Biological control of mosquito larvae

The rate of predation by stage IV instar Toxorhynchites splendens larvae on the equivalent instar stage larvae of Culex quinquefasciatus and Armigeres subalbatus, co-occurring in sewage drains, were noted for a period of three consecutive days in the laboratory using different prey densities and combinations. The rate of predation varied by age of the predator, density of prey, and prey type. The number of Ar. subalbatus larvae consumed by a single Tx. splendens larva ranged between 0.50 +/- 0.71 and 16.40 +/- 2.01; while for Cx. quinquefasciatus larvae, the number consumed ranged from 0.20 +/- 0.42 to 20.40 +/- 1.43 per day. The pupation rates of the prey species varied in respect to control, with a minimum of 0.20 +/- 0.42 pupa/day to a maximum of 12.20 +/- 2.30 pupa/day in the presence of Tx. splendens. The values for the controls were 1.00 +/- 0.87 and 14.44 +/- 2.83 pupa/day, respectively. Irrespective of prey densities and combinations, a single Tx. splendens fourth instar lar...

This innovation was created to control the dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) vector population in the larval cycle because several previous control methods were considered less sensitive, effective, and efficient. To test the effectiveness of portable electrical-mechanical methods in controlling Aedes aegypti larvae. The research design was posttest only which was tested on 80liter and 90-liter volume containers in light and dark colors. Statistical analysis used the independent samples t-test, and Pearson correlation (α=5%). Laboratory test results show that the average time needed to suck all the larvae in a light-colored container with a volume of 80 liters is 38 seconds (28-57 seconds) and a volume of 90 liters is 99.6 seconds (80-119 seconds). In a darkcolored container, the 80-liter volume is 50.8 seconds (3-89 seconds) and the 90-liter volume is 106.8 seconds (88-122 seconds). This tool sucks larvae faster in containers with a volume of 80 liters compared to a volume of 90 liters. The greater the volume of water and the higher the water surface, the longer it takes to suck the larvae. This tool is effective and efficient in speeding up the process of monitoring, collecting, and controlling larvae in large containers.

In the absence of alternate prey Stigmatogobius sadanundio is a better predator as compared to Aplocheilus panchax as it consumed significantly more number of Culex as well as Chironomus larvae in both simple and complex habitats. In the presence of alternate prey A. panchax consumed significantly more number of Culex larvae as compared to Chironomus larvae in simple habitat but the reverse was true for S. sadanundio. In complex habitat both S. sadanundio and A. panchax, though consumed significantly more Culex larvae as compared to Chironomus larvae, predation rate was slightly higher in case of S. sadanundio. Preference index was higher in favour of Culex larvae for A. panchax in both simple and complex habitats but it was so for S. sadanundio only in complex habitat. Predatory efficiency thus depends on the availability of the alternate prey as well as nature of habitat.

Plant essential oils may act as alternatives to conventional pesticides for malaria, dengue and filariasis vector. The aim of this study was to evaluate the larvicidal activity of oil extract of Lantana aculeata against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi and Culex quinquefasciatus. Essential oil from L. aculeata was hydrodistillated and their bio components were determined by GC-MS analysis. L. aculeata essential oil was most effective against A. aegypti with LC50 11.01 ppm and LC 90 34.12 ppm, when compared to A. stephensi (LC50 11.18 ppm and LC 90 36.44 ppm) and C. quinquefasciatus (LC50 12.85 ppm and LC90 39.42 ppm). The results showed that the leaf essential oil and its bio constituents can be considered as a potent source for the production of natural larvicides.

One of the diseases that still has the potential to become an epidemic in Indonesia is Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). Banjarbaru City is a dengue-endemic area with a high number of new cases (IR) of dengue during 2016-2018 consecutively. In 2018, Banjarbaru City's IR DBD was the second highest after Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency at 105.24 per 100,000 population. The purpose of this study is to describe the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever based on the review of larva free index, education level, and population density in the City of Banjarbaru in 2018-2019. The population in this study is demographic data and health data in the City of Banjarbaru in 2018-2019. The sample of this research is the data on dengue cases, larva free index data, education level data, and population density data for the City of Banjarbaru in 2018-2019. Descriptive data analysis used frequency distribution tables and cross-tabulations. The results showed descriptively low larva free index showed a lo...

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is a type infectious disease that often causes extraordinary events in Indonesia. Pringsewu District is one area that has experienced an increase in dengue cases every year. One of the risk factors for the occurrence of DHF is the presence of breeding places and vector density. Vector density can be measured through ABJ, HI, and CI values. This research aims to determine the region's level of vulnerability against DHF incidents, the relationship of Breeding Place existence, ABJ, HI and CI with DHF incidents in Pringsewu District. This research uses an observational analytic method with a cross sectional approach, data are analyzed using overlay map and correlation statistical tests. The results showed that there was a relationship between breeding place (p=0,000), ABJ (p=0,000), HI (p=0,000), and CI (p=0,000) with the incidence of DHF.

South Sulawesi is a province in Indonesia with 3,747 dengue cases recorded and 29 deaths (Dinkes Prov. South Sulawesi 2020). The total population in South Sulawesi Province in 2021 amounted to 9,139,531 people spread across 24 regencies/cities, with the largest population of 1,427,595 in Makassar City (BPS Sulses 2022).

Clean water reservoirs can become mosquito breeding grounds because water comes from rainwater, water wells, and taps, making them an ideal breeding ground for the Aedes aegypti mosquito vector of the dengue virus. This study aims to determine the hatchability of eggs and the growth of Aedes aegypti in three different types of brooding water in Sako Village, Palembang City. This study is experimental. The sample contains 1200 Aedes aegypti eggs collected from the Health Research and Development Center (Balitbangkes), the Ministry of Health of Indonesia in Baturaja, as well as three types of water collected from the homes of residents suffering from Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever in Sako Village, Sako District, Palembang City. Data was collected through direct observation for 5 days of egg hatching in the third water, which was repeated three times. The study's results were analyzed by the ANOVA, Honest Significant Difference test (BNJ), and R studio software version 4.1.2. The average...

The naiads of Crocothemis servilia (Drury) feed only on larvae of Culex quiniquefasciatus and both larvae and pupae of Aedes aegypti under laboratory condition. It prefers 2 nd instar larva over other instars of C. quiniquefasciatus and for 3 rd instar larvae of A. aegypti. These exhibited higher predation rate during day time. The diurnal clearance rate was significantly higher than the nocturnal one for both the species. Maximum clearance rate was observed during first hour of predation. Results indicate that C. servilia could be used as a potential biocontrol agent against mosquito larvae.

Arthropods are most dominant being, as they have highest number of species and most ancient group of animal kingdom. Mosquitoes are most diverse group of arthropods that are carriers of human diseases viz. dengue, malaria, chikungunya etc. which are not fully cured yet (in the manner of vaccinations or medications). For this purpose mosquito vector control is still the primary method of avoidance. Broad-spectrum use of conventional insecticides (larvicides along with the adulticides) during disease transmission times, are the main stays of control methods. Due to the drawbacks of conventional tactics, specifically the emergence of insecticide resistance and environmental pollution, major attempts have been made to explore new eco-friendly techniques. Therefore, biological control use as an alternative strategy that target a variety of mosquito species without causing harm to the environment or adding unnecessary risks to human health. Here in this review, we discussed biological tactics that have been used or are being tried out to control mosquito vectors.

Characterization of the Aedes aegypti larval container is an important factor influencing mosquito reproduction patterns and is an important aspect of integrated vector control. The study purpose to identify the characteristics and predict the risk of water reservoirs that have the potential as a breeding place for the Aedes aegypti mosquito. The study was using descriptive with a quantitative approach. It was conducted in the West Banjarmasin District which consisted of 9 villages (Kuin Selatan, Kuin Cerucuk, Belitung Selatan, Pelambuan, Belitung Utara, Telaga Biru, Telawang, Teluk Tiram, and Basirih). The population was all households in West Banjarmasin District with a total of 10.003 houses. A sample of 100 houses was taken using proportional random sampling. The results showed that 77.8% of households use tap water sources and there are 44,4% use dark colored containers. Most of the households have a water reservoir in the house (88.9%) and in Teluk Tiram Village about 66.70% o...

Among the natural predators, larval stages of the mosquito <em>Lutzia fuscana (</em>Wiedemann, 1820) (Diptera: Culicidae) bear potential as a biological control agent of mosquitoes. An estimation of the predatory potential of the larva of <em>L. fuscana</em> against the larva of the dengue vector <em>Aedes aegypti</em> (Linnaeus, 1762) (Diptera: Culicidae) was made to highlight its use in vector management. Laboratory experiments revealed that the…

ABSTRAK Meningkatnya insiden DBD di semua kelompok usia dan jenis kelamin memiliki dampak besar bagi pembangunan karena secara langsung menurunkan produktivitas. Tingginya insiden DBD ini dimungkinkan karena pencegahan kontak yang rendah dan kurangnya kontrol terhadap Aedes sp. Situasi ini berkontribusi terhadap keberlangsungan hidup vektor. Penelitian bertujuan untuk menemukan lokasi potensial yang menjadi tempat penularan dan menggambarkan upaya masyarakat dalam pengendalian vektor DBD di Kota Sukabumi, Provinsi Jawa Barat pada tahun 2012. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode potong lintang yang diawali dengan penemuan kasus DBD dengan penapisan menggunakan uji cepat Non Structural Protein One (NS1) yang mampu mengidentifikasi keberadaan virus dengue pada hari pertama demam. Selanjutnya dari penderita dikumpulkan informasi dugaan lokasi transmisi, dilanjutkan pemeriksaan keberadaan vektor dan upaya pengendalian vektor. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan, kontak langsung dengan fasilitas ke...

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) has become a public health problem in Indonesia, especially affecting children aged < 15 years. This study aim to analyze the density of Aedes sp larvae in elementary schools in the endemic and non-endemic DHF in Kupang City. This study located in 12 elementary schools in the endemic area of DHF and 7 elementary schools in non-endemic. Data were collected by trained field officers through a survey of the conditions and types of water container and the density of Aedes sp larvae. Data were analyzed descriptively and displayed with tables by percentage. The results showed that the condition of water container was not covered, that are 92.2% and 93.3%, respectively. The water reservoirs that are positive for Aedes aegypti larvae in endemic and non-endemic DHF that are bathtub (39.4% and 35.7), and in crock (37.2% and 0.0%). The Aedes sp larval density was 33.3% for Container Index, both in endemic area, and House Index  in endemic and non-endemic DHF 8...

Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an infectious disease caused by the dengue virus which is transmitted by the Aedes sp Mosquito. The Incident Rate (IR) in the Rowosari Health Center area in 2018 is still high, which is 98/100,000 residents. This study purpose to analyze the correlation between the rate of larvae and several environmental factors with the incidence of dengue in the work area of Rowosari Health Center, Semarang City. The research is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach, carried out by the analytic survey method. The sample in this study was houses located in 5 urban villages in the Rowosari health center area chosen by purposive sampling method. The results of this study indicate that the Rowosari Health Center work area has a House Index value (17.5%), Container Index (5.7%), Breteau Index (19.5%) with density figure 2-5. The results of the Pearson correlation test showed no significant correlation between House Index (p = 0.126), Container Index (p =...

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Dengue is one of the important diseases in tropical countries like India. The study is to analyze the Geo ecological relationship of dengue in Madurai city, especially ecological and its association with selected socio-economic, environmental, behavioral and medical aspects. The data collections were taken by using the method of stratified Random sampling and a total of 600 questionnaire samples. The data was analyzed by multi variant statistical technique ‘Factor analysis’ is used to find the major dimensions and interrelationship between dengue and geo ecological variables. The main objective is to analyze the geoecological variation and associated factors about the prevalence of dengue. The study identified 14 major dimensions with a total percentage of 75.7. The major findings of the study is that house hold cement containers, plastic containers, and open containers etc.; used for storing drinking water are the main breeding centers of mosquitoes and the increasing or decreasing...

Malaria is a major public health problem and its prevalence is dependent on mosquitoes. There is an increased interest in developing plant-based insecticides as sustainable alternatives to chemical insecticides for the control of mosquitoes. The potential of Moringa plant as a larvicide against the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiaes. S was evaluated and its effects on mosquito fish were also studied. Toxic components in Moringa oleifera seeds were extracted using; five aliquots of concentrations ranging from 1160-8700 µg/ml were prepared by serial dilutions from the extract. Three independent laboratory procedures were run in quadruplicate in which third instar larvae of Anopheles gambiaes. S was exposed to different concentrations and a control group was exposed to distilled water. The fishes were exposed to three graded treatment of the aqueous extract in two experiments run in triplicate. Behavioral changes were observed for 24 hours. From the larval bioassay, the extract presented a 72hour-LC50 and LC90 of 1885.4 µg/ml, 3902.4 µg/ml respectively, (p<0.05), causing 99.33±1.15%mortality at 8700µg/ml. The toxicity assay showed that the guppy fishes exhibited varying degrees of changes as a result of the exposure to treatment unlike in the control. The results obtained show that Moringa seed extract has larvicidal potentials for Anopheles gambiaes. S with observed little or no toxicity effects on the non target, guppy fish. The effectiveness of Moringa seed extract makes it a viable larvicide. Moringa-based larvicides may provide cheap and readily available alternative to synthetic insecticides.

One of the diseases that still has the potential to become an epidemic in Indonesia is Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF). Banjarbaru City is a dengue-endemic area with a high number of new cases (IR) of dengue during 2016-2018 consecutively. In 2018, Banjarbaru City&#39;s IR DBD was the second highest after Hulu Sungai Selatan Regency at 105.24 per 100,000 population. The purpose of this study is to describe the incidence of dengue hemorrhagic fever based on the review of larva free index, education level, and population density in the City of Banjarbaru in 2018-2019. The population in this study is demographic data and health data in the City of Banjarbaru in 2018-2019. The sample of this research is the data on dengue cases, larva free index data, education level data, and population density data for the City of Banjarbaru in 2018-2019. Descriptive data analysis used frequency distribution tables and cross-tabulations. The results showed descriptively low larva free index showed a lo...

The water bugs &lt;em&gt;Diplonychus rusticus&lt;/em&gt; (Fabricius) (Heteroptera: Belostomatidae) and &lt;em&gt;Anisops bouvieri&lt;/em&gt; (Kirkaldy) (Heteroptera: Notonectidae) co-occur in wetlands sharing mosquito larvae as prey. As a consequence, an asymmetrical intraguild predation (IGP) involving D. rusticus as IG predator and &lt;em&gt;A. bouvieri&lt;/em&gt; as IG prey can be possible, the outcome of which may vary with the relative density of interacting species. Based on this proposition density dependent effects on the IG prey and shared prey mortality were assessed in the laboratory using varying numbers of IG predator and shared prey (IV instar &lt;em&gt;Culex quinquefasciatus&lt;/em&gt; larva). In contrast to single predator system, mosquito larvae were proportionately less vulnerable to predation in IGP, at low density of shared prey. An increase in density of mosquito decreased the mortality of IG prey (&lt;em&gt;A. bouvieri&lt;/em&gt;), but the mean mortality of the...

North Halmahera Region is not categorized in the list of higher regions of dengue fever in Indonesia. However, in the last few years, the occurrence of fever dengue in this region tend to increased. To get basic information in order to find the proper strategy for dengue fever control, a survey of mosquito larvae in the Dusun IV Gosoma village, North Halmahera have been done with the purpose was to determined the types and density of mosquito larvae.The research was cross-sectional designed, it was held at July and August 2018 in Dusun IV Gosoma Village, District of Tobelo, North Halmahera region. The mosquito larvae was checked at the containers as potential breeding place using single larvae methods. The larvae was identified in Integrated Science laboratory, University of Halmahera. The identified larvae was used to calculate Container Index (CI), House Index (HI) and Free Larvae Number. Temperature, moisture light intensity and pH were measured in sites. A survey of mosquito lar...

DOI: 10.21276/haya.2018.3.6.3 Abstract: Dengue and chikungunya are two mosquito-borne viral ailments transmitted by the same species of mosquito, Aedes aegypti and these ailments are of great public health concern in country like India. Thus, the present study was aimed to check the influence of antagonistic crustaceans on population of Aedes mosquitoes. Based on our laboratory experiments, the best ratio of antagonistic crustaceans (Cyclopoid copepod, Mesocyclops aspericornis and cladoceran, Daphnia magna) was chosen against Aedes aegypti larvae to test the influence of these crustaceans under simulated conditions. During the study it was observed that overall time taken for the larvae to convert into adult was 14.82±2.65 ranging from 14.0-21.0 days i.e. 4 days longer than the control sets. L1 larval stage was more prone to mortality i.e. 42.35±0.69 than other larval stages. Total adult emergence was significantly reduced i.e. 52.30±1.57 (31.65±0.69 males and 20.65±0.88 females). S...

The struggle to control insect-borne diseases can lead to make rash decisions. For instance, the controversial method of planting of Crotalaria spp. to attract predatory dragonflies can be used to control insect vectors of dengue fever and several other medically significant insect-borne diseases. Nevertheless, there is no scientific support for this assumption. Despite the lack of evidence, in Brazil, there remains a multitude of online articles and grey literature sources still promote Crotalaria planting as a means to prevent dengue fever. Here we discuss the reasons why Odonata would not be attracted by Crotalaria and, therefore, it cannot not be considered as an efficient method for vector control. Finally, the best practice to avoid the spread of insect-borne diseases in the tropics is to avoid the accumulation of standing water in urban areas.

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Climate change causes changes rainfall, temperature, air humidity and wind direction so that affect the reproduction of vectors of diseases such as the mosquito &lt;em&gt;Aedes&lt;/em&gt;, &lt;em&gt;Malaria&lt;/em&gt;, etc. that it needs to be monitored the increase in many cases DB. free number of larvae (&lt;em&gt;ABJ&lt;/em&gt;) is one of the larva density indicator, although &lt;em&gt;ABJ&lt;/em&gt; has more than 90 percent but morbidity remains high. The condition of the &lt;em&gt;ABJ&lt;/em&gt; not describes the density of larvae jentik, so that the need to study the density jentik indicator that more can describe as the larvae density index with SEM based Variance approach. The results of the study showed that the structural model nonparametric to larva density is the best model based on the criteria of R&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; and Q&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;. The Ministry of Health and behavior, environment condition and breeding place/site effect on the larva density of 87.7...

Malaria is a major public health problem and its prevalence is dependent on mosquitoes. There is an increased interest in developing plant-based insecticides as sustainable alternatives to chemical insecticides for the control of mosquitoes. The potential of Moringa plant as a larvicide against the malaria vector, Anopheles gambiaes. S was evaluated and its effects on mosquito fish were also studied. Toxic components in Moringa oleifera seeds were extracted using; five aliquots of concentrations ranging from 1160-8700 µg/ml were prepared by serial dilutions from the extract. Three independent laboratory procedures were run in quadruplicate in which third instar larvae of Anopheles gambiaes. S was exposed to different concentrations and a control group was exposed to distilled water. The fishes were exposed to three graded treatment of the aqueous extract in two experiments run in triplicate. Behavioral changes were observed for 24 hours. From the larval bioassay, the extract presented a 72hour-LC50 and LC90 of 1885.4 µg/ml, 3902.4 µg/ml respectively, (p<0.05), causing 99.33±1.15%mortality at 8700µg/ml. The toxicity assay showed that the guppy fishes exhibited varying degrees of changes as a result of the exposure to treatment unlike in the control. The results obtained show that Moringa seed extract has larvicidal potentials for Anopheles gambiaes. S with observed little or no toxicity effects on the non target, guppy fish. The effectiveness of Moringa seed extract makes it a viable larvicide. Moringa-based larvicides may provide cheap and readily available alternative to synthetic insecticides.

Despite the widespread use of insecticides, community engagement programmes and preventive measures mosquito borne diseases are growing and new tools to prevent the spread of disease are urgently needed. An alternative control measure for the eradication of Anopheles mosquitoes is suggested by the use of a Sustainable Control Model, which demonstrates the capability of Odonata, a natural beneficial predator, to exercise control over Anopheles mosquitoes in less than 140 days.

Mosquitoes have plagued the lives of tropical residents as pests. However, due to their role as vectors of life-threatening diseases, controlling their population is necessary, especially in areas of prevalencethe Caribbean and Equatorial regions. In Guyana, we employ chemical treatments sub-regionally to eradicate mosquitoes. However, this treatment has limited success and is harmful to the environment. Therefore, our study focused on an environmentally friendly method such as biological control. This study was conducted at the University of Guyana, Turkeyen campus, where we exploited Odonata; Anisoptera, and Zygoptera as natural predators of mosquitoes of the genus Culex. The feeding efficiency and behaviors of naiads from the families of Libellulidae and Coenagrionidae were assessed during April-May of 2018. Each naiad was fed three Culine pupae and larvae, then observed for 60 minutes. We found that both groups pursue soft-bodied larvae and Libellulidae naiads are more efficient predators due to the higher feeding rate than Coenagrionidae. This finding is related to a behavioral study where we observed Libellulidae as active hunters that masticate and consume faster than Coenagrionidae, which are lay and wait, opportunistic predators that swallow their prey. We concluded that Libellulidae is an efficient predator for mosquito larvae of the Culex genus, and we found that there is a link between morphologic characteristics and feeding behaviors. We hope to use these results as a baseline study to develop mosquito biological control in Guyana. These can be used to reduce mosquito populations and the occurrence of vector diseases as well as improve integrated pest and vector management.

The number of prey killed by diverse predator communities is determined by complementarity and interference among predators, and by traits of particular predator species. However, it is less clear how predators&#39; nonconsumptive effects (NCEs) scale with increasing predator biodiversity. We examined NCEs exerted on mosquitoes by a diverse community of aquatic predators. In the field, mosquito larvae co-occurred with differing densities and species compositions of mesopredator insects; top predator dragonfly naiads were present in roughly half of surveyed water bodies. We reproduced these predator community features in artificial ponds, exposing mosquito larvae to predator cues and measuring resulting effects on mosquito traits throughout development. Nonconsumptive effects of various combinations of mesopredator species reduced the survival of mosquito larvae to pupation, and reduced the size and longevity of adult mosquitoes that later emerged from the water. Intriguingly, adding...

Nine species of Mesocyclops reportedly present in Vietnam have been widely distributed; especially they are naturally present in certain drinking water containers such as concrete tanks, wells and jars. Mesocyclops can survive and develop in normal conditions and are good predators of first instars of Aedes aegypti larvae, the major vector of dengue fever/dengue haemorrhagic fever in Vietnam. In laboratory, a single Mesocyclops can kill the first-instar of Aedes aegypti larvae (on average) up to 41 by M. pehpeiensis, 37 by M. aspericornis, 31 by M. woutersi, 22 by M. thermocyclopoides, 21 by M. affinis and 16 by M. ogunnus during 24 hours. The studies suggest that Mesocyclops hold high potential as a biological agent for the control of Aedes aegypti.

Despite the widespread use of insecticides, community engagement programmes and preventive measures mosquito borne diseases are growing and new tools to prevent the spread of disease are urgently needed. An alternative control measure for the eradication of Anopheles mosquitoes is suggested by the use of a Sustainable Control Model, which demonstrates the capability of Odonata, a natural beneficial predator, to exercise control over Anopheles mosquitoes in less than 140 days.

Indonesia is a member of Southeast Asia Regional Office (SEARO) ranked the first in dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) problem based on incidence rate (IR)and case fatality rate (CFR). Several provinces in Indonesia experience an outbreak, one of which is the Mataram City in West Nusa Tenggara Province.Mataram City is an endemic area of DHF because the DHF cases are always found in three consecutive years with the number of cases that fluctuate andtend to increase. This study aimed to obtain factors that could be used to improve early warning systems in controlling DHF. This study used a case controldesign with a ratio of 1:1 to 180 house holds. The results showed that home environmental factors, such as no ceiling, indoor and outdoor temperature thathad the potential for breeding places for mosquitoes, no wire net in ventilation, low lighting and high humidity, related to DHF transmission. Vector distibutionwith entomology index showed that the existence of larvae, eggs and mosquitoes ...

Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is still a serious health problem because it is endemic and often attacks the community. A comprehensive approach to the prevention of DHF cases should take into account the physical, biological, social and management aspects of the environment. The objectives of the study was to analyze the environmental management and environmental relationship to DHF incident in Sukomoro Sub-district, Magetan District. This study was observational with cross sectional design. The sample were head of family in endemic and non endemic areas, totally 100 head of family. Methods of data analysis used in the study were frequency, Chi-square and Kendall Concordance Coefficient test. The results were: 1) there was no relationship between occupant density, daytime sleeping habits, cleaning habits of water reservoirs, community participation in mosquito nest eradication with DHF incidence, 2) there was a relationship between moisture, place of breeding, resting place, larva...

Despite the widespread use of insecticides, community engagement programmes and preventive measures mosquito borne diseases are growing and new tools to prevent the spread of disease are urgently needed. An alternative control measure for the eradication of Anopheles mosquitoes is suggested by the use of a Sustainable Control Model, which demonstrates the capability of Odonata, a natural beneficial predator, to exercise control over Anopheles mosquitoes in less than 140 days.

Background: Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF) is an infectious disease caused by Aedes aegypti mosquito. DHF is widespread in many regions worldwide, with the number of patients continues to increase every year. This study aimed to determine the risk factors for DHF include vector control (3M+) program implementation, residential distance, hanging clothes habit, napping habit, repellent usage, and sunlight conditions. Method: Analytic observational study with a case-control approach was applied in this study. Samples divided into case and control. Of 16 cases and 32 controls were participated in this study who purposively selected. Data were collected using a questionnaire. Univariate and bivariate using chi-square tests were employed to analyze the result. Result: Three variables are associated with the dengue incidence in research location: napping habit (OR=11.667), residential distance (OR=1.696), and sunlight condition (OR=0.0289). Conclusions: napping habits, residential distanc...

Purpose: This study aims to determine the density of Aedes aegypti larvae based on the knowledge, attitudes and actions of terminal managers at the Regional Terminal Daya Makassar City. Methods: The research design used was descriptive observational. There are two samples in this study, namely the container sample and the terminal manager sample. The sampling technique for containers used total sampling method and for terminal managers, purposive sampling method was used. Data were analyzed by univariate. Results: The results of the analysis showed that the number of positive containers for larvae was 69 (CI = 33%) with a value of DF = 8 and was a high density category. A total of 9 respondents (39.1%) had good knowledge and 14 respondents (60.9%) had poor knowledge. A total of 10 respondents (43.5%) had a good attitude and as many as 13 respondents (56.5%) had a bad attitude. In terms of action, (4.3%) of the respondents reflected good, while 22 respondents (95.7%) had actions in t...

The condition of Kupang City has low rainfall, low rainy days and includes dry areas, but it turns out that Kupang City had always the highest incidence rate in Nusa Tenggara Timur Province and exceed the national average. This study will analyze the relationship of container characteristic to the incidence of DHF in Kupang City. This study was an observational analytic study with a case control design. The study conducted in 25 villages with total sample 500 people of DHF patients and non DHF patients in Kupang City. The research variables are number of container, water height, water volume, water pH, container type, container location, container material, container lid, and container color which were collected by doing direct observation and measuring the object of study. The collected data was processed and analyzed statistically using Independent T test and Chi Square test. The container conditions related to the incidence of DHF were the amount of container, water pH, and type ...

Kupang City has the highest Incidence of DHF in East Nusa Tenggara and also higher than the national figure. This study aims to analyze the relationship between housing conditions and the DHF incidence in the Kupang City. This observational study uses a case-control study in 25 villages with a total sample of 500 people. Data is analyzed using t test and chi square test. The house conditions were significantly related to the DHF incidence (p≤0.05), namely house lighting, water usage, wall construction, ventilation area and ownership of clean water facilities. People are advised to ventilate the house ≥10% of the floor area and often open the house ventilation as a place for air exchange and for entering the light into the house. Construction of the wall is expected to be repaired to be more permanent or close the open part so not as a mosquitoes path into the house. The government is advised to increase access to clean water for the community and promote to always clean water reserv...

Larvicidal efficacy of the aqueous and methanol extracts from green unripe and yellow ripe fruits, seeds, leaves and roots of the plant Solanum xanthocarpum was evaluated against Anopheles culicifacies, Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus, the important mosquito vectors prevalent in the arid region. Studies were carried out on late 3 rd or early 4 th instar larvae of these species using standard WHO technique. Based on concentration mortality data LC 50 and LC 90 values along with their fiducial limits, regression equation, chisquare (λ 2)/ heterogeneity of the response have been determined by log probit regression analysis. The 24 hr LC 50 values as observed for aqueous extracts for green unripe and yellow ripe fruits were 112.7, 498.2 and 846.3 mgl-1 and 104.7, 267.7 and 832.2 mg l-1 for Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus respectively. However, the 24 hr LC 50 values for methanol extracts of yellow ripe fruits and seeds were 51.6, 52.2, 118.3 and 157.1 mg l-1 and 66.9, 73.7, 123.8 and 154.9 mg l-1 for the above four vector species respectively. The results showed that larvae of anophelines were much more susceptible as compared to culicines to both the aqueous and methanol extracts from fruits and seeds of the plant tested. The methanol extracts were found 2-5 times more effective as compared to the aqueous extracts. The chi-square values calculated during the analysis did not show any heterogeneity of the response. Experiments conducted with aqueous and methanol extracts from leaves and roots of this plant species didn't show any larvicidal activity against any of the mosquito species tested. The study would be of great importance while formulating vector control strategy based on alternative plant based insecticides.

To understand the effects of fish predator's kairomones on Aedes mosquitoes' oviposition, we established an experiment using gravid Aedes females. Kairomones concentrations were established using Hampala macrolepidota. One individual fish was placed inside containers with varying water levels (1 L, 5 L, and 10 L of water). The fish were kept in the containers for 24 hours and were removed immediately at the start of each trial in order to have the kairomones remnants. Twenty gravid adult females of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus were allowed to lay eggs on oviposition site with various treatments: (1) control without any kairomones; (2) kairomone remnant in 1 L of water; (3) kairomone remnant in 5 L of water; and (4) kairomone remnant in 10 L of water. There are significant differences between the numbers of eggs laid by both Aedes species for each different treatment (F = 9.131, df = 16, p<0.001). However, fewer eggs were laid by Ae. albopictus compared to Ae. aegypti in the presence of kairomone remnants. This suggested that Ae. albopictus are significantly affected by the kairomones itself and have ability to detect the residual kairomone presence from H. macrolepidota.

Laboratory bioassay was conducted on the 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to investigate the efficacy of Moringa oleifera seed oil (MOSO) and Annona muricata seed oil (AMSO) (200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 µL/mL) along with a control. Inhibition of emergence (IE) and larval mortality were monitored at 3-hours intervals for a period of 24 hrs. Results showed that MOSO at the highest concentration caused 94% and 70% mortality for both 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae respectively while AMSO gave 100% for both 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae. The level of IE was 100% for both toxicants after post-exposure culture for 10 days. Nevertheless, the 2 nd instar larvae were more susceptible than the 4 th instar. The LD 50 values against the 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae were 18.19 µL/mL and 54.50 µL/mL for MOSO while AMSO were 9.49 µL/mL and 16.11 µL/mL respectively. AMSO was found to be more effective about twice at all stages than MOSO, therefore both oils show promise as biopesticides against Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae although further evaluations need to be carried out especially on the other mosquito genera and species.

Indonesia is a member of Southeast Asia Regional Office (SEARO) ranked the first in dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) problem based on incidence rate (IR) and case fatality rate (CFR). Several provinces in Indonesia experience an outbreak, one of which is the Mataram City in West Nusa Tenggara Province. Mataram City is an endemic area of DHF because the DHF cases are always found in three consecutive years with the number of cases that fluctuate and tend to increase. This study aimed to obtain factors that could be used to improve early warning systems in controlling DHF. This study used a case control design with a ratio of 1:1 to 180 house holds. The results showed that home environmental factors, such as no ceiling, indoor and outdoor temperature that had the potential for breeding places for mosquitoes, no wire net in ventilation, low lighting and high humidity, related to DHF transmission. Vector distibution with entomology index showed that the existence of larvae, eggs and mosquitoes played a role in dengue transmission. The dominant factors affecting the transmission of dengue in Mataram City are the condition of the ceiling and the existence of mosquito eggs in the house.

Purpose: This study aims to determine the density of Aedes aegypti larvae based on the knowledge, attitudes, and actions of the managers and congregants of the Al-Markas Al-Islami Mosque in Makassar City. Methods: This type of research is descriptive observational. There are two types of samples in this study, namely the sample of the management and congregation of the Al-Markaz Al-Islami Mosque in Makassar City and the sample of containers. For container samples as many as 165 containers. Data analysis using univariate analysis. The assessment of larvae density used the Container Index (CI) and Density Figure (DF) values. Results: The results of the analysis showed that the number of positive containers larvae was 41 containers with a CI value of 24.85% and a DF value of 6 in the high density category. Two categories were used to assess the level of knowledge, attitudes and actions of the respondents, namely the good category and the unfavorable category. The results of data analys...

During the present research, the predatory efficiency of nymphs of six coexisting odonate species i.e., I. elegans, T. aurora, P. flavescens, L. fulva, S. decoloratum and C. servilia was studied by using the 3 rd instar larvae of Cx. quinquefasciatus as prey. Among the odonate species, there was observed variation in the daily feeding rate. The highest number of mosquito larvae was ingested by the P. flavescens nymph (47.0 ± 5.1 mosquito larvae/day). The predation performance of the odonate nymph was also compared between the day and night times. The feeding rate of nymphs of most odonate species was significantly higher during the daytime as compared to night-time (P ≤ 0.05). During the present research, feeing rates of odonate nymphs on Cx. quinquefasciatus 3 rd instar larvae were also studied under varied condition of prey and predator density and water volume. Feeding rate of nymphs of each odonate species was positively correlated with increase in predator and prey density but was negatively correlated with increase in water volume. During the present research, odonate nymphs i.e., I. elegans, T. aurora and P. flavescens were exposed to various concentration of NH4 + and NO3in the laboratory for seven days. Nymph of P. flavescens species was found least sensitive to both, NH4 + and NO3-. From the findings of the present research it was concluded that P. flavescens species is more efficient predator of Cx. quinquefasciatus 3 rd instar larvae and is highly resistant to increasing water level of NH4 + and NO3.

We describe remarkable success in controlling dengue vectors, Aedes aegypti (L.) and Aedes albopictus (Skuse), in 6 communes with 11,675 households and 49,647 people in the northern provinces of Haiphong, Hung Yen, and Nam Dinh in Vietnam. The communes were selected for high-frequency use of large outdoor concrete tanks and wells. These were found to be the source of 49.6-98.4% of Ae. aegypti larvae, which were amenable to treatment with local Mesocyclops, mainly M. woutersi Van der Velde, M. aspericornis (Daday) and M. thermocyclopoides Harada. Knowledge, attitude, and practice surveys were performed to determine whether the communities viewed dengue and dengue hemorrhagic fever as a serious health threat; to determine their knowledge of the etiology, attitudes, and practices regarding control methods including Mesocyclops; and to determine their receptivity to various information methods. On the basis of the knowledge, attitude, and practice data, the community-based dengue contro...