Arthropods are most dominant being, as they have highest number of species and most ancient group... more Arthropods are most dominant being, as they have highest number of species and most ancient group of animal kingdom. Mosquitoes are most diverse group of arthropods that are carriers of human diseases viz. dengue, malaria, chikungunya etc. which are not fully cured yet (in the manner of vaccinations or medications). For this purpose mosquito vector control is still the primary method of avoidance. Broad-spectrum use of conventional insecticides (larvicides along with the adulticides) during disease transmission times, are the main stays of control methods. Due to the drawbacks of conventional tactics, specifically the emergence of insecticide resistance and environmental pollution, major attempts have been made to explore new eco-friendly techniques. Therefore, biological control use as an alternative strategy that target a variety of mosquito species without causing harm to the environment or adding unnecessary risks to human health. Here in this review, we discussed biological tactics that have been used or are being tried out to control mosquito vectors.
Considering the significance of Chrysomya megacephala (F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and their lar... more Considering the significance of Chrysomya megacephala (F.) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and their larval instars in forensic-entomological investigations, a culture of C. megacephala was established and morphological features of second and third larval instars were studied under a compound microscope. To validate the species’ morphological identification, sequencing of the ‘standard barcode region’ (658 base pairs of mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I gene) was performed and this sequence was subjected to BLAST analysis using the NCBI database which acknowledged it as Chrysomya megacephala with 99.39% identity with sequence of same species collected from Maharashtra, India. The phylogenetic analysis congregated Jaipur population separately than other samples from different regions of India, however, not much variations were recorded. This is the maiden report of molecular identification of C. megacephala from Rajasthan.
Insect diversity is huge and immensely complex with making up an important component of the funct... more Insect diversity is huge and immensely complex with making up an important component of the functional biodiversity of the terrestrial ecosystem. The study of diversity is a systematic approach to assess composition, abundance and comparison of inhabiting species in the various habitats. The Rajasthan state is divided into different climate zones from a western arid desert to a humid region of the south-eastern plateau that represents significant insect diversity. The present review aims to provide baseline information of insect diversity in four eco-geographical regions of the Rajasthan. The exact number of species is still not clear. Although, after perusal of the literature, the study revealed that there were 878 insect species and subspecies recorded belonging to 104 families and 14 orders. Among all, the order Lepidoptera is most diverse representing 234 species followed by Hymenoptera with 208 species and Coleoptera with 129 species. The maximum number of 398 species were reco...
Spiders being voracious predators, acting as natural control of pests are facing the brunt of ind... more Spiders being voracious predators, acting as natural control of pests are facing the brunt of indiscriminate application of chemical pesticides. Therefore, objective of the present investigation is to analyze the toxicity of pesticides on predominant spider Pardosapsuedo annulata in laboratory and percent reduction of spider population due to pesticide in the field conditions. Among the five insecticides evaluated in laboratory, the insecticides from biological origin (biopesticides) i.e., Bacillus thuringiensis (16000 IU/mg) and Nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) (1x10 Polyhedral Inclusion Bodies, PIBs/ml) as compared to synthetic insecticides viz., imidacloprid (17.8% Soluble concentrates, SL), Chlorpyriphos (20% Emulsifiable concentrates, EC) and cypermethrin (10% EC) were relatively less harmful. NPV being species specific caused negligible mortality. Among synthetic insecticides, imidacloprid (17.8% SL) was more harmful as compared to Chorpyriphos (20% EC) and Cypermethrin (10% E...
In India, Aedes mosquitoes are well prevalent and play a key role in the transmission of vector b... more In India, Aedes mosquitoes are well prevalent and play a key role in the transmission of vector borne diseases. Vector management is principally carried out by using various chemical insecticides since long, but consistent use has led to developing insecticide resistance which restricts the effectiveness of the control strategy. This review highlights the pieces of evidence on developing resistance level to major classes of chemical insecticides such as carbamates, organochlorines, organophosphates and pyrethroids with mechanisms of developed resistance in various regions of India. Insecticide resistant mechanisms which altered susceptibilities to insecticides can be categorized into two major groups as target site sensitivity and metabolic detoxification. Among different provinces of India, maximum level of resistance was observed against organochlorines (72%) followed by organophosphates (28%), pyrethroids (28%) and carbamates (16%). A summarized data on insecticide resistance sta...
IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 2014
Acridid grasshopper, Chrotogonus trachypterus Blanchard is known as surface grasshopper and is a ... more Acridid grasshopper, Chrotogonus trachypterus Blanchard is known as surface grasshopper and is a most common polyphagous pest occurring throughout year causing significant damage to seedlings of crops and vegetables. Ultrastructural changes in the ovarian follicles of C. trachypterus Blanchard induced by deltamethrin one day after treatment were observed. Orthopteran insects have panoistic ovarioles and each of the paired ovary consists of tubular ovarioles along which are placed the oocytes in linear sequence that reflexes their progressive development. Each ovariole is divided into a terminal filament, germarium and a vitellarium. In the present study electron micrographs of ovarian follicle cells of females treated with deltamethrin showed prominent histopathological changes leading to vacuolization of cytoplasm, degeneration of the cell components of follicular epithelium and most obvious signs were observed of yolk damage and mitochondrial disintegration, when examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The present study indicates a profound effect on reproduction of the pest by deltamethrin, a synthetic pyrethroid and suggests alternative of more hazardous synthetic organic insecticides.
The most effective method to manage mosquito population is to kill aquatic stages (egg, larva and... more The most effective method to manage mosquito population is to kill aquatic stages (egg, larva and pupa) of mosquito than the aerial adult stage. The susceptibility test was evaluated against larvae of Anopheles stephensi in the laboratory conditions maintaining the temperature of 27±2ºC and 70±80% Relative Humidity. The combination of the seed extracts of Trachyspermum ammi (ajwain), mustard oil and naphthalene were taken in the ratio 1:2:1. Results of the larval susceptibility test after 25 hours of treatment revealed that the combination of the three components are significant in killing the larval population of Anopheles stephensi to some extent. It has also been noticed that the rise in dose from 1ml/199ml to 7ml/99ml of water increased the larval mortality.
The aedes mosquitoes are efficient vector causing various infectious diseases across the world. D... more The aedes mosquitoes are efficient vector causing various infectious diseases across the world. Dengue outbreak is a major threat to human health in various provinces of India. Despite of dry season in Rajasthan a very high number of dengue fever cases have recorded. This review emphasized current status of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes abundance, their key breeding habitats and susceptibility to currently applied insecticide measures in order to know the role of vector in transmission of several infectious diseases in northern-west state, Rajasthan. Data highlighted that mostly cases of dengue occurred after the monsoon season. The dengue vector density was found to correlate with rainfall, temperature and relative humidity fluctuations. Due to continuous and unabated use of insecticides in agriculture sector and public health progressively started to selection pressure, inducing rapid development of resistance in mosquitoes vectors. The data related to insecticide susceptibility interp...
Plant extracts controls Oryzaephilus surinamensis by showing repellency behavior
European Journal of Experimental Biology, 2015
Saw-toothed grain beetle, flat grain beetle and red flour beetle are major among stored grain ins... more Saw-toothed grain beetle, flat grain beetle and red flour beetle are major among stored grain insect population. These insect destroy at least 15% of the food produced in only India as they feed almost entirely on the germ of the grain reducing its quality. For selection of control measure advantages, disadvantages and safety towards grain quality must be the first consideration. Plants are composed of many constituents some of them are insecticidal, attractants, repellent, anti-feedants, hormone mimics and hormone antagonist. Repellent behavior is one of the important measures as it does not kill the insect but protect the grain from infestation. Here some plant extract Punica gronatum, Chenopodium album, Vitex negundo and Maytenus emarginata and their combinations were applied to test insect Oryzaephilus surinamensis at the dose of 1, 2.5 and 5ml /100 gms of cashew nuts to control them through repellent behavior.
In the present study, resistance status was evaluated in adult mosquitoes of Aedes aegypti agains... more In the present study, resistance status was evaluated in adult mosquitoes of Aedes aegypti against two synthetic pyrethroids from urban area of Jaipur, Rajasthan during July, 2015 to January, 2017. Mortality percentage for field and susceptible mosquitoes stain was determined against cypermethrin and permethrin by regression analysis using log probit method by using CDC bottle bioassay. Susceptibility of A. aegypti was assessed more to cypermethrin (LC50= 0.0003 and LC90=0.0002) as compared to permethrin (LC50=0.02 and LC90=0.01) on the basis of insecticidal efficacy. Some extent of resistance have been occurred in dengue vectors against pyrethroids due to regular use. Resistance status was expressed as resistance ratio (RR), against permethrin it was observed to be RRLC50= 2 and RRLC90=2.5 in field collected population, whereas, regarding cypermethrin resistance level was observed at RRLC50= 1.5 and RRLC90= 3.16 as compared to laboratory susceptible population.
Grasshoppers are mainly polyphagous, but showed definite preferences and some degree of selectivi... more Grasshoppers are mainly polyphagous, but showed definite preferences and some degree of selectivity for certain categories of plants. There is complex interaction between properties of the food, feeding behavior, digestion and assimilation, physiology, metabolism and specific nutritional requirements of the insect. A laboratory study was conducted on effect of some selected food plants on key demographic parameters of Chrotogonus trachypterus Blanchard. Survival and longevity of nymphs as well as the reproductive performance of C. trachypterus Blanchard was greater and better, fed on cauliflower as compared to those fed only on spinach, tomato, cabbage, bajara and gram. As revealed by growth index, highest growth occurred on cauliflower (1.83 and 1.64) followed by spinach (1.31, 1.43) > tomato (1.38, 1.26) > cabbage (1.53, 1.15) > bajara (1.30, 1.27) > gram (1.26, 1.09) > wheat (1.18, 1.09) > grass (1.09, 1.02) > brinjal (0.72, 0.68) and groundnut (0.67, 0.61) i...
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