Human Computer Interaction

Gesture interpretation can be seen as a way for computers to begin to understand human body language, thus building a richer bridge between machines and humans than primitive text user interfaces or even GUIs, which still limit the majority of input to keyboard and mouse. It has also become increasingly evident that the difficulties encountered in the analysis and interpretation of individual sensing modalities may be overcome by integrating them into a multimodal human–computer interface.The different computational approaches that may be applied at the different levels of modality integration. Thus this system is needed for interpreting and fusing multiple sensing modalities in the context of human computer interface. This research can benefit from many disparate fields of study that increase our understanding of the different human communication modalities and their potential role in Human Computer Interface which can be used for handicapped persons to control their wheel-chair, e...

The employment of multi-purpose industrial robots has raised challenges on the identification of intuitive interfaces for effective Human Robot Interaction (HRI) that are suitable for the users, who may not necessarily be experienced in the field of robotics, robot installation and re-programming. In this study, an application of Augmented Reality (RPAR-II) is proposed and validated, for intuitive path planning, end-effector (EE) orientation planning, and the transformation of the planned trajectories into task-optimized executable robot paths. The proposed approach for path planning focuses on point-to-point robot operations, and aims to find a suitable path between a pair of start and goal configurations. After generating a collision-free volume (CFV), the users can create a series of control points interactively within the CFV to form a path. A Euclidean-based method has been developed for the selection of control points that are of interest and control point modification. A time-optimal trajectory optimization method, incorporating robot dynamics, is applied to the planned path to obtain the approximated optimal trajectory profile rapidly, which is used to simulate the virtual robot with a suitable control scheme. The proposed approach for robot end-effector (EE) orientation planning focuses on continuous path following operations, which constrain the EE to follow a visible path on a workpiece at permissible inclination angles. The proposed ABSTRACT xxi approach allows the users to select a sequence of control points on the curve, and specify the orientation of the EE at each point respectively. A modification scheme has been developed to facilitate the orientation planning, such that the resulting ruled surface representing the orientation profile of the EE along the curve can be adjusted interactively and efficiently. Applying the aforementioned trajectory optimization method, an optimal trajectory can be determined suitably for the direct transformation into executable robot controller codes.

Let's face it: in the age of Google and Wikipedia, the university and, most likely, secondary school business models will have to alter. We cannot make a life selling truth anymore. They are instantly accessible with the click of a mouse" (Firenstein, 2013). Despite information technology's long history as a major field of study, the last decade has seen a dramatic shift in the field's focus due to the rise of the Internet. To account for the dramatic developments across both technologies and their settings, many researchers have investigated and presented models and theories of technology adoption to anticipate and explicate user behaviour with technology. Most of these theories and models were created in the United States, and each one proposes a unique collection of determinants and moderators. Thus, it is questioned if the models and theories of technology acceptance developed, adapted, and extended in the United States are applicable in other nations, particularly India. Additionally, it is speculated that other potential determinants and moderators may also play significant roles in this setting. This paper (1) reviewed literature in regards to prominent theories and models; (2) reviewed previous literature about IT acceptance and usage within four contexts of study; and (3) concluded that using the Internet helps in improving academics' professional practices. In the research model, there are five main factors that influence usage and up to nine others that moderate important associations. Perceived utility, perceived ease of use, and self-efficacy were found to be the most important factors in determining usage behaviour in the classroom. Usefulness and self-efficacy were two primary characteristics that strongly predicted usage behaviour across different activities. In conclusion, usage patterns were a major factor in shaping future behaviour. Key drivers of using behaviour were also moderated by three factors: age, e-university plan, and reading and writing proficiency. There were just two moderators that affected the impact of usage behaviour on behaviour intention, and those were age and intended university research. Gender, degree of education, academic rank, years of experience, and fluency in India had no effect on the impact of the major determinants on usage behaviour, and usage behaviour had no effect on the impact of the intention to change. Practitioners may benefit from a deeper familiarity with the model in order to better understand the factors contributing to users' reluctance to adopt the technology and to develop more effective strategies for boosting its widespread adoption and use.

This study investigated the influence of stereoscopic visual depth and body vibration on the high-level affective perception that concerns the senses of presence and verisimilitude. The multisensory content used in our experiment consisted of the 3D video recording of a passing train as seen from the side of the railroad, binaural recording of the 3D spatial sound, and the ground vibrations caused by the train. The results showed that the augmented stereoscopic depth information enhanced the affective perception of both the presence and verisimilitude. Moreover, both the presence and verisimilitude saturated with an increase in the intensity of body vibration under the augmented perceived depth condition. However, compared to the presence, the verisimilitude tended to saturate at a lower vibration-intensity. This tendency is consistent with that reported in our previous research.

As the focus of interest in HCI research expands, new design approaches are needed. Interaction designers, who have been guiding their endeavors for better user interfaces by the concepts of usability and accessibility, are now having the opportunity to look into faces of usability not yet deeply explored: the affective and emotional ones. As an emerging subject, the need for models that associate emotions and affective quality with human-computer interaction design is still scarce. In this paper, a literature review -and its critical analysis about existing frameworks and models -organizes the state of the art about emotional quality towards the design of learning and educational systems. An experiment performed in the setting of an elementary school illustrates our proposal. From both the review and the experiment, we present the concept of Affectibility as the guiding notion from which the use and design of system-user interaction could be treated. Affectibility refers to the aspects that make the system of good -or bad -affective, emotional and hedonic qualities, potentially evoking certain affective responses in the users.

Cultural aspects, such as values, beliefs and behavioral patterns influence the way technology is understood and used, and the impact it may cause on the environment and on people. Social software is a growing reality worldwide, while the interaction design of this kind of systems is still a challenging task due to the lack of artifacts, methods, tools and even theories for supporting designers in dealing with subjective and contextualized issues, such as the cultural ones. In this paper, we present a culturally aware artifact named VF4SS that can support designers in a requirements clarification activity. We demonstrate how it can be used for dealing with cultural issues in an explicit way, suggesting a practical guide to support designers in this task. We draw on Organizational Semiotics and on building blocks of culture to ground our discussions and situate them in a practical context related to the development of social software for professionals of the Special Education field.

Technologies such as Tangible User Interfaces (TUIs) take advantage of the natural ability of children to tell stories, play and explain their personal and social behavior. TUI technologies can be designed to constitute scenarios of technology use for all and thus benefit inclusive schools. Challenges of designing such scenarios in the classroom include distraction of students, acceptance by teachers, and inclusion of students with disabilities. In this paper we focus on investigating the acceptance of a TUI environment, designed for the educational context of creating, sharing and telling stories collaboratively. We present a system as background for an evaluation of acceptance based on the Self Assessment Manikin model. Two groups of subjects participated in the evaluation: a group of HCI specialists, and a group of teachers working in an inclusive educational context. The pilot study with HCI specialists established a baseline showing that the system potentially has a high acceptance rate. The teachers reported in a subsequent study high levels of Pleasure and Arousal while we detected greater variance in the Dominance dimension. Although we do not see this variance as critical, it requires attention for the more complex modes of the system.

A literature review has indicated that the remote control, the main physical artifact of interaction with the television system, in its current form is not adequate to the interaction between users and applications of Interactive Digital Television (iDTV), especially in a scenario of diverse user profiles as found in Brazil. This paper describes participatory practices carried out with the intention of defining a new physical artifact of interaction for iDTV. Based on the results of these participatory practices and previous research results, we provide a definition of an artifact that can be adapted to diverse contexts of use.

Based on previous results of our research in the field of physical artifacts for interaction with Interactive Digital Television (iDTV) we developed a new digital device we named Adjustable Interactive Rings (AIRs). This work presents a quantitative analysis of an experiment conducted with twelve end-users in order to investigate the interaction of users with the hardware prototype of AIRs for iDTV. The experiment results presented in this paper indicate a positive acceptance of our solution and a good learning curve with respect to the interaction language of this physical artifact of interaction.

New ways to interact with technology are gaining ground over the familiar Graphical User Interfaces (GUI). The Tangible User Interfaces (TUI) are one example of this. However, while it may seem intuitive that such interfaces should evoke rather positive responses from users -e.g. feelings associated with pleasure -little has been studied in this sense. In this challenge of understanding the feelings that GUI and TUI have the potential to evoke, we present our findings from a research that involved more than a hundred people. The research question that guided our endeavors was: What are the relations between the feelings of joy, motivation and comfort when using TUI and GUI? We analyze the results and discuss some hypotheses to explain the behavior observed.

In spite of some divergence on interpretations of the concept of "affordance", the term is fundamental in HCI and interaction design. More recently, the recognition of the affective quality of systems is becoming increasingly important as well. As an emerging subject, there is a lack of discussion on related concepts and, ultimately, on their practical implications. The objective of this paper is to bring into discussion the concept of affect under the perspective of affordance. From a socio-cultural view, this paper articulates affective affordances within the theoretical references of Organizational Semiotics and the Socially Aware Design; and concludes with prospections on potential applications for the design of technology.

While technological innovation has significantly changed the interpreters' work, few professionals seem to have interpreted in the Metaverse or in Virtual Reality (VR). Limited data are available on simultaneous interpreting (SI) in virtual environments. This paper investigates the feasibility of simultaneously interpreting using VR headsets through a study conducted on 20 students enrolled in the Master's degree programme in Conference Interpreting at IULM University. The study focuses on turn-taking and the need for handover during simultaneous interpreting in VR, leading to the assumption that SI using VR headsets is feasible and constitutes a stimulating and immersive experience for interpreters. Data from this study suggest that SI shifts using VR headsets in virtual reality and in the Metaverse by means of avatars can last up to 20 minutes, followed by longer breaks to allow interpreters to rest from the stimuli and cognitive load perceived as considerably high in virtual environments.

The paper describes a possible approach to the design of believable dialogs between users and emotionally intelligent interactive agents capable of conveying emotional, verbal and non-verbal signals. User's affective profile is built according to the standard test in psychiatry and clinical psychology Emotions Profile Index. The agents have to predict and influence the behavior of users through communicative acts. The predictive power to a certain degree relies on expecting cooperation and on understanding user emotions, personality, interests and other mental states. Dialog automata are used to conceptualize the conversation between the users and the animated agents.

Innovations in mobile technology allow the use of Internet and smartphones for communicating disasters and coordinating evacuations. However, given the turbulent nature of disaster situations, the people and systems at crisis center are subjected to information overload, which can obstruct timely and accurate information sharing. A dynamic and automated evacuation plan that is able to predict future disaster outcome can be used to coordinate the affected people to safety in times of crisis. In this paper, we present a dynamic version of the shortest path algorithm of Dijkstra. The algorithm is able to compute the shortest path from the user's location (sent by the smartphone) to the safety area by taking into account possible affected areas in future. We aim at employing the computed routes on our mobile communication system for navigating affected people during emergency and disaster evacuations. Two simulation studies have validated the performance of the developed algorithm.

Within the last couple of years, automatic multimodal recognition of human emotions has gained a considerable interest from the research community. By taking into account more sources of information, the multimodal approaches allow for more reliable estimation of the human emotions. They increase the confidence of the results and decrease the level of ambiguity with respect to the emotions among the separate communication channels. This paper provides a thorough description of a bimodal emotion recognition system that uses face and speech analysis. Basically, we use hidden Markov models -HMMs to learn and to describe the temporal dynamics of the emotion clues in the visual and acoustic channels.

Lipreading gets increasingly attention from the scientific society. However, many aspects related to lipreading are still unknown or poorly understood. In the current paper we present the entire process used for engineering the data for building a lip recognizer. Firstly, we provide detailed information on compiling an advanced multimodal data corpus for audio-visual speech recognition, lipreading and related domains. This data corpus contains synchronized dual view acquired using high speed camera. We paid careful attention to the language content of the corpus and the affective state of the speaker. Secondly, we introduce several methods for extraction features from both views and detail the problem of combining the information from the two views. While the information of the frontal view processing is more like a state of the art, we bring as well valuable new information and analysis for the profile view.

The proliferation of small mobile devices and wireless networks has resulted in an increasing demand to support the applications found in wired environments on mobile devices. In real time replication systems, such as collaborative systems, this trend gives some new problems to address. The properties of wireless networks are low bandwidth and high latency, which change dynamically over time. The risk of the network getting congested is therefore high with the result that the user will not receive the important information in ...

Abstract: The topic of automatic interpretation of human communicative behaviour, that is, giving machines the ability to detect, identify, and understand human interactive cues, has become a central topic in machine vision research, natural language processing research and in AI research in general. The catalyst behind this recent 'human-centred computing hoopla'is the fact that automating monitoring and interpretation of human communicative behaviour is essential for the design of future smart environments, next generation ...

Car simulators are essential for training and for analyzing the behavior, the responses and the performance of the driver. Augmented Reality (AR) is the technology that enables virtual images to be overlaid on views of the real world. Affective Computing (AC) is the technology that helps reading emotions by means of computer systems [1][2][3], by analyzing body gestures, facial expressions, speech and physiological signals. The key aspect of the research relies on investigating novel interfaces that help building situational awareness and emotional awareness, to enable affect-driven remote collaboration in AR for car driving simulators. The problem addressed relates to the question about how to build situational awareness (using AR technology) and emotional awareness (by AC technology), and how to integrate these two distinct technologies [4], into a unique affective framework for training, in a car driving simulator.

Smart phones are very effective tools for increasing the productivity of business users. With their increasing computational power and storage capacity, smartphones allow end users to perform several tasks and be always updated while on the move. In Existing system, the location-based policy systems (LPS) are not accurate enough to differentiate between nearby locations without extra hardware or location devices. In most cases, such systems assume the context as given without providing or evaluating context detection methods of mobile devices. In order to overcome this issue, context-based access control (CBAC) mechanismhave been proposed. By means of CBAC, many privileges can be dynamically granted or revoked to applications based on the specific context of the user. The CBAC framework utilizes context sensing and machine learning to automatically classify contexts according to their security and privacy-related properties. It provides protection against device misuse using a dynam...

Due to the recent development of underlying hardware technology and improvement in installing environments, public display has been becoming more common and attracting more attention as a new type of signage. Any signage is required to make its content more attractive to its viewers by evaluating the current attractiveness on the fly, in order to deliver the message from the sender more effectively. However, most previous methods for public display require time to reflect the viewers' evaluations. In this paper, we present a novel system, called Mood-Learning Public Display, which automatically adapts its content design. This system utilizes viewers' involuntary behaviors as a sign of evaluation to make the content design more adapted to local viewers' tastes evolutionarily on site. The system removes the current gap between viewers' expectations and the content actually displayed on the display, and makes efficient mutual transmission of information between the cyberworld and the reality.

This paper investigates the use of game theoretic representations to represent and learn how to play interactive games such as Connect Four. We combine aspects of learning by demonstration, active learning, and game theory allowing a robot to leverage its developing representation of the game to conduct question/answer sessions with a person, thus filling in gaps in its knowledge. The paper demonstrates a method for teaching a robot the win conditions of the game Connect Four and its variants using a single demonstration and a few trial examples with a question and answer session led by the robot. Our results show that the robot can learn arbitrary win conditions for the game with little prior knowledge of the win conditions and then play the game with a human utilizing the learned win conditions. Our experiments also show that some questions are more important for learning the game's win conditions. We believe that this method could be broadly applied to a variety of interactiv...

Fidelity measurement is critical to ensuring that mental health interventions are delivered as intended and achieve meaningful outcomes. However, conventional fidelity tools often face challenges in real-world mental health settings, including limited usability, high resource demands, and poor contextual fit. Human-centered design (HCD) offers a promising, participatory approach to developing pragmatic fidelity tools that are usable, acceptable, and sustainable. HCD emphasizes empathy, co-creation, iterative testing, and stakeholder engagement—principles that align closely with implementation science priorities in mental health. This mini-review synthesizes currentapplications of core elements of HCD in fidelity measurement for mental health interventions. Drawing on case examples from youth services, community mental health, culturally adapted programs, and digital health platforms, we illustrate how HCD can enhance tool relevance, promote equity, and support sustained adoption. We also explore tensions in co-design processes, including balancing scientific rigor with adaptability, and managing resource constraints. Despite these challenges, integrating HCD into fidelity work can improve alignment with service realities, increase stakeholder ownership, and ultimately strengthen intervention quality and equity. We recommend embedding HCD principles within implementation frameworks and expanding support for participatory fidelity development. By tailoring fidelity tools to the dynamic contexts of mental health care, HCD can help bridge the gap between evidence and practice and improve mental health outcomes across diverse populations.

In addition to the functionalities of mobile phones that most people enjoy (phone calls, text messaging, camera, and music player), way-finding technology 1,2 , monitoring for health protection 3 , and general remote control may be useful. Whether the mobile phone has been developed for the broad mass market or especially for older persons 3 , people with certain impairments in the domain of using mobiles may be hampered in its use. The European Union is facing unprecedented demographic changes. From 2005 to 2030, it is estimated that the number of people 65+ will rise from about 15% to about 25% of the population 4,5 . This results in an increasing demand for technology that can be adapted to different impairments. Taking the needs of a broader spectrum of people into account in the design process is called 'Design for All', 'Barrier Free Design', 'Universal design', or 'Inclusive Design' and is defined as 'The design of products, services and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design' 6 . However, 'Inclusive Design' will never include all persons, and some will still need assistive technologies in certain environ-

In addition to the functionalities of mobile phones that most people enjoy (phone calls, text messaging, camera, and music player), way-finding technology 1,2 , monitoring for health protection 3 , and general remote control may be useful. Whether the mobile phone has been developed for the broad mass market or especially for older persons 3 , people with certain impairments in the domain of using mobiles may be hampered in its use. The European Union is facing unprecedented demographic changes. From 2005 to 2030, it is estimated that the number of people 65+ will rise from about 15% to about 25% of the population 4,5 . This results in an increasing demand for technology that can be adapted to different impairments. Taking the needs of a broader spectrum of people into account in the design process is called 'Design for All', 'Barrier Free Design', 'Universal design', or 'Inclusive Design' and is defined as 'The design of products, services and environments to be usable by all people, to the greatest extent possible, without the need for adaptation or specialized design' 6 . However, 'Inclusive Design' will never include all persons, and some will still need assistive technologies in certain environ-

An Interactive Whiteboard (IWB) is a device that is a giant tactile and projection screen. It can be considered as one of the main elements for pedagogical innovation with information technology. IWB allows to transform the classical classroom environment into a working and learning interactive environment. This pedagogical tool is particularly pertinent in higher school especially in scientific teaching where it allows to better illustrate scientific approach thanks to the ability to record annotations in association with a time line. If the use of IWB seems to be natural in lecture, it can also be used in tutorial and practical class where collaborative work is particularly important. The collaborative ability is closely tied to the softwares used. Few software have functionalities aimed at facilitate collaborative work. This feature is the main issue of this article. To develop this ability, a multi-agent approach has been chosen. Multi-agent systems approach is one of the most interesting thanks to its intrinsic properties and features such as simplicity, flexibility, reliability, self-organization/emergent phenomena, low cost agent design and adaptation skills,... This paper presents the solution developed in order to make IWB able to communicate with each other.

Simulation, which creates abstractions of the system is an appropriate approach for studying complex systems that are inaccessible through direct observation and measurement. Many simulators aimed at studying vehicles dynamics are existing. Most of them are focusing on mechanical simulation of the vehicle with a special focus on tyre/road contact. The main drawback of these is the requirement of real vehicle (this can be a simple prototype) to build a dynamical model. Another drawback is the difficulty to integrate virtual sensors and onboard artificial intelligence abilities. The aim of Virtual Intelligent Vehicle Urban Simulator is thus to overcome the general drawbacks of classical solutions by providing the possibility of designing vehicle virtual prototype with well simulated embedded sensors. This paper presents the global architecture of the simulator and draws some comparisons of simulations with real experiments.

Small-world architectures may be implicated in a range of phenomena from networks of neurons in the cerebral cortex to social networks and propogation of viruses [1]- . Small-world networks are interpolations of regular and random networks that retain the advantages of both regular and random networks by being highly clustered like regular networks and having small average path length between nodes, like random networks. While most of the recent attention on small-world networks has focussed on the effect of introducing disorder/randomness into a regular network, we show that that the fundamental mechanism behind the small-world phenomenon is not disorder/randomness, but the presence of connections of many different length scales. Consequently, in order to explain the small-world phenomenon, we introduce the concept of multiple scale networks and then state the multiple length scale hypothesis . We show that small-world behavior in randomly rewired networks is a consequence of features common to all multiple scale networks. To support the multiple length scale hypothesis, novel network architectures are introduced that need not be a result of random rewiring of a regular network. In each case it is shown that whenever the network exhibits small-world behavior, it also has connections of diverse length scales. We also show that the distribution of the length scales of the new connections is significantly more important than whether the new connections are long range, medium range or short range.

This paper evaluates the Human Affect Recording Tool (HART), a Computer Assisted Direct Observation (CADO) application that facilitates scientific sampling. HART enforces an established method for systematic direct observation in Educational Data Mining (EDM) research, the Baker Rodrigo Ocumpaugh Monitoring Protocol [25] [26]. This examination provides insight into the design of HART for rapid data collection for both formative classroom assessment and educational research. It also discusses the possible extension of these tools to other domains of affective computing and human computer interaction.

Online social networks (OSNs) are one of the most popular web-based services for people to communicate and share information with each other. With all their bene ts, OSNs might raise serious problems in what concerns users' privacy. One privacy risk is caused by accessing and sharing co-owned data items, i.e., when a user posts a data item that involves other users, some users' privacy may be disclosed, since users generally have di erent privacy preferences regarding who can access and share their data. Another risk is caused by the privacy settings o ered by OSNs that do not, in general, allow ne-grained enforcement, especially in cases where posted data items concern other users. We discuss and give examples of these issues, in order to illustrate their impacts on current OSNs' privacy protection mechanisms. We propose a collaborative access control framework to deal with such privacy issues. Basically, in our framework, the decision whether a user can access or share a co-owned data item is based on the aggregated opinion of all users involved. Our solution is based on the sensitivity level of users with respect to the concerned data item, the trust among users, the types of controllers (those who are concerned in making the collaborative decision) and the types of accessors (those who are identi ed to access a given data item or not). In order to observe how varying some of the parameters mentioned above in uence the outcome of the permitting/denying decision of the proposed solution, we provide an evaluation of our framework. We also present a proof-of-concept implementation of our approach in the open source OSN Diaspora.

The ubiquity of smartphones and the growth of computing resources, such as connectivity, processing, portability, and power of sensing, have greatly changed people's lives. Today, many smartphones contain a variety of powerful sensors, including motion, location, network, and direction sensors. Motion or inertial sensors (e.g., accelerometer), specifically, have been widely used to recognize users' physical activities. This has opened doors for many different and interesting applications in several areas, such as health and transportation. In this perspective, this work provides a comprehensive, state of the art review of the current situation of human activity recognition (HAR) solutions in the context of inertial sensors in smartphones. This article begins by discussing the concepts of human activities along with the complete historical events, focused on smartphones, which shows the evolution of the area in the last two decades. Next, we present a detailed description of the HAR methodology, focusing on the presentation of the steps of HAR solutions in the context of inertial sensors. For each step, we cite the main references that use the best implementation practices suggested by the scientific community. Finally, we present the main results about HAR solutions from the perspective of the inertial sensors embedded in smartphones.

In Human-machine interaction, information is communicated between a human and the machine via user interfaces. Consequently, the measures and level of insights that can be derived from such studies will be dependent upon the context under which the experimental setup was designed for. This paper highlights a successful highly synchronous human-in-the-loop (HITL) experimental system that can be used to measure situational awareness in Air Traffic Monitoring. The system setup consists of a NARSIM radar interface that displays the relevant aircraft information, a secondary control computer for the recording processing, and storage of the captured neurophysiological inputs, a remote eye tracker, and an electroencephalogram (EEG), the latter two of which provide the input. In setting up such a system, discussion of key design consideration on system compatibility and information transferability, spatial and resolution accuracy, data input sources and synchronization, software selection, ...

The objective of this paper is to perform a comprehensive performance comparison of public cloud services for computing and to analyze the correlation between their prices and performance. Eight representative public cloud providers were divided into two groups using market share: small cloud providers and large cloud providers. Results revealed that these offered computing services vary widely in performance and price; most small cloud providers have more stable and better computing performance than large cloud providers; the performance of CPU impact price significantly.

The big data revolution is an exciting opportunity for universities, which typically have rich and complex digital data on their learners. It has motivated many universities around the world to invest in the development and implementation of learning analytics dashboards (LADs). These dashboards commonly make use of interactive visualisation widgets to assist educators in understanding and making informed decisions about the learning process. A common operation in analytical dashboards is a 'drill-down', which in an educational setting allows users to explore the behaviour of sub-populations of learners by progressively adding filters. Nevertheless, drill-down challenges exist, which hamper the most effective use of the data, especially by users without a formal background in data analysis. Accordingly, in this paper, we address this problem by proposing an approach that recommends insightful drill-downs to LAD users. We present results from an application of our proposed approach using an existing LAD. A set of insightful drill-down criteria from a course with 875 students are explored and discussed.

The big data revolution is an exciting opportunity for universities, which typically have rich and complex digital data on their learners. It has motivated many universities around the world to invest in the development and implementation of learning analytics dashboards (LADs). These dashboards commonly make use of interactive visualisation widgets to assist educators in understanding and making informed decisions about the learning process. A common operation in analytical dashboards is a 'drill-down', which in an educational setting allows users to explore the behaviour of sub-populations of learners by progressively adding filters. Nevertheless, drill-down challenges exist, which hamper the most effective use of the data, especially by users without a formal background in data analysis. Accordingly, in this paper, we address this problem by proposing an approach that recommends insightful drill-downs to LAD users. We present results from an application of our proposed approach using an existing LAD. A set of insightful drill-down criteria from a course with 875 students are explored and discussed.

In this paper, we present an overview of our research project with Gaia, a development infrastructure for ubiquitous applications. This infrastructure is based on three main elements: a component-based middleware operating system that provides a generic computational environment for ubiquitous computing, an application model that defines a standard mechanism to build ubiquitous applications, and a scripting language that we use to assemble componentbased applications and to coordinate activities in ubiquitous computing scenarios.

Models of interactive systems can be used to answer focused questions about those systems. Making the appropriate choice of modelling technique depends on what questions are being asked. We present two styles of interactive system model and associated verification method. We show how they contrast in terms of tractability, inspectability of assumptions, level of abstraction and reusability of model fragments. These tradeoffs are discussed. We discuss how they can be used as part of an integrated formal approach to the analysis of interactive systems where the different formal techniques focus on specific problems raised by empirical investigations. Explanations resulting from the formal analyses can be validated with respect to the empirical data. The first modelling style, which we term 'operational', is derived directly from principles of rationality that constrain which user behaviours are modelled. Modelling involves laying out user knowledge of the system and task, and their goals, then applying the principles to reason about the space of rational behaviours. This style supports reasoning about user knowledge and the consequences of particular knowledge in terms of likely behaviours. It is well suited to reasoning about interactions where user knowledge is a key to successful interaction. Such models can readily be implemented as computer programs; one such implementation is presented here. Models of the second style, 'abstract', are derived from the operational models and thus retain important aspects of rationality. As a result of the simplification, mathematical proof about selected properties of the interactive system, such as safety properties, can be tractably applied to these models. This style is well suited to cases where the user adopts particular strategies that can be represented succinctly within the model. We demonstrate the application of the two styles for understanding a reported phenomenon, using a case study on electronic diaries.

We formally specify the interpretation stage in a dual state space human-computer interaction cycle. This is done by extending / reorganising our previous cognitive architecture. In particular, we focus on shape related aspects of the interpretation process associated with device input prompts. A cash-point example illustrates our approach. Using the SAL model checking environment, we show how the extended cognitive architecture facilitates detection of prompt-shape induced human error.

A better understanding of "human error" is needed to help overcome problems of people assuming they are to blame for their inability to use poorly designed technology. In order to investigate people's ability to recognize, and reflect on the causes of, particular types of errors, a problem solving environment was designed that allowed participants to verbally self-report erroneous and exploratory interactions. It was found that the pervasiveness of errors was recognizable but underlying cognitive and attentional causes of errors were not. Participants found that providing a causal account of device-specific errors during interaction was especially difficult. A striking feature of device-specific errors is that they involve actions that do not move an individual towards a goal state, but remain critical to performing a task correctly. Successfully identifying why an error has occurred requires an understanding of environmental cues and salience. Findings imply that HCI practitioners need to develop techniques to adjust the visual salience of cues, making it is possible to recognize and recover from error.

This article introduces the goal and activities of the LAK 2018 half-day workshop on the involvement of stakeholders for achieving learning analytics at scale . The goal of the half-day workshop is to gather different stakeholders to discuss at-scale learning analytics interventions. In particular the workshop focuses on learning analytics applications and learning dashboards that go beyond the implementation in a single course or context, but that have at least the potential for scaling across different courses, programs, and institutes. The main theme of the workshop is to explore how the involvement of different stakeholders can strengthen or hinder learning analytics at scale. The key findings, recommendations, and conclusions of the workshop will be presented in a summarizing report, which will be shaped as a SWOT analysis for stakeholder involvement for achieving learning analytics at scale.

Bu çalışmada, üzerine sensörler yerleştirilmiş gözlük benzeri bir aracın giyilmesi ile göz hareketlerini ve bakışı takip etme amacı ile geliştirilen bir sistem tanıtılmaktadır. Çalışma şekli nedeniyle ortaya çıkan ürüne Eye Touch (Göz Dokunuşu) ismi verilmiştir. I şık algılayıcıları, gözlüğün çerçeve k ı smına yerleştirilmiştir. Ortamdaki ışıktan etkilenmemesi için kızılötesi (IR) sensörler ve bunlarla uyumlu IR ışık kaynakları kullanılmıştır. Bu şekilde ucuz sensörler kullanılarak, normalde kullanılan kamera-tabanlı yöntemlere nazaran daha düşük maliyete ve işlem karmaşıklığına sahip bir sistem elde edilmiştir. Geliştirilen prototip üzerinde hassasiyet çalışmaları yapılmıştır. Deneysel sonuçlar, Eye Touch sisteminin ümit vaadeden bir İnsan-Bilgisayar arayüzü olduğunu göstermiştir.

Among various approaches to eye tracking systems, light-reflection based systems with non-imaging sensors, e.g., photodiodes or phototransistors, are known to have relatively low complexity; yet, they provide moderately accurate estimation of the point of gaze. In this paper, a low-computational approach on gaze estimation is proposed using the Eye Touch system, which is a light-reflection based eye tracking system, previously introduced by the authors. Based on the physical implementation of Eye Touch, the sensor measurements are now utilized in low-computational least-squares algorithms to estimate arbitrary gaze directions, unlike the existing light reflection-based systems, including the initial Eye Touch implementation, where only limited predefined regions were distinguished. The system also utilizes an effective pattern classification algorithm to be able to perform left, right, and double clicks based on respective eye winks with significantly high accuracy. In order to avoid accuracy problems for sensitive sensor biasing hardware, a robust custom microcontroller-based data acquisition system is developed. Consequently, the physical size and cost of the overall Eye Touch system are considerably reduced while the power efficiency is improved. The results of the experimental analysis over numerous subjects clearly indicate that the proposed eye tracking system can classify eye winks with 98% accuracy, and attain an accurate gaze direction with an average angular error of about 0.93°. Due to its lightweight structure, competitive accuracy and low-computational requirements relative to videobased eye tracking systems, the proposed system is a promising human-computer interface for both stationary and mobile eye tracking applications.

This paper explores new possibilities for social interaction between a human user and a robot with an abstract shape. The social interaction takes place by simulating behaviors such as submissiveness and dominance and analyzing the corresponding human reactions. We used an object that has no resemblance with human features in its shape or expression mode, in order to exclude the effect of these features on the human behavior. An intelligent walk-in closet was made to behave either dominantly or submissively using lighting effects. The behaviors of the closet were rated by participants using the Bem Sex Role Inventory in a pilot study, resulting in the selection of one submissive and one dominant lighting behavior for the closet. Participants' personality was measured using the Social Dominance Orientation questionnaire. These data were then compared to measurements of user satisfaction and feelings of dominance, arousal, and valence after scenario completion. A surprising effect was revealed as participants with a dominant personality reported feeling submissive to a dominant system, while in comparison, persons with a submissive personality felt more dominant in the same condition. Furthermore, it was found that a submissive system was generally more preferred by users. We draw a careful conclusion that people interact differently with systems that show human-like attitudes, than they would in response to similar attitude expressed by other person. These findings need to be investigated further with dominant/submissive nonverbal behaviors that are then simulated on a humanoid robot. We use the Interpersonal Behavior Circle (IBC) theory by Leary [13] to make the behavior of the closet realistic with respect to the interpersonal interaction scenarios. The IBC framework consists out of two axes: dominance-submission on the vertical axis and hate-love (affinity) on the horizontal axis. The theory states that if social interaction participant A

Including hypermedia in broadcast video combines content formatted for a lean-forward medium (the Web) with a lean-back one (TV) to form a hybrid medium. We identify four challenges for interacting with and experiencing this new medium. We discuss the role a second screen may play in addressing these challenges.

In the vision of ubiquitous computing, users are imagined as evolving in various, changing and not always foreseeable environments, in which platforms may arrive and disappear in an opportunistic manner. As a result, there is a need for User Interfaces (UI) to adapt to their context of use (<User, Platform, Environment>) while preserving usability. This capacity of UIs is called Plasticity. In a forward engineering approach, UIs are designed step by step starting from domainbased descriptions (user's tasks and concepts) t o code. It is now well understood that plasticity may impact UIs at any level of abstraction. This calls for keeping the UIs design rationale alive at runtime. As models are practiced since a long time in Human-Computer Interaction (HCI), this paper investigates to which extent Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) is relevant for plasticity. UIs are designed as a net of models that define different perspectives on a same UI (user's task, domain, concepts, widgets, etc.). The net is alive at run-time and transformed when the context of use changes. Transformations are performed with respect t o usability. This paper sketches the vision on a small running case study. It highlights a set of strengths and doubts that give rise to many perspectives.

Machine les modèles étaient restés jusqu'ici associés à la décevante génération automatique des Interfaces Homme-Machine (IHM), ils reviennent aujourd'hui, investis d'espoir, comme solution à la diversité des contextes d'usage en informatique ambiante. Par contexte d'usage, on entend un triplet <utilisateur, plate-forme, environnement> définissant les conditions humaines, matérielles, logicielles, lumineuses, sonores, sociales, etc. hébergeant l'interaction.

Musicians and composers have been using brainwaves as generative sources in music for at least 40 years and the possibility of a brain-computer interface for direct communication and control was first seriously investigated in the early 1970s. Work has been done by many artists and technologists in the intervening years to attempt to control music systems with brainwaves and - indeed - many other biological signals. Despite the richness of EEG, fMRI and other data which can be read from the human brain, there has up to now been only limited success in translating the complex encephalographic data into satisfactory musical results. We are currently pursuing research which we believe will lead to the possibility of direct brain-computer interfaces for rich and expressive musical control. This report will outline the directions of our current research and results.