Access Network

This paper introduces the AI-Networked Communication Engineering Model (AINCEM), a novel paradigm designed to integrate artificial intelligence (AI) into the architecture of digital communication systems. Traditional models, while effective for structured environments, face limitations when applied to dynamic, large-scale, and heterogeneous networks such as 5G, IoT, and future 6G infrastructures. AINCEM incorporates AI-driven channel estimation, adaptive modulation, noise reduction, and intelligent networking into the communication pipeline. The model is mathematically formalized, and an extended Bit Error Rate (BER) function is proposed to demonstrate AI's role as a gain factor in improving reliability and efficiency. Additionally, the impact of AINCEM on digital platforms and media is analyzed, highlighting enhancements in user engagement, content delivery, and operational efficiency. The paper argues that AINCEM represents a fundamental shift toward self-learning, context-aware, and scalable digital communication systems.

Multiple access control is an important issue in Ethernet Passive Optical Networks (EPON). It is needed for traffic from different ONUs to share the upstream channel. The IEEE 802.3ah Ethernet in the First Mile (EFM) Task Force has specified a multipoint control protocol (MPCP) for this purpose. We propose a novel multiple access control scheme consisting of a parameter-based Call Admission Control (CAC) mechanism, the Evenly Distributed Algorithm (EDA), and the Bandwidth Guarantee Polling (BGP) algorithm. Our scheme can guarantee bandwidth for high-demand customers while providing best-effort service to low-demand customers according to the service level agreement (SLA). Simulation results show that the proposed scheme is very efficient.

Integrated femtocell/macrocell networks, comprising a conventional cellular network overlaid with femtocells, offer an economically appealing way to improve coverage, quality of service, and access network capacity. The key element to successful femtocells/macrocell integration lies in its selforganizing capability. Provisioning of quality of service is the main technical challenge of the femtocell/macrocell integrated networks, while the main administrative challenge is the choice of the proper evolutionary path from the existing macrocellular networks to the integrated network. In this article, we introduce three integrated network architectures which, while increasing the access capacity, they also reduce the deployment and operational costs. Then, we discuss a number of technical issues, which are key to making such integration a reality, and we offer possible approaches to their solution. These issues include efficient frequency and interference management, quality of service provisioning of the xDSL-based backhaul networks, and intelligent handover control.

Tässä insinöörityössä kehitettiin National Instrumentsin ultraäänisensorilla varustettua robottia. Sen ensimmäistä langatonta versiota kehitettiin vuonna 2012 Metropolia Ammattikorkeakoulun innovaatioprojektina. Innovaatioprojektissa robotti saatiin toimimaan langattomasti tietokoneen välityksellä, mutta kännykällä toimivan kokoonpanon ohjaus osoittautui tuolloin haasteelliseksi. Tämän insinöörityön tavoitteeksi asetettiin täysin langaton kommunikointi robotin ja kännykän välille. Työn toteutukseen tarvittiin MBED-mikrokontrollerimoduuli ja langaton WLAN-moduuli, jotka liitettiin suoraan robotin piirikorttiin kiinni. Ohjausdatan välittämiseksi moduulille pohdittiin erilaisia ratkaisuja. Työssä selvitettiin robotin piirikortin sekä lisätyn mikrokontrollerimoduulin tukemia yhteyskäytäntöjä ja valittiin niistä sopiva vaihtoehto. Robottiin lisättyyn MBED-mikrokontrollerimoduuliin toteutettiin sisäinen http-palvelin toisen Metropolia Ammattikorkeakoulun opiskelijan insinöörityönä. Sisäis...

5G networks have arrived and are able to shift paradigms within the areas of connectivity, maintainability, scalability and availability. Their aim is to ensure that users can remain online with their devices at any time and in any place. In light of this, solutions for centralized networks are becoming attractive since they are manageable and low-cost. In these conditions, the use of computing techniques such as fuzzy logic benefits the supervision and planning of networks by optimizing and controlling resources as well as managing the system. However, planning a centralized network tends to raise challenges in the optical sectors that are located between the telecommunications center and the base station. Technologies such as radio over fiber are being examined to meet the demands in the fronthaul market, although they raise many other challenges. For this reason, in this study, we have adopted an intelligent strategy to determine in a balanced way which radio over fiber signals should be allocated in the optical sector. This strategy is implemented using fuzzy logic and may be used in decision making to plan the future of centralized networks. The results show that it is possible to make tradeoffs between the capital expenditure and performance of the system.

The Virtual Home Environment (VHE) is a concept introduced by the 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) for UMTS which enables its users' personal service environment to be portable across network boundaries and between terminals. The VHE ensures that users are consistently presented with the same personalised features, user interface customisation, and services in whatever network and whatever terminal wherever the user may be located. In order for VHE service providers to be able to develop services in a non-restrictive manner, access to ...

The wavelength tuning of a compact microring resonator with a chromium heater is described. A tuning of 12 pm/ • C is measured with extremely low driving power. This property together with the small footprint makes applications feasible in filter or switching arrays.

A compact [200 200 m 2 ] wavelength-selective switch based on thermally tunable SiO 2 -Si 3 N 4 microring resonators has been designed and realized. The switch supports gigabit filtering applications in access networks. Spectral measurements show an ON-OFF ratio of 12 dB and a channel separation of 20 dB. The 10-Gb/s measurements on a single ring show no degradation of the modulated signal and a theoretical bit-error rate 10 12 .

Rayleigh backscattering (RB) and Fresnel reflection (FR) effects can cause severe degradation on the performance of a WDM-PON system utilizing loop-back schemes that provide colorless upstream transmitters. We proposed cross-seeding schemes to overcome these problems and also to improve the utilization efficiency of the seeding lights. The operation principles of two types of cross-seeding schemes: mutual seeding and shared seeding are discussed in detail for different applications. A generalized formulation of the crosstalk from the RB and FR effects is derived for comparing the performance between a conventional WDM-PON and a cross-seeding WDM-PON. It is found that the cross seeding schemes can be most beneficial for the system with low loop-back gain or low reflection at the distribution fiber or drop fiber. This is especially advantageous for the shared seeding scheme in which the seeding light can be transmitted along a separate fiber with high power or by optical amplification such that the gain of the loop-back transmitter can be kept small. Application examples are used to demonstrate the merits and feasibility of the cross-seeding schemes.

This paper gives a self contained description of classical IP internet protocol and ARP address resolution protocol o ver ATM asynchronous transfer mode and describes a model facilitating the implementation of the switched virtual circuit based local area network ATM subnet model. Its contents are distilled from the design and implementation of a prototype of a device driver for this particular subnet model. The work was conducted at the Computer Science Laboratory CSL at the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center PARC. We outline the main features of the two technologies, establish their importance as data communication paradigms, motivate their integration, and sketch several scenarios of their interaction. We concentrate on one speci c scenario: the utilization of ATM as a logical IP subnetwork. Building blocks of this approach are the ATM address resolution protocol as a unicast server based emulation of the classical broadcast address resolution protocol, and connection management functionality a s provided by the Q.2931 protocol. The manipulation of transmitted network protocol data units between their submission to the network layer and their transmission by ATM are detailed in an appendix. These explanations are structured analogous to the lower layers in the IEEE local area network model. The complexity and intricacy of the logical IP subnetwork LIS approach motivate the development of a model describing the interaction of all participants in an LIS. The devised model is based on a nite automaton. It instruments a structured implementation and it assists in convincing the implementor of the completeness and correctness of the implementation by facilitating its gradual testing and extension.

A reconfigurable optical add-drop multiplexer as well as a 1x4x4 reconfigurable λ router, designed for use in the second telecom window, are demonstrated. The devices that each have a footprint less than 2 mm 2 are based on thermally tunable vertically coupled microring resonators fabricated in Si 3 N 4 /SiO 2 .

This technical report describes the process of implementing a testbed, which was used in [1] to experimentally evaluate the performance of FAST under typical 'edge of network' scenarios involving DOCSIS (Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification) cable system.

In this paper we present experimental results evaluating the performance and fairness of FAST TCP in a series of tests involving realistic low rate network access scenarios. Links both using the DOCSIS cable modem medium access control (MAC) cable modem and simple low rate links were investigated. We seek to compare our expectations from theory with the behavior of an actual access network implementation.

Mobile IP represents a simple and scalable global mobility solution but lacks support for fast handoff control and real-time location tracking found in cellular networks today. In contrast, third generation cellular systems offer seamless mobility support but are built on complex and costly connection-oriented networking infrastructure that lacks the inherent flexibility, robustness and scalability found in IP networks. Future wireless networks should be capable of combining the strengths of both approaches without inheriting their weaknesses. In this paper we present analysis of Cellular IP, a new host mobility protocol which represents one such approach. Cellular IP incorporates a number of important cellular system features but remains firmly based on IP design principles. The protocol presented in this paper is implemented as extensions to the ns simulator.

We present a simple and robust client-server architecture for streaming synchronized multimedia presentations to mobile terminals over a low-bandwidth connection. The server is similar to a compiler, and translates high level SMIL descriptions of multimedia presentations into low level content instructions. The client resembles a virtual machine, operating on content instructions that control the multimedia presentation. The compilation process on the server is designed to reduce the buffering on the client, and hence reduce the start-up delay for the user. Since the server takes the larger burden of the total work, the client can be kept simple. Upon request, the server assembles a sequence of content instructions corresponding to a multimedia presentation, under the optimistic assumption of a minimum communication bandwidth, and streams the content instruction sequence to the client without any other feedback mechanism than flow control. If the bandwidth assumption holds, the client renders the presentation as specified; otherwise, it is able to make controlled pauses in the presentation. We also describe a specific news application based on our architecture.

Traffic demand in the access has grown in the last years, and service providers need to upgrade their infrastructure to the latest access standards. While fiber has become the preferred technology of choice in access networks, there are many fibre access technologies available in the market. This poses a challenging question to operators not always easy to answer: how to upgrade? what technology and for how long it will cope with the demands? In this paper we model the traffic forecast in the access for the next decade and analyze possible upgrade scenarios of fibre access networks, concluding which of the NG-PON flavors could better fit the demand.

Fourth generation mobile communication systems are characterized by heterogeneous access networks and IP-based transport technologies. Different access technologies give users great flexibility in choosing services, which can be different in QoS support, business models, and service providers. Realization of seamless handovers to the best network section while considering QoS and AAAC (Authentication, Authorization, Accounting and Charging) calls not only for seamless handover protocols, but also intelligent handover decision strategies. The contribution of this paper is the design of a handover decision strategy in mobile All-IP networks to support seamless handover scenarios. Methods have been proposed to obtain QoS and AAAC information from candidate networks with minimum signalling overhead. New handover algorithms for wireless local area networks (WLANs) are also presented and evaluated with simulation results.

The trend of merging telecommunication infrastructures with traditional IT infrastructures is becoming increasingly more common. The driver behind this development is partly the strong need for enhanced services from the telecom operator's side aiming for value added services provision to the customer. The effect of this new trend is that existing value chains in the Telco infrastructure will disappear and the merge between the Telco infrastructure and the IT infrastructure can bring added value to the Telco's network, which is needed in order to increase the willingness to pay for the services. Thus, Telecom operators are very keen on participating in the overall service delivery chain being placed on top of their transport infrastructure. This paper proposes a method, to help to propel the previously mentioned trend by enabling the user to query for aggregated composed services directly from the network edge. A network selection is therefore achived based on the services provided by the access network and their capabilities and costs, parallel to other traditional pure network-related parameters such as signal strength and network QoS.

This paper deals with the analysis of user perceived visual quality for mobile multimedia services. H.264/AVC is selected for low resolution video encoding, and a mobile UMTS network is considered for the access to services. First, from subjective tests results, the combined impact of different service-and radio network-level parameters is inferred. As a result, different cross-layer adaptation alternatives are proposed to maximize the perceived quality level under different service conditions. Afterwards, the backhaul segment is considered taking into account possible congestion effects after the aggregation of multi-user media stream. The proposed dynamic adaptation process determines the best combination of media bitrates in order to optimise the overall quality, by making use of information related to network performance both at the radio and backhaul segments.

We propose a new design scheme of resilient Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks by extending and reshaping pre-configured protection tree (p-tree) structures. The resulting protection scheme relies on optimized pre-cross connected structures that span all previously proposed protection patterns. p-Tree-based protection schemes offer the advantages of scalability, local restoration capabilities, and failure impact restriction, but at the same time suffers from capacity inefficiency. While keeping these advantages, we propose an extension (reshaping) of the p-tree protection pattern that imposes no restriction on the shapes of the protection building blocks. Not only the resulting protection scheme remains scalable and highly flexible, but it also leads to pre-configured protection structures that improve much further on capacity efficiency and recovery delay. We establish some new integer linear programming models, and use large scale optimization tools, namely column generation (CG) to solve them. Our CG-based solution method is highly scalable as it does not require an a priori explicit enumeration of the protection structures, but an efficient dynamic enumeration of only the most promising ones. Comparison are made with three other protection schemes, i.e, simple and non-simple p-cycles (fully pre-cross connected structures) as well as p-trees. Results show a clear advantage of the proposed extended-tree scheme with respect to flexibility, capacity efficiency, and restoration delay.

We propose a new design scheme of resilient Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) networks by extending and reshaping pre-configured protection tree (p-tree) structures. The resulting protection scheme relies on optimized pre-cross connected structures that span all previously proposed protection patterns. p-Tree-based protection schemes offer the advantages of scalability, local restoration capabilities, and failure impact restriction, but at the same time suffers from capacity inefficiency. While keeping these advantages, we propose an extension (reshaping) of the p-tree protection pattern that imposes no restriction on the shapes of the protection building blocks. Not only the resulting protection scheme remains scalable and highly flexible, but it also leads to pre-configured protection structures that improve much further on capacity efficiency and recovery delay. We establish some new integer linear programming models, and use large scale optimization tools, namely column gen...

The IMS as core for operators' network is imminent. However, the interconnection is still an issue on basic call layer, but also on services layer. In this article, we present the NetLab project approach, which has the aim to create a testing environment for research and development of new services and applications based on the IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS). The results of interconnection tests between several IMS platforms are also provided here.

This project establishes the process of designing a fiber optic Ftth network that reaches the homes of each end customer, which allows providing voice services, broadband internet, and television, the above using GPON technology, based on the tree architecture through passive elements, where the node or central is connected to other nodes through a common link, which is shared by all the nodes (ONTs) of the network. This network will be designed in two levels, the first level that starts from the OLT to the level one splitter and the second level that begins from the level one splitter to the OTB element that the level two Splitters have. The entire design will be subject to standards that must be met to achieve the percentage of attenuation allowed. At the design level, it has two directions: one from left to right, where the nodes insert traffic, and another from right to left, where the nodes only have two functions: read or read and delete traffic. It is nothing more than the co...

Due to the growing impact of the information and communications technology (ICT) sector on electricity usage and greenhouse gas emissions, telecommunication networks require new solutions which will enable the improvement of the energy efficiency of networks. Access networks, which are responsible for the last mile of connectivity and also for one of the largest shares in network energy consumption, are viable candidates for the implementation of new protocols, models and methods which will contribute to the reduction of the energy consumption of such networks. Among the different types of access networks, hybrid fiber-wireless (FiWi) networks are a type of network that combines the capacity and reliability of optical networks with the flexibility and availability of wireless networks, and as such, FiWi networks have begun to be extensively used in modern access networks. However, due to the advent of high-bandwidth applications and Internet of Things networks, the increased energy consumption of FiWi networks has become one of the most concerning challenges required to be addressed. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the progress in approaches for improving the energy efficiency (EE) of different types of FiWi networks, which include the radio-and-fiber (R&F) networks, the radio-over-fiber networks (RoF), the FiWi networks based on multi-access edge computing (MEC) and the software-defined network (SDN)-based FiWi networks. It also discusses future directions for improving the EE in the FiWi networks.

The energy consumption of wireless access networks amounts for more than 55% of the whole communication sector and for a non negligible part of the operational costs of mobile operators. In this paper we consider possible energy savings through optimized management of on/off state and transmission power of access stations according to traffic estimates in different hours of the day or days of the week. We propose an optimization approach based on a ILP model that minimizes power consumption while ensuring coverage of the active users and enough capacity for guaranteeing quality of service. Proposed model is solved to the optimum on a set of randomly generated instances that show the effect of system parameters on optimal power consumption.

Datacenter (DC) design has been moved towards the edge computing paradigm motivated by the need of bringing cloud resources closer to end users. However, the Software Defined Networking (SDN) architecture offers no clue to the design of Micro Datacenters (MDC) for meeting complex and stringent requirements from next generation 5G networks. This is because canonical SDN lacks a clear distinction between functional network parts, such as core and edge elements. Besides, there is no decoupling between the routing and the network policy. In the thesis, we introduce Residue Defined Networking Architecture (RDNA) as a new approach for enabling key features like ultra-reliable and low-latency communication in MDC networks. RDNA explores theprogrammability of Residues Number System (RNS) as a fundamental concept to define a minimalist forwarding model for core nodes. Instead of forwarding packets based on classical table lookup operations, core nodes are tableless switches that forward pack...

This paper surveys the emerging paradigm of cloud mobile media. We start with two alternative perspectives for cloud mobile media networks: an end-to-end view and a layered view. Summaries of existing research in this area are organized according to the layered service framework: i) cloud resource management and control in infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS), ii) cloud-based media services in platform-as-a-service (PaaS), and iii) novel cloud-based systems and applications in software-as-a-service (SaaS). We further substantiate our proposed design principles for cloud-based mobile media using a concrete case study: a cloud-centric media platform (CCMP) developed at Nanyang Technological University. Finally, this paper concludes with an outlook of open research problems for realizing the vision of cloud-based mobile media.

AbstractÐIEEE 802.11s wireless LAN mesh network technology is the next step in the evolution of wireless architecture. A WLAN mesh network consists of WLAN devices with relay functions that communicate directly. In this type of networks, path selection is based on two protocols: RM-AODV and RA-OLSR. These protocols use MAC addresses (layer 2 routing) and use a radio-aware routing metric for the calculation of paths. This paper presents a study of the performance of the proposed path selection algorithms under different scenarios and a comparison with hop count routing protocols AODV and OLSR.

For minimizing contention and interference among co-channel devices, efficient channel selection is essential in 802.11 mesh deployments. The IEEE 802.11 standard provides at least three non overlapping channels. Thus, a node equipped with more than one Network Interface Card can operate on different channels simultaneously. This may increase the aggregate bandwidth available for end users and thereby support a plurality of QoS-sensitive applications. In this work, we propose a joint routing and channel assignment protocol (JRCAP) that defines a density based clustering algorithm for channel allocation (DCCA). DCCA partitions the mesh network into balanced clusters and affects a fixed and static channel to each cluster. Moreover, the JRCAP uses a routing protocol that combines routing and channel allocation for establishing routes and selecting channels for links forming the path. It also uses a new routing metric maximum residual capacity that considers channel diversity, data rate and channel load. We evaluate the performance of the JRCAP through simulation and we compare it to the distributed Hyacinth. Obtained results show that our solution achieves better performance than Hyacinth.

In the current national scene, many actions point at projects of digital inclusion and citizenship. In this context, providing access technologies as a requisite for the implementation of these actions is primordial. In this way, many innovative experiences have been presented in the past few years. This paper presents a study on the Powerline Communication -PLC technology; as a proposal for a feasible access network for Brazilian Amazon. First, the characteristics of the PLC technology are studied from an implanted indoor prototype at Federal University of Pará. The measures used in this prototype serve as input for a created model, from which it is intended to study the system more widely, considering factors such as: scalability, reliability and the physical characteristics.

In fiber-optics, transmission mechanism, capacity and the distance plays an important role in deciding the performance of the system. Optical fiber avails the user an enormous bandwidth using systems like multichannel optical communication. This, in todays’ world too has left an enormous potential literally untapped. Today, a very few applications involve the use of high bandwidth, giving way to the method of imposing low speed signals over the high speed carrier signals. This makes the higher speed signal, the carrier of various low speed signals. This low speed channels are multiplexed together in time to form a higherspeed channel. Various systems viz. Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), Subcarrier Multiplexing (SCM) have been developed to increase the performance of existing optical communication system. In this project we will be trying to analyze the performance of Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM), Subcarrier Multiplexing (SCM). We will use an 8 channel MUX to analyz...

The (reliable) classification of Internet users, based on their hourly traffic profile, can be advantageous in several traffic engineering tasks and in the selection of suitable tariffing plans. For example, it can be used to optimize the routing by mixing users with contrasting hourly traffic profiles in the same network resources or to advise users on the tariffing plan that best suits their needs. In this paper we compare the use of Discriminant Analysis and artificial Neural Networks for the classification of Internet users. The classification is based on a predefined set of clusters which, in the first case, is used to define the function that best discriminates among clusters and, in the second case, is used to train the neural network. We classify the Internet users based on a data set measured at the access network of a Portuguese ISP. Using Cluster Analysis performed over the first half of users we have identified three groups of users with similar behavior. The classification methods were applied to the second half of users and the obtained classification results compared with those of cluster analysis performed over the complete set of users. Our findings indicate that Discriminant Analysis outperforms Neural Networks as a classification procedure.

A wavelength converter based on cross-phase modulation in a single mode fiber followed by a Mach-Zehnder interferometer is analyzed using conventional fiber as well as dispersion shifted fiber (DSF). The results show that all-optical wavelength conversion is possible without significant reduction in conversion efficiency over a wavelength separation of approximately 10 nm between the input pump signal and the probe signal. For 10 Gb/s intensity modulated signal, output converted power is found to be -6.5 dBm for 10 dBm input for pump and probe and conversion is possible over 10 nm of wavelength separation.

not authorized users of the network. For example, an intruding node may eavesdrop on the packets and replay those packets at a later point of time to gain access to the network resources. On the other hand, the internal attacks are launched by the nodes that are part of the WMN. On example of such attack is an intermediate node dropping packets which it was supposed to forward. To prevent external attacks in vulnerable networks such as WMNs, strong authentication and access control mechanisms should be in place for practical deployment and use of WMNs. A secure authentication should enable two communicating entities (either a pair of MC and MR or a pair of MCs) to validate the authenticity of each other and generate the shared common session keys which can be used in cryptographic algorithms for enforcing message confidentiality and integrity. As in other wireless networks, a weak authentication scheme can easily be compromised due to several reasons such as distributed network architecture, the broadcast nature of the wireless medium, and dynamic network topology . Moreover, the behavior of an MC or MR can be easily monitored or traced in a WMN by adversaries due to the use of wireless channel, multi-hop connection through third parties, and converged traffic pattern traversing through the IGW nodes. Under such scenario, it is imperative to hide an active n o d e t h a t c o n n e c t s t o a n I G W b y m a k i n g i t a n o n y m o u s . S i n c e o n t h e I n t e r n e t s i d e traditional anonymous routing approaches are not implemented, or may be compromised by strong attackers such protections are extremely critical (X. . This chapter presents a comprehensive discussion on the current authentication and privacy protection schemes for WMN. In addition, it proposes a novel security protocol for node authentication and message confidentiality and an anonymization scheme for privacy protection of users in WMNs. The rest of this chapter is organized as follows. Section 2 discusses the issues related to access control and authentication in WMNs. Various security vulnerabilities in the authentication and access control mechanisms for WMNs are first presented and then a list of requirements (i.e. properties) of a secure authentication scheme in an open and largescale, hybrid WMN are discussed. Section 3 highlights the importance of the protection user privacy in WMNs. Section 4 presents a state of the art survey on the current authentication and privacy protection schemes for WMNs. Each of the schemes is discussed with respect to its applicability, performance efficiency and shortcomings. Section 5 presents the details of a hierarchical architecture of a WMN and the assumptions made for the design of a secure and anonymous authentication protocol for WMNs. Section 6 describes the proposed key management scheme for secure authentication. Section 7 discusses the proposed privacy protection algorithm which ensures user anonymity. Section 8 presents some performance results of the proposed scheme. Section 9 concludes the chapter while highlighting some future direction of research in the field of secure authentication in WMNs. Authentication and authorization is the first step towards prevention of fraudulent accesses by unauthorized users in a network. Authentication ensures that an MC and the corresponding MR can mutually validate their credentials with each other before the MC is allowed to access the network services. In this section, we first present various attacks in WMNs that can be launched on the authentication services and then enumerate the requirements for authentication under various scenarios. Secure and Privacy-Preserving Authentication Protocols for Wireless Mesh Networks 5 Several vulnerabilities exist in different protocols for WMNs. These vulnerabilities can be suitably exploited by potential attackers to degrade the network performance . The nodes in a WMN depend on the cooperation of other nodes in the network for their successful operations. Consequently, the medium access control (MAC) layer and the network layer protocols for these networks usually assume that the participating nodes are honest and well-behaving with no malicious or dishonest intentions. In practice, however, some nodes in a WMN may behave in a selfish manner or may be compromised by malicious users. The assumed trust (which in reality may not exist) and the lack of accountability due to the absence of a central point of administration make the MAC and the network layer protocols vulnerable to various types of attacks. In this sub-section, we present a comprehensive discussion on various types of attacks on the existing authentication schemes of WMNs. A detailed list various attacks on the different layers of WMN communication protocol stack can be found in . There are several types of attacks that are related to authentication in WMNs. These attacks are: (i) unauthorized access, (ii) replay attack, (iii) spoofing attack, (iv) denial of service attack (DoS), (v) intentional collision of frames, (vi) pre-computation and partial matching attack, and (vi) compromised or forged MRs. These attacks are discussed in detail below.

One of the most important multimedia applications is Internet protocol TV (IPTV) for next-generation networks. IPTV provides triple-play services that require high-speed access networks with the functions of multicasting and quality of service (QoS) guarantees. Among optical access networks, Ethernet passive optical networks (EPONs) are regarded as among the best solutions to meet higher bandwidth demands. In this paper, we propose a new architecture for multicasting live IPTV traffic in optical access network. The proposed mechanism involves assigning a unique logical link identifier to each IPTV channel. To manage multicasting, a prior storing server in the optical line terminal (OLT) and in each optical network unit (ONU) is constructed. In this work, we propose a partial prior storing strategy that considers the changes in the popularity of the video content segments over time and the access patterns of the users to compute the utility of the objects in the prior storage. We also propose to partition the prior storage to avoid the eviction of the popular objects (those not accessed frequently) by the unpopular ones which are accessed with higher frequency. The popularity distribution and ageing of popularity are measured from two online datasets and use the parameters in simulations. Simulation results show that our proposed architecture can improve the system performance and QoS parameters in terms of packet delay, jitter and packet loss.

Understanding the nature of traffic has been a key concern of the researchers particularly over the last two decades and it has been noticed through extensive high quality studies that traffic found in different kinds of IP/wireless IP networks is human operators . Despite the recent findings of real time human behavior in measured traffic from data networks, much of the current understanding of IP traffic modeling is still based on simplistic probability distributed traffic. Unlike most existing studies that are primarily based on simplistic probabilistic model and traditional scheduling algorithms, this research presents an analytical performance model for real time human behavior queue systems with intelligent task management traffic input scheduled by a novel and promising scheduling mechanism for 4G-LTE system. Our proposed model is substantiated on human behavior queuing system that considers real time of traffic exhibiting homogeneous tasks characteristics. We analyze the model on the basis of newly proposed scheduling scheme for 4G-LTE system. We present closed form expressions of expected response times for real time traffic classes. We develop a discrete event simulator to understand the behavior of real time of arriving tasks traffic under this newly proposed scheduling mechanism for 4G-LTE system . The results indicate that our proposed scheduling algorithm provides preferential treatment to real-time applications such as voice and video but not to that extent that data applications are starving for bandwidth and outperforms all other scheduling schemes that are available in the market.

In this paper, we investigate a scalable Radio over Fiber (RoF) system compliant to 5G fronthauling requirements. The proposed RoF architecture is able to adjust the network resources and capacities to satisfy user demands in terms of service, data rate and bandwidth. The flexibility and the reconfigurability of the proposed topology are provided through the inclusion of flexible network nodes which are at the Central Office (CO), the Remote Node (RN) and the Remote Access Unit (RAU). The centralized management of the RoF system based on a Software Defined Networking (SDN) enables the monitoring of the overhaul RoF system and the reconfiguration of network nodes parameters. The proposed RoF system architecture is designed to support multi-standard operation and mm-wave services. We investigated multi-service operation assuming high speed mm-wave service at 60 GHz besides to conventional wireless services such as WiFi and WiMax. The introduced system is able to operate for different RF bands (2.4, 5.2 and 60 GHz) with various modulation schemas such as BPSK, QPSK, 16QAM and 64QAM, that may be associated to Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (OFDM) and multidata rates up to 5 Gbps. To validate the RoF system performances, we have considered the Error Vector Magnitude (EVM) and service constellation as figures of merit at the End User (EU). The simulated results testify the architecture viability.

With the advancement in technology and the exponential growth of mobile devices, network traffic has increased manifold in cellular networks. Due to this reason, latency reduction has become a challenging issue for mobile devices. In order to achieve seamless connectivity and minimal disruption during movement, latency reduction is crucial in the handover authentication process. Handover authentication is a process in which the legitimacy of a mobile node is checked when it crosses the boundary of an access network. This paper proposes an efficient technique that utilizes mobility patterns of the mobile node and mobile Edge computing framework to reduce handover authentication latency. The key idea of the proposed technique is to categorize mobile nodes on the basis of their mobility patterns. We perform simulations to measure the

This paper explores the emergence of self-configuring networks and embedded intelligence in autonomous communication systems. It highlights how AI-driven algorithms, machine learning, and real-time analytics enable networks to adapt dynamically to changing conditions, optimize performance, and reduce human intervention. Key technologies such as intent-based networking, edge AI, and self-healing protocols are discussed, showcasing their role in building resilient, scalable, and efficient communication infrastructures for future autonomous and intelligent systems.

In this paper we discuss high throughput fixed point-to-point radio links in frequency bands above 70 GHz. These links are interesting as a commercial alternative to fiber connections in IP computer networks. Characteristics of equipment used for radio transmission above 70 GHz are presented. As rain is being the predominant propagation effect that causes link outages, standard rain model is described. Performance analysis in the case of adaptive radio equipment is presented. A new approach to point-to-point radio link performance analysis, that uses two dimensional rain cell models and performance criterion based on end-user experience, is proposed. This approach is compared with the standard point-to-point radio link performance analysis procedure, based on calculation of percentage of time when link is unavailable and percentage of time when link has reduced capacity. It is shown on characteristic examples that proposed performance analysis gives better insight into how rain event would really affect end-user. K e y w o r d s: radio transmission, microwaves, IP networks, frequencies above 70 GHz, rain, performance analysis * P3 -Communications Engineering d.o.o.,

IP multimedia subsystem (IMS) is an architectural framework designed to merge the Internet and cellular networks, as such users can have access to the current and future services available over the Internet with their mobile devices anytime and virtually everywhere at affordable charges and faster rates, but heterogeneity of access networks in IMS-based systems makes handover process to be a critical issue, especially when moving from one access network to another access network with different technology, hence there is a need to devise a simple approach to estimate handover delay when moving to any access network. This paper proposes a simple method to estimate handover delay for IMS-based systems with heterogeneous access networks. The proposed method can be used to estimate handover delay for current and future access networks, but for illustration purpose, in the paper two access networks were considered, i.e. UMTS and WLAN. Numerical analysis conducted in the paper has shown that handover process to UMTS access network tends to be much longer than that of WLAN access network.