Fe-C-V and Fe-C-V-Si alloys of various C, V and Si compositions were investigated in this work. I... more Fe-C-V and Fe-C-V-Si alloys of various C, V and Si compositions were investigated in this work. It was found that the phases present in both of these alloy systems were alloyed ferrite, alloyed cementite, and VC x carbides. Depending on the alloy composition the solidified microstructural constituents were granular pearlite-like, lamellar pearlite, or mixtures of alloyed ferrite + granular pearlite-like or granular pearlite-like + lamellar pearlite. In addition, it is shown that in Fe-C-V alloys the C/V ratio influences (a) the type of matrix, (b) the fraction of vanadium carbides, f v and (c) the eutectic cell count, N F. In Fe-C-V alloys, a relationship between the alloy content corresponding to the eutectic line was experimentally determined and can be described by C e = 7.91V −0.635 e where C e and V e are the carbon and vanadium composition of the eutectic. Moreover, in the Fe-C-V alloys (depending on the alloy chemistry), the primary VC x carbides crystallize with non-faceted or non-faceted/faceted interfaces, while the eutectic morphology is non-faceted/non-faceted with regular fiber-like structures, or it possesses a dual morphology (non-faceted/non-faceted with regular fiber-like structures + non-faceted/faceted with complex regular structures). In the Fe-C-V-Si system, the primary VC x carbides solidify with a non-faceted/faceted interface, while the eutectic is non-faceted/faceted with complex regular structures. In particular, spiral eutectic growth is observed when Si is present in the Fe-C-V alloys. In general, it is found that as the matrix constituent shifts from predominantly ferrite to lamellar pearlite, the hardness, yield and tensile strengths exhibit substantial increases at expenses of ductility. Moreover, Si additions lead to alloy strengthening by solid solution hardening of the ferrite phase and/or through a reduction in the eutectic fiber spacings with a decrease in the alloy ductility.
Abstract
The enormous grow in world population; industry development and new technologies are dem... more Abstract The enormous grow in world population; industry development and new technologies are demanding more electrical energy every day. This energy is supplied from fossil fuels, but its consumption result in erosion and contamination of the environment. However, new hybrid systems technology based on renewable resources can transform solar radiation and hydraulic power in electric energy offering other options. The main objectives of this research are to define technological and geographic feasibility for electrical energy generation from photovoltaic cells and mechanical batteries on the Mexico/U.S border specifically in Ciudad Juarez/El Paso area. Furthermore, a simulation model was developed using EXTEND software in order to evaluate electrical energy generated from photovoltaic cells and mechanical batteries working as an hybrid system, supplying electricity demand of Mexico standard family. In addition, mathematical calculations were made from meteorological data, specifications of commercial photovoltaic cells and hydraulic generators. This model has the capability to perform multiple options such as; comparisons, predictions, evaluations, etc.
As world population grows, and its technology evolves, the demand for electricity inexorably incr... more As world population grows, and its technology evolves, the demand for electricity inexorably increases. Until now most of this electricity has been produced via fossil fuels, non-renewable energy resources that are irreversibly deteriorating our environment. On the economical aspect it does not get any better. Let's not forget market rules, the higher the demand and lower the offer, the higher the price we will have to pay. Oil is an excellent example. Some countries try to solve this situation with Pharaohnic projects, i.e. investing absurd amounts of money in 'green electricity' building monstrous dams to power equally monstrous hydroelectric power plants. The only problem with this is that it is not green at all---it does have an enormous environmental impact---it is extremely complicated and expensive to implement. It is important to point out, that this research project does not try to solve world's thirst for electricity. It is rather aimed to help solve th...
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Papers by hugo lopez
The enormous grow in world population; industry development and new technologies are demanding more electrical energy every day. This energy is supplied from fossil fuels, but its consumption result in erosion and contamination of the environment. However, new hybrid systems technology based on renewable resources can transform solar radiation and hydraulic power in electric energy offering other options.
The main objectives of this research are to define technological and geographic feasibility for electrical energy generation from photovoltaic cells and mechanical batteries on the Mexico/U.S border specifically in Ciudad Juarez/El Paso area.
Furthermore, a simulation model was developed using EXTEND software in order to evaluate electrical energy generated from photovoltaic cells and mechanical batteries working as an hybrid system, supplying electricity demand of Mexico standard family. In addition, mathematical calculations were made from meteorological data, specifications of commercial photovoltaic cells and hydraulic generators. This model has the capability to perform multiple options such as; comparisons, predictions, evaluations, etc.