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The book "Biodiesel: Feedstocks and Processing Technologies” is intended to provide a professional look he recent achievements and emerging trends in biodiesel production. It includes 22 chapters, organized i wo sections. The first book section: "Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production” covers issues associated with tl Jtilization of cost effective non-edible raw materials and wastes, and the development of biomass feedstoc nith physical and chemical properties that facilitate it processing to biodiesel. These include Brassicaceae spp., cooking oils, animal fat wastes, oleaginous fungi, and algae. The second book section: "Biodiesel >roduction Methods" is devoted to the advanced techniques for biodiesel synthesis: supercritical ransesterification, microwaves, radio frequency and ultrasound techniques, reactive distillation, and optim ransesterification processes making use of solid catalysts and immobilized enzymes. The adequate and tu o-date information provided in this book should be of interest for research scientist, students, and echnologists, involved in biodiesel production. The book "Biodiesel: Feedstocks and Processing Technologies" is intended to provide a professional look on

Figure 10 The book "Biodiesel: Feedstocks and Processing Technologies” is intended to provide a professional look he recent achievements and emerging trends in biodiesel production. It includes 22 chapters, organized i wo sections. The first book section: "Feedstocks for Biodiesel Production” covers issues associated with tl Jtilization of cost effective non-edible raw materials and wastes, and the development of biomass feedstoc nith physical and chemical properties that facilitate it processing to biodiesel. These include Brassicaceae spp., cooking oils, animal fat wastes, oleaginous fungi, and algae. The second book section: "Biodiesel >roduction Methods" is devoted to the advanced techniques for biodiesel synthesis: supercritical ransesterification, microwaves, radio frequency and ultrasound techniques, reactive distillation, and optim ransesterification processes making use of solid catalysts and immobilized enzymes. The adequate and tu o-date information provided in this book should be of interest for research scientist, students, and echnologists, involved in biodiesel production. The book "Biodiesel: Feedstocks and Processing Technologies" is intended to provide a professional look on

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Table 1. World production of vegetable oils, 2008/2009. (Source: “Oilseeds: World markets and trade”. FAS-USDA, October 2008) The biodiesel advantages are that it is a renewable and biodegradable biofuel; it produces less harmful emissions to the environment than those that produce fossil fuels. Specifically the Palm biodiesel pure or mixed with diesel fuel reduces the emissions of COz, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate material. Table 1, shows the world production of vegetable oils.
Table 1. World production of vegetable oils, 2008/2009. (Source: “Oilseeds: World markets and trade”. FAS-USDA, October 2008) The biodiesel advantages are that it is a renewable and biodegradable biofuel; it produces less harmful emissions to the environment than those that produce fossil fuels. Specifically the Palm biodiesel pure or mixed with diesel fuel reduces the emissions of COz, nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate material. Table 1, shows the world production of vegetable oils.
Fig. 1. World production of biodiesel (Source: National Federation of Oil Palm Growers (FEDEPALMA)). The estimated consumption of diesel in the world at the end of the year 2005 was 960 billion liters. On the other hand, the production of biodiesel during the same year was 4.2 billion liters (Figure 1). For example, assuming that 2% of diesel was replaced with biodiesel, it would mean an increase of 15 billion liters in the biodiesel global production. This amount of biodiesel has other impacts, including overproduction of glycerin, the use of more land, etc.
Fig. 1. World production of biodiesel (Source: National Federation of Oil Palm Growers (FEDEPALMA)). The estimated consumption of diesel in the world at the end of the year 2005 was 960 billion liters. On the other hand, the production of biodiesel during the same year was 4.2 billion liters (Figure 1). For example, assuming that 2% of diesel was replaced with biodiesel, it would mean an increase of 15 billion liters in the biodiesel global production. This amount of biodiesel has other impacts, including overproduction of glycerin, the use of more land, etc.
Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil
Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil
The biodiesel production is given by the transesterification reaction which consists of three consecutive and reversible reactions. First, the triglyceride is converted in diacylglycerol, and running at monoglyceride and glycerin. In each reaction one mole of methyl ester is released as shown in Figure 2.
The biodiesel production is given by the transesterification reaction which consists of three consecutive and reversible reactions. First, the triglyceride is converted in diacylglycerol, and running at monoglyceride and glycerin. In each reaction one mole of methyl ester is released as shown in Figure 2.
Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Vastes containing these types of oils are products of decomposition that impair the oil juality causing reduction in productivity in the transesterification reaction and may also renerate undesirable by-products which hurt the final product. For these reasons, it is mportant to refine the waste domestic oil for the biodiesel production. "This type of efinement has a right effect on the yield of the reaction from 67% to 87% after bleaching”. EREN. 2003. pp 36). For the treatment of adequacy of waste domestic oil, the operations hat can be applied are filtration, de-acidification or neutralization and whitening. The rocesses of degumming and deodorization aren't needed because the oils have already een treated prior to use and although during degradation odors occur, the removal is not ssential for the biodiesel production.
Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil Vastes containing these types of oils are products of decomposition that impair the oil juality causing reduction in productivity in the transesterification reaction and may also renerate undesirable by-products which hurt the final product. For these reasons, it is mportant to refine the waste domestic oil for the biodiesel production. "This type of efinement has a right effect on the yield of the reaction from 67% to 87% after bleaching”. EREN. 2003. pp 36). For the treatment of adequacy of waste domestic oil, the operations hat can be applied are filtration, de-acidification or neutralization and whitening. The rocesses of degumming and deodorization aren't needed because the oils have already een treated prior to use and although during degradation odors occur, the removal is not ssential for the biodiesel production.
Table 4. Characterization of cooking oil collected by the hotel sector (Source: Avalquimico Ltda.2010) Chemical characterization of the used oil, is presented in table 4
Table 4. Characterization of cooking oil collected by the hotel sector (Source: Avalquimico Ltda.2010) Chemical characterization of the used oil, is presented in table 4
Table 5. Comparison of alternatives for the biodiesel production. According to table 5, the catalyst with higher industrial scaling, economic cost, high yields and short reaction time, is the alternative of basic catalysis, using sodium hydroxide. Although soap can be formed using sodium hydroxide in the transesterification reaction, this occurs if the content of free fatty acids is greater than 1% and the type of oil collected from the hotel sector has a percentage of acidity of 0.54%, so it is not problem to use this type of catalyst for the biodiesel production.
Table 5. Comparison of alternatives for the biodiesel production. According to table 5, the catalyst with higher industrial scaling, economic cost, high yields and short reaction time, is the alternative of basic catalysis, using sodium hydroxide. Although soap can be formed using sodium hydroxide in the transesterification reaction, this occurs if the content of free fatty acids is greater than 1% and the type of oil collected from the hotel sector has a percentage of acidity of 0.54%, so it is not problem to use this type of catalyst for the biodiesel production.
4.1 Experimental design It is a key to make a design from which the most appropriate values for each of the design factors can be established. The selected factors were: molar ratio alcohol/oil, percentage of catalyst, temperature and washing agent, where the first three are design variables and the latter is a design condition. Before starting the design is important defines the ranges and levels for these factors, for this reason, we search the experimental phase in scientific articles related to the project (table 7). For the molar ratio alcohol/oil is found a ratio of 6: 1 that is optimum for achieving high conversions, some articles display that lower ratio not is possible to reach a complete transesterification reaction. There are also good results with ratios ranging between 9:1 and 12:1, while if we use higher than 15:1 molar ratio there are difficulties in the separation of glycerin and methyl esters.
4.1 Experimental design It is a key to make a design from which the most appropriate values for each of the design factors can be established. The selected factors were: molar ratio alcohol/oil, percentage of catalyst, temperature and washing agent, where the first three are design variables and the latter is a design condition. Before starting the design is important defines the ranges and levels for these factors, for this reason, we search the experimental phase in scientific articles related to the project (table 7). For the molar ratio alcohol/oil is found a ratio of 6: 1 that is optimum for achieving high conversions, some articles display that lower ratio not is possible to reach a complete transesterification reaction. There are also good results with ratios ranging between 9:1 and 12:1, while if we use higher than 15:1 molar ratio there are difficulties in the separation of glycerin and methyl esters.
4.2 Experimental development at the laboratory level
4.2 Experimental development at the laboratory level
First is the filtration of used oil, then mixing alcohol/catalyst to add it to the reactor which contains the oil at the temperature of the transesterification reaction, then is the separation of biodiesel and glycerin, washes the biodiesel and finally is the disti lation of the biodiesel. "The dissolution is agitated at low rpm because that at high revolutions sodium hydroxide can be oxidized” (Arbelaez & Rivera, 2007. pp45), should covered because amount of methanol due to its volatility can be lost. transesterification reaction are used reactors of four mouths with capacity of 500 also be For the mL and 1000 mL, magnetic stirrers, plates of agitation, spiral capacitors, mercury thermometers, thermostat bath and temperature controller. Figure 7, shows the setup for the production. biodiesel Table 10, shows the quantities determined at the laboratory level for each compound that is involved in the biodiesel production.
First is the filtration of used oil, then mixing alcohol/catalyst to add it to the reactor which contains the oil at the temperature of the transesterification reaction, then is the separation of biodiesel and glycerin, washes the biodiesel and finally is the disti lation of the biodiesel. "The dissolution is agitated at low rpm because that at high revolutions sodium hydroxide can be oxidized” (Arbelaez & Rivera, 2007. pp45), should covered because amount of methanol due to its volatility can be lost. transesterification reaction are used reactors of four mouths with capacity of 500 also be For the mL and 1000 mL, magnetic stirrers, plates of agitation, spiral capacitors, mercury thermometers, thermostat bath and temperature controller. Figure 7, shows the setup for the production. biodiesel Table 10, shows the quantities determined at the laboratory level for each compound that is involved in the biodiesel production.
Fig. 7. Biodiesel production assembly: a) Reactor of 500 mL b) Reactor of 1L. Biodiesel — Feedstocks and Processing Technologies
Fig. 7. Biodiesel production assembly: a) Reactor of 500 mL b) Reactor of 1L. Biodiesel — Feedstocks and Processing Technologies
Once separate the glycerin from biodiesel, it is carried out the washing on the funnels. Separate the glycerin, the biodiesel must be washed because that may contain residues of catalyst, methanol, soaps and glycerides without reacting. Two types of washings are established according to the experimental design. In one of the washing, water at 40 °C is used for three washes. Other tests of washing have been conducted with acetic acid 10% wt, where is used the same amount of used cooking oil; two washes are carried out with acid solution and the third is done with deionized water.
Once separate the glycerin from biodiesel, it is carried out the washing on the funnels. Separate the glycerin, the biodiesel must be washed because that may contain residues of catalyst, methanol, soaps and glycerides without reacting. Two types of washings are established according to the experimental design. In one of the washing, water at 40 °C is used for three washes. Other tests of washing have been conducted with acetic acid 10% wt, where is used the same amount of used cooking oil; two washes are carried out with acid solution and the third is done with deionized water.
Fig. 9. First biodiesel wash: (a) Water at 40 °C (b) acetic acid solution Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil
Fig. 9. First biodiesel wash: (a) Water at 40 °C (b) acetic acid solution Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil
The table 11 shows the densities for each test sample
The table 11 shows the densities for each test sample
Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil
Biodiesel Production from Waste Cooking Oil
We carry out the ANOVA statistical analysis (table 14) and the test of hypothesis (table 15). Table 12. Rearranged experimental matrix
We carry out the ANOVA statistical analysis (table 14) and the test of hypothesis (table 15). Table 12. Rearranged experimental matrix
Biodiesel — Feedstocks and Processing Technologies
Biodiesel — Feedstocks and Processing Technologies
Table 15. Hypothesis test
Table 15. Hypothesis test
Se eS ee ee Se Ree Se Ee oe eee Sees ee ee ee See Ee Se ee ene agme §=6 Ser eae, Sema reason the highest 9:1 ratio is selected. The factor B, the catalyst concentration has a significant effect on the reaction productivit so increasing the catalyst concentration increases the reaction productivity for this reaso we select 0.7% w/w. The factor C, the reaction temperature has no significant effect, but : recommended to work with the lowest level, i.e. at a temperature 50 °C to prevent a furthe loss of methanol due to its volatility. The factor D, the washing agent has no significar effect because the effect is negative, we select the low level (-) water at 40 °C. The combination of treatments AB, AC, AD, CD, ABC, ABD, ACD, BCD, ABCD, do not hz significant effects on the reaction productivity. The treatment combination BC he significant effects on the reaction productivity, so it is advisable to work with levels highe for each factor, catalyst concentration of 0.7 %p/ Pp and reaction temperature of 50 °C. Table 16, shows the made characterization of the sample obtained to a molar rati alcohol/ oil 9:1, catalyst concentration 0.7% w/w, reaction temperature of 50 °C and water < 40 °C as washing agent that is the biodiesel with a best properties.
Se eS ee ee Se Ree Se Ee oe eee Sees ee ee ee See Ee Se ee ene agme §=6 Ser eae, Sema reason the highest 9:1 ratio is selected. The factor B, the catalyst concentration has a significant effect on the reaction productivit so increasing the catalyst concentration increases the reaction productivity for this reaso we select 0.7% w/w. The factor C, the reaction temperature has no significant effect, but : recommended to work with the lowest level, i.e. at a temperature 50 °C to prevent a furthe loss of methanol due to its volatility. The factor D, the washing agent has no significar effect because the effect is negative, we select the low level (-) water at 40 °C. The combination of treatments AB, AC, AD, CD, ABC, ABD, ACD, BCD, ABCD, do not hz significant effects on the reaction productivity. The treatment combination BC he significant effects on the reaction productivity, so it is advisable to work with levels highe for each factor, catalyst concentration of 0.7 %p/ Pp and reaction temperature of 50 °C. Table 16, shows the made characterization of the sample obtained to a molar rati alcohol/ oil 9:1, catalyst concentration 0.7% w/w, reaction temperature of 50 °C and water < 40 °C as washing agent that is the biodiesel with a best properties.
Related topics:
Chemical EngineeringEnvironmental ScienceAlternative FuelsAlternate EnergyBiodiesel ProductionWaste cooking oil
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