian movement in relation to different periods during the day, direct surveys of citizens and the evaluation of immediate pedestrian surroundings. Three kinds of results were obtained: the trends and concentration of pedestrian movement along the main street lines; the attitude of citizens pertaining to reliable pedestrian movement and elements which contribute to their commitment to walking; and the rhythm of activity units, transparency, and variety of activities on the ground floor of buildings. The contribution of the study is in combining different research methods. The interpretation of the results forms the basis for directing future research and campaigns on topics of climate friendly modes of transport in urban areas.

This thesis takes a case study approach of the tourist-host encounter in the Maltese Islands, an ex-British Colony and older British tourists (OBTs). OBTs are an important source market for tourism as this is set to grow in volume and propensity. The research investigates how OBTs negotiate identity and memory through their narratives. It does so by examining what is being transacted at a social, cultural and symbolic level between the Maltese and the OBT. It then enquires as to the extent the previous colonial relationship is influencing the present ex-colonial and neocolonial Anglo-Maltese tourist encounter. The ethnographic study employs a two-pronged strategy. The first interrogates the terms under which spatial and temporal dimensions of the cultural production of the post colony, and the ongoing representations of specific spaces and experiences, are circulated and interpreted by these tourists. The second examines the relationship through the ‘exchange lens' which is mani...

In an article published in The Wiener Library Bulletin in 1951, the historian and former partisan Giorgio Vaccarino broached the subject of the «fascist literature» circulating in Italy. Three years later, the anti-fascist literary scholar Giuseppe Tramarollo revisited the question in La Voce Repubblicana, declaring the dissemination of texts with a clear fascist matrix to be a threat to Italian democracy. This essay seeks to shed light on this circulation, which has long been underestimated by historiography and was downplayed by the post-1945 fascist milieu, which sought to portray itself as being excluded from the political arena. Without wishing to overstate the importance of fascist literature in the postwar period, this article aims to describe its characteristics while also highlighting the tolerance of the authorities and the complicity of the publishing market, which, by ignoring political or moral considerations, offered a platform to many fascist personalities.

We construct an axiomatic index of spatial concentration around a center or capital point of interest, a concept with wide applicability from urban economics, economic geography and trade, to political economy and industrial organization. We propose basic axioms (decomposability and monotonicity) and refinement axioms (order preservation, convexity, and local monotonicity) for how the index should respond to changes in the underlying distribution. We obtain a unique class of functions satisfying all these properties, defined over any n-dimensional Euclidian space: the sum of a decreasing, isoelastic function of individual distances to the capital point of interest, with specific boundaries for the elasticity coefficient that depend on n. We apply our index to measure the concentration of population around capital cities across countries and US states, and also in US metropolitan areas. We show its advantages over alternative measures, and explore its correlations with many economic and political variables of interest.

In order to explain the apparently paradoxical presence of acceptable governance in many non-democratic regimes, economists and political scientists have focused mostly on institutions acting as de facto checks and balances. In this paper, we propose that population plays a similar role in guaranteeing the quality of governance and redistribution. We argue and demonstrate with historical evidence that the concentration of population around the policy making center serves as an insurgency threat to a dictatorship, inducing it to yield to more redistribution and better governance. We bring this centered concept of population concentration to the data through the Centered Index of Spatial Concentration developed by Do & Campante (2008). The evidence supports our predictions: only in the sample of autocracies, population concentration around the capital city is positively associated with better governance and more redistribution (proxied by post-tax inequality), in OLS and IV regressions. Finally, we provide arguments to dismiss possible reverse causation as well as alternative, non-political economy explanations of such regularity, discuss the general applicability of our index and conclude with policy implications.

In order to explain the apparently paradoxical presence of acceptable governance in many non-democratic regimes, economists and political scientists have focused mostly on institutions acting as de facto checks and balances. In this paper, we propose that population plays a similar role in guaranteeing the quality of governance and redistribution. We argue and demonstrate with historical evidence that the concentration of population around the policy making center serves as an insurgency threat to a dictatorship, inducing it to yield to more redistribution and better governance. We bring this centered concept of population concentration to the data through the Centered Index of Spatial Concentration developed by Do & Campante (2008). The evidence supports our predictions: only in the sample of autocracies, population concentration around the capital city is positively associated with better governance and more redistribution (proxied by post-tax inequality), in OLS and IV regressions. Finally, we provide arguments to dismiss possible reverse causation as well as alternative, non-political economy explanations of such regularity, discuss the general applicability of our index and conclude with policy implications.

Socioeconomic inequality is on the rise in major European cities, as are concerns over it, since it is seen as a threat to social cohesion and stability. Surprisingly, relatively little is known about the spatial dimensions of rising socioeconomic inequality. This paper builds on a study of socioeconomic segregation in 12 European cities: Amsterdam,

Although the interaction between planning and the market in urban development has been the subject of extensive research, its treatment in the literature is still problematic and controversial. Issues regarding this interaction remain topical for post-socialist urban planners, who are still lacking sufficient experience with planning in market conditions, especially when it comes to practice. The contribution of this study is that it identifies two practical approaches, through which urban planners can coordinate plans with markets. First, when setting planning goals, planners must critically assess the relationship between these goals and market demand. If market demand is distorted by market deficiencies, planning must look for opportunities to counteract and rectify distortions, but if market demand properly reflects the interests of stakeholders in urban development, planning must critically reassess its definition of the public interest. Second, when developing urban plans, pla...

At the turn of the 20th century, as empires fell and involuntary unions were dissolved, numerous new capital cities began to be established. In 1900, there were approximately 40 capital cities in existence, but by the dawn of the new millennium, this number had skyrocketed to 200. Astonishingly, around 40% of all nations have contemplated the idea of relocating their capital. Even today, new capital cities are being put forward or actively planned. This book presents six new capital cities spread across time and cultures: Brasilia (Brazil), Abuja (Nigeria), Astana (Kazakhstan), Sejong (South Korea), N.A.C. (Egypt), and Nusantara (Indonesia). While the former four have been around longer, the latter two are very recent. Only a portion of N.A.C. is complete whilst Nusantara just broke ground. Gifted with a sharp eye for urban planning details, Nick Hannes has travelled the world to document these cities as they stand in the early 2020s. His is a bottom-up perspective, juxtaposing starchitecture with the lives of those struggling to make a life in new capital cities.

Este artigo aborda Brasília nem tanto da perspectiva, mais usual, de sua configuração arquitetônica e urbanística, mas sobretudo como um célere e vultoso empreendimento imobiliário que se deu na escala do território. A análise trata de alguns dos métodos aventados para cessão de lotes e terrenos no futuro Distrito Federal desde fins da década de 1940 e concentra-se na atuação da Novacap como incorporadora imobiliária, entre 1956 e 1960. O propósito é revelar lógicas subjacentes a essa atuação, principalmente quanto ao modo de organizar o uso e a ocupação de diferentes espaços, vinculando-os a específicos grupos sociais.

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This study represents the results of the basic study that was conducted in order to reinterpret
the master plan that had been used for the construction of Baekje’s Sabi Capital.
The main issues and related foundations of previous studies, such as the time of construction
of the capital city, the location of the initial royal palace, and the square plan of Guari,
were reviewed, and cases of the restoration of topography and environment were also
reviewed, focusing on the usefulness of the subject of analysis and research method. In
addition, the archaeologically significant sections of the paleo-surface of the Baekje period
inside the capital city were selected, and contour lines were created using the automated
contour line method of surveying information engineering. Regional deviations and trends
of the excavated residential area were identified using statistical methods.
Four selection criteria were established for the identification of the paleo-surface of the
Baekje period inside Sabi Capital, and location data of 252 locales were extracted and analyzed
from 87 sites. As a result, about 380,000m2 of the current urban area in Buyeo-eup
was identified as low-flat land, and it was confirmed that the facilities related to the royal
palace in Gwanbuk-ri were built on land up to 10m higher than the adjacent areas. Considering
these characteristics, it can be inferred that the optimal environment was established
in the central area of the capital city so that the authority of Gwanbuk-ri and the Jeongnimsa
Temple area, where large-scale civil engineering had been carried out in order to raise
the site, could draw attention.

The technical reports present data and its analysis, meta-studies and conceptual studies, and are considered to be of value to industry, government or other researchers. Unlike the Sustainable Tourism Cooperative Research Centre's (STCRC's) Monograph series, these reports have not been subjected to an external peer review process. As such, the scientific accuracy and merit of the research reported here is the responsibility of the authors, who should be contacted for clarification of any content. Author contact details are at the back of this report. The views and opinions of the authors expressed in the reports or by the authors if you contact them do not necessarily state or reflect those of the STCRC. While all reasonable efforts have been made to gather the most current and appropriate information, the STCRC does not give any warranty as to the correctness, completeness or suitability of the information, and disclaims all responsibility for and shall in no event be liable for any errors or for any loss or damage that might be suffered as a consequence of any person acting or refraining from acting or otherwise relying on this information. We'd love to know what you think of our new research titles. If you have five minutes to spare, please visit our website or click on the link below to complete our online survey.

Lebanon is a laboratory of cultural and territorial mobilities. The civil war caused the emergence of communal cultures and diverse modalities of locals/visitors encounters dependent on locals' religions and visitors' origins, and to the submission of territorial development to geopolitical interventions. This paper focuses on an empirical approach that determines cultural dynamics, tourism encounters, and mobilities as fundamental pillars of territory development in two Lebanese cities with different religious backgrounds, Christian in Byblos and Muslim in Baalbek. The discursive analysis of documentation reveals the focus of local, national, and international actors in both cities on the valorization of archaeological sites with the inclination of the local actors towards inclusive development. 264 and 245 qualitative surveys distributed to locals and visitors in Byblos and Baalbek respectively and analyzed statistically disclose their perceptions oriented primarily towards cultural tourism, with leisure tourism emerging in Byblos and religious tourism prospering in Baalbek. The discourses of multilevel actors and the surveys reveal that the degree of consensus between actors, locals, and visitors on cultural, touristic, and territorial dimensions is more significant in Byblos than in Baalbek. This paper points out the impacts of locals' religions, locals/visitors encounters, and geopolitical issues on the mobilization of territories.

Prevailing scholarship promotes the narrative that the period and influence of the Risorgimento, the Italian unification movement, began in 1796 with Napoleon’s invasion of Italy and closed with the successful unification of Italy by 1870. Ideas of revolution, nationalism, and liberalism initially influenced the moment. However, scholars often overlooked the unsettled influences which the Risorgimento, or “Resurgence” in English, had on Italian national conceptions of their identity leading up to the fascist era of the 1920s and ‘30s. Using government documents, letters, and propaganda publications, this paper argues that Mussolini’s Fascist movement synthesized three competing ideas of the Risorgimento to shape Italian identity over half the century after the official end of the Risorgimento period. These ideas are the populism of Giuseppe Garibaldi, the conservatism of Camillo di Cavour, and the continually redrawn claims of terra irredenta, or land perceived by nationalists as culturally or historically Italian. Fascism fused these formerly competing ideologies under the fascist banner and focused on applying the methods of Garibaldi and Cavour to expanded claims of terra irredenta. Thus, the end of the direct influence of the Risorgimento on Italian political culture came not with the official unification of the Kingdom but rather with the defeat of Fascism. This defeat saw the claims of terra irredenta officially renounced, the Cavourian approach stripped of any remaining international legitimacy, and the Garibablian mythos of achieving populous aims through the use of force of arms discredited.

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This article focuses on destination branding using social representations as the main theoretical framework, with a specific focus on ICT-mediated social representations. It tackles the questions related to destination e-branding expressed through web marketing of city brand identity and city brand image of ten European capitals (Rome,