Air Quality Management

Research on travel demand modeling has predominantly focused on weekday activity-travel patterns, with studying the effects of commute travel on peak period traffic congestion as a major objective. Few studies have examined the weekend activity-travel behavior of individuals. However, weekend travel volume has been increasing over time and is comparable to weekday travel volumes. Hence, weekend activity-travel patterns warrant careful attention in transportation planning. This paper focuses on presenting a comprehensive exploratory analysis of weekend activitytravel patterns and contrasting weekday and weekend activity participation characteristics. Data from the 2000 San Francisco Bay Area Travel Survey, California, are used in the analysis. A comparative analysis of several aggregate activity-travel characteristics indicates that, although weekday and weekend travel volumes are comparable, there are several key differences in activity-travel characteristics. Specifically, weekend activity-travel is predominantly leisure oriented and undertaken during the midday period. Average trip distances are longer on weekends. Transit shares are lower but occupancy levels in personal automobiles are higher on weekends. The weekend activity sequencing and trip-chaining characteristics explored in this study provide further insights into individuals' activity organization patterns on weekend days. This paper highlights the importance of studying weekend activity-travel behavior for transportation planning and air-quality modeling. Insights from this exploratory analysis can form the basis for comprehensive weekend activity-travel modeling efforts. Almost all existing research studies in the travel behavior and travel demand modeling field have examined weekday individual activitytravel patterns. A major motivation for this focus is the significant effect of commute travel on peak period traffic congestion and mobile source emissions. In contrast to the substantial literature on weekday activity-travel analysis, only a handful of studies have examined the activity-travel behavior of individuals over the weekend [see Parsons Brinckerhoff Quade and Douglas (PBQD) (1), Bhat and Gossen (2), Bhat and Srinivasan (3), and Bhat and Lockwood (4)]. There are many reasons why the study of weekend activity-travel behavior is important.

The city of Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico, is experiencing significant environmental challenges characterized by intensifying urban heat island (UHI) effects, ecosystem stress, and deteriorating air quality conditions. This comprehensive study analyzes climate trends and projections for 2024-2034, documenting environmental changes affecting the city's 480,000 residents and regional biodiversity. Through field observations, climate data analysis, and ecological monitoring, this research examines how deforestation and increasing vehicle emissions contribute to environmental degradation in this mid-elevation tropical city. Key findings include a current UHI effect of approximately 4-5°C above rural temperatures, declining air quality with PM2.5 concentrations frequently exceeding WHO guidelines, and observable impacts on local wildlife populations. The study documents effects on endemic species including the social flycatcher (Myiozetetes similis) and regional amphibian populations, while analyzing water resource challenges and public health implications. This research contributes to understanding urban climate adaptation challenges in midelevation tropical cities while highlighting the need for integrated environmental management strategies.

The contents of this report reflect the views of the author, who is responsible for the facts and the accuracy of the information presented herein. This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the Department of Transportation, University Research Institute Program, in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for the contents or use thereof.

Air quality in China is notoriously poor. Ambient concentrations of Total Suspended Particulates (TSP) 1981-1993 were more than double China's National Annual Mean Ambient Air Quality Standard of 200 mg/m -3 and five times the level that prevailed in the U.S. before passage of the Clean Air Act in 1970. Further, it is frequently claimed that air quality is especially poor in northern Chinese cites. For example, following a career in the southern city of Shanghai, Prime Minister Zhu Rongi quipped in 1999: "If I work in your Beijing [in northern China], I would shorten my life at least five years" (The Economist, 2004, pp. 55-57). This paper assesses the role of a procrustean Chinese policy in generating stark differences in air quality within China. During the 1950-1980 central planning period, the Chinese government established free winter heating of homes and offices as a basic right via the provision of free coal fuel for boilers. The combustion of coal in boilers is associated with the release of air pollutants, especially TSP. Due to budgetary limitations, however, this right was only extended to areas located in northern China. The line formed by the Huai River and Qinling Mountains denotes the border between northern and southern China. Matching air pollution and weather data for 58 Chinese cities, we find the heating policy led to dramatically higher TSP levels in the north. This result holds both in a cross-sectional regression discontinuity-style estimation approach and in a panel data setting that compares the

specific areas of the island: Domestic zones produce a high amount of organic waste, Small industrial and coastal trading zones have significant hazardous waste, The coastal trading zones generate the highest amount of inorganic waste.It also points out the ongoing challenges, such as the lack of regulation and coordination between different stakeholders involved in waste management. Conclusion: To improve environmental sustainability, this study recommends the development of zoned waste treatment facilities, environmental education programs, and frameworks for cross-border cooperation. The research provides a strategic plan and hopes to offer recommendations for responsive, accountable waste management, particularly in the development of zoned waste treatment facilities. The waste management zoning is divided into three areas: coastal settlements, port areas, and mangrove conservation areas. In the Conclusion, the study suggests strategies to improve waste management, such as:Developing zoned waste treatment facilities, Implementing environmental education programs,Establishing cross-border cooperation between Indonesia and Malaysia to address waste issues effectively.

Often when public agencies allocate funding for transportation programs, evaluation of a project’s performance becomes an afterthought, if a consideration at all. Relatively recently, evaluation of project performance has garnered attention as a means for both assessing how cost-effectively public funds help attain transportation and air quality objectives and guiding future public investment decisions. Nonetheless, these efforts suffer at times from a lack of coordination and would benefit from the application of a standardized method. Such a standardized method is applied to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of three categories of transportation control measure (TCM) projects: fixed-route transit, transportation demand management (TDM), and alternative fuel projects. The method provides a means for estimating and quantifying travel mode effects and converting them to net emissions benefits. Three sets of funding programs implemented in California were the subjects of evaluation effo...

Celem opracowania jest próba wyceny emisji wybranych gazów do atmosfery. Wykorzystano metody pośrednie, oparte na giełdowej wycenie uprawnień do emisji dwutlenku węgla w ramach systemu EU ETS. Badaniem objęto dwutlenek węgla, podtlenek azotu, metan oraz tlenki azotu. Powoduje to, że przedstawiona ekonomiczna wycena szkodliwości rocznej działalności polskiego społeczeństwa ma charakter cząstkowy. Jednak nawet tak ograniczona wycena pozwala na uświadomienie społeczeństwu skali "wytwarzanych" zanieczyszczeń. Badanie przeprowadzono na bazie danych statystycznych zawartych w bazie NAMEA-Air. Uzyskane wyniki pozwalają na stwierdzenie dużego znaczenia rolnictwa w emisji zanieczyszczeń do powietrza. Jednakże wielkość emisji z tego sektora stale zmniejsza się. Zmiana w jednostkach fizycznych jest znacznie mniejsza niż wyliczona zmiana wartości, co wynika ze spadku ceny uprawnienia do emisji gazów cieplarnianych. Przedstawione wyliczenia pokazują więc, że wycenę szkodliwości zanieczyszczeń należy traktować z dużą ostrożnością, ponieważ niezależnie od szkodliwości jej wartość rynkowa może podlegać wahaniom. Słowa kluczowe: wycena emisji zanieczyszczeń do powietrza CO 2 , N 2 O, CH 4 , NO x Polska, rolnictwo, zmiany klimatyczne.

Celem opracowania jest próba wyceny emisji wybranych gazów do atmosfery. Wykorzystano metody pośrednie, oparte na giełdowej wycenie uprawnień do emisji dwutlenku węgla w ramach systemu EU ETS. Badaniem objęto dwutlenek węgla, podtlenek azotu, metan oraz tlenki azotu. Powoduje to, że przedstawiona ekonomiczna wycena szkodliwości rocznej działalności polskiego społeczeństwa ma charakter cząstkowy. Jednak nawet tak ograniczona wycena pozwala na uświadomienie społeczeństwu skali "wytwarzanych" zanieczyszczeń. Badanie przeprowadzono na bazie danych statystycznych zawartych w bazie NAMEA-Air. Uzyskane wyniki pozwalają na stwierdzenie dużego znaczenia rolnictwa w emisji zanieczyszczeń do powietrza. Jednakże wielkość emisji z tego sektora stale zmniejsza się. Zmiana w jednostkach fizycznych jest znacznie mniejsza niż wyliczona zmiana wartości, co wynika ze spadku ceny uprawnienia do emisji gazów cieplarnianych. Przedstawione wyliczenia pokazują więc, że wycenę szkodliwości zanieczyszczeń należy traktować z dużą ostrożnością, ponieważ niezależnie od szkodliwości jej wartość rynkowa może podlegać wahaniom. Słowa kluczowe: wycena emisji zanieczyszczeń do powietrza CO 2 , N 2 O, CH 4 , NO x Polska, rolnictwo, zmiany klimatyczne.

The objective of the article is to present the design of the interface for the acquisition of data from the climatological station located in Guaymaral (latitude: 04º49'20.4"N, Longitude: 74º04'10.2"W; 2585 masl). This work is part of the research project "Measurement of local air quality, through an IoT system and advanced data analytics", funded by the Colombian School of Engineering JULIO GARAVITO (Colombia). The methodology begins with the request of the data of the meteorological variables by the WIFI module and through the UART, to the server of the District Secretary of the Environment of Bogotá (http://201.245.192.252:81/StationInfo.aspx? ST_ID = 8), in Forward SDA. The received HTML file is saved in RESWIFI, and it is processed in order to debug the essential information of the variables. This information is then sent, via serial interface, to the node of the LoRaWAN network. The results of the design of the interface allowed to receive information of the variables particulate material (PM10 and PM2.5), speed and direction of the wind (Vel10M and Dir10M), temperature (T2m, T8m and T20m), relative humidity of the environment (RH), atmospheric barometric pressure (PB), solar radiation (RS), precipitation, ozone (O3), nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen oxides (NOX), with which the historical behavior of three of them was graphed: PM10, O3 and nitrogen dioxide (NO2), which are air pollutants.

h i g h l i g h t s O 3 concentrations increase despite the emissions reduction of their precursors. The number of O 3 episodic peak levels has been decreasing. The NO x and NMVOCs emissions reduction did not lead to an effective reduction of O 3. In coastal areas, mesoscale photochemical O 3 production must be carefully assessed. The emission reduction defined in the NEC directive should have respected the NO x /NMVOC relationship.

We analyze present‐day and future carbon monoxide (CO) simulations in 26 state‐of‐the‐art atmospheric chemistry models run to study future air quality and climate change. In comparison with near‐global satellite observations from the MOPITT instrument and local surface measurements, the models show large underestimates of Northern Hemisphere (NH) extratropical CO, while typically performing reasonably well elsewhere. The results suggest that year‐round emissions, probably from fossil fuel burning in east Asia and seasonal biomass burning emissions in south‐central Africa, are greatly underestimated in current inventories such as IIASA and EDGAR3.2. Variability among models is large, likely resulting primarily from intermodel differences in representations and emissions of nonmethane volatile organic compounds (NMVOCs) and in hydrologic cycles, which affect OH and soluble hydrocarbon intermediates. Global mean projections of the 2030 CO response to emissions changes are quite robust....

La ciudad de Guanajuato no se establece propiamente como una ciudad industrial, sin embargo, es importante monitorear y conocer los contaminantes emitidos a la atmósfera por fuentes móviles, fijas o naturales que son uno de los principales problemas para la salud pública. Asimismo, es significativo evaluar la dispersión y comportamiento de dichos contaminantes para entender su distribución, a través de factores meteorológicos, tales como, temperatura, humedad relativa, velocidad y dirección del viento, por medio de una rosa de vientos. Se establecieron tres puntos de monitoreo (La Venada, Mina de Rayas y Casa Colorada) y se utilizaron equipos portátiles para la determinación de Dióxido de Carbono (CO2) y Material Particulado, para éste último la NOM-025-SSA1-2014 establece dos valores límite para un promedio de 24 horas, cabe mencionar que los puntos muestreados se encuentran dentro lo señalado tanto en PM2.5 (45 µg/m 3) como en PM10 (75 µg/m 3). Además, se realizó la morfología de la partícula usando Microscopía Electrónica de Barrido (SEM) y un análisis de los principales elementos que componen la partícula con el Detector de Energía Dispersiva (EDS) acoplado a SEM.

La Secretaría de Protección al Ambiente del Estado de Baja California como responsable del sector en materia de protección al medio ambiente en el estado, necesita atender los compromisos que en materia de cambio climático deben asumir los gobiernos locales, por ello necesita llevar a cabo un análisis detallado del marco institucional y legal del estado, para identificar los ajustes, modificaciones y nuevas disposiciones que deberán de implementarse para lograr instrumentar y operar las acciones para dar cumplimiento a los siguientes compromisos nacionales e internacionales

El objetivo de este trabajo es la búsqueda de la definición del término gobernanza y, por extensión, de la gobernanza metropolitana (metropolítica) en la teoría de la administración pública. En esta búsqueda se encontró que hay varias definiciones de gobernanza que sólo tienen sentido desde sus distintos enfoques de la administración pública. Se concluye que una buena gobernanza, de cualquier manera como se le defina en administración pública, puede favorecer situaciones indeseables (paradoja de la circularidad de las intenciones). Este escrito explica esta posible contradicción ubicando a los enfoques revisados y al cuerpo conceptual propuesto en el marco del ejercicio y las fuentes de poder.

Se analiza el papel de la gestion local para promover la participacion ciudadana, bajo el enfoque de gestion estrategica asociada. El articulo sustenta el argumento de que si bien la participacion ciudadana, a traves de organizaciones civiles y la sociedad en general, se ha incrementado en las entidades locales y estatales mexicanas, ha tenido dificultades para poder incidir en la gestion y en las politicas de desarrollo. Los temas en donde se desarrolla el argumento son: 1. Estado, participacion y desarrollo, y 2. Gestion estrategica, valor publico y participacion ciudadana

Aquí se analiza el papel de las principales organizaciones no gubernamentales (ONG) ambientalistas, con respecto a la contaminación del aire en la frontera de Mexicali, Baja California (BC), México y Valle Imperial, california en Estados Unidos (EEUU). los temas principales son los antecedentes de la polución del aire en la zona mencionada; el papel de las ONG, la gestión asociada y el marco institucional y legal de la participación ciudadana, y la labor de las ONG regionales en la promoción de un enfoque de energía ambientalmente sustentable en la frontera México-Estados Unidos.

Muchas sustancias contaminantes se pueden producir en áreas industriales y domésticas; por esa razón presentamos este proyecto, que tiene como objetivo utilizar sensores para la detección de sustancias y partículas contaminantes en el aire o medio ambiente; específicamente las partes por millón del gas Dióxido de Carbono. El desarrollo se implementará a través del hardware Arduino UNO, con su software propio, para la medición del rango de las partes por millón de dióxido de carbono presentes en una determinada área. Nuestros resultados nos mostraron los rangos normales de dióxido de carbono en un ambiente cerrado y la variación al momento de interactuar con el sensor por medio de emisiones de dióxido de carbono producidos por personas captando distintos datos dentro y fuera del rango aceptable para la salud humana.

Resumen El objetivo de este artículo es desarrollar un análisis de las estrategias de mitigación y adaptación del sector transporte en la ciudad de Mexicali, Baja California, México. Basado en la metodología de los Programas de Acción ante el Cambio Climático (pacc), se analiza el inventario de emisiones de Mexicali y se da a conocer un diagnóstico. Una vez analizada la situación actual, se estudian las estrategias de mitigación, como el sistema de transporte colectivo (brt, por sus siglas en inglés), la verificación vehicular, nuevas leyes de importación, la producción de biocombustibles, la promoción de uso de vehículos de menores emisiones y la planeación urbana. En materia de adaptación se estudia el reciclado de vehículos en Mexicali y el uso de transporte no motorizado como alternativa de movilidad sustentable. Palabras clave: estrategias de mitigación y adaptación, Mexicali, transporte terrestre, cambio climático, calidad del aire.

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo, fue la aplicación del ordenamiento territorial y el manejo sustentable de los recursos bajo la perspectiva del modelo ciudad-región. El ordenamiento territorial permite conciliar los intereses de los diferentes sectores de la economía y que junto con el desarrollo sustentable permiten garantizar un desarrollo equitativo entre las diversas actividades que soportan la economía y la protección de medio ambiente. La aplicación del ordenamiento territorial y los sistemas de información geográfica permitieron definir la aptitud territorial, identificar potencialidades para el aprovechamiento y conservación de los recursos en el espacio urbano-regional, y proponer esquemas para el manejo sustentable en el modelo ciudad-región Las conclusiones del estudio plantean limitaciones y oportunidades que enfrenta este modelo en la práctica de la planeación urbana.

encouraging me to study atmospheric science in graduate school. I would also like to recognize Dr. Derek Cunnold for introducing me to inverse modeling and serving on my thesis committee until his passing earlier this year. I would like to acknowledge the help of several collaborators without whom this thesis would not be possible: Ed Weber in the School of Public Policy, Ann Carpenter at Georgia Tech Research Institute, and Jim Chapmen at Lawrence, Frank LLC. I also would like to acknowledge the technical guidance by Dr. Yungtao Hu which was vital to the computer modeling work presented here. I have had the pleasure and honor to work with a prestigious group of young scientists and engineers during my time at Georgia Tech. Russell group members, Daniel

las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. / 1.4. Tratado sobre los Principios que deben regir la actividad de los Estados en la Exploración y Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre, incluso y la Luna y otros cuerpos celestes. / 1.5. Convenio sbbre Cooperación para la Protección y Mejoramiento del Medio Ambiente en la Zona Fronteriza (Convenio de La Paz). / 1.6. Convenio sobre la Protección y Mejoramiento del Ambiente en la Zona Fronteriza (México-Guatemala). / 1.7. Convenio entre los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y Belice sobre la Protección y Mejoramiento del Ambiente y la Conservación de los Recursos Naturales en la Zona Fronteriza. / 2. La contaminación de la atmósfera en el derecho mexicano. / 2.1. La facultad para legislar en materia de contaminación atmosférica. / 2.2. Disposiciones aplicables a las fuentes fijas. / 2.3. Disposiciones aplicables a las fuentes móviles. / 2.3.1. Reglamento para la Prevención y Control de la Contaminación de la Atmósfera.7 2.3.2. Reglamento de la LGEEPA para la Prevención y Control de la Contaminación Generada por los vehículos automotores que circulan en el Distrito Federal y los Municipios de su zona conürbada. / 3. Facultades de las autoridades administrativas. / 3.1. Autoridades federales. / 3.1.1. SEMARNAP. / 3.1.2. Secretaría de Salud. / 3.2. Autoridades estatales y municipales. / Conclusiones. / Bibliografía. / Hemerografía.

las Naciones Unidas sobre el Cambio Climático. / 1.4. Tratado sobre los Principios que deben regir la actividad de los Estados en la Exploración y Utilización del Espacio Ultraterrestre, incluso y la Luna y otros cuerpos celestes. / 1.5. Convenio sbbre Cooperación para la Protección y Mejoramiento del Medio Ambiente en la Zona Fronteriza (Convenio de La Paz). / 1.6. Convenio sobre la Protección y Mejoramiento del Ambiente en la Zona Fronteriza (México-Guatemala). / 1.7. Convenio entre los Estados Unidos Mexicanos y Belice sobre la Protección y Mejoramiento del Ambiente y la Conservación de los Recursos Naturales en la Zona Fronteriza. / 2. La contaminación de la atmósfera en el derecho mexicano. / 2.1. La facultad para legislar en materia de contaminación atmosférica. / 2.2. Disposiciones aplicables a las fuentes fijas. / 2.3. Disposiciones aplicables a las fuentes móviles. / 2.3.1. Reglamento para la Prevención y Control de la Contaminación de la Atmósfera.7 2.3.2. Reglamento de la LGEEPA para la Prevención y Control de la Contaminación Generada por los vehículos automotores que circulan en el Distrito Federal y los Municipios de su zona conürbada. / 3. Facultades de las autoridades administrativas. / 3.1. Autoridades federales. / 3.1.1. SEMARNAP. / 3.1.2. Secretaría de Salud. / 3.2. Autoridades estatales y municipales. / Conclusiones. / Bibliografía. / Hemerografía.

La contaminacion del aire es actualmente uno de los problemas mas severos a nivel mundial, se presenta en todas las ciudades independientemente del nivel de desarrollo y se ha convertido en un problema no solamente ambiental sino tambien de salud publica. Para medir la calidad del aire en una ciudad se utiliza lo que se conoce como contaminantes criterio; dichos contaminantes se han identificado como perjudiciales para la salud y el bienestar de los seres humanos. Se les llamo contaminantes criterio porque fueron objeto de evaluaciones publicadas en documentos de calidad del aire en los Estados Unidos (EU) y su principal objetivo es establecer niveles permisibles para proteger la salud, el medio ambiente y el bienestar de la poblacion. Los contaminantes criterio son: Monoxido de carbono (CO); Bioxido de azufre (SO2); Oxido de nitrogeno (NOx); Ozono (O3); Particulas suspendidas menores a 10 micrometros (PM10) y Particulas suspendidas menores a 2.5 micrometros (PM2.5). Actualmente el ...

Air pollution data integrity is paramount for effective environmental management and public health protection. This study aims to address the issue of data integrity related to air pollution in Bursa and evaluates various advanced imputation techniques to effectively complete missing data. Five different methods, including linear regression, K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), decision trees, random forests, and linear interpolation, are compared for filling gaps in the PM2.5 dataset. Our findings demonstrate that these advanced imputation techniques enhance the completeness and accuracy of air pollution data. The significance of our study underscores the critical role of accurately and reliably completing missing air pollution data in environmental management and public health. These findings can guide researchers in selecting the most appropriate imputation method for the analysis of air pollution data. Additionally, this study establishes a foundation for addressing the issue of missing data in future research and the formulation of environmental policies.

The air in Kraków is one of the most polluted in Europe. Polish standards for notification and alert levels for PM10 particulate matter are one of the the highest in Europe and exceed the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO) for safe daily concentrations by several times. The article presents the results of airborne dust measurements in three districts of Kraków. The study has shown that the concentration of PM2.5 and PM10 particulate matter exceeded the annual average permissible levels. Empirical measurements of PM2.5 show significantly higher air pollution values than the data notified by stationary monitoring stations installed in two locations. The high value of Pearson linear correlation coefficient confirms that weather conditions have a significant impact on air quality in Kraków. Wind speed in the autumn and winter seasons has by far the greatest influence on air quality in al. Krasińskiego, in the Ruczaj and Kurdwanów districts. A strong negative correlation was displayed. Manual measurements should be used to verify data obtained from air monitoring stations. It is to be expected that, in Kraków, air purity will improve due to the implementation of an anti-smog resolution and subsidies for the replacement of obsolete heating systems with more environmentally friendly solutions.

La agenda ambiental mexicana ante la gobernanza global y regional Resumen La política ambiental en México ha sido abordada desde diferentes enfoques de política pública. Ha pasado de políticas de comando y control hasta políticas más integrales. Esta últimas han sido impulsadas por las tendencias internacionales, especialmente a partir de la Cumbre de Río de 1992. Este trabajo de investigación argumentará que México ha creado y transformado sus instituciones ambientales como resultado de su participación en el Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte y en instituciones de la gobernanza ambiental global como Naciones Unidas, la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económicos o el Banco Mundial. Una vez establecida la capacidad institucional con el modelo de esas organizaciones, ha podido tener una postura propositiva en otros grupos internacionales de negociación. A pesar de ello, nuestra política ambiental sigue presentando fallas de diseño, implementación y financiamiento.

Se analiza el papel de la gestion local para promover la participacion ciudadana, bajo el enfoque de gestion estrategica asociada. El articulo sustenta el argumento de que si bien la participacion ciudadana, a traves de organizaciones civiles y la sociedad en general, se ha incrementado en las entidades locales y estatales mexicanas, ha tenido dificultades para poder incidir en la gestion y en las politicas de desarrollo. Los temas en donde se desarrolla el argumento son: 1. Estado, participacion y desarrollo, y 2. Gestion estrategica, valor publico y participacion ciudadana

Nitrous acid (HONO) photolysis constitutes a primary source of OH in the early morning, which leads to changes in model gas-phase and particulate matter concentrations. However, state-of-the-art models of chemical mechanisms share a common representation of gas-phase chemistry leading to HONO that fails in reproducing the observed profiles. Hence, there is a growing interest in improving the definition of additional HONO sources within air quality models, i.e. direct emissions or heterogeneous reactions. In order to test their feasibility under atmospheric conditions, the WRF-ARW/HERMES/CMAQ modeling system is applied with high horizontal resolution (4 Â 4 km 2) to Spain for November 24e27, 2008. HONO modeled sources include: (1) direct emissions from on-road transport; NO 2 hydrolysis on aerosol and ground surfaces, the latter with (2) kinetics depending exclusively on available surfaces for reaction and (3) refined kinetics considering also relative humidity dependence; and (4) photoenhanced NO 2 reduction on ground surfaces. The DOMINO measurement campaign performed in El Arenosillo (Southern Spain) provides valuable HONO observations. Modeled HONO results are consistently below observations, even when the most effective scenario is assessed, corresponding to contributions of direct emissions and NO 2 hydrolysis with the simplest kinetics parameterization. With the additional sources of HONO, PM 2.5 predictions can be up to 14% larger in urban areas. Quantified impacts on secondary pollutants have to be taken as a low threshold, due to the proven underestimation of HONO levels. It is fundamental to improve HONO sources definition within air quality models, both for the scientific community and decision makers.

h i g h l i g h t s Modelling air quality impacts upon EV introduction in Barcelona and Madrid. EV offers potential air quality improvements, especially related to NO 2 and CO. Lower improvements related to PM due to the high weight of non-exhaust emissions. A high EV introduction is required (26e40%) to significantly improve air quality. Electricity generation emissions due to EV charging imply slight NO 2 rises (<3 mg m À3).

Nitrous acid (HONO) photolysis constitutes a primary source of OH in the early morning, which leads to changes in model gas-phase and particulate matter concentrations. However, state-of-the-art models of chemical mechanisms share a common representation of gas-phase chemistry leading to HONO that fails in reproducing the observed profiles. Hence, there is a growing interest in improving the definition of additional HONO sources within air quality models, i.e. direct emissions or heterogeneous reactions. In order to test their feasibility under atmospheric conditions, the WRF-ARW/HERMES/CMAQ modeling system is applied with high horizontal resolution (4 Â 4 km 2) to Spain for November 24e27, 2008. HONO modeled sources include: (1) direct emissions from on-road transport; NO 2 hydrolysis on aerosol and ground surfaces, the latter with (2) kinetics depending exclusively on available surfaces for reaction and (3) refined kinetics considering also relative humidity dependence; and (4) photoenhanced NO 2 reduction on ground surfaces. The DOMINO measurement campaign performed in El Arenosillo (Southern Spain) provides valuable HONO observations. Modeled HONO results are consistently below observations, even when the most effective scenario is assessed, corresponding to contributions of direct emissions and NO 2 hydrolysis with the simplest kinetics parameterization. With the additional sources of HONO, PM 2.5 predictions can be up to 14% larger in urban areas. Quantified impacts on secondary pollutants have to be taken as a low threshold, due to the proven underestimation of HONO levels. It is fundamental to improve HONO sources definition within air quality models, both for the scientific community and decision makers.

An Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) model is constructed to forecast SO 2 concentrations in Izmir air. The model uses meteorological variables (wind speed and temperature) and measured particulate matter concentrations as input variables. The correlation coefficient between observed and forecasted concentrations is 0.94 for the network that uses all three variables as input parameters. The root mean square error value of the model is 3.60 µg/m 3. Considering the limited number of available input variables, model performances show that ANNs are a promising method of modeling to forecast ambient air SO 2 concentrations in Izmir. Keywords air pollution, SO 2 , forecasting, artificial neural networks A number of methods have been applied to model air pollutant concentrations, which include theoretical and empirical models. Empirical models have found more use due to a high number of variables that have a determining effect on the concentrations. Among those, linear and multiple linear regression analyses are the most used methods. However, regression methods are thought to have limited computational efficiency and The authors thank Dr. Fikret Inal for his valuable comments. The Greater City Municipality of Izmir is gratefully acknowledged for supplying the air quality data.

One of the factors determining the growth in demand for coking coal is steel consumption and the volume of production in countries with low consumption rates and the highest population, with a high development potential compared to developed countries. In general, Asia is increasingly affecting the global market, being the largest producer and thus the largest consumer of raw materials for its production. It should be noted that in 2010, steel production in China represented about 44% of global production, and in 2020 this share grew to 58%. In the same period, Europe had, respectively 12% share in world steel production in 2010 and, in 2020 less than 8%. In the pandemic year 2020, world steel production fell by less than 1%, but this was mainly due to a 1.6% increase in Asia because other regions of the world saw significant declines, e.g. the European Union by nearly 12%. In Poland, steel production fell at the same rate as the European average, namely also by approx. 12%
In the coking coal market, business cycles typically last from one to several years, with varying price movements and production growth rates.  shows the volatility of the benchmark and spot coking coal price quotations from January 2016 to January 2021. In Q4 of 2021, Australian coking coal prices have significantly exceeded US$ 200/t, an increase of nearly US$ 100 per tonne since the beginning of the year.
In March 2020, the developing 2020 global SARS Covid-19 pandemic caused a very large increase in coking coal prices in key markets. The coke market, which is heavily dependent on the steel industry, suffered severely from the reduction in global production. This is particularly evident in the automotive sector in Europe. Among the steel-consuming sectors, the automotive sector was hardest hit by the Covid-19 pandemic. New car registrations in the EU fell at a record pace in 2020 – nearly 24%, and it is the largest drop in new car registrations since such statistics began. All major car markets in the EU saw double-digit declines. The other key steel-consuming sector, i.e. construction, was less affected as projects were mostly ongoing but with significant increases in material prices. Now, after a period of declining coking coal prices and production in the second half of 2021, global economies have started to accelerate, and production rates have returned to pre-pandemic levels. The complement to the current business cycle is certainly the ongoing trade war between China and Australia, in which China appears to be emerging as an insurmountable power, as evidenced by the performance of the Chinese economy. China’s crude steel production reached a record of over 1 billion tonnes in 2020, which is a result that is more than 5% higher than in 2019. China’s economy grew by 2.3% in 2020, making it the only major global economy to achieve positive growth in a year of pandemics presented in Fig. 3. Metallurgy, an industry that is the pillar of China’s economic growth, performed better than expected and steel prices rose for most of 2020; whether this trend will be permanent will be decided by China through its administrative decisions on steel production or raw material import policies and the scenario that the Covid-19 pandemic will determine in the future

Health surveillance is presently not an integral part of air quality management in South Africa, although ambient air pollution standards are derived from health effects of personal exposure. In a survey to air quality officials and environmental health practitioners (n = 361), respondents were asked to comment on a discussion document regarding ways to put health onto the air quality management agenda. Less than 7% of the sample (n = 23) responded, the most likely reasons being: overloaded staff; lack of knowledge about air quality-related health; and apathy. All respondents acknowledged their support of the concepts, one suggested inclusion of PM2.5 and airspora over and above criteria pollutants, and one mentioned use of an indicator &#39;number of complaints of visual air pollution and odour&#39;. In general, it would appear that the links between air quality and health risks are not well understood and, more importantly, assessing air-related health outcomes with respect to air...

h i g h l i g h t s O 3 concentrations increase despite the emissions reduction of their precursors. The number of O 3 episodic peak levels has been decreasing. The NO x and NMVOCs emissions reduction did not lead to an effective reduction of O 3. In coastal areas, mesoscale photochemical O 3 production must be carefully assessed. The emission reduction defined in the NEC directive should have respected the NO x /NMVOC relationship.

Muchas sustancias contaminantes se pueden producir en áreas industriales y domésticas; por esa razón presentamos este proyecto, que tiene como objetivo utilizar sensores para la detección de sustancias y partículas contaminantes en el aire o medio ambiente; específicamente las partes por millón del gas Dióxido de Carbono. El desarrollo se implementará a través del hardware Arduino UNO, con su software propio, para la medición del rango de las partes por millón de dióxido de carbono presentes en una determinada área. Nuestros resultados nos mostraron los rangos normales de dióxido de carbono en un ambiente cerrado y la variación al momento de interactuar con el sensor por medio de emisiones de dióxido de carbono producidos por personas captando distintos datos dentro y fuera del rango aceptable para la salud humana.

h i g h l i g h t s Modelling air quality impacts upon EV introduction in Barcelona and Madrid. EV offers potential air quality improvements, especially related to NO 2 and CO. Lower improvements related to PM due to the high weight of non-exhaust emissions. A high EV introduction is required (26e40%) to significantly improve air quality. Electricity generation emissions due to EV charging imply slight NO 2 rises (<3 mg m À3).

Often when public agencies allocate funding for transportation programs, evaluation of a project’s performance becomes an afterthought, if a consideration at all. Relatively recently, evaluation of project performance has garnered attention as a means for both assessing how cost-effectively public funds help attain transportation and air quality objectives and guiding future public investment decisions. Nonetheless, these efforts suffer at times from a lack of coordination and would benefit from the application of a standardized method. Such a standardized method is applied to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of three categories of transportation control measure (TCM) projects: fixed-route transit, transportation demand management (TDM), and alternative fuel projects. The method provides a means for estimating and quantifying travel mode effects and converting them to net emissions benefits. Three sets of funding programs implemented in California were the subjects of evaluation effo...

Often when public agencies allocate funding for transportation programs, evaluation of a project’s performance becomes an afterthought, if a consideration at all. Relatively recently, evaluation of project performance has garnered attention as a means for both assessing how cost-effectively public funds help attain transportation and air quality objectives and guiding future public investment decisions. Nonetheless, these efforts suffer at times from a lack of coordination and would benefit from the application of a standardized method. Such a standardized method is applied to evaluate the cost-effectiveness of three categories of transportation control measure (TCM) projects: fixed-route transit, transportation demand management (TDM), and alternative fuel projects. The method provides a means for estimating and quantifying travel mode effects and converting them to net emissions benefits. Three sets of funding programs implemented in California were the subjects of evaluation effo...

Resumen-La implementación de un sistema de gestión
ambiental comparado de los riesgos en la evaluación de la calidad
del aire en la ciudad de Cienfuegos, constituye una herramienta
que permite una evaluación eficaz de la calidad del aire urbano en
esa localidad. En este trabajo se presenta un modelo de gestión
ambiental de la calidad del aire para una ciudad industrializada que
responde al nuevo modelo económico cubano; a los lineamientos
de la Política Económica y Social del Partido y la Revolución 133,
137 y 218; este también se adecua a las estructuras de los gobiernos
municipales del país y a la estrategia ambiental nacional. A partir
del modelo se diseña un sistema de gestión, el cual organiza los
procesos de planificación, control de emisiones, vigilancia de
inmisiones, comunicación, supervisión y control y mejora
continua, constituyendo la gestión comparada de riesgos el eje
fundamental para con los resultados de los procesos, realizar el
análisis de los datos, la consulta y la toma de decisiones a corto,
mediano y largo plazo, con el objetivo de lograr la mejora del
desempeño ambiental.

Blowing and drifting snow on Minnesota's roadways is a transportation efficiency and safety concern. Establishing standing corn rows and living snow fences improves driver visibility, road surface conditions, and has the potential to lower costs of road maintenance as well as accidents attributed to blowing and drifting snow. It also has the potential to sequester carbon and avoid the carbon emissions of snow removal operations. In recent years the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) has paid farmers to leave standing corn rows to protect identified snow problem roadways. They have paid farmers $1.50 per bushel above market price. With increasing demand for corn to fuel the ethanol industry, paying $1.50 per bushel above market price may not be sufficient incentive for leaving standing corn rows. Also, with MnDOT's memorandum of understanding with USDA to plant living snow fences through the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP), now is an opportune time to review MnDOT's annual payment structure to farmers and prepare a new one. This project has: 1) developed a calculator to estimate payments for farmers that includes consideration of safety and snow removal cost savings; 2) estimated potential income from carbon payments; 3) worked closely with MnDOT engineers and plow operators, estimated the safety and snow removal costs and carbon emissions avoided by MnDOT through establishing living snow fences; and 4) evaluated farmers' willingness to establish living snow fences and identified farmers/landowners' constraints to adoption. Data is provided to MnDOT to assist staff in its decision making related to their Living Snow Fence Program.

Streszczenie. Celem pracy było zastosowanie dobowego wskaźnika indeksu zanieczyszczeń powietrza do diagnozy jakości powietrza w Polsce przy wykorzystaniu metod interpolacji przestrzennej. W pierwszej kolejności wyznaczono wspólny dobowy indeks jakości powietrza dla wybranych zanieczyszczeń (NO 2 , PM 10 , O 3 , CO, SO 2) i wybranych stacji monitoringu jakości powietrza w latach 2006-2008. Wyznaczone indeksy jakości powietrza wizualizowano techniką GIS. Wyniki badań potwierdziły, że obszarami o podwyższonym ryzyku zagrożenia sanitarnego powietrza w Polsce są obszary miejskie, zwłaszcza aglomeracja krakowska i górnośląska. W chłodnej połowie roku substancją decydującą o wartości indeksu jakości powietrza jest pył zawieszony PM 10 , którego dominującym źródłem jest emisja powierzchniowa (niezorganizowana). W ciepłej połowie roku zaś na stan jakości powietrza wpływ ma poziom ozonu troposferycznego, który jest zanieczyszczeniem ponadregionalnym. Słowa kluczowe: indeks jakości powietrza, zanieczyszczenie powietrza, interpolacja przestrzenna * Praca powstała w wyniku realizacji zadania pn. "Stan zanieczyszczeń powietrza w Polsce i jego wpływ na jakość życia-możliwości ograniczenia skutków", wykonanego w projekcie pt. "Wpływ zmian klimatu na środowisko, gospodarkę i społeczeństwo (zmiany, skutki i sposoby ich ograniczania, wnioski dla nauki, praktyki inżynierskiej i planowania gospodarczego)" przez Instytut Meteorologii i Gospodarki Wodnej, nr umowy POIG.

Resumen. A escala mundial, el problema de la contaminación del aire en los asentamientos humanos presenta una tendencia creciente, resultado del incremento en las demandas de energía y emisiones que tienen las actividades productivas y domésticas, producto de los procesos de urbanización e industrialización. Desde esta perspectiva, las ciudades no se encuentran planeadas para minimizar dichos impactos a partir de la estructura y el funcionamiento de las mismas. De ahí que el trabajo cumpla un doble propósito: por un lado, plantear la evaluación de la calidad del aire en la ciudad de Mexicali, a partir del análisis de los contaminantes: O 3 , CO, SO 2 , NO 2 y PM 10 y su relación con la estructura urbana; y por otro, mencionar y evaluar las estrategias instrumentadas para el abatimiento de la contaminación. Finalmente, se propone un esquema de planeación y gestión urbana que incorpora aspectos de calidad del aire. Palabras clave: Calidad del aire urbano, gestión de la calidad del aire, contaminación atmosférica, planeación urbana sustentable, planeación ambiental urbana.