Alternate Energy

This work presents the plan and model of the control strategy for the interconnection of the hybrid energy system able to regulating this load's voltage and controlling the energy generation with the energy options. The control strategy contains controlling the energy generated through each energy source, in a hierarchical mode using sliding/dropping mode control, while consuming consideration elements that have an impact on each electrical power source and transform the energy generated in order to suitable circumstances for lower power and domestic programs. The cross alternative energy system consists of photovoltaic cellular material, fuel cellular material and battery packs. A numerical equation in order to estimate the perfect voltage involving photovoltaic systems for virtually every solar irradiance and temperature circumstances is suggested. Simulations of a single or a lot more systems interconnected towards the load with the entire proposed control scheme, under different ecological and weight conditions, usually are introduced to indicate this efficiency with the procedure.

This is the annual activity report for the 2023 & 24 . It has highlighted the activities already done and facilitated in the coming days.  It has well reflected to work hard towards accessing Carbon Credit, Green Credit & Water Credit through scaling Regenerative  Agro-Ecosystem promotion including crop biodiversity,  Stream Water Rejuvenation, adoption of circular economy & green procurements, minimizing stubble burning & plastic pollution  & bringing more Nature-based Solutions with added supplementary social protection measure is the prerequisite for  Soil Carbon Capture, Carbon Sequestration, co-existence with animal , local climate vulnerability reduction for global impact .
Partnership & Networking Towards Ecology & Economy with Sustainability is the target for scaling the program & scaling the  collectiveness for  local action in engaging youths, farmers, women collectives  of last mile in rural, tribal hinterlands coastal plains ,  slum dwellers and residents associations in cities
So that Triple Planetary Crisis (Climate Change, Biodiversity loss, & Pollution) can be addressed.
together we can do & demonstrate evidences towards achieving SDGs & addressing Triple planetary Issues & other Health Crisis.

Energy is considered as a vital sign of any country. The energy resource of any country is governed by their owned resources either through fossiliferous or alternative/renewable energy reserves. Due to depleting reserves of fossil fuel, countries including Pakistan are now focusing and converting themselves on renewable energy sources. Out of the different renewable sources, Hydel Power is among those indigenous sources which are considered as cheap, efficient and environmentally friendly. Pakistan is among those countries, which have the largest irrigation system which portrays a huge hydel potential within it. Government of Pakistan has also identified different potential sites where Hydel Energy can be obtained. However, apart from the recognized potential sites, there are still many streams/canals/ drains that can also be studied for their hydro potential and estimated generation capacity using mini/micro hydropower plant. Different studies have been carried out in calculating ...

In this paper we are representing the methodology of electrical power generation using human footstep.This is about how we can generate electricity using human's waste foot energy and applications for the same. When human walk in surroundings some force exerts on surface this force can be used to generate electricity. The idea of convertingpressurize weight energy into the electrical energy is possible by piezo-electric crystal. The power generating floors can be a major application if we use piezoelectric crystals as an energy converting material. The piezo-electric crystals have crystalline structure and ability to convert the mechanical energy (stress and strain) into the electrical energy. Whenever there is some vibrations, stress or straining force is exert by foot onfloorthen these crystals evenlyconverts it into electric power which can be used for charging devices viz laptop, mobiles, electronic devices etc. In this paper, we are discussed about applications and generation of electricity in the area of power harvesting.

Fossil fuel-based energy is the world’s, and in extension the Philippines’, current primary source of energy. While it is efficient, it is also both nonrenewable and harmful to the environment. Throughout the years, different kinds of alternative energy have been discovered that have the potential to one day replace fossil fuels. This study aims to shed light on a relatively unexplored source of sustainable energy, which is tidal energy. Thirty-Four (34) sources were hand-picked and categorized according to whether the primary foci were on the environmental, economical, energy, infrastructural, or locational aspect of tidal energy. The sources that were selected provided us with these insights to tidal energy; the machines are designed specifically to minimize ecological damage, there are many long term monetary advantages of using tidal energy, and tidal energy is a reliable, consistent energy source with a lot of potential as a primary renewable source of energy. The articles also gave attention to the physical aspect of the project, specifically of some of the turbine functions, repair and maintenance, and their effect on the surrounding vicinity where they are installed, and finally the criterion for a place to be considered suitable for a tidal energy plant. The sources showed that tidal energy is a significantly worthwhile investment that can provide adequate amounts of energy at a reliable, environmentally and economically sustainable, and efficient pace, and overall, that tidal energy was shown to have key environmental and economic benefits over other other alternate energy sources, establishing it’s for the Philippines as an energy source.

In the view of fossil fuel degradation and environmental aspects, biofuels always remain focused in the research field. In the present research work, the investigation was done on waste cooking oil because of its sustainability, low cost, and waste management. Here, the transesterification process of the waste cooking oil was optimized according to the central composite design of response surface methodology concerning the reaction temperature, catalyst amount, reaction time, and molar ratio (methanol to oil) at five levels. In the Analysis of Variance model, the R 2 value is found to be 83% which shows the model is significant and adequate. The 92% maximum methyl ester yield was obtained at the reaction temperature 60°C, catalyst amount 0.75 weight %, time 80 min, and methanol to oil molar ratio 5:1. Also, the economic assessment showed the net cost of waste cooking oil-based biodiesel estimated 32.99 INR per liter. The result could serve as an essential data for upscaling and/or the future investigations in the usefulness of the waste cooking oil as a source of biodiesel. The biodiesel characteristics such as acid value, free fatty acid, kinematic viscosity, saponification value, calorific value, flash point, and cloud point were determined.

Recent trend concerns about the best ways of using the deployable sources of energy in to useful work in order to reduce the rate of consumption of fossil fuel as well as pollution. There are different ways to recover the heat available with the waste or rejected heat from different sources. Out of all the available sources, Gamma type Stirling engine is be used to convert waste heat in to useful work. A single power piston, gamma-configuration, low-temperature differential Stirling engine is design, develop and tested with air by using a gas burner as a heat source. The engine testing is performed with four different heat input. Variations of engine torque, shaft power and brake thermal efficiency with engine speed and engine performance at various heat inputs are presented. The Beale number, obtained from the testing of the engine, is also investigated.

Energy that is not popularly used and is usually environmentally sound like wind, solar, geothermal is simply regarded as renewable energy. The renewable energy made available through established sources and technology is considered as non-conventional one, if otherwise, conventional. Speaking strictly the forms of alternative energy or renewable energy are environmentally favorable and no negative impacts and economically viable. Alternative energy sources are necessary to explored in context to solve the present problem of energy crisis in Nepal. Being rich in natural resources Nepal posses ’ high potential of development of energy generation station.

This study reports the application of metallo-stannosilicates as potential inorganic solid matrixes for enzymes immobilization and their use as a heterogenous catalysts in enzymatic transesterification reactions for the conversion of triacylglycerides into fatty acid ethyl esters (FAEEs). Several stannosilicates were synthesized and physicochemical characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET)-N2 surface area analysis and solid-state magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS NMR 29Si and 119Sn nuclei) techniques. The experimental results for enzymes immobilization were promising, especially for a nickel ion-exchanged metallo-stannosilicate, which were able to immobilize 82 +- 6% of Thermomyces lanuginosus lipase and also kept a high enzymatic activity (42 +- 3 U mg�1). Systematic catalytic reactions for conversion of refined palm oil (Elaeis guineensis) using ...

h i g h l i g h t s Studied hydro-sites provided considerable production of renewable and stable energy. Small-scale hydropower is a potential solution to increasing electricity demand. Combination of site-area-power can be viewed as an optimization/management issue. Proposed hydropower system minimizes energy shortfall significantly. Spatial power distribution scenarios lead to a cost-effective energy generation.

Biomass pyrolysis is considered as a thermochemical conversion system that is performed under oxygen-depleted conditions. A large body of literature exists in which thermodynamic equilibrium (TE) and kinetic approaches have been applied to predict pyrolysis products. However, the reliability, accuracy and predictive power of both modeling approaches is an area of concern. To address these concerns, in this paper, two new simulation models based on the TE and kinetic approaches are developed using Aspen Plus, to analyze the performance of each approach. Subsequently, the results of two models are compared with modeling and experimental results available in the literature. The comparison shows that, on the one hand, the performance of the TE approach is not satisfactory and cannot be used as an effective way for pyrolysis modeling. On the other hand, the results generated by the new model based on the kinetic approach suggests that this approach is suitable for modeling biomass pyroly...

Abstract
The enormous grow in world population; industry development and new technologies are demanding more electrical energy every day. This energy is supplied from fossil fuels, but its consumption result in erosion and contamination of the environment. However, new hybrid systems technology based on renewable resources can transform solar radiation and hydraulic power in electric energy offering other options.
The main objectives of this research are to define technological and geographic feasibility for electrical energy generation from photovoltaic cells and mechanical batteries on the Mexico/U.S border specifically in Ciudad Juarez/El Paso area.
Furthermore, a simulation model was developed using EXTEND software in order to evaluate electrical energy generated from photovoltaic cells and mechanical batteries working as an hybrid system,  supplying electricity demand of  Mexico standard family. In addition, mathematical calculations were made from meteorological data, specifications of commercial photovoltaic cells and hydraulic generators. This model has the capability to perform multiple options such as; comparisons, predictions, evaluations, etc.

Energy is considered as a vital sign of any country. The energy resource of any country is governed by their owned resources either through fossiliferous or alternative/renewable energy reserves. Due to depleting reserves of fossil fuel, countries including Pakistan are now focusing and converting themselves on renewable energy sources. Out of the different renewable sources, Hydel Power is among those indigenous sources which are considered as cheap, efficient and environmentally friendly. Pakistan is among those countries, which have the largest irrigation system which portrays a huge hydel potential within it. Government of Pakistan has also identified different potential sites where Hydel Energy can be obtained. However, apart from the recognized potential sites, there are still many streams/canals/ drains that can also be studied for their hydro potential and estimated generation capacity using mini/micro hydropower plant. Different studies have been carried out in calculating ...

Synthesis of Ethyl Levulinate by a New Bio-Nanocatalyst Maria Sarno, Mariagrazia Iuliano* Department of Physics, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II,132 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy Centre NANO_MATES, University of Salerno Via Giovanni Paolo II,132 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132 84084 Fisciano (SA), Italy msarno@unisa.it

This paper presents the optimum energy conversion conditions of stationary photovoltaic panels used for electrical power generation. The results are arrived at after performing calculations for 180 days in a given year at the latitude of St. John's, Newfoundland. The latitude of this city is close to other Canadian major population centers. Various angular orientations of sun's rays on the earth are considered. On a given day, the incident energy flux of sun is resolved into three components, and the conversion efficiency is based on the flux normal to the panels. The efficiency of conversion of the incident energy is measured with respect to a solar tracking process. The numbers of days in a given year are divided into two groups-one between the winter solstice and the spring equinox, and another between the spring equinox and the summer solstice. The results show the existence of two maxima, one for each of the two periods. By setting the panels at each of these maxima, very significant improvement in energy conversion can be achieved.

In this study, co-gasification of palm kernel shell (PKS) and low-rank Malaysian coal (MB) was carried out in a fixed bed reactor. For the pretreated samples, PKS was torrefied at 270C (PKSTo) and MB was preheated at 250C (MBPr) for 1 h, respectively, prior to co-gasification at 767C, with a biomass blending ratio of 52% and a steam flow rate of 55 mL/min. The effect of different blending combinations was investigated towards product yields, namely gas, tar, char and gases composition. The co-gasification on both pretreated (PKSTo/MBPr) and catalyst-pretreated (Cat-PKSTo/MBPr) produced a greater gas yield, with lesser tar and char yield than both untreated PKS and MB (PKSUn/MBUn) and pretreated PKS and untreated MB (PKSTo/MBUn). The PKSTo/MBPr was found to enhance the H2 production by 63.9% and 41% than PKSUn/MBUn and PKSTo/MBUn, respectively, at 45 min of reaction time. Thus, the pretreatment on both samples had a significant impact on the distribution and composition of product yields during co-gasification. As a conclusion, the pretreated sample, which has been upgraded on characteristics such as higher carbon and lower oxygen content than the untreated sample was revealed to enhance gas yield and H2 production during co-gasification.

The successful operation of biomass pyrolysis plant on an industrial scale would showcase and promote the possibility of practical decarbonizing energy projects. This work presents a comprehensive Aspen Plus® modeling work of fast pyrolysis processes for lignocellulosic biomass based on kinetic reaction mechanisms. The simulation uses mass and energy balance calculations to forecast the product yields and composition depending on different sets of operating conditions (temperature, residence time) and feedstock composition includes conventional components, nonconventional components, and solids component of lignocellulosic biomass. The reaction kinetic models are developed from the principle of biomass pyrolysis using data available from the literature. The product yield from a biomass pyrolysis pilot plant is used to demonstrate the validation of the model. The results show a high correlation of the results for both slow and fast pyrolysis processes compared with those from the pil...

Over the past decades, a great deal of experimental work has been carried out on the development of pyrolysis processes for wood and waste materials. Pyrolysis is an important phenomenon in thermal treatment of wood, therefore, the successful modelling of pyrolysis to predict the rate of volatile evolution is also of great importance. Pyrolysis experiments of waste spruce sawdust were carried out. During the experiment, gaseous products were analysed to determine a change in the gas composition with increasing temperature. Furthermore, the model of pyrolysis was created using Aspen Plus software. Aspects of pyrolysis are discussed with a description of how various temperatures affect the overall reaction rate and the yield of volatile components. The pyrolysis Aspen plus model was compared with the experimental data. It was discovered that the Aspen Plus model, being used by several authors, is not good enough for pyrolysis process description, but it can be used for gasification mo...

This paper conducted an experimental study of a laboratory-scaled 2-stage parabolic dish-Stirling engine. Experimental investigation on the system was performed, using an actual sun and a 2-stage parabolic dish concentrator as a heat source. The Stirling engine presents an excellent theoretical output equivalent to the output of Carnot one. Results from the performance testing by using a generator with a solar radiation and a double reflection parabolic dish solar concentrator in May 2014 indicated that the maximum concentrator efficiency is 26.291 %, the engine produced the maximum power of 0.359 W at 55.6 rpm, electrical power of 0.27 W, the generator efficiency in the maximum of 79.021 %, and the maximum overall brake thermal efficiency of 0.25033%, approximately. The average heat input to concentrator is 1936.07 W and to the engine in average of 180.28 W, respectively. The gross solar-to-electric conversion efficiency is 0.052%.

Energy crises refers to any shortfall in the supply of energy resources to an economy. To counter these crises, renewable energy resources provide a significant potential. As most of the renewable energy resources never die, so we can obtain continuous supply from these sources. Among these sources, solar energy provides greater potential for electrical power. To use solar energy, one of the best approach is to design Parabolic Solar Dish which is more efficient than other solar technologies. In order to get maximum power output, needs to keep the dish aligned with the sun. This paper deals with the generation of electricity using parabolic shaped dish. A model is designed which contains a solar parabolic shaped dish, Stirling engine, dynamo and a solar tracker. Solar energy is focused on the cylinder of a Stirling engine which is attached at the focal point of the dish. This Stirling Engine is coupled to a Dynamo through a rubber belt and the dynamo produces output. Moreover a Solar Tracker Circuit is designed which rotates the dish automatically in the direction of sun. This reduces the use of fossil fuels and have greater efficiency.

Objectives: This paper aims to investigate the influence of char reuse in the gasification process. Methods: Co-gasification of biomass (coconut shell) and char was carried out in a downdraft gasifier. Char was produced as a by-product in biomass gasification process which contains a huge amount of concentrated carbon. The simulation was run for the different ratios of coconut shell and char (100:0, 90:10, 80:20 and 70:30) by ASPEN PLUS process simulator software to find out a suitable ratio.

Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian lanjutan dari penemuan adanya pola perkembangan hunian rumah produktif kampung Sanan "Tempe" (Tutuko, 2004). Pada penelitian kali ini akan diteliti perubahan yang terjadi pada aspek permukiman dan lingkungan hunian Usaha Berbasis Rumah Tangga (UBR) UKM. Harapan yang akan dicapai adalah menemukan pola spasial kampung akibat perkembangan UBR dan kondisi permukiman dari aspek fisik. Metode yang digunakan untuk penelitian kualitatif ini adalah metoda penelitian perkembangan. Untuk mendapatkan hasil yang diinginkan, pendekatan yang dilakukan untuk melakukan studi tentang perkembangan rumah produktif adalah dengan menggunakan teori pengembangan rumah oleh Silas (1993). Sedangkan untuk menelusuri hal-hal yang perlu diperhatikan, hasilnya ditampilkan dalam bentuk diagramatis, ditunjang oleh kognisi lingkungan yang dikemukakan oleh Rapoport (1977). Hasil penelitian adalah mengkategorikan faktor-faktor perkembangan pola spasial kampung berdasarkan 5 aspek, yaitu: 1) Perkembangan bentuk dan pola permukiman; 2) Ruang dan lahan dalam permukiman dan perkembangannya; 3) Prasarana dasarpermukiman; 4) Aspek permukiman; dan 5

In the present scenario of energy crisis, emission reduction and carbon trading for clean environment, usage of biomass as alternate energy source for power generation have become ubiquitous. In this work an attempt is made to study the variation in performance of a bio-mass based power plant while using different biomass as fuel. The experiments have been carried out on 6 MW power plant consisting of a boiler with capacity of 28,000 kg/h and a turbine unit with 6000 kW power rating runs on Rankine cycle. The suitability of different biomass sources as fuel for the power plant has been tested. The plant performance is compared while using different bio-mass as fuel. The results show that among tested biomass sources viz., subabul wood with bark, tumma Japan wood, eucalyptus bark, subabul bark, casurina root and coal (grade-E), the tumma Japan wood is giving high overall efficiency.

Objectives: This paper aims to investigate the influence of char reuse in the gasification process. Methods: Co-gasification of biomass (coconut shell) and char was carried out in a downdraft gasifier. Char was produced as a by-product in biomass gasification process which contains a huge amount of concentrated carbon. The simulation was run for the different ratios of coconut shell and char (100:0, 90:10, 80:20 and 70:30) by ASPEN PLUS process simulator software to find out a suitable ratio. Findings: The calculated energy is 23703.45 Kcal, 24207.78 Kcal, 24964.28 Kcal and 25468.60 Kcal, where the char ratio is 0%, 10%, 20% and 30%, respectively. Based on the simulation result, gasification was accomplished by adding 30% of char with coconut shell biomass. The simulated and experiment results proved that more energy can be produced by increasing the char ratio. Application: Many countries started to find out an alternative source of energy instead of nonrenewable energy resources, especially from biomass. Co-gasification of the coconut shell with suitable char ratios is the best alternatives to meet up the world's future energy demand.

In order to satisfy the rising energy demands of global consumption a new ecofriendly renewable power source needs to be explored, conceptualized and developed. Solar energy is a free and clean energy resource which is available to humans or the local culture in abundant. An attempt is made to study Stirling cycle, its application and its suitability to use this source as pumping water in rural sector. Review of study is done for the development of Solar Stirling engine which will help in development of the engine which can be used for pumping water at rural areas using solar energy as a source. The engine developed will have its wide application not only in rural sector but also for generating electricity by attaching a generator of required capacity to the shaft of an engine.

Energy crises refers to any shortfall in the supply of energy resources to an economy. To counter these crises, renewable energy resources provide a significant potential. As most of the renewable energy resources never die, so we can obtain continuous supply from these sources. Among these sources, solar energy provides greater potential for electrical power. To use solar energy, one of the best approach is to design Parabolic Solar Dish which is more efficient than other solar technologies. In order to get maximum power output, needs to keep the dish aligned with the sun. This paper deals with the generation of electricity using parabolic shaped dish. A model is designed which contains a solar parabolic shaped dish, Stirling engine, dynamo and a solar tracker. Solar energy is focused on the cylinder of a Stirling engine which is attached at the focal point of the dish. This Stirling Engine is coupled to a Dynamo through a rubber belt and the dynamo produces output. Moreover a Solar Tracker Circuit is designed which rotates the dish automatically in the direction of sun. This reduces the use of fossil fuels and have greater efficiency.

A prototype of solar (heat) engine that has been developed and demonstrated in Universiti Teknologi Malaysia (UTM) is an adoption of modifying a commercial internal combustion engine into a Stirling engine driven by concentrated solar energy. The system which consisted of a new proposed rotation-elevation tracking mode heliostat – mechanically designed and developed for sun tracking and a computer designed optical receiver – fabricated multi-fold cones with mirror arrays to further concentrate of the sunlight, are specially developed for this experiment. In this paper, the development and feasibility test of the solar engine system will be reported. The 0.59% of overall efficientcy from solar energy to mechanical work produced in this experiment also will be discussed.

The performance of Stirling engine meets demands of the efficient use of energy and environmental security and therefore they are the subject of much current interest. The Stirling engine is both practically and theoretically a significant device, its practical virtue is simple, reliable and safe which was invented by Robert Stirling in 1816. The Aim of this paper is to design and build a Stirling Engine Capable of Generating Electricity. Here Concentrated Solar energy is used as a potential Heat source. The main principle is the pressure and temperature difference between the Hot and Cold air, due to this pressure and temperature difference the pistons move to and fro. The pistons here are coupled with the flywheel, thus as the pistons move it rotates the flywheel. The Flywheel being coupled with the generator produces electricity.nbsp Stirling Engine has the potential to use renewable heat source more easily, quieter and more reliable to low maintenance. Due to the advantage of th...

This paper aims an objective to study Economic Analysis of Mini hydel schemes. This study facilitates to take effective measures for reducing the cost which are also given. Analysis of two mini hydel schemes, Bhimgarh small hydel and Chargaon-Jatlapur Mini hydel project in India, constructed on dam toe and canal fall respectively is given. Parameters like cost of Civil work, by pass canal, intake structure and cross regulation has been worked out. Cost benefit ratio and Annual return is calculated. Estimate for electrical and mechanical equipments is prepared. The constraints and problems arising in development of power hydel schemes are known. Comparing with other alternative sources of energy, economics of Non-Conventional energy schemes is given. Because of limited availability of coal and other fossil fuels and for total upliftment of country, growth of remote places is must. Whereas to transmit power to such places is very costly. This gives rise to Pico-hydro Plant that does not require construction of dams and considered as run off river. Hence, simplified model has been demonstrated and working is been explained. The output has been tested and usefulness of research is highlighted.

Biodiesel production from waste cooking oil was obtained using Thermomyces lanuginosus (TL) lipase (E.C.3.1.1.3) anchored on Fe 3 O 4 /Au nanoparticles through physical interactions. A remarkable biodiesel yield of ∼90% was obtained without any pre-treatment and at a lipase concentration of 20%, 45°C reaction temperature, 1:6 oil/methanol molar ratio, after 24 h. The immobilized enzyme showed fast kinetic (the biodiesel yield was already of 34.6% after only 3 h) and activity slightly dependent on the length of the acid chains. The effect of the Au NPs sizes was monitored, to study the role of Au conduction centres in facilitating enzymes favourable orientation. The immobilized lipase activity stays above 74% after the first 3 cycles of use. In particular, the produced biodiesel presents an ester content of 97.8% ± 0.21 and a linolenic methyl ester content of 0.53% ± 0.03, in agreement with EN14214 requirements.

Energy crises refers to any shortfall in the supply of energy resources to an economy. To counter these crises, renewable energy resources provide a significant potential. As most of the renewable energy resources never die, so we can obtain continuous supply from these sources. Among these sources, solar energy provides greater potential for electrical power. To use solar energy, one of the best approach is to design Parabolic Solar Dish which is more efficient than other solar technologies. In order to get maximum power output, needs to keep the dish aligned with the sun. This paper deals with the generation of electricity using parabolic shaped dish. A model is designed which contains a solar parabolic shaped dish, Stirling engine, dynamo and a solar tracker. Solar energy is focused on the cylinder of a Stirling engine which is attached at the focal point of the dish. This Stirling Engine is coupled to a Dynamo through a rubber belt and the dynamo produces output. Moreover a Solar Tracker Circuit is designed which rotates the dish automatically in the direction of sun. This reduces the use of fossil fuels and have greater efficiency.

Bio-syngas derived from lignocellulosic biomass (LB) has emerged as a potential precursor gas to be converted to liquid fuels. The quality of syngas with respect to the concentrations of CO, H 2 and CO 2 is, however, dependent on the elemental analysis of the LB and the variables like equivalence ratio, gasification temperature. The generation of tar and ash from the gasification process is also influenced by the proximate analysis of the LBs. In this study, steady state process simulation of co-gasification of mixed Indian LBs has been developed through Aspen plus using non-equilibrium model based on reaction kinetics. Formation of char and tar has also been incorporated in the model. The composition of syngas, obtained through Aspen plus simulation of cogasification has been successfully compared with literature data. The ratio between individual agro wastes in the LB mixture is another input variable in the co-gasification model. Finally, response surface methodology has been used to optimise the energy and exergy efficiency of the co-gasification process with respect to equivalence ratio, gasification temperature and ratio of high and low ash LBs. It has been found that the combination of 750 C temperature, 0.2 biomass ratio and 0.2 equivalence ratio gives the optimum energy efficiency and combination of 750 C temperature, 0.8 biomass ratio and 0.5 equivalence ratio gives maximum exergy efficiency.

Objectives: This paper aims to investigate the influence of char reuse in the gasification process. Methods: Co-gasification of biomass (coconut shell) and char was carried out in a downdraft gasifier. Char was produced as a by-product in biomass gasification process which contains a huge amount of concentrated carbon. The simulation was run for the different ratios of coconut shell and char (100:0, 90:10, 80:20 and 70:30) by ASPEN PLUS process simulator software to find out a suitable ratio.

A comparative study of biodiesel production from waste cooking oil using sulfuric acid (Two-step) and microwaveassisted transesterification (One-step) was carried out. A two-step transesterification process was used to produce biodiesel (alkyl ester) from high free fatty acid (FFA) waste cooking oil. Microwave-assisted catalytic transesterification using BaO and KOH was evaluated for the efficacy of microwave irradiation in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. On the basis of energy consumptions for waste cooking oil (WCO) transesterification by both conventional heating and microwave-heating methods evaluated in this study, it was estimated that the microwave-heating method consumes less than 10% of the energy to achieve the same yield as the conventional heating method for given experimental conditions. The thermal stability of waste cooking oil and biodiesel was assessed by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The analysis of different oil properties, fuel properties and process parametric evaluative studies of waste cooking oil are presented in detail. The fuel properties of biodiesel produced were compared with American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for biodiesel and regular diesel.

Thermal Integral Micro-Generation (TIMGen) systems on the scale of a few Watts are proposed for use with solar or fuel-derived heat. The optics, the thermal receiver, and several alternative generation technologies, including MEMS heat engines (Stirling and Brayton cycles), thermal photovoltaics, and thermoelectric, are discussed. Analysis of system performance shows the potential for efficiency comparable to photovoltaic cells and large-scale thermal plants. A major advantage of thermal systems over PV cells is the possibility of hybrid operation, both with sunlight and with another heat source when sunlight is not available. The alternative heat source can be another renewable or conventional fossil fuel. TIMGen plants compared to large-scale centralized thermal plants offer the advantages of modularity, scalability, redundancy and low cost via mass production. They can prove to be a very attractive option both for remote, self-contained electricity generation, and as an alternati...

Livestock waste has a major influence on environmental pollution, if not managed properly, because it will cause a foul odor. Efforts to manage livestock waste have not been successfully carried out completely, so new innovations are needed by utilizing the Eisenia foetida as a reactor to process it into earthworm cultivation medium. Processing of livestock waste with earthworms can produce high economic value cocoon and biomass. To find out the differences in cocoon and biomass production in five types of livestock waste, a research was carried out using a Completely Randomized Design with five treatments and five replications. The results showed that the use of feces of cattle, goats, horses, broiler chickens, and rumen contents as the medium of Eisenia foetida cultivation had a significant effect (P<0.05) on cocoon and biomass production. Duncan's test results showed that the highest cocoon production of 123.0 eggs/nest box obtained on goat feces medium was significantly d...

Today’s rate of population growth is soaring higher than ever and shows no signs of regressing. Consequently, more and more resources are being consumed at an accelerated rate. In lieu of this energy and resource crisis, many alternate energy harvesting systems are being designed. This project aims to understand and appreciate the potential of sound via piezoelectric materials as a source of electricity. The aim is to recognize the relation between frequency and SPL of a sound wave with the voltage that the sound is capable of producing.

Kekuatan tradisi mendukung stabilitas elemen dari satu generasi ke generasi yang lain. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa dari satu kelompok masyarakat terdapat tradisi yang setiap unsur tradisi yang antara lain aktivitas pada umumnya akan diturunkan ke generasi berikutnya. Pengembangan hunian tidak bisa lepas dari sumberdaya yang ada, dikembangkan sendiri oleh pihak masyarakat dengan perkembangan yang berdimensi majemuk (multi dimensional development), hal ini jauh lebih lengkap daripada sekedar sebagai tempat hunian saja. Rumah bukan hanya sekedar tempat berteduh, beristirahat dan berkeluarga namun rumah bisa juga berfungsi untuk menggalang sumberdaya yang dimiliki penghuni dengan melihat peluang yang ada. Pada umumnya konsep rumah dan kerja termasuk dimensi sosial dan budaya, yaitu sebagai rumah dalam hal ini rumah yang digunakan sebagai tempat tinggal tanpa kegiatan lain yang berarti dan rumah produktif, yaitu rumah yang sebagian digunakan untuk produktif atau kegiatan ekonomis. Lokasi dimana hunian tersebut berada perlu indikator tentang kualitas lahan dalam hal ini adalah Natural environment (sumberdaya alam yang sesuai), Topographical (kondisi topografi yang sesuai), dan Proximity dan accessibility (batas standar minimal hunian dan potensi kemudahan). Keberadaan jenis usaha pembuatan tempe yang terdapat di kampung Sanan 'Tempe' telah ada sejak sekitar awal tahun 1900-an dan bertahan sampai sekarang. Usaha rumahan ini terus ada dan usaha ini sudah menjadi usaha yang turun menurun dilakukan dari generasi ke generasi. Pola hunian rumah produktif dan pola permukiman mereka secara keseluruhan dipengaruhi proses produksi yang ada dalam usaha tempe ini. Hal ini menjadikan perubahan pola hunian yang semestinya sebagian besar untuk kebutuhan bertempat tinggal menjadi kegiatan untuk melakukan usaha. Pada kasus penelitian yang terkait dengan perkembangan rumah produktif di Kampung Sanan 'Tempe' Malang, mengalami perubahan pola hunian yang dipengaruhi oleh bagian dari rumah yang merupakan inti perkembangan usaha mereka. Hal ini memberikan pengaruh terhadap daya dukung permukiman dimana kegiatan itu berada. Sebagai suatu lokasi usaha pembuat tempe diperlukan adanya faktor-faktor yang mendukung keberlanjutan baik itu dari segi rumah produktif maupun lingkungan permukimannya.

Nowadays world population is getting increasing day by day.we cannot able to see the home without two are three vehicle.It  results in the lack of crude oil.In such a case if we use algae as a bio diesel it serves as a great alternative for fossil fuel and it is a less pollutant.