Vehicle Emissions

A new technique for high resolution photoacoustic detection based on application of laser diodes has been developed. This method was tested and compared using identical photoacoustic instrumentation (cell and microphone) to study gas absorption in three different spectral regions, namely: the infrared range near 2100 cm 21 , CO and OCS fundamental band absorption; the ranges near 4200 and 4350 cm 21 , CH 4, NH 3 and N 2 O overtone and combination band absorption; the near infrared range near 6500 cm 21 , CO, CO 2 and NH 3 overtone absorption. Several types of diode laser operating at room temperature or at liquid nitrogen temperature were compared. The optimum gas pressures for the maximum sensitivity of the photoacoustic signals were found and the detection limits were estimated for all of the gases studied. The best sensitivity was achieved for NH 3 at 100 ppbv. The sensitivity of the developed system was tested on detection of traces of NH 3 and CO 2 gases from car exhaust. a

Primary aluminium production via the Hall-Héroult process is electricity-intensive and intrinsically carbon-emitting because carbon anodes are consumed to form CO 2 and, during anode effects, perfluorocarbons (PFCs). ELYSIS™, a joint venture formed in 2018 by Alcoa and Rio Tinto, advances a proprietary inert-anode technology that eliminates all direct process greenhouse-gas (GHG) emissions by evolving oxygen at the anode. Since 2019, ELYSIS has produced commercial-purity metal at research and industrial-pilot scale; Apple procured the first commercial batch (2019) and industrial-scale metal for iPhone SE (2022). In 2024, ELYSIS issued its first smelter technology licence to Rio Tinto for a 100 kA, 10-pot demonstration at Arvida (Québec), targeting first production by 2027; in parallel, 450 kA industrial-prototype cells have been commissioned at Alma [1]-[5]. This paper consolidates the state of the art on inert-anode electrochemistry and materials; examines energy/heat balances and cell design; documents commercialization milestones; and evaluates lifecycle, techno-economic, and policy aspects relative to alternative decarbonization pathways. A dedicated section quantifies the impact of India-wide adoption, showing that inert anodes can remove ∼1.5 tCO2/t-Al of process emissions immediately (Scope 1), materially improve CBAM compliance, andwhen paired with the 18-20 GW of renewables now planned by India's aluminium sector by 2030-enable near-zero-processemission aluminium for export and domestic demand growth [30], [33].

Global climate change demands immediate technological advancements, particularly in the transport industry that continues to use fossil fuels. One viable solution is to reduce the size of vehicle engines to make them more fuel-efficient and lower carbon emissions. The purpose of this research is to assess the effect of reducing engine size on fuel consumption and CO₂ emissions in low-cost green car hatchbacks in Indonesia. The technique employed is straightforward analytical modeling, employing Pearson correlation analysis and linear regression among three significant variables: engine capacity, fuel economy, and CO₂ emission. The data are obtained from the technical specifications of four hatchback automobile models, all of which have an engine capacity of less than 1,200 cc. Findings indicate that smaller engine capacity is accompanied by greater fuel economy and lower carbon emissions. The lowest engine size of 998 cc is used in the Toyota Agya, which demonstrates the most efficient fuel and lowest emissions. The statistical analysis shows that there is an inverse relationship between engine size and fuel efficiency, but a positive relationship between engine size and CO₂ emissions. The limitation of sample size causes reduced statistical power of the model. In conclusion, engine downsizing can prove to be a productive approach in promoting green schemes, but additional research with a larger data set and other determinants must be undertaken to establish a more advanced and precise model.

Introduction: The California Air Resources Board (CARB) has promulgated a new Airborne Toxics Control Measure (ATCM) to reduce formaldehyde emissions from composite wood products that are manufactured, imported, distributed, sold, and fabricated in the state of California. The ATCM sets ceiling limits for the emission of formaldehyde from these products that will go into effect beginning with Phase 1 requirements on January 1, 2009. CARB specifies the use of a large chamber test method (ASTM E 1333) as the reference method for demonstrating compliance. This paper describes an alternate testing approach using smallscale chambers.

The increasing population affects weather and meteorological parameters through various mechanisms such as human activities, urbanization, and the production of excessive greenhouse gases (GHGs) through commercial products and industrialization. These changes have far-reaching effects on local and global climates, impacting ecosystems and human health. We studied the relationship between weather parameters and human population trends in Nnewi and Onitsha from 2010 to 2024. We carried out statistical analyses on the weather parameters and human population representing GHGs. In our study, we obtained results that show that increasing GHGs as defined by the increase in population adversely affects weather/metrological parameters. The yearly average temperature (T) increased from ~26.0 ℃ in 2010 to ~28.5 ℃ in for both Onitsha and Nnewi in 2024. Similarly, the yearly average dewpoint (DP) fell from ~23.5 ℃ to ~21.5 ℃, the yearly average Original Research Article

The accumulation of pollutants derived from vehicular activity, whether on paved roads or within recreational urban areas, constitutes a significant source of environmental contamination, particularly in densely trafficked zones. This study aimed to assess the levels of heavy metal contamination in sediments and road runoff collected from high-traffic neighborhoods in the city of Juliaca, Peru. Heavy metal concentrations were determined in three road sediment samples, two urban park soil samples, and three runoff samples collected during precipitation events. The results were evaluated against national and international environmental quality standards for sediments and water. Daily vehicle counts at the sampled sites ranged from 6,128 to 8,464 vehicles per day. Lead (Pb) exhibited moderate contamination levels based on the geo-accumulation index, while other analyzed metals remained within non-contaminated thresholds. In contrast, runoff samples revealed elevated concentrations of Zn, Cu, and Pb, with the descending concentration order of Zn > Cu > Pb > Co > As > Ni > Cr > Cd, surpassing national Environmental Quality standards (ECA) for surface water. These findings indicate a significant presence of heavy metals, particularly in stormwater runoff, and emphasize that sedimentary Pb levels exceed internationally accepted guidelines. The persistent presence of elevated heavy metal concentrations in urban runoff underscores the need for preventative and remedial measures in urban green spaces, transportation corridors, and stormwater infrastructure to mitigate potential environmental and public health risks.

Air pollution, especially fine particulate matter (PM2.5, with an aerodynamic diameter of less than 2.5 μm), represents a risk factor for human health. Many studies, regarding cancer onset and progression, correlated with the short and/or long exposition to PM2.5. This is mainly mediated by the ability of PM2.5 to reach the pulmonary alveoli by penetrating into the blood circulation. This review recapitulates the methodologies used to study PM2.5 in cellular models and the downstream effects on the main molecular pathways implicated in cancer. We report a set of data from the literature, that describe the involvement of miRNAs or long noncoding RNAs on the main biological processes involved in oxidative stress, inflammation, autophagy (PI3K), cell proliferation (NFkB, STAT3), and EMT (Notch, AKT, Wnt/β-catenin) pathways. microRNAs, as well as gene expression profile, responds to air pollution environment modulating some key genes involved in epigenetic modification or in key mediators of the biological processes described below. In this review, we provide some scientific evidences about the thigh correlation between miRNAs dysregulation, PM2.5 exposition, and gene pathways involved in cancer progression.

Urban stormwater runoff contributes to contamination of downstream water bodies, through washing away accumulated pollutants from streets. Studies are necessary to develop methods for managing urban runoff towards building a sustainable urban drainage system. Rainfall runoff samples were collected from Tasluja highway of Sulaymaniyah City, KRG, in fall of 2024 and tested for water quality parameters. Runoff samples were tested for temperature (T), turbidity, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), electrical conductivity (EC), zinc (Zn), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), cupper (Cu), nickel (Ni), iron (Fe), lead (Pb), magnesium (Mg), and manganese (Mn) parameters. After long dry seasons, first and second rainfalls runoff samples showed significant concentrations of pollutants. Results of the study from the first flush showed the following average concentration of heavy metals in (mg/L) in descending order Mg (22.191), Fe (0.994), Mn (0.611), Zn (0.220), Cu (0.214), Ni (0.084), Cr (0.030) and Co (0.012). First rainfall test results showed higher heavy metals concentration compared to the second rainfall. Furthermore, to regulate the degree of pollution from different samples, water quality index (WQI) calculated for both rainfalls. The results demonstrated variations in stormwater WQI values ranging from 64 to 411. Results of this study suggest onsite stormwater treatment to protect nearby receiving water bodies from contamination.

As part of the National Park Service's Temporary Winter Use Plans Environmental Assessment, the University of Denver has been collecting in-use tailpipe emissions data from snowcoaches and snowmobiles in Yellowstone National Park. During the winter of 2006, using a portable emissions monitoring system, tailpipe data were collected from 10 snowcoaches and 2 four-stroke snowmobiles. These vehicles were operated over a standard route within the park, and the snowcoaches all carried identical passenger loads. These snowcoaches were newer in age with more advanced fuel management technology than those studied earlier, and average emissions were lower as a result (120, 1.7, and 11 g/mi for carbon monoxide [CO], hydrocarbons [HC], and oxides of nitrogen [NO x ]). Large emissions variability was still observed despite using a standardized route and equal passenger loading. A comparison between five nearly identically equipped snowcoaches that had CO emissions ranging between 12 and 310 g/mi suggests that snow and road conditions are the most important factors behind the large emissions variability observed between modern snowcoaches. The first comprehensive emission measurements, using a portable emissions measurement system, on two snowmobiles showed that computer-controlled fuel management systems have increased fuel economy (Ͼ25 mpg) and are a major reason that emissions from these winter vehicles have dropped so dramatically. Using all of the tailpipe emissions data collected to date shows that the two primary winter vehicles in Yellowstone National Park are now very similar in their per-passenger emissions. Portable emission measurements have been made of the snowmobiles and snowcoaches operating in Yellowstone National Park. The replacement of two-stroke snowmobiles with four-stroke versions along with the migration to port fuel-injection techniques in both have led to large emission reductions. Even on a per-passenger basis, emissions are now similar between snowmobiles and snowcoaches. However, poor road and snow conditions can still cause modern snowcoaches to spend large amounts of time in power enrichment, resulting in higher levels of CO and HC emissions. The data suggest that continued modernization via fleet turnover will work to reduce even these emissions.

The potential benefits of combining the speciated PM 2.5 and VOCs data in source apportionment analysis for identification of additional sources remain unclear. We analyzed the speciated PM 2.5 and VOCs data collected at the Beacon Hill in Seattle, WA between 2000 and 2004 with the Multilinear Engine (ME-2) to quantify source contributions to the mixture of hazardous air pollutants (HAPs). We used the 'missing mass', defined as the concentration of the measured total particle mass minus the sum of all analyzed species, as an additional variable and implemented an auxiliary equation to constrain the sum of all species mass fractions to be 100%. Regardless of whether the above constraint was implemented and/or the additional VOCs data were included with the PM 2.5 data, the models identified that wood burning (24%-31%), secondary sulfate (20%-24%) and secondary nitrate (15%-20%) were the main contributors to PM 2.5 . Using only PM 2.5 data, the model distinguished two diesel features with the 100% constraint, but identified only one diesel feature without the constraint. When both PM 2.5 and VOCs data were used, one additional feature was identified as the major contributor (26%) to total VOC mass. Adding VOCs data to the speciated PM 2.5 data in source apportionment modeling resulted in more accurate source contribution estimates for combustion related sources as evidenced by the less 'missing mass' percentage in PM 2.5 . Using the source contribution estimates, we evaluated the validity of using black carbon (BC) as a surrogate for diesel exhaust. We found that BC measured with an aethalometer at 370 nm and 880 nm had reasonable correlations with the estimated concentrations of diesel particulate matters (r N 0.7), as well as with the estimated concentrations of wood burning particles during the heating seasons (r = 0.56-0.66). This indicates that the BC is not a unique tracer for either source. The difference in BC between 370 and 880 nm, however, correlated well exclusively with the estimated wood smoke source (r = 0.59) and may be used to separate wood smoke from diesel exhaust. Thus, when multiple BC related sources exist in the same monitoring environment, additional data processing or modeling of the BC measurements is needed before these measurements could be used to represent the diesel exhaust.

2 = 18.82; p=0.0001; OR=2.21; CI=1.543-3.18). Significant association was also found between the GC genotypes of HMOX-1 gene in COPD patients (χ 2 = 3.73; p=0.05; OR=1.52; (CI=0.9927-2.352) compared with controls. However further studies from other populations are needed to confirm this results.

Exposure to flour dust in flour mill factories may cause diverse lung diseases with different severity of symptoms ranging from simple irritation to allergic rhinitis or occupational asthma; long-term exposure to flour dust can cause chronic lung problems. The aim of this study is to examine the effect of exposure to flour dust on the respiratory system and pulmonary function of wheat flour mill workers in the Duhok district. A cross-sectional study was performed among 63 workers who had direct contact with wheat flour mills. The data were collected using a well-structured questionnaire, anthropometric measurements, and digital spirometry. The workers' mean age ± (SD) was 29.79 ± 10.60 years. The current study showed the predicted Forced vital capacity (FVC) mean ± (SD) 105.34 L (±) 25.96 L, and the predicted Forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) mean ± (SD) 97.90 L (±) 18.65 L, and the predicted FEV1/FVC mean ± (SD) 95.82 L (±) 17.61 L. About 43(68.3%) of workers were normal,10(15.9%) had mild pulmonary obstruction followed by moderate restriction, 5(7.9%), and 3(4.8%) had mild pulmonary restriction. The mild obstructive disorder is more among normal Body Mass Index (BMI) persons, while restrictive disorders are more among overweight workers. This study showed no significant statistical association between PFTs and respiratory symptoms (sneezing, rhinorrhea, change of voice, dyspnea and cough), BMI, and the duration of working in the wheat flour mills.

Air pollution abatement policies must be based on quantitative information on current and future emissions of pollutants. As emission projections uncertainties are inevitable and traditional statistical treatments of uncertainty are highly time/resources consuming, a simplified methodology for nonstatistical uncertainty estimation based on sensitivity analysis is presented in this work. The methodology was applied to the "with measures" scenario for Spain, concretely over the 12 highest emitting sectors regarding greenhouse gas and air pollutants emissions. Examples of methodology application for two important sectors (power plants, and agriculture and livestock) are shown and explained in depth. Uncertainty bands were obtained up to 2020 by modifying the driving factors of the 12 selected sectors and the methodology was tested against a recomputed emission trend in a low economic-growth perspective and official figures for 2010, showing a very good performance. Implications: A solid understanding and quantification of uncertainties related to atmospheric emission inventories and projections provide useful information for policy negotiations. However, as many of those uncertainties are irreducible, there is an interest on how they could be managed in order to derive robust policy conclusions. Taking this into account, a method developed to use sensitivity analysis as a source of information to derive nonstatistical uncertainty bands for emission projections is presented and applied to Spain. This method simplifies uncertainty assessment and allows other countries to take advantage of their sensitivity analyses.

Vehicle emission forecast method is developed in this paper. Firstly, it generalizes achievements in traffic planning and methods for vehicle exhaust emission forecast in this field. Secondly, the relationship between the vehicle average speed and its exhaust emissions is established based on the present methods. Finally, data collected from the urban expressway and the arterials in the road network of Beijing is used to calculate the emission factors and to prove the feasibility of this method. So, environmental impacts of major road network in Beijing can be evaluated. it can be shown that using the method combined traffic demand and vehicle emission model to estimate emission factors, the average emission level of three main emissions at some major traffic corridors can be calculated, and this result can be used as a very important factor to evaluate traffic planning project.

The concentrations of suspended particulate matter PM10 in two-month winter period, i.e. December-January in years 2009-2015, were analyzed in relation to the values of wind speed in that time. It was possible to analyze results of air pollution measurements performed in the measuring station from the perspective of their higher levels in winter seasons (so-called smog episodes). Results from 3 stations of the Regional Inspectorate for Environmental Protection in Poznań (WIOŚ Poznań) served for better presentation of smog episodes in the region (black smog) and aimed at verification of correctness of the measurements of pollution immission in the monitoring station in Piotrkowice which is situated in vicinity of large combustion plant. The analysis confirmed that with low speeds of wind higher values of particulate matter PM10 were observed. The results of the analysis also show the displacement of pollutants according to the current wind direction or their local persistence for a longer time over one area.

This paper quantifies the mixing and dispersion from an outboard motor by field experiments in a small subtropical waterway. Organic dye was used as a surrogate for exhaust emissions and was mixed with uncontaminated creek water before being dispersed into the creek. Dye concentrations were measured with an array of concentration probes stationed in the creek. The data were then processed and fitted with a power law function. The corresponding dispersion constants agreed well with the literature. However, the amplitude was lower than the IMO equation but higher than the correlation from laboratory tests. Results for dye concentration intermittency (presence of dye) are presented for the first time from such field measurements and show significant mixing in-homogeneity.

Particle emissions, volatility, and the concentration of reactive oxygen species (ROS) were investigated for a pre-Euro I compression ignition engine to study the potential health impacts of employing ethanol fumigation technology. Engine testing was performed in two separate experimental campaigns with most testing performed at intermediate speed with four different load settings and various ethanol substitutions. A scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) was used to determine particle size distributions, a volatilization tandem differential mobility analyzer (V-TDMA)wasused to explore particle volatility, and a new profluorescent nitroxide probe, BPEAnit, was used to investigate the potential toxicity of particles. The greatest particulate mass reduction was achieved with ethanol fumigation at full load, which contributed to the formation of a nucleation mode. Ethanol fumigation increased the volatility of particles by coating the particles with organic material or by making extra organic material available as an external mixture. In addition, the particlerelated ROS concentrations increased with ethanol fumigation and were associated with the formation of a nucleation mode. The smaller particles, the increased volatility, and the increase in potential particle toxicity with ethanol fumigation may provide a substantial barrier for the uptake of fumigation technology using ethanol as a supplementary fuel.

Background-Occupational cohort studies are often challenged by the Healthy Worker Survivor Effect, which may bias standard methods of analysis. G-estimation of structural failure time models is an approach for reducing this type of bias. Accelerated failure time models have recently been applied in an occupational cohort but cumulative failure time models have not. Methods-We used g-estimation of a cumulative failure time model to assess the effect of working as a long-haul driver on ischaemic heart disease mortality in a cohort of 30,448 males employed in the unionized US trucking industry in 1985. Exposure was defined by job title and based on work records. We also applied g-estimation of an accelerated failure time model as a sensitivity analysis and approximated hazard ratios from both models to compare them. Results-The Risk Ratio (RR) obtained from the cumulative failure time model, comparing the observed risk under no intervention to the risk had nobody ever been exposed as a long-haul driver, was 1.09 (95% CI: 1.02 -1.16). The RR comparing the risk had everyone been exposed as long-haul driver for 8 years to the risk had nobody ever been exposed was 1.20 (95% CI: 1.04 -1.46). After hazard ratio approximations, accelerated failure time model results were similar.

Background: Bicycle commuting in an urban environment of high air pollution is known to be a potential health risk, especially for susceptible individuals. While risk management strategies aimed to reduce exposure to motorised traffic emissions have been suggested, only limited studies have assessed the utility of such strategies in real-world circumstances. Objectives: The potential to lower exposure to ultrafine particles (UFP; < 0.1 μm) during bicycle commuting by reducing proximity to motorised traffic was investigated with real-time air pollution and intermittent acute inflammatory measurements in healthy individuals using their typical higher proximity, and an alternative lower proximity, bicycle commute route. Methods: Thirty-five healthy adults (mean ± SD: age = 39 ± 11 yr; 29% female) completed two return trips, one each in the condition of their typical route (HIGH) and a pre-determined alternative route of lower proximity to motorised traffic (LOW); proximity being determined by the proportion of on-road cycle paths. Particle number concentration (PNC) and diameter (PD) were monitored in-commute in real-time. Acute inflammatory indices of respiratory symptoms (as a scalar of frequency from very low to very high / 1 to 5), lung function and spontaneous sputum (for inflammatory cell analyses) were collected immediately pre-commute, and immediately and three hours post-commute. Results: In the condition of LOW, compared to in the condition of HIGH, there was a significant decrease in mean PNC (1.91 x e 4 ± 0.93 × e 4 ppcc vs. 2.95 × e 4 ± 1.50 × e 4 ppcc; p ≤ 0.001), and the mean frequency of in-commute offensive odour detection (2.1 vs. 2.8; p = 0.019), dust and soot observation (1.7 vs. 2.3; p = 0.038) and nasopharyngeal irritation (1.5 vs. 1.9; p = 0.007). There were no significant differences between LOW and HIGH in the commute distance and duration (12.8 ± 7.1 vs. 12.0 ± 6.9 km and 44 ± 17 vs. 42 ± 17 min, respectively), or other indices of acute airway inflammation. Conclusions: Exposure to PNC and offensive odour, and nasopharyngeal irritation, can be significantly lowered when utilising a route of lower proximity to motorised traffic whilst bicycle commuting, without significantly affecting commute distance or duration. This may bring health benefits for both healthy and susceptible individuals.

for operating the ground-based sampling equipment. The work done by John Collins in compiling and validating the data is gratefully appreciated. We thank the South Coast Air Quality Management District and ARCO Corporation for the unlimited use of their sampling locations.

The statements and conclusions in this report are those of the contractor and not necessarily those of the California Air Resources Board. The mention of commercial products, their source or their use in connection with material reported herein is not to be construed as either an actual or implied endorsement of such products.

Samples of PM 1 and PM 10 were collected for 1 year at an urban background station in the city of Elche (southeastern Spain) and analyzed to determine the content of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). A few samples were also gathered at a second sampling point established at one of the several palm tree gardens of the city in order to evaluate the influence of biogenic emissions on the urban levels of nalkanes. Diagnostic parameters obtained for aliphatic hydrocarbons (carbon maximum number (C max ), carbon preference index (CPI), and wax n-alkane content (%WNA)) revealed a higher contribution of biogenic n-alkanes in PM 10 than in PM 1 . Moreover, the values of %WNA indicated that the levels of n-alkanes in Elche were more affected by emissions from terrestrial vegetation than in other urban areas, particularly in the palm tree grove location (%WNA = 29 for PM 10 ). PAH diagnostic ratios pointed to traffic as the main anthropogenic source of hydrocarbons in Elche, with predominance of diesel versus gasoline vehicle emissions. The average levels of total PAHs (~1 ng m -3 ) were noticeably lower than the values registered at other urban areas in Europe, most likely because emissions from other sources are scarce. Both aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons showed higher levels in the cold season due to the lower atmospheric dispersion conditions, the increase in traffic exhaust emissions, and the lower ambient temperatures that reduce the evaporation of semivolatile species.

Due to the hazardous exhaust emissions from diesel engines, an extensive research is going on to reduce these harmful emissions. Fuel emulsion is one of those solutions that can be implemented. The main focus of this study is to formulate water-in-diesel (W/D) fuel emulsion and investigate its properties. The fuel emulsion is formulated successfully by adding varying concentration of water, a blend of Span 80 and Tween 80 surfactants with high speed homogenising mixing. The analysis of physical properties of stable emulsions is carried out in terms of viscosity, density, etc. It is investigated that 10% W/D emulsion shows almost the same properties as that of pure fuel. This formulated W/D emulsion is stable even at slosh and vibration. It has a very less evaporation rate than that of pure fuel. It is noncorrosive even after 30 days of contact time with mild steel and copper.

Air pollution (AP) represents one of the main environmental threats to public health and exposure to AP has been connected to upper airway (UA) disease. We evaluated the relationships between the ENT urgent referrals recorded at the Hospital of Padua and the daily levels of particulate matter (PM) as well as other environmental factors in a single year. Patients with UA disorders were included in the study group while those referred for facial trauma or foreign body inhalation formed the control group. Daily PM concentrations, meteorological data and the concentrations of the commonest aeroallergens were obtained. 6368 patients formed the study group and 910 the control one. The concentration of compositae allergens showed a positive effect on the total number of admissions (p = 0.001). PM10 did not demonstrate an effect on the total number of admissions or either the study or control groups admissions (p = 0.25). Alternaria positively influenced admissions of patients in the study ...

Air Pollution monitoring studies are one of the most important concern in this present environmental conditions of the atmosphere. Due to the industrialization, vehicular growing, urbanization day by day the air pollution levels are increasing rapidly. Today the air quality is quite different in urban areas and cities then compared too few years back of the natural air quality. USEPA has identified 188 compounds are hazardous depending upon its chemical and physical characteristics. These compounds are called as Hazardous Air Pollutants (HAPs). Out of these 188 compounds 33 compounds are most commonly found in urban areas. These pollutants will be generated from Industrial sources, vehicular emissions, burning of fossil fuels, etc.In this study we made an attempt to study the inorganic hazardous air pollutants like Arsenic, Beryllium, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Lead, Manganese, Mercury, Nickel and Selenium in Ambient Air Suspended Particulate Matter of in and around the Tirupati area. For this study we were selected five different sampling locations in Tirupati. Sampling was carried out 24 hourly and twice a week for P.M.10 in the month of February 2012. These samples were digested and subjected to analysis for As, Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Ni, Mn, Pb, Se and Hg using Inductively Coupled Plasma -Mass Spectrometer (ICP-MS) based on USEPA Compendium method IO 3.5.The concentration levels of this inorganic hazardous air pollutant are summarized in

As a particulate fuel additive, functionalized graphene sheets (FGS), with and without the decoration of nanoparticles, provide a means to form stable colloids with liquid hydrocarbons, act as in situ catalysts, and prevent attached nanoparticles from agglomerating or sintering during heating. Recent pyrolysis experiments and simulations have shown the synergetic effect of Pt and FGS structures accelerating fuel conversion and hydrogen formation. In this paper, the role of graphene-based additives (with and without platinum (Pt) nanoparticles) on enhancing the ignition and combustion characteristics of cracked n-dodecane hydrocarbon fuels under supercritical conditions is examined. Supercritical ignition and combustion experiments were conducted using a high pressure and high temperature windowed combustion chamber coupled to a supercritical fuel pyrolysis reactor. The combustion experiments indicated that the presence of small amounts of particulate additives (100 ppmw) to the fuel can reduce ignition times and increase subsequent combustion rates. In particular, the addition of FGS-supported Pt nanoparticles reduced ignition delay times by nearly a factor of 3 (12.4 to 4.2 ms), increased spray spreading angles by approximately 32.0% (15.4 to 20.3°), reduced the flame liftoff length by 54.0% (1.74 to 0.8 mm), and demonstrated an increase in fuel conversion for a fixed reaction time of 35.0% relative to the pure fuel baseline. These results support the notion that nanostructured fuel additives have the potential to enhance both the heat sink capacity and combustion performance of liquid hydrocarbon fuels for their use in advanced high speed propulsion systems.

BRAIN-TRAINS is a project that deals with the possible development of rail freight intermodality in Belgium from an interdisciplinary perspective: macroeconomic impact and market regulation, effective governance, optimal corridor and hub development and sustainability impact of intermodality. Life Cycle Assessment methodology has been used to analyse the sustainability impact of rail freight intermodality for 3 divergent Belgian scenarios by 2030.

Two research projects that examined source area sheetflows that were conducted in the 1990s are high-lighted in this chapter. These are a comprehensive project conducted in Birmingham, AL, as part of a project developing a control strategy for critical source areas, and a series of related projects conducted in Wisconsin as part of the DNR's efforts in calibrating the Source Loading and Management Model (SLAMM). A bibliography of recent source area monitoring activities by other researchers is also included in this chapter. These recent projects conducted in Alabama and Wisconsin are more comprehensive than the earlier monitoring efforts described in the previous chapter. These large projects included a wide range of land uses, source sources, and pollutants, in coordinated monitoring efforts. This information complements the data presented previously. Pitt , et al. (1995) studied stormwater runoff samples from a variety of source areas under different rain conditions in Birmingham, AL. All of the samples were analyzed in filtered (0.45 µm filter) and non-filtered forms to enable

Because heavy metals (HMs) occurring naturally in soils accumulate continuously due to human activities, identifying and apportioning their sources becomes a challenging task for pollution prevention in urban environments. Besides the enrichment factors (EFs) and principal component analysis (PCA) for source classification, the receptor model (Absolute Principal Component Scores-Multiple Linear Regression, APCS-MLR) and Pb isotopic mixing model were also developed to quantify the source contribution for typical HMs (Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) in urban park soils of Xiamen, a representative megacity in southeast China. Furthermore, distribution patterns of their concentrations and sources in 13 soil profiles (top 20cm) were investigated by different depths (0-5, 5-10, 10-20cm). Currently the principal anthropogenic source for HMs in urban soil of China is atmospheric deposition from coal combustion rather than vehicle exhaust. Specifically for Pb source by isotopic model ((206)P...

Urban soil Pb contamination is a great human health risk. Lead distribution and source in topsoils from 14 parks in Shanghai, China were investigated along an urbanerural gradient. Topsoils were contaminated averagely with 65 mg Pb kg À1 , 2.5 times higher than local soil background concentrations. HClextracts contained more anthropogenic Pb signatures than total sample digests as revealed by the higher 207/206 Pb and 208/206 Pb ratios in extracts (0.8613 AE 0.0094 and 2.1085 AE 0.0121 versus total digests 0.8575 AE 0.0098 and 2.0959 AE 0.0116). This suggests a higher sensitivity of HCl-extraction than total digestion in identifying anthropogenic Pb sources. Coal combustion emission was identified as the major anthropogenic Pb source (averagely 47%) while leaded gasoline emission contributed 12% overall. Urbanization effects were observed by total Pb content and anthropogenic Pb contribution. This study suggests that to reduce Pb contamination, Shanghai might have to change its energy composition to clean energy.

Particulate matter is an important air-pollutant and its toxicity has been reported. Diesel exhaust particles (DEP) constitute a large portion of particulate matter. Therefore, we established our study to investigate the effects of DEP on neural tissue in early stage chicken embryos. MATERIAL and

Breast cancer incidence has been on the increase in south Indian women. Polymorphisms in DNA repair genes modify an individual's risk to cancer. XPD (Xeroderma pigmentosum D), a DNA helicase gene involved in nucleotide excision repair and transcription coupled repair, may affect an individual's DNA repair capacity, particularly that of bulky adducts. This case-control study (250 breast cancer cases and 500 healthy controls) aimed to investigate the role of the XPD Lys751Gln polymorphism as a risk factor in the development of breast cancer. Genotyping was performed using the Taq Man allelic discrimination assay. Immunohistochemistry was used to quantitate the level of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) adducts in biopsy samples obtained from the breast cancer patients. Results showed that the XPD Gln/ Gln genotype was significantly associated with an increased risk of breast cancer (OR, 1.75; 95% CI 1.02-2.80), particularly in premenopausal female patients (OR, 2.6;. PAH adduct levels were significantly higher in the cases with breast cancer as compared to the normal breast tissue. This study reveals that XPD may play a role in increasing breast cancer risk particularly in premenopausal females.

h i g h l i g h t s g r a p h i c a l a b s t r a c t High level of P PAHs was detected in all four Nepalese cities. LMW-PAH concentrations were two folds higher than HMW-PAH concentrations. Biomass and coal combustions and vehicular emissions are the main source of PAHs. The estimated excess inhalation risk was greater in people living in plain areas than those in hilly areas.

Depuis de nombreuses années, les techniques alternatives se sont multipliées en France comme dans de nombreux pays. Ces techniques offrent des performances très intéressantes du point de vue du traitement des pollutions et sur le plan hydrologique. Cependant, ces techniques permettent également de rendre de nombreux services tout aussi importants : préservation de l'environnement, amélioration du microclimat local, valorisation de l'eau pour la vie urbaine (activités sociales et récréatives), etc. Cette communication cible plus particulièrement les praticiens en proposant une synthèse des performances à évaluer et des indicateurs utilisables pour ces évaluations. L'évaluation des performances doit permettre de suivre dans le temps chaque technique alternative. La communication propose également des protocoles de suivi en fonction des performances à suivre.

This study aimed to clarify the role of blood lead level (Pb-B) as one of the cardiovascular risk factors. To evaluate the cardiovascular risk the second derivative finger photoplethysmogram (SDPTG) was used. The subjects comprised of 420 male bus drivers in Thailand. The subjects' age ranged from 20 to 60 yr. Mean age (± standard deviation) were 41.6 (± 7.7) yr. Mean working years was 8.8 (± 6.8) yr. Pb-B ranged from 2.5 to 16.2 µg/dl with the mean Pb-B of 6.3 (± 2.2) µg/dl. The mean of aging index of SDPTG (SDPTG-AI) were -0.50 (± 0.30). The SDPTG-AI increases with age, Pb-B, smoking and alcohol consumption. There was significant correlation between Pb-B and SDPTG-AI after controlling for age, body mass index and lifestyle factors. These results suggest that Pb-B is possibly an independent cardiovascular risk factor for bus drivers exposed to lower level of lead.

Traffic has greatly contributed to the socio-economic development as well as its inherent environmental impacts. This study estimated the emission of PM10 from the exhaust and nonexhaust, particularly from the use different type of vehicles in Klang valley region. The total PM10 emission from the region was calculated based on US-EPA and the EEA methodologies. Arc GIS is one of the most suitable methods to estimate the total PM10 emission and split between different vehicle types as it is determined by the kilometer covered for each vehicle category. The inventory is further used for traffic account, activity data and a domain size of 50 km×50 km, with cell resolution of 1km × 1km to spatially disaggregate these emissions. The results show that nearly 54% of the PM10 emitted in the region emitted from cars. The results also revealed that nearly 61% of the PM emissions emitted from exhaust. Exhaust and Non-exhaust PM10 emissions are higher in the central part of the Klang Valley, an ...

The invisible nanoparticles (NP) from combustion processes penetrate easily into the human body through the respiratory and olfactory ways and carry numerous harmful health effects potentials. NP count concentrations are limited in EU for Diesel passenger cars since 2013 and for gasoline cars with direct injection (GDI) since 2014. The limit for GDI was temporary extended to 6 x 10 12 #/km. Nuclei of metals as well as organics are suspected to significantly contribute especially to the ultrafine particle size fractions, and thus to the particle number concentration. In the present paper, some results of investigations of nanoparticles from four gasoline cars -an older one with MPI and three never with DI -are represented. The measurements were performed at vehicle tailpipe and in CVS-tunnel. The results show that the older vehicle with MPI emits high particle count concentrations. The size distributions of this vehicle are decisively bimodal with high numbers in nuclei mode. The emissions of the newer vehicles with DI show sometimes no typical uniform shape of particle size distributions and are at lower level, than for the older vehicle. There is no visible nuclei mode and the ultrafine particle concentrations below 10 nm are insignificant. Some of the newer, low-emitting vehicles show at constant speed operation a periodical fluctuation of the NPemissions. Increased NP-emissions at cold start were confirmed.

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The Cancer Etiology Branch of the National Cancer Institute hosted a workshop, “Validation of a causal relationship: criteria to establish etiology,” to determine whether recent technological advances now make it possible to delineate improved or novel criteria for the rapid establishment for cancer causation. The workshop was held in Washington, D.C., December 11–12, 2003, and participants were among the international leaders in the fields of epidemiology, chemistry, biochemistry, microbiology, virology, environmental and chemical carcinogenesis, immunology, pathology, molecular pathology, genetics, oncology, and surgical oncology. There was a general consensus that the rapid identification of human carcinogens and their removal (when possible) or the establishment of specific preventive and therapeutic measures was the most desirable and effective way to have a rapid and positive impact in the fight against cancer. From a clinical perspective, it may be as important to target init...

Two constituents combine to form organic compounds; the former are known as aliphatic products due to their connection to fats. The presence of dimerization bonds, which produce a unique ring system, is what distinguishes the second class of compounds, referred to as aromatic compounds. In this paper, a group of aromatic compounds were studied using the hybrid function with three coefficients B3LYP with the base function 6-31G as one of the levels of the density functional theory. The calculated electronic properties included total energy, energies of the occupied upper molecular orbital and the lower unoccupied molecular orbital, energy gap, ionization energy, electronic affinity, electronegativity, electronic elasticity, chemical hardness, modulus of formation with medium, electronic density, and electrostatic potential. Calculations of the density function theorem were made using the Gaussian 09.

Environmentally relevant doses of inhaled diesel particles elicit pulmonary inflammation and impair lung mechanics. Eugenol, a methoxyphenol component of clove oil, presents in vitro and in vivo anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Our aim was to examine a possible protective role of eugenol against lung injuries induced by diesel particles. Male BALB/c mice were divided into four groups. Mice received saline (10 μl in; CTRL group) or 15 μg of diesel particles DEP (15 μg in; DIE and DEUG groups). After 1 h, mice received saline (10 μl; CTRL and DIE groups) or eugenol (164 mg/kg; EUG and DEUG group) by gavage. Twenty-four hours after gavage, pulmonary resistive (ΔP1), viscoelastic (ΔP2) and total (ΔPtot) pressures, static elastance (Est), and viscoelastic component of elastance (ΔE) were measured. We also determined the fraction areas of normal and collapsed alveoli, amounts of polymorpho- (PMN) and mononuclear cells in lung parenchyma, apoptosis, and oxidative stress. Est, ...

Automotive exhaust gases from vehicles using catalytic converters were filtered through cellulose filter papers to collect suspended particles expulsed along with the engine's escape fumes. A specially designed sample collector was used for supporting the filter papers during collection. The collector was manufactured from a new car's exhaust pipe. A cellulose circular paper filter, 11 cm diameter, was attached to one end of the pipe and kept centered by pressing it against the borders of the pipe by means of a perforated aluminum cap, slightly wider than the pipe, used to cover this end of the collector. Filter papers loaded with the solid particles were acid-digested using a modified domestic microwave oven to bring the solid material into solution. The resulting solutions were analyzed for Pt by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS) and for Pd and Rh by inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES). Results indicate that concentration of these analytes in the particulate is higher for new vehicles, having new catalytic converters, than for old ones. Maximum Pd, Pt and Rh in the samples analyzed were found to be 5.36, 12.60 and 1.03 g g -1 , respectively.