Papers by Chikaodili Ukonze
Comparative assessment of urine-based RDT in malaria diagnosis during febrile and non-febrile conditions
Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 2019
Malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum is a life-threatening disease that requires prompt diagnosis... more Malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum is a life-threatening disease that requires prompt diagnosis for its management. As a result, Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) was provided because it is simple to use and provides quick result without the need for good microscopy equipment and operators. Although blood is the specimen most frequently used for RDT, urine has been suggested as an alternative specimen. The study compares the performance of Urine-based RDT (uRDT) with Microscopy and Blood-based RDT (bRDT) in malaria diagnosis. This study was conducted using blood and urine specimens collected from 350 humans that attended Primary Health Centres at Amansea and Igbariam in Awka North and Anambra East LGAs of Anambra State respectively. Care-start ® and Fyodor ® test kits were used for malaria rapid diagnosis while Giemsa stained thick and thin blood films were used as standard. Malaria parasite prevalence in the study was 57.1% by microscopy, 22.0% by bRDT and 11.1% by uRDT ( p 120 to 0.05). Using the Receiver-Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves, the uRDT can be used to diagnose malaria infection even when the parasitaemia level is as low as 260 parasites/μl of blood at 76.9% sensitivity and 82.5% specificity. bRDT can detect malaria parasites at the same level but with sensitivity level of 85.9% and specificity level of 77.5% for febrile and non-febrile conditions. In conclusion, the uRDT followed similar pattern of malaria parasite diagnosis with microscopy and bRDT though with lower performance. Keywords: Malaria diagnosis; urine-based RDT; blood based RDT; microscopy; febrile; non-febrile
Nigerian Journal of Parasitology, 2019
Malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum is a life-threatening disease that requires prompt diagnosis... more Malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum is a life-threatening disease that requires prompt diagnosis for its management. As a result, Rapid Diagnostic Test (RDT) was provided because it is simple to use and provides quick result without the need for good microscopy equipment and operators. Although blood is the specimen most frequently used for RDT, urine has been suggested as an alternative specimen. The study compares the performance of Urine-based RDT (uRDT) with Microscopy and Blood-based RDT (bRDT) in malaria diagnosis. This study was conducted using blood and urine specimens collected from 350 humans that attended Primary Health Centres at Amansea and Igbariam in Awka North and Anambra East LGAs of Anambra State respectively. Care-start • and Fyodor• test kits were used for malaria rapid diagnosis while Giemsa stained thick and thin blood films were used as standard. Malaria parasite prevalence in the study was 57.1% by microscopy, 22.0% by bRDT and 11.1% by uRDT (p<0.05). Under febrile condition, prevalence records were 83.2% by microscopy, 34.9% by bRDT and 16.8% by uRDT (p<0.05). Compared to the non-febrile group, the Odd Ratio of malaria in febrile group is 8.16, 3.77 and 2.69 for microscopy, bRDT and uRDT respectively. In both (febrile; non-febrile) conditions, the sensitivity of blood based RDT (39.5%; 28.9%) is higher than that of uRDT (18.5%; 17.1%). However, the specificity of the uRDT (92.0%; 99.2%) is higher than that of the bRDT (88.0%; 97.6%). At malaria parasite count of 120 parasites/‚l of blood, (>120 to < 430) parasites/‚l and 430 parasites/‚l of blood, bRDT recorded increasing higher prevalence values than the uRDT that followed the same pattern. There was significant weak positive correlation between malaria parasite density of microscopy and the RDTs. Among the febrile and non-febrile subjects who tested positive for malaria using uRDT, 92.0% and 71.4% respectively had thick line shown (p>0.05). Using the Receiver-Operator Characteristic (ROC) curves, the uRDT can be used to diagnose malaria infection even when the parasitaemia level is as low as 260 parasites/‚l of blood at 76.9% sensitivity and 82.5% specificity. bRDT can detect malaria parasites at the same level but with sensitivity level of 85.9% and specificity level of 77.5% for febrile and non-febrile conditions. In conclusion, the uRDT followed similar pattern of malaria parasite diagnosis with microscopy and bRDT though with lower performance.
NIGERIAN ANNALS OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCES, 2019
Long Lasting Insecticide Nets (LLINs) reduce human-mosquito contact through the provision of phys... more Long Lasting Insecticide Nets (LLINs) reduce human-mosquito contact through the provision of physical barrier, repellent effect or mortality effect. This study evaluated the physical integrity and residual effect of insecticides in Perma Net® 2.0 of 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years and 4 years duration of use. Perma Net®2.0 used were obtained from systematically picked households within Ifite Awka and new Perma Net® 2.0 serving as control were collected from Society for Family Health. Adult mosquitoes were collected from picked households using Pyrethrum knockdown Collection method before the Perma Net® 2.0 were removed. The top and four sides of the nets were examined for presence of holes. Also, net pieces measuring 25cm × 25cm were obtained from Perma Net® 2.0 of different duration and subjected to WHO cone bioassay using Randomized Block Experimental Design. The Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti used for the bioassay were collected from breeding sites within Ifite Awka,...
Journal of Global Biosciences, 2015
A study of Pesticidal activities of Moringa oleifera seed oil extract to Rust-Red Beetles, Tribol... more A study of Pesticidal activities of Moringa oleifera seed oil extract to Rust-Red Beetles, Tribolium castaneum and Confused Flour Beetles, Tribolium confusum on milled maize was conducted.
Journal of Biopesticides
Laboratory bioassay was conducted on the 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: C... more Laboratory bioassay was conducted on the 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) to investigate the efficacy of Moringa oleifera seed oil (MOSO) and Annona muricata seed oil (AMSO) (200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5 and 6.25 µL/mL) along with a control. Inhibition of emergence (IE) and larval mortality were monitored at 3-hours intervals for a period of 24 hrs. Results showed that MOSO at the highest concentration caused 94% and 70% mortality for both 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae respectively while AMSO gave 100% for both 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae. The level of IE was 100% for both toxicants after post-exposure culture for 10 days. Nevertheless, the 2 nd instar larvae were more susceptible than the 4 th instar. The LD 50 values against the 2 nd and 4 th instar larvae were 18.19 µL/mL and 54.50 µL/mL for MOSO while AMSO were 9.49 µL/mL and 16.11 µL/mL respectively. AMSO was found to be more effective about twice at all stages than MOSO, therefore both oils show promise as biopesticides against Ae. aegypti mosquito larvae although further evaluations need to be carried out especially on the other mosquito genera and species.
Journal of Global Biosciences
A study of Pesticidal activities of Moringa oleifera seed oil extract to Rust-Red Beetles, Tribol... more A study of Pesticidal activities of Moringa oleifera seed oil extract to Rust-Red Beetles, Tribolium castaneum and Confused Flour Beetles, Tribolium confusum on milled maize was conducted in the. This study was to investigate the mortality and repellency effects of Moriga oleifera seed oil on the stored product pests. The study was carried out under ambient temperature of 28 O c-32 O c and relative humidity of 72%-80%. The study was conducted using 5 concentration levels of 20%, 10%, 5% 2.5% and 1.25% including a control which corresponded to 200μl/ml, 100μl/ml, 50μl/ml, 25μl/ml, 12.5μl/ml, of the moringa seed oil per milliliter. Mortality and repellency data were recorded and probit analysis carried out to determine the LD50 values. LD50 were determined to be 1.78μl/ml, 1.67μl/ml, 1.67μl/ml, and 1.9μl/ml, for direct application on Tribolium castaneum, direct application on Tribolium confusum, residual filter paper treatment on Tribolium castaneum and residual filter paper treatment...
Journal of Global Biosciences, 2015
A study of Pesticidal activities of Moringa oleifera seed oil extract to Rust-Red Beetles, Tribol... more A study of Pesticidal activities of Moringa oleifera seed oil extract to Rust-Red Beetles, Tribolium castaneum and Confused Flour Beetles, Tribolium confusum on milled maize was conducted.
The Bioscientist, 2017
Mosquito larvae require an aquatic environment for breeding but the physico-chemical water parame... more Mosquito larvae require an aquatic environment for breeding but the physico-chemical water parameters of any habitat may influence the survival and development of the species of mosquito larvae found in it. Mosquito larvae can breed in rice farms, hence rice farmers are potentially at risk of mosquito-borne diseases. A study to determine the physico-chemical parameters influencing mosquito larvae in two selected rice farms at Omor, Anambra State, Nigeria was conducted between May and August, 2017. Mosquito larvae were sampled with ladle dipper while physico-chemical water parameters (Temperature, pH, Total Dissolved Solids, Biochemical Oxygen Demand, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Suspended Solids, as well as Sulphate, Phosphate, Iron, Cadmium, Lead, Arsenic ion concentrations) were determined by standard methods. The mosquito larvae collected were reared to adult stages, and the 81 emergent adults were identified to species level using their external morphologic features. The same mosquito species were collected from both rice farms sampled but their total abundance Culex quinquefasciatus (46.83%), Culex tigripes (26.58%), Aedes albopictus (22.7%) and Mansonia africana (3.79%) was significantly different (χ 2 =13.736). Mosquito abundance and physico-chemical parameters, excepting pH, TDS and Sulphate, were negatively correlated. These findings suggest that rice farmers in Omor are at risk of mosquito-borne diseases transmitted by the identified species. Since the mosquito species encountered in this study have been shown by other workers to be potential vectors of human diseases, rice-farming communities in Nigeria should be beneficiaries of mosquito-borne diseases control interventions in the country.
Nigerian Annals of Pure and Applied Sciences , 2018
Long Lasting Insecticide Nets (LLINs) reduce human-mosquito contact through provision of physical... more Long Lasting Insecticide Nets (LLINs) reduce human-mosquito contact through provision of physical barrier, repellent effect or mortality effect. This study evaluated the physical integrity and residual effect of insecticides in Perma Net® 2.0 of 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years and 4 years duration of use. Perma Net® 2.0 used were obtained from systematically selected households within Ifite Awka and new Perma Net® 2.0 serving as control were collected from Society for Family Health. Adult mosquitoes were collected from selected households using Pyrethrum knockdown Collection method before the Perma Net® 2.0 were removed. The top and four sides of the nets were examined for presence of holes. Also, net pieces measuring 25cm × 25cm were obtained from Perma Net® 2.0 of different duration and subjected to WHO cone bioassay using Randomized Block Experimental Design. The Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti used for the bioassay were collected from breeding sites within Ifite Awka, reared and maintained in an insectary. There was at least one hole in 10%, 30% and 40% of LLINs with 2 years, 3years and 4 years duration of use respectively. Significant differences were found in the physical integrity of the nets (P < 0.05). Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes aegypti constituted 40.9% and 27.0% of all mosquitoes collected indoors respectively. There was no significant difference in the indoor abundance of the two mosquito species (P > 0.05). However, their abundance depended on the duration of LLINs usage (P < 0.05). The mortality effects of 16%, 8%, 7%, 5%, 5% and 2% on Culex quinquefasciatus were recorded for Perma Net® 2.0 of 0 month, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years and 4 years respectively. The mortality effects of 23%, 12%, 9%, 6%, 5% and 3% on Aedes aegypti were recorded for Perma Net® 2.0 of 0 month, 6 months, 1 year, 2 years, 3 years and 4 years respectively. The new LLINs produced significantly highest mortality effect (P < 0.05) on both mosquito species than nets of other duration of usage. The mortality effect of Perma Net® 2.0 on Culex quinquefasciatus, and that on Aedes aegypti were similar (P > 0.05). It shows that Perma Net® 2.0 offer physical barrier more than repellency and mortality effect against Culex quinquefasciatus, and Aedes aegypti.
Urinary schistosomiasis and health education in Anambra state of eastern Nigeria
International Journal of Infectious Diseases, 2014
Evaluation of Moringa Oliefera (Lam) (Moringaceae) Seed oil for Laval control of Aedes Aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae)
Abstract: Comparative bioassays were carried out with 1st and 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti ... more Abstract: Comparative bioassays were carried out with 1st and 4th instar larvae of Aedes aegypti L. (Diptera: Culicidae) using Moringa oleifera seed oil. This was to investigate whether the oil extract would show lethal effects on the mosquito larvae and to further establish at which point during the larval growth the oil would be effective. The larvae were exposed at ambient laboratory temperatures of 28 ± 20C, 80 ± 5% r.h and photoperiod of 12:12 light and dark hours. Seven dosages of 200, 100, 50, 25, 12.5, 6.25 and 3.125 µl of oil dissolved in acetone per millilitre of water and control treatments with ordinary acetone were included in the trials. These were arranged on the laboratory bench in a Completely Randomised manner. Larval mortality was recorded at 3, 6, 9, and 12 hours post treatment. Mortality data were subjected to analysis of variance and log-probit regression, accordingly. Results showed that significant (P<0.05) dosage-related morality responses were noted for ...
Comparative Study on the Toxicity of Bacillus sphaericus and Novaluron (Mosquiron® 100ec) To Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)
PESTICIDAL ACTIVITIES OF MORINGA OLEIFERA SEED OIL EXTRACT TO TRIBOLIUM CASTANEUM AND TRIBOLIUM CONFUSUM ON MILLED MAIZE
Journal of Global Biosciences
A study of Pesticidal activities of Moringa oleifera seed oil extract to Rust-Red Beetles, Tribol... more A study of Pesticidal activities of Moringa oleifera seed oil extract to Rust-Red Beetles, Tribolium castaneum and Confused Flour Beetles, Tribolium confusum on milled maize was conducted in the. This study was to investigate the mortality and repellency effects of Moriga oleifera seed oil on the stored product pests. The study was carried out under ambient temperature of 28 O c-32 O c and relative humidity of 72%-80%. The study was conducted using 5 concentration levels of 20%, 10%, 5% 2.5% and 1.25% including a control which corresponded to 200μl/ml, 100μl/ml, 50μl/ml, 25μl/ml, 12.5μl/ml, of the moringa seed oil per milliliter. Mortality and repellency data were recorded and probit analysis carried out to determine the LD50 values. LD50 were determined to be 1.78μl/ml, 1.67μl/ml, 1.67μl/ml, and 1.9μl/ml, for direct application on Tribolium castaneum, direct application on Tribolium confusum, residual filter paper treatment on Tribolium castaneum and residual filter paper treatment...
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Papers by Chikaodili Ukonze