Access to Legal Information

Tra la fine dell'Ottocento ed i primi anni del Novecento l'Italia visse una lunga stagione di alterne passioni. La politica reazionaria di Crispi non giovò alla già difficile gestione delle pulsioni del mondo operaio e proletario. Ci volle il solido buon senso di Giovanni Giolitti perché si iniziasse a guardare a queste tensioni con maggiore equilibrio. In questo contesto sorsero molte figure di primaria importanza le quali, con impegno e fiducia nelle istituzioni, concorsero a costruire la Nuova Italia.

Effective understanding and study of legal issues related to the environment require  access  to  reliable  and  high-quality  sources  of  information  (mainly,  legislation,  case law, and doctrine). This article provides an organised presentation of the main Open Access sources of legal-environmental information in Spain and Europe.It is an exploratory, descriptive and qualitative study, based on the practical experience of  the  author  as  a  documentalist  in  an  environmental  law  research  centre.  The  article  describes law and case law databases (the official bulletins), official institutions and public research  centres,  journals,  blogs  and  bulletins.  It  is  highlighted  that  there  is  no  official  database of environmental law, therefore it is necessary to search using the general sources of law.In general, these sources provide access to official documents, or to information created or reviewed by experts, and they are regularly updated. Open Access to these sources is essential as it enhances transparency in the field of research in environmental law, in line with Sustainable Development Goals, resulting in an improvement in legal frameworks.

W moim przekonaniu okoliczność, że prawo Unii obowiązuje we wszystkich językach urzędowych Unii jednocześnie, zwiększa jeszcze potrzebę orientacji w rzeczywistości panującej w innych państwach członkowskich oraz potrzebę znajomości obcych języków, obcego prawa, obcej myśli. Okazuje się, że znaczenie systemu językowego Unii Europejskiej wykracza poza te teoretyczno-prawne zagadnienia, na które ma największy wpływ. Chodzi przecież nie tylko o efektywność, jasność, pewność, równość, ani nawet już nie tylko o dobrobyt, który ma wynikać z integracji. Chodzi o to, że zmienia się świadomość obywateli Unii i rośnie ich zainteresowanie kwestiami, których w braku takiego impulsu ze strony
polityki językowej Unii prawdopodobnie nie byłoby potrzeby zgłębiać.
Wielojęzyczność prawa Unii Europejskiej stwarza pewną trudność? Może to dobrze.

Reasumując, należy się przychylić do rozwiązania zaproponowanego
przez Naczelny Sąd Administracyjny w przedmiotowym
wyroku. Z jednej strony, uwzględnia ono bowiem
zasady płynące w tym zakresie z prawa UE oraz czyni zadość
wymogom polskiej konstytucji, z drugiej zaś strony, wydaje
się praktyczne z punktu widzenia sprawnego funkcjonowania
obrotu celnego, a także względów słuszności.

This article examines the potential and difficulties that the fourth industrial revolution presents to libraries in
providing library services. Libraries have been profoundly affected by the 4th Industrial Revolution (4IR),
which has changed their function from being conventional book repositories to being centres for digital literacy,
technological access, and information sharing.
The goal and services provided by libraries have been redefined as a result of the quick developments in artificial
intelligence (AI) and the Internet of Things, in addition to information analytics. It shows that the need for
current information and services has the greatest impact on libraries. However, the fourth industrial revolution
has revealed several shortcomings in libraries, including weak ICT policy, low financing, and a lack of staff
orientation. The study comes to the conclusion that in order for libraries to offer effective and efficient services,
they must adjust to the realities of the Fourth Industrial Revolution. In addition to discussing the potential for
libraries to take advantage of emerging technology, the essay underlines the difficulties libraries have in
adjusting to the 4IR and provides instances of successful digital transformations from real-world settings. It also
covers issues with data security and privacy. The recommendations include adequate financing to supply library
facilities and ongoing staff training on how to use and operate these resources.

Doctor of Philosophy in Information Studies. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 2018.Information needs and information seeking behaviour of lawyers in terms of accessing well-resourced legal information collections is essential in their daily professional lives. The lack of legal information access by lawyers through their professional organization’s information service negatively affects the provision of competent legal services. This study endeavoured to empirically investigate the information needs and information behaviour of private practising lawyers in Swaziland regarding accessing legal information and the role played by their professional body, the Law Society of Swaziland (LSS) to meet their information needs. The study applied the pragmatism paradigm and used a mixed method approach by adopting and triangulating qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection and analysis. The population of the study was confined to all lawyers outside the civil service...

In the article, the author discusses the legislative practice of conditioning the application of statutory provisions on the issuance of a communicate by a minister. The author mentions one example of such a practice and notes that a communicate is an act of internally binding law. This, in turn, leads him to the conclusion that the presented phenomenon is unconstitutional, as it allows influencing the legal situation of an individual by an internally binding act. In the author’s opinion, such practice is unconstitutional first and foremost with Art. 2 (in particular the principle of trust to the state and the law made by it) and Art. 10 sec. 1 (the principle of the separation of powers – adopting provisions regulating the application of a statute falls within the competences of the legislature and not the executive). This makes this phenomenon clearly negatively assessed by the author.

Autor podejmuje w artykule tematykę praktyki legislacyjnej polegającej na uzależnieniu stosowania przepisów ustawowych od wydania przez ministra komunikatu. Autor wskazuje jeden z przykładów takiej praktyki i dochodzi do wniosku, że komunikat jest aktem prawa wewnętrznie obowiązującego. To z kolei prowadzi go do wniosku, że przedstawione zjawisko jest niekonstytucyjne, ponieważ dozwala na oddziaływanie na sytuację prawną jednostki przez akt prawa wewnętrznie obowiązującego. Zdaniem autora, omawiana praktyka jest niezgodna przede wszystkim z art. 2 (w szczególności z zasadą zaufania do państwa i stanowionego przez nie prawa, zasadami poprawnej legislacji, w tym odpowiedniego vacatio legis, a także zasadą określoności prawa…) oraz art. 10 ust. 1 (zasadą podziału władz – stanowienie przepisów regulujących stosowanie ustaw należy bowiem do kompetencji władzy ustawodawczej, a nie wykonawczej) Konstytucji RP. To sprawia, że autor zjawisko to ocenia jednoznacznie negatywnie.

The wave of free access to law movement hit Zimbabwe leading to the establishment of the Zimbabwe Legal Information Institute (ZimLII). This was started with the help of African Legal Information Institute (AfricanLII) which sourced funds to kick start the project and then held training workshops to equip the people who will be working with the administrator. There is a steering committee which comprises of academics, lawyers, publishers, information technologists and librarians from various organisations. This board is chaired by the Director of Legal Resources Foundation. This led to the creation of a website and content has been uploaded to populate the site. The website is up and running and an administrator was employed to oversee the day to day running of the website and its maintenance. This paper is an account of the opportunities and challenges that has been faced by the institute. The major challenge was the issue of sustainability in terms of unavailability of funds to continuously support the project. The ZimLII project can be regarded as one of the successful initiative towards the availability of legal information to the general public since there are plans to make it a one stop shop for those looking for such information.

Accessing relevant legal information found in text excerpts from heterogeneous sources is essential to the decision making process in consumer disputes. The Ontology of Relevant Legal Information in Consumer Disputes (ric) is the domain-independent ontology modeling this relevant legal information comprising rights, their requisites, exceptions, constraints, enforcement procedures, legal sources. Its use is exemplified with one extension thereof, the Air Transport Passenger Incidents Ontology (ric-atpi), representing both the possible incidents triggered by a complaint in the air transport passenger domain and the related legal information that might be applicable. The Ontology models the key provisions found in the hard law, and those in soft law, comprising heterogeneous sources in a structured manner. An ontology-based system provides the knowledge embedded in the legal sources and their relation to the specific scenario. Keywords. relevance, legal knowledge modeling, access to legal information 'legal' side of the norms continuum, albeit their non-binding character. 8 Case C-322/88 Grimaldi [1989] ECR 4407, paragraph 18. In Community law, a Recommendation is a legal instrument that enables the Commission to establish non-binding rules for the Member States or, in certain cases, Union citizens. Article 211 of the EC Treaty provides that "[i]n order to ensure the proper functioning and development of the common market, the Commission shall formulate recommendations (...)".

L'autore esamina criticamente la proposta di revisione costituzionale volta a separare il ruolo della magistratura giudicante da quella requirente. Si tratta di un tema che da anni divide la magistratura penale italiana dalla politica e dall'avvocatura. Scopo della progettata riforma è adeguare la struttura dell'ordinamento giudiziario ai postulati del "giusto processo". La proposta normativa si caratterizza in particolare per la duplicazione dei Consigli superiori della magistratura, in maniera da assicurare la rigida separazione dei ruoli giudiziari (giudicante/requirente) e per la istituzione di un'Alta Corte disciplinare, destinata a subentrare all'attuale sezione disciplinare del Consiglio superiore della magistratura.

This research paper examines the complex interrelationships among national and international policies, legal court libraries, and the effects of political meddling. The study sheds light on the difficulties legal court libraries encounter in carrying out their responsibilities as knowledge bases and resources for legal proceedings by analyzing how these components interact. To shed light on how political dynamics affect the availability of legal information and the larger judicial landscape, the analysis makes use of case studies and theoretical frameworks. Explores the complex interrelationships among political meddling, national and international policies, and legal court libraries. By giving access to vital legal resources, legal court libraries play a vital role in assisting judicial processes; nevertheless, the political climate has a big impact on how they operate. While international standards influence best practices in legal resource management, national policies determine funding and access to legal information. The integrity of the legal system can be compromised by political meddling because it can result in censorship, a lack of resources, and the spread of biased information. This study illustrates the difficulties faced by legal court libraries and provides methods for strengthening their resistance to political pressures through case studies and theoretical frameworks. The results highlight how important it is to protect judicial independence and guarantee fair access to legal information in the fight for justice. The relationship between legal court libraries, national and international policies, and political interference is a complex web that significantly impacts the judicial landscape.

Ogni avvocato ha affrontato momenti di crisi professionale, periodi in cui la pressione esterna sembra insostenibile e la stabilità appare un lontano miraggio. Che si tratti di una pandemia, di un cambiamento normativo o di una concorrenza crescente, il rischio di fallire è sempre dietro l'angolo. Spesso, la risposta immediata a una crisi è quella di irrigidirsi, ridurre le spese e cercare di mantenere il controllo a tutti i costi. Tuttavia, di fronte a una crisi, che sia superficiale o profonda, la vera efficacia non risiede nel tentativo di esercitare maggiore controllo, ma nel ridefinire il significato e lo scopo della propria professione e del proprio ruolo per i clienti. C'è una domanda che dobbiamo porci in tempi di incertezza: "Per cosa siamo qui?". Questa non è una domanda astratta o filosofica, come potrebbe sembrare a prima vista. Si tratta di una domanda pratica, con ricadute concrete sulla carriera, sullo studio legale e sul modo di servire i clienti. Viviamo in un periodo di profonda trasformazione, in cui rimanere fedeli allo status quo può portare alla stagnazione. Chi è in grado di ridefinire il proprio ruolo, rispettando al contempo la propria identità, può emergere più forte e preparato per il futuro.

Access to legal information is fundamental to access to justice. Yet accessibility refers not only to making legal documents available to the public, but also rendering legal information comprehensible to them. A vexing problem in bringing legal information to the public is how to turn formal legal documents such as legislation and judgments, which are often highly technical, to easily navigable and comprehensible knowledge to those without legal education. In this study, we formulate a three-step approach for bringing legal knowledge to laypersons, tackling the issues of navigability and comprehensibility. First, we translate selected sections of the law into snippets (called CLIC-pages), each being a small piece of article that focuses on explaining certain technical legal concept in layperson's terms. Second, we construct a Legal Question Bank, which is a collection of legal questions whose answers can be found in the CLIC-pages. Third, we design an interactive CLIC Recommender. Given a user's verbal description of a legal situation that requires a legal solution, CRec interprets the user's input and shortlists questions from the question bank that are most likely relevant to the given legal situation and recommends their corresponding CLIC pages where relevant legal knowledge can be found. In this paper we focus on the technical aspects of creating an LQB. We show how large-scale pre-trained language models, such as GPT-3, can be used to generate legal questions. We compare machine-generated questions against human-composed questions and find that MGQs are more scalable, cost-effective, and more diversified, while HCQs are more precise. We also show a prototype of CRec and illustrate through an example how our 3-step approach effectively brings relevant legal knowledge to the public.

Rising prices for print legal materials have caused an accelerated shift to acquisitions exclusively in electronic format. This study reports results of a survey of U.S. law libraries regarding indexing of electronic materials, including cataloging practices and other ways of making electronic materials available to and discoverable by patrons.

Anyone attending the Italian courtrooms can clearly perceive the numerous differences that can be observed in the way "justice is delivered" in different territorial areas, as well as in different historical moments in the life of a judicial office. This paper aims to argue that, if not adequately governed, never ending innovation policies risk widening or otherwise solidifying such differences, which have a direct and significant impact on the lives and well-being of citizens. The article focuses on the Unified Project for the Dissemination of the Office for the Process and the Implementation of Innovative Operational Models in Judicial Offices for the Clearance of Backlog (UPPTF), funded under the PON Governance and Institutional Capacity 2014-2020. The text intends to present and discuss three initiatives conceived and developed by the research team of the University of Milano-Bicocca, in collaboration with the Tribunals of Busto Arsizio and Monza, and with the Court of Appeal of Milan: the drafting of two guidelines on the activities of collection and analysis of statistical data in civil matters; the definition of a "supply chain" analysis on civil procedural flows between the first and second instances; the design of an executive course on the organization and digital transformation of justice. These experiences will provide an opportunity to develop some reflections on the governance of the Italian justice system, understood as a complex organizational system.

Experience of… •law in the world •interdisciplinary trading zones •creative, purposeful acts Ethics in… •an integrated curriculum •habitual action •reclamation of moral spaces in the curriculum Technology for… •our discipline, our curricula •learner-centred control •transactional learning Collaboration between… •students •institutions •academic & professional learning •open-access cultures

Thi s is a n O p e n Acc e s s d o c u m e n t d o w nlo a d e d fro m ORCA, C a r diff U niv e r si ty' s in s ti t u tio n al r e p o si t o ry: h t t p s://o r c a. c a r diff.a c. u k/i d/ e p ri n t/ 1 3 7 8 1 3/ This is t h e a u t h o r's v e r sio n of a w o r k t h a t w a s s u b mi t t e d t o / a c c e p t e d fo r p u blic a tio n. Cit a tio n fo r fin al p u blis h e d ve r sio n: D e h a g h a ni, Rox a n n a a n d N e w m a n , D a ni el 2 0 2 2. C ri mi n al le g al ai d a n d a c c e s s t o jus tic e: a n e m pi ric al a c c o u n t of a r e d u c tio n in r e sili e n c e. In t e r n a tio n al Jou r n al of t h e Le g al P r of e s sio n 2 9 (1) ,

Accessing relevant legal information found in text excerpts from heterogeneous sources is essential to the decision making process in consumer disputes. The Ontology of Relevant Legal Information in Consumer Disputes (ric) is the domain-independent ontology modeling this relevant legal information comprising rights, their requisites, exceptions, constraints, enforcement procedures, legal sources. Its use is exemplified with one extension thereof, the Air Transport Passenger Incidents Ontology (ric-atpi), representing both the possible incidents triggered by a complaint in the air transport passenger domain and the related legal information that might be applicable. The Ontology models the key provisions found in the hard law, and those in soft law, comprising heterogeneous sources in a structured manner. An ontology-based system provides the knowledge embedded in the legal sources and their relation to the specific scenario.

Just as access to information is deemed as a fundamental human right, access to legal information is also a fundamental information access issue. Attorneys, law students and the general public require legal information for decision making. In both Africa and the United States, law libraries are at the forefront of processing, disseminating and transmitting legal information. However; access to this information is limited by factors such as inadequate physical books, physical access issues, legal literacy issues (information behaviour), and infrastructure. This paper will explore the intersection between information behaviour and access to justice. It will discuss US and Ugandan perspectives on legal information as a human right, the legal information needs of attorneys, and strategies and approaches that law libraries in US and Uganda have used to facilitate access to legal information. It will also highlight the Access to Justice Movement and some of the challenges of accessing leg...

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This article appraises the cumulative effects of the curtailment of the right of silence after 20 years. A controversial measure when enacted, its long-term effects have not been examined. It is argued that the Act was introduced on a flawed premise; has been interpreted very broadly; and has facilitated further restrictions on due process rights. Drawing upon the case law, academic commentary and empirical research, it is argued that the provisions have compromised the lawyer-client relationship and undermined the effectiveness of legal representation. Not only have the provisions made police interviews part of the trial (as Jackson argues), but they have also imported to the courtroom traditional police suspicions of defendants and their lawyers. The court has accordingly interpreted the provisions to the detriment of another 'fundamental condition'; legal professional privilege. The changes have thus had a wider impact than was envisaged at the time.

there being a "public assembly" and is also subject to the limitation that it cannot be used to prohibit a public assembly that has not yet begun. It is possible that the decision in Jones will lead to amendments to section 14 to mirror the language in section 14A which does expressly permit the prohibition of future, trespassory assemblies in a specific district or area. However, in the case of trespassory assemblies, the rights of property owners provide a counterweight to the rights to freedom of expression and assembly of protestors and there remains the possibility of assembling on public property. Amending section 14 to include the power to prohibit future assemblies in "public places" would run the risk of violating the rights to freedom of expression and assembly in Articles 10 and 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The European Court of Human Rights has repeatedly reaffirmed the "essential nature of the freedom of assembly and its close relationship with democracy" and the fundamental importance of free speech in a democratic society and it is unlikely that a prospective ban on all peaceful assemblies within an area the size (and significance) of central London would be "necessary in a democratic society" (Helsinki Committee of Armenia v Armenia (Application no. 59109/08), Judgment of 31 March 2015, not yet reported, at [45]-[47]). Of course, the police have additional powers beyond those contained in the Act 1986 including, for instance, power to prevent a breach of the peace. But such powers, like section 14, are unlikely to provide a satisfactory solution to protests that are separated in time and space and which form, disaggregate and reform like starling murmurations.

The Supreme Court determined that a 'fresh approach' was needed in an attempt to bring some clarity to the issue of the eligibility for compensation of those who have had their convictions quashed by the Court of Appeal.The definition that the majority agreed upon was that 'a new fact will show that a miscarriage of justice has occurred when it so undermines the evidence against the defendant that no conviction could possibly be based upon it'.This article argues that the judgment suffers from a failure to consider the purpose of the legislation; that it is unclear whether the test is normative or historical and that this presents a particular problem in cases relating to the Northern Ireland conflict.The Court focuses on the guilt of the appellant and excludes from its consideration any notion of culpability by the state, which is a cause for concern.

This article examines two contrasting proposals for the reform of criminal appeals: the government's recent proposal that the guilty should no longer have their convictions quashed on 'technicalities'; and calls by campaigners for the Court of Appeal to consider innocence rather than the 'safety of the conviction, 'together with their associated attempts to establish Innocence Projects in the UK. Despite the rhetorical power of 'innocence' as a campaigning tool, it is contended that to import such a standard into the legal system would be retrogressive and counter-productive, both as a safeguard against wrongful convictions and in protecting the integrity of the system. In order to be meaningful, due process protections must apply to all. The government's proposals attack this principle directly; innocence campaigners risk unwittingly assisting their endeavours.

Métalepse célèbre, cette nouvelle met en scène un personnage de lecteur qui entre en relation avec l'un des personnages du livre qu'il est en train de lire, lequel le rejoint en traversant un parc qui est à la fois présent dans la fiction et dans le monde représenté du lecteur.

Métalepse célèbre, cette nouvelle met en scène un personnage de lecteur qui entre en relation avec l'un des personnages du livre qu'il est en train de lire, lequel le rejoint en traversant un parc qui est à la fois présent dans la fiction et dans le monde représenté du lecteur.

Seminario Internacional organizado por la Cátedra Pastor y colegas italianos de la Università degli studi Roma Tre y la Università di Bologna. realizado durante los días 18, 19 y 22 de enero del corriente año y titulado “La vertità nel processo penale”.
Las dos primeras fechas del encuentro se desarrollaron en la ciudad de Roma, en la sede del Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza de la primera universidad mencionada, en tanto que la tercera jornada se desarrolló en la ciudad de Bologna, en la sede del Dipartimento di Scienze Giuridiche de la Universidad de dicha ciudad (por la mañana) y en el Reale Collegio di Spagna (por la tarde).
El evento contó con la intervención de, entre otros, los profesores Luigi Ferrajoli, Dario Ippolito, Luca Marafiotti, Emanuela Fronza, Perfecto Andrés Ibáñez, Luca Luparia, Gabriele Fornasari, Michele Caianiello, Carlo Sotis, Gaetano Insolera, Vittorio Manes, Stefania Parisi, Andrea Morrone y Marco Scoletta.
También se debatieron ponencias presentadas por docentes e investigadores de ambas universidades italianas y de la Cátedra Pastor de la Universidad de Buenos Aires (Nicolás Guzmán, Federico Wagner, Mariano Bertelotti, Tomás Dakkache, Pablo D. Eiroa, Elena Godoy Berrocal, Martín Haissiner, Florencia Leguiza, Micaela Redondo, Malena Pastor -Cátedra Sarrabayrouse-, Daniel Rubinovich y John Carlin Sánchez).

Seminario Internacional titulado “La vertità nel processo penale” realizado en Italia los días 18, 19 y 22 de enero del corriente año, organizado por la Cátedra Pastor (UBA) junto con colegas italianos de la Università degli studi Roma Tre y la Università di Bologna.
Las dos primeras fechas del encuentro se desarrollaron en la ciudad de Roma, en la sede del Dipartimento di Giurisprudenza de la primera universidad mencionada, en tanto que la tercera jornada se desarrolló en la ciudad de Bologna, en la sede del Dipartimento di Scienze Giuridiche de la Universidad de dicha ciudad (por la mañana) y en el Reale Collegio di Spagna (por la tarde).
El evento contó con la intervención de, entre otros, los profesores Luigi Ferrajoli, Dario Ippolito, Luca Marafiotti, Emanuela Fronza, Perfecto Andrés Ibáñez, Luca Luparia, Gabriele Fornasari, Michele Caianiello, Carlo Sotis, Gaetano Insolera, Vittorio Manes, Stefania Parisi, Andrea Morrone y Marco Scoletta.
También se debatieron ponencias presentadas por docentes e investigadores de ambas universidades italianas y de la Cátedra Pastor ( Nicolás Guzmán, Federico Wagner, Mariano Bertelotti, Tomás Dakkache, Pablo D. Eiroa, Elena Godoy Berrocal, Martín Haissiner, Florencia Leguiza, Micaela Redondo, Malena Pastor -Cátedra Sarrabayrouse-, Daniel Rubinovich y John Carlin Sánchez,

Discusses the work of the Cardiff Law School Innocence Project (CLSIP) in reinvestigating allegations of wrongful conviction. Reviews the truth-finding vulnerabilities of the pre-trial process, whether police investigations are always examples of systematic searches for truth, and obstacles to defence lawyers' search for exculpatory materials. Details CLSIP's approach to evaluating investigations and responding to defence or disclosure failures.

In previously published papers (Przegląd Sejmowy no. 5(142)/2017 and 2(163)/2021) the authors proposed definitions of notions: normativity, redundancy, and uselessness of the legal text and analysed from a typological point of view the basic units of the integral (articulated) part of normative acts, i.e. legal provisions. In this text, the analysis has been extended to include the other elements of the legal text, i.e.: preambles, titles, subtitles, definitions in brackets, footnotes and attachments, which contain sentences and other elements (tables, equations, graphics, maps, sheet music). The terminology has also been extended to include fragments of provisions, normative acts as a whole, and plural provisions. These elements can (with some definitional amendments) be analysed in the same way as provisions using the categories: "doubles", "widows", "orphans", and "botches". In their closing remarks, the authors signaled the need to complement the analysis with a theoretical and comparative perspectives: to confront the proposed theses with the leading normative and descriptive theories of legal text drafting and interpretation. The fourth part of this cycle of papers, devoted to these problems, is currently being prepared.

Technology for storing and sharing legal information is one of the most important factors shaping a legal culture. At the same time, the quality and level of legal culture determine whether and to what extent technology will be used to codify available legal knowledge. The technological revolution, that we have witnessed in the last few decades, is changing the processes of codifying legal knowledge. In the processes of automating the unification and compilation of applicable regulations, meta-regulations are of particular importance. They can be recognized automatically (using algorithms), but in order to achieve  this they must be formulated in a standardized way.

La justice ne se trouve pas seulement dans les décisions des tribunaux », dans Mauro CAPPELLETTI (dir.), Accès à la justice et État-providence, Paris, Economica, 1984, p. 151). Toujours dans cette veine, l'Honorable Élizabeth Corte rappelle que « plusieurs chemins mènent à la justice ; les tribunaux sont certes l'autoroute principale, mais il en existe plusieurs autres et il importe que les justiciables les connaissent. » (propos rapportés par Johanne LANDRY,

Tommaso Pagnoni: "in difesa-deduzioni" nell'ultimo processo urbinate per omicidio conclusosi con una condanna a morte (1830) Tra i faldoni polverosi del "Fondo penale pontificio" del Tribunale civile e criminale di Urbino, custoditi presso l'Archivio di Stato della città, quello catalogato come "Busta 201", risulta interamente dedicato al "caso Cesaroni-Costantini", vale a dire un "omicidio accompagnato da gravanti qualità" 1 , conclusosi nel 1834 con l'esecuzione capitale del condannato, Luigi Cesaroni di Monteguiduccio. Il tragico fatto di sangue è destinato a rimanere nelle reminiscenze storiche della giustizia penale feltresca, non tanto per l'efferatezza del crimine, quanto piuttosto perché l'esecuzione della condanna a morte del Cesaroni fu l'ultima avvenuta ad Urbino, almeno per il periodo pontificio 2. La mattina del 30 agosto 1830 un alto grido scuote la placida Monteguiduccio, oggi una piccola frazione del comune di Montefelcino: in un campo, poco lontano dal paese, viene rinvenuto il cadavere di un uomo con una profonda ferita da arma da taglio sul collo. Informato del fatto dal Priore, il Podestà mette in moto la macchina della giustizia penale, chiedendo al Luogotenente 3 di Urbino di adottare 1 Si tratta delle odierne circostanze aggravanti. 2 Si veda infatti SASU, Tribunale civile e criminale di Urbino, fondo penale pontificio, 1832, Busta n. 201 e, per una accurata ricostruzione dei documenti, la tesi di laurea di A. MASCELLONI, op. cit., in SASU, biblioteca. 3 Ricordiamo infatti che l'art. 6 del motuproprio di Leone XII del 1827 sull'Amministrazione Pubblica, in vigore ai tempi del "delitto Costantini", prevedeva che nelle Delegazioni riunite, quale era quella di Urbino e Pesaro, il Delegato pontificio dovesse fissare la residenza in uno dei due capoluoghi, e che nell'altro vi dimorasse stabilmente un Luogotenente. Nel caso della Delegazione di Urbino e Pesaro, il Delegato aveva scelto come sua residenza Pesaro, città costiera e dal clima più favorevole. 4 Con il termine "cursore" veniva indicato quell'Ufficiale pubblico che, nell'ambito dell'organizzazione del Tribunale, era addetto alla notifica delle citazioni e delle sentenze. 5 SASU, Tribunale civile e criminale di Urbino, fondo penale pontificio, 1832, Busta n. 201, cc. 4r-8v. 6 Il soprannome, con il quale era comunemente chiamato Luigi Costantini, viene riportato anche negli atti ufficiali del processo. Cfr. SASU, Tribunale civile e criminale di Urbino, fondo penale pontificio, 1832, Busta n. 201. 7 Nell'ordinamento giudiziario pontificio il Procuratore Fiscale svolgeva le funzioni proprie della pubblica accusa, rappresentando per altro in giudizio gli interessi dello Stato. 8 Filippo Costantini, figlio della vittima, era uno dei principali protagonisti del "caso Cesaroni-Costantini"; contadino possidente di Monteguiduccio, ai tempi del delitto aveva appena 23 anni. 9 Maria Domenica Cecchini, figlia di Giovanni Cecchini e vedova della vittima, all'epoca dei fatti aveva 40 anni. Considerata dagli inquirenti l'istigatrice dell'omicidio del marito, fu rinviata a giudizio con l'accusa di concorso in omicidio premeditato; condannata in primo grado a 20 anni di reclusione, venne poi assolta in secondo grado dal Tribunale d'appello di Macerata. 10 SASU, Tribunale civile e criminale di Urbino, fondo penale pontificio, 1832, Busta n. 201, cc. 19r-20v e A. MASCELLONI, op. cit., p. 43.

Storia della comunicazione istituzionale dal - Bullettino delle leggi- dell'antico Regno di Napoli, istituito nei primissimi anni dellì'800 e diretto dal ministro della giustizia, l'avvocato Francesco Ricciardi di Foggia, alla Gazzetta Ufficiale della Repubblica Italiana

Credo che ognuno di noi debba essere giudicato per ciò che ha fatto. Contano le azioni non le parole. Se dovessimo dar credito ai discorsi, saremmo tutti bravi e irreprensibili. Giovanni Falcone Dalla connessione e dall'intreccio di queste varie fonti è stato quindi possibile tracciare la storia della giustizia e del crimine in Capitanata fino alle prime emergenze operative che assillano ancora oggi diversi uffici giudiziari, ma che iniziarono a farsi strada a partire dalla seconda metà del secolo scorso. La ricerca, condotta con uno sguardo anche alla situazione socio-urbanistica della città di Foggia e del suo territorio in quegli anni, si dimostra probabilmente utile anche per comprendere soprattutto lo sviluppo e la crescita di alcuni fenomeni delinquenziali che oggi dominano la scena criminale. Soprattutto per quanto riguarda la nascita della cosiddetta quarta mafia, ovvero quella denominata Società, che regna oggi la scena del crimine a Foggia ed anche per quanto concerne i primi maxi processi ai colletti bianchi, fra cui alcuni dei primi procedimenti connotati dalla connivenza fra politica e criminalità, che possiamo definire come prodomi di realtà più preoccupati protagoniste dello scenario di questi ultimi anni. In conclusione, una storia complessa le cui radici si confrontano con le emergenze operative del presente e l'attuale negativa situazione degli uffici giudiziari di Foggia, che operano con competenza civile e penale su un territorio tra le circoscrizioni di tribunale più vaste della penisola italiana, molto con strutture, magistrati e personale amministrativo e agenti delle sezioni di polizia giudiziaria sicuramente insufficienti, perché non proporzionati alla mole di procedimenti che annualmente vengo istaurati e trattati.

Autor stawia pytanie, czy współcześnie jest jeszcze miejsce na kodeksy w takiej formie, w jakiej były one tworzone w XIX wieku. Przede wszystkim zmieniły się warunki, w jakich po-wstawały ówczesne kodeksy, oraz postulaty wobec nich stawiane. Nie oczekuje się już obecnie, że akty te będą całkowicie i wyłącznie regulować daną dziedzinę życia społecznego. Nasiliło się zjawisko dekodyfikacji, polegające na regulowaniu materii właściwych kodeksom w innych usta-wach, co rodzi problemy na tle ich wzajemnych relacji. Utrudnieniem dla procesu kodyfikacji jest także brak współpracy pomiędzy nauką prawa i sądami, które do tej pory wspólnie wypracowywały rozwiązania, wpisywane następnie do treści kodeksów. Zdaniem autora kodeksy mogą jednak nadal odgrywać ważną rolę i pełnić funkcję w pewnej mierze symboliczną. Najważniejszym zadaniem ko-deksów jest bowiem tworzenie aksjologicznych podstaw danej dziedziny prawa, przede wszystkim formułowanie katalogu zasad decydujących o jej autonomii.

Jednym z problemów polskiej praktyki prawniczej w odniesieniu do zasad techniki prawodawczej (zwanych dalej ZTP) jest fundamentalny problem ich obowiązywania. Pomimo tego, że ZTP są trwałym elementem polskiego prawotwórstwa, to na łonie doktryny oraz praktyki prawniczej przy różnych okazjach toczyły się dyskusje na temat ich obowiązywania. Wydaje się, iż obecnie mamy do czynienia z pewnym ustabilizowaniem się stanu tych dyskusji, co bynajmniej nie jest równoznaczne z osiągnięciem konsensusu. Stan ten daje jednak asumpt to sformułowania pewnych podsumowań, które ani nie stanowią rozstrzygającego głosu w dotychczasowych debatach, ani tym bardziej ich nie zamykają. Naszym celem jest jedynie dokonanie pewnej syntezy, wyrażającej się w przedstawieniu typów argumentów legitymujących obowiązywanie ZTP oraz zaprezentowanie konsekwencji związanych z posługiwaniem się nimi. Obecnie centralnym punktem wspomnianych dyskusji jest rozporządzenie Prezesa Rady Ministrów w sprawie "Zasad techniki prawodawczej" 1 , zwane dalej RZTP. Niemniej jednak-co należy stanowczo podkreślić-ponieważ ZTP bywają w polskiej praktyce prawniczej traktowane w sposób autonomiczny względem RZTP, różnica pomiędzy ZTP a RZTP może być niekiedy istotna. Chodzi mianowicie o to, że ZTP są często traktowane jako zbiór dyrektyw poprawnego redagowania aktów prawnych, które winny być respektowane w każdym procesie legislacyjnym, bez względu na wyrażenie tych zasad w jakimkolwiek obowiązującym akcie prawnym. W kontekście naszego opracowania będzie to oznaczało, że obowiązywanie ZTP nie musi łączyć się z faktem ustanowienia RZTP.